xii personality development. This story presents the main characters’ personality changes toward the feeling of love. The story talks about the main characters namely Eric, Christine and Raoul. Eric is a pity person whose face was injured and lives in the cell underground the Opera House. Eric loves Christine who is a young singer, but she loves Raoul. Raoul is a noble man who loves Christine very much.
This thesis discusses the personality changes as the effect of love as seen in Gaston Leroux’s The Phantom of the Opera. The objectives of the study are (1) To find out the characteristics of the main characters described in the story, (2) To find out the relationship between the main characters in the story, (3) To find out the changes of their personality as the effect of their love.
The writer used the library research method in this analysis. The sources were books, theories, and approach that are used to analyze the novel. The writer collected the related studies about the ideas, Psychology, and also information about the novel. The psychological approach was used in the analysis because this study discusses the effect of love that influences the main characters’ personality.
xiii
Skripsi ini menganalisis Novel Gaston Leroux berjudul The Phantom of the
Opera. Penulis membahas pengaruh cinta terhadap perkembangan kepribadian pada tokoh utama. Cerita ini menyajikan perubahan kepribadian karakter utama yang disebabkan oleh perasaan cinta . Kisah ini berbicara tentang karakter utama yaitu Eric, Christine dan Raoul. Eric adalah orang kasihan yang wajahnya terluka dan tinggal di sel bawah tanah Opera House. Eric mencintai Christine, seorang penyanyi muda, namun dia mencintai Raoul. Raoul adalah lelaki dari kalangan atas yang juga sangat mencintai Christine.
Skripsi ini membahas perubahan kepribadian sebagai efek dari cinta seperti yang terlihat pada Novel Gaston Leroux, The phantom of the Opera . Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) Untuk mengetahui karakter dari tokoh utama yang dijelaskan dalam cerita, (2) Untuk mengetahui hubungan antara karakter utama dalam cerita, (3) Untuk mengetahui perubahan kepribadian mereka sebagai efek dari perasaan cintanya.
Penulis menggunakan studi kepustakaan dalam analisis ini. Sumber-sumbernya itu dari buku-buku, teori, dan pendekatan yang digunakan untuk menganalisis masalah. Penulis juga menggunakan kumpulan studi terkait tentang pendapat , psikologi , dan juga informasi tentang novel. Pendekatan psikologis juga digunakan dalam analisis karena penelitian ini membahas tentang pengaruh cinta yang berdampak pada perubahan kepribadian karakter utama.
THE PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT OF THE MAIN CHARACTERS AS THE EFFECT OF THEIR LOVE RELATIONSHIP AS SEEN IN
GASTON LEROUX’S THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
Eun Sook Kim
064214063
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
i
THE PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT OF THE MAIN CHARACTERS AS THE EFFECT OF THEIR LOVE RELATIONSHIP AS SEEN IN
GASTON LEROUX’S THE PHANTOM OF THE OPERA
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
Eun Sook Kim
064214063
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA
vi
vii
This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to
My whole Lovely Family
For their endless love and sincere prayer
My Best Friends in 2011 Korean’s Women Culture Center Indonesia
All of them are special friends in my life
Shella, Via, Wawan, Lee, Wee, Pandu and so many friends
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I wonder that I can finish my thesis. I cannot forget these processes in my
life because I thought it could not happen but it did.
I thank people who have supported me that I cannot forget. I thank them for
all of my friends, family, and lectures for guiding, helping and supporting me.
First, I would like to thank God who is always loving and blessing me even
in my worst time. Second, I thank to all of my lecturers who have passionately
taught me and share their knowledge. Especially, I would like to express my
gratitude to my advisor Dewi Widyastuti S.Pd., M.Hum. I thank her for correcting
and giving suggestion for my thesis writing. My great thank also goes to Ibu Ni
Luh Putu Rosiandani, S.S.,M.Hum. who was my first class lecturer and also be
my thesis reader.
I also want to thank mbak Ninik and all Sanata Dharma staff for kindly
helping me during the whole semesters.
My deepest thank goes to my Mum, Young Yeul Kim Park who always help
me since long time ago, now, and forever. My greatest thank is to my beloved
husband, Hern Doo Park. I thank him for his endless support and fantastic love in
understanding and fulfilling my needs. My deep thanks also goes to my beloved
children. They are both my little princess and my little princes. If they were not
here, I did not know how to finish all of these.
I am also very grateful to Mbak Nila who is really helpful in this thesis
writing. I thank my friends of Association Korean Women’s Culture Center. I
ix
I thank all of my friends whose names cannot be mentioned one by one. I
thank them for cheering me during the process of this thesis writing. I thought I
would never have finished my study well in this University without their push,
support, guidance, and advice.
x
xi
CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS...26
A. The Characteristics of the Characters…...26
1. Eric...26
C. The Personality Development of the Main Character...40
xii personality development. This story presents the main characters’ personality changes toward the feeling of love. The story talks about the main characters namely Eric, Christine and Raoul. Eric is a pity person whose face was injured and lives in the cell underground the Opera House. Eric loves Christine who is a young singer, but she loves Raoul. Raoul is a noble man who loves Christine very much.
This thesis discusses the personality changes as the effect of love as seen in Gaston Leroux’s The Phantom of the Opera. The objectives of the study are (1) To find out the characteristics of the main characters described in the story, (2) To find out the relationship between the main characters in the story, (3) To find out the changes of their personality as the effect of their love.
The writer used the library research method in this analysis. The sources were books, theories, and approach that are used to analyze the novel. The writer collected the related studies about the ideas, Psychology, and also information about the novel. The psychological approach was used in the analysis because this study discusses the effect of love that influences the main characters’ personality.
xiii
Skripsi ini menganalisis Novel Gaston Leroux berjudul The Phantom of the
Opera. Penulis membahas pengaruh cinta terhadap perkembangan kepribadian pada tokoh utama. Cerita ini menyajikan perubahan kepribadian karakter utama yang disebabkan oleh perasaan cinta . Kisah ini berbicara tentang karakter utama yaitu Eric, Christine dan Raoul. Eric adalah orang kasihan yang wajahnya terluka dan tinggal di sel bawah tanah Opera House. Eric mencintai Christine, seorang penyanyi muda, namun dia mencintai Raoul. Raoul adalah lelaki dari kalangan atas yang juga sangat mencintai Christine.
Skripsi ini membahas perubahan kepribadian sebagai efek dari cinta seperti yang terlihat pada Novel Gaston Leroux, The phantom of the Opera . Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) Untuk mengetahui karakter dari tokoh utama yang dijelaskan dalam cerita, (2) Untuk mengetahui hubungan antara karakter utama dalam cerita, (3) Untuk mengetahui perubahan kepribadian mereka sebagai efek dari perasaan cintanya.
Penulis menggunakan studi kepustakaan dalam analisis ini. Sumber-sumbernya itu dari buku-buku, teori, dan pendekatan yang digunakan untuk menganalisis masalah. Penulis juga menggunakan kumpulan studi terkait tentang pendapat , psikologi , dan juga informasi tentang novel. Pendekatan psikologis juga digunakan dalam analisis karena penelitian ini membahas tentang pengaruh cinta yang berdampak pada perubahan kepribadian karakter utama.
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Literature is a record of human life experiences that is important to be learnt.
We can learn about life through literary works, such as novel, drama, short story,
or poem. Most of the literary works is the reflection of the lives of human beings.
In short, literature is the imitation of human being’s life and it deals with the
human happiness or sorrow. By studying literary works, people not only get
pleasure or joy but also increase their knowledge and experience about human
problems. According to Hudson (1965:10), literature is a vital record of what
people have seen in life, what they have thought and felt about those aspects of it
which has the most immediate and enduring interest for all of us. It is thus
fundamentally an expression of life through the medium of language.
Based on Jones (1968: 1), literature, in its broadest sense, includes all
written materials, such as history books, philosophical works, novels, poems,
plays, scientific articles, dictionaries, instructional manuals, travel folders,
magazines, and school textbooks. In literature, we can learn, such a life filled with
conflicts, struggles, and dilemmas. Reading and interpreting literature can nourish
us with a sense of the complexity of life’s deepest mysteries of love, hate, death,
conflict, as well as personality changes.
One of the special and unique forms of literary works in the world is novel.
includes plot, characters, dialogue, time, and place of action, style, and a stated or
implied philosophy of life, the chief fiction, small or great, good or bad (Hudson,
1958:131). These contents, then are, divided into two categories which are called
as the elements of the novel; they are intrinsic and extrinsic element. Character in
the novel is one of the intrinsic elements that take an important role in the
development of the story. Characters can build the readers‘ emotion so that they
will be interested to read the whole story. Characters will be described differently.
They will also have different personality, different problems of conflicts that must
be solved.
The diversity of the character‘s personality in the novel will be shaped by
some psychological aspects like experiences, family and environment. Moreover,
some psychological aspects can also influence the personality changes of the
characters in the novel. It can be caused by some aspects that might bring any
kinds of effects towards the character‘s personality. Personality is defined by the
particular concepts contained within a given theory that are considered adequate
for the complete description or understanding of human behavior.
As we know that the values of life in the creation of literature also cannot be
separated from psychological aspects because literature and psychology are two
faces, which are covered by one heart and also involve human being into the
conflicts or problems. The psychology of literature refers to the study at the
psychological types and laws present within works of literature, or finally, the
effects of literature upon its readers or between its characters. Based on this
psychological effects toward the personality development of the major characters.
This study then can be used as medium to attempt to arouse student’s interest in
enhancing our understanding and appreciation in literary work.
The novel of The Phantom of the Opera is chosen as the source of this study because this novel is very interesting to read. This novel carries different views on
the way people live. The different way of living leads to the main characters’
personality development. Through this novel we can learn how they face every
condition in their life. Their reactions toward every event happened in their life
are different from other people. Moreover, their unique characteristics shape their
new personality as their way in surviving in their life conflict. Another reason is
because this novel achieved a great success after it was performed in some
musical theater and movie, although previously it was not successful when it first
appeared in 1910.
The main characters to be discussed in this study are Erik, Christine Daeé
and Raoul Chagny. Eric is a man who fell in love with Christine but he has to
survive from poor society and his poor background. Christine and Raoul Chagny
love each other but they have to fight so hard to protect their love from the force
of the powerful ghost Eric. Their personalities developed quite complicated as
they faced some problems in their life.
Their love experiences bring the character’s personalities to develop to the
unique one. The main characters grow up from different backgrounds and
because he was born with terrible birthmarks. These personalities are later
influenced by their love, so their personalities change in order to reach their love.
This novel tells about mysterious and romantic love in which the main
characters personality is described in the story. The writer tries to apply
personality theory and psychological theory. Hopefully, the theory will help the
writer to understand about the main characters personality and its development
based on the problems that the writer will discuss later.
B. Problem Formulation
Considering to the background, the problems are formulated as follows:
1. How are the main characters described in the beginning of the story?
2. How is love between the characters described in the story?
3. How does their love influence their personality development?
C. Objectives of the Study
This study has three main objectives. The first objective is to know the
personality of the main characters described in the story in The Phantom of the
Opera. In this part, the writer tries to see the personality changes of the main
characters by viewing their personalities from the beginning until the end of the
story. The second objective is to find out the love relationship between the main
characters; the relationship between Christine Daeé and Raoul Chagny, and
Christine Daeé between Eric. The third objective is to identify their love
D. Definition on Terms
To understand the content of the analysis, there are some terms to be
defined.
1. Character
Character is the person presented in dramatic or narrative work, that is
interpreted by reader as given moral and qualities that are expresses in what they
say and they do. As it is stated by Abram in his Glossary of Literary Terms (1981:14): “Character is literature genre: a short usually witty, sketch in prose of a
descriptive type of person characters are the persons presented in dramatic or
narrative work, who are by reader as being endowed with moral and disposition
qualities that are expressed in what they say the dialogue by what they do in
action”
2. Love
Love is defined as the attraction, desire, or a strong feeling of deep affection
for something. Elizabeth Hall (1983:604) states that the emotions that accompany
love are complex and far from being clearly understood. They involve sexual
excitement, dependency, needs, joy, anxiety, jealously, sometimes a desire for
control and many others felling. Love also be defined as a powerful feeling one
has for person, animals or things that has satisfied, is satisfying or will satisfy our
deepest desire and needs (Hauck, 1983: 16).
In the book of Sex and Love Relationship stated that love relationship is the
actions that fit the description of loving relationship are expression of affection,
mate; tenderness, compassion, and sensitivity to the needs of the offer; a desire for
shared activities and pursuits; an ongoing, honest exchange of personal feelings
the process of offering concern, comfort, and outward assistance for the love
object’s aspirations ( Firestone, 2006:31).
3. Personality Development
Personality development is defined as the personality pattern that can
change in some areas and remain persistent in other as well. Furthermore, the
change itself is not synonymous with improvement but can be either for the better
or worse (Hurlock, 1974: 108). Meanwhile, Kalish (1973: 51-52) described personality as the dynamic organization characteristics attributes leading to
behavior and distinguishing one individual from other individual. It refers to the
total individual and includes “needs, motives, needs of adjusting, temperament qualities, self-concept, role behaviors, attitudes, values, and abilities.
Personality can change because of the environment which affects the way a
7
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
In this paper, there are some reviews about The Phantom of the Opera. This story represents the idea of love between a young beautiful girl and two men. The
Phantom of the Opera is a story which combines romance, horror fiction,
mystery, tragedy, comedy, and adventure. The first reviews are on the stage and
screen adaptations of the novel are probably the 1925 silent film version starring
by Lon Chaney, the 1962 film version made by Harmer Film Productions and the
1986 Andrew Lloyd Webber musical. The musical was adapted into a 2004 film,
directed by Joel Schumacher (Pellegrini, 2010: 91).
There are also some articles discussed about The Phantom of the Opera that the writer read. One of them is the article from Allen Kromer’s essay. Kromer told
many things about The Phantom of the Opera. The writer realized that Kromer’s essay is really helpful for this literary thesis.
In his essay, Kromer said that The Phantom of the Opera is considered a forerunner of much of what makes adolescent popular culture moment. Its
seemingly-supernatural elements rival those found in horror films that today’s
teen flock to see; the tragic love triangle that comprises such a vital part of the
novel seems a blueprint for the heartache depicted in the episodes and events
Allen Kromer in his book A Teacher’s Guide to the Signet Classics Edition
of Gaston Leroux’s The Phantom of the Opera analyzed the characters of the
novel. He stated that Leroux’s novel contains elements that interest many
adolescents. However, as many literature teachers know, getting some readers to
recognize that a text has appealing elements is a labor unto itself. Fortunately, the
complexity and fertility of Leroux’s story make accessible many of the elements
that should resonate with teens. The struggles and triumphs that occur within a
love triangle are easily grasped. The class discussions and activities in Kromers’
book reflect some of the powerful themes and characters Leroux creates and
recognize that an entertaining story can convey profound ideas (Kromer, 2011:3).
Allen Kromer also mentioned that The Phantom of the Opera is “a novel which is well-suited for today’s students: the creative kids whose passions lie in
self-expression, the shy youths who yearn for the affection of a peer, the
thrill-seekers who populate the theaters that screen horror films.” He completed this
guide book by completed this novel activities that are full of historical and
cultural underpinnings of Leroux’s novel, the literary techniques he employs in
his narrative, and some of the thematic content that empowers his tale. This
content helps student’s focus on specific elements and events in the text (Kromer,
2011:3).
The writer considers that the reviews are very helpful. In this thesis, the
writer will discuss the main characters Eric, Christine Daeé and Raoul who have
personality development in the story because of the influences of their feeling of
The writer wants to find out the personality development which influenced
by main characters’ feeling of love in The Phantom of the Opera so that the readers will understand the problems and how the problems can be solved. This
study will be unique compared to other studies because the writer will analyze the
characteristics of the main characters through their personality and also the
influence toward the character development of the main characters feeling of love.
The story of The Phantom of the Opera is full of the irony of love tragedy and mistery of love relationship. This analysis will make this thesis different from
other theses because the story to be discussed in this thesis is unique than another
love story. Thus, the writer interested to analyze the personality changes of the
main character in the story.
B. Review of Related Theories 1. Characters and Characterization
Character is defined as the description of a person who has a certain type
and quality. It can be good or bad. The authors will present their characters in
their works. Based on their importance, characters are divided into two parts,
major and minor characters. Major characters can be the center of the story. They
are the most important characters in the story. Minor characters appear only once
or twice in the story. Their roles are less important than the major one (Milligan,
1988:155).
literary genre: it is a short, and usually witty, sketch in prose of a distinctive type
of person.” The second one is character is “the person presented in a dramatic or
narrative work, who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral,
dispositional, and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say-the
dialogue- and by what they do- the action.” The grounds in the characters
temperament, desires, and moral nature for their speech and actions are called
their motivation (1981: 23).
Each character has his or her own characteristics. A character in a literary
work has his or her own personalities and physical appearances or characteristics
that make him of her different from each other. Based on their psychological
behavior, there are two kinds of characters namely flat and round characters. The
flat characters are the characters that represent single characteristics, treat, idea or
limited number of qualities. The flat characters are static and do not develop as
fully as round characters. Round characters are complex in temperament and
motivation. Round characters are dynamic and often appear as the center of the
story. They represent number qualities or traits and complex multidimensional
characters of significant intellectual an emotional depth that have the capacity to
grow and changes (Forster, 1978:73).
The writer agrees that each character has his or her own characteristic as
stated by Forster. The writer thinks that each person grown up from different
background. They have different experience, heritage, and generation. As we can
see in some movies, there are brothers and sisters even twins who grow up from
the story of The Phantom of the Opera is one of presentations of the uniqueness of the character.
Rohrberger and Woods stated that characterization is the process by which
an author creates a character. Not only the physical appearance that the reader can
imagine the character, but also through his or her behavior and thought (1971:
20). While Barnet and Bruto have opinion that characterization is defined by what
the characters do, by what they say, by what others say about them and by the
setting in which they move (1988:746). Based on these opinions above, can be
concluded that characterization is the way of the author presents the character.
M.J. Murphy in his Understanding Unseen (1972:161-173) mentions nine ways on how an author may describe the character’s personalities and traits to the
reader.
a. Personal Description
The author can describe a person’s appearance and clothing. He can
describe clearly, what the characters are like and tell the reader the details of
the character’s appearance: the face, skin, eyes, and clothing.
b. Characters as seen by others
The author describes the character’s appearance or personality by letting
other characters in the story tell what they see about this character.
c. Speech
The author can give the readers an insight into the character of one of the
speaks, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is giving the readers some
clues to his characters.
d. Past Life
The author helps the readers to understand a character’s personality by
learning about the past experiences or important moments that influenced
the character’s personality.
e. Conversation of Others
The author can also give the readers clues about a person’s character
through the conversation, either by other people or by the things, they say
about him.
f. Reactions
The author gives the clues by letting the readers know who the characters in
the story react to various situations. Using this kind of characterization, the
readers may expect to find the quality of the characters in dealing with those
various situations.
g. Direct comment
Usually the author gives his comment and opinion explicitly towards his
character in the story.
h. Thoughts
The author can describe a person’s mannerisms or habits both positive and
i. Mannerism
The readers can understand the character’s personality based on his
behavior and his habit either the good or the bad ones. From the description
of his behavior and his habit, the readers can conclude the character’s
personality.
2. Theory of Love
Love is very important in our life. Most of the literary works will be more
interesting because of the love story. As Rollo May said that “the striking things
about love and will is that, whereas in the past they were always held up to us as
the answer to life’s predicaments. It is always true that love and will become more
difficult in a transitional age. The old myths and symbols by which we oriented
ourselves are gone, anxiety is rampant; the people will cling to each other, they do
not will because they are afraid that if they choose one thing or one person they
will lose the other” (May, 1974: 13).
People who falling in love with a special person feels something different in
his or her life. He or she feels that “ a new colour” comes into his or her life. It
may occur because he or she has found out a special person who is able to fulfill
his or her needs of love. Love is a special type of relationship with another person.
It is characterized by a feeling of warm affection and desire for attachment. It can
be including caring with family, friendship, idealistic love, and romantic love
(Powell, 1983: 194). In the book of The Art of Loving (1963:18), Fromm
we love. Where this active concern is lackin, there is no love.” This statement
remind us that love is a thing that we need along our lives for growing and
surviving in the world.
Love is an activity, not a passive effect; it is “standing in”, not a “ falling for”. In the most general way, the active character of love can be described
by stating that love is primarily giving, not receiving (1963: 18).
Love is one of the themes in the story of the Phantom of the Opera. It shows the various applications of feeling such as toward a person, the attention between
a parent and a child, and attentions to friend. It is also adoration of God.
According to Papalia and Sally in Psychology (1985: 635), there seem to be two basic kinds of romantic love that engage our emotion-companionate and
passionate. “Companionate love, sometimes called as conjugal love, is like loving
friendship between a man and a woman that include affection, deep attachment,
trust, respect, appreciation, loyalty, and close knowledge of each other.” This kind
of love refers to affection and deep attachment that is built on respect, share
interest, and firm friendship. Meanwhile, the passionate love is a “wildly
emotional state, a confusion of feeling: tenderness and sexuality, elation and
relief, altruism and jealousy”. Passionate love is wildly emotional and often
associated with restlessness (in the absence of one’s lover), appetite loss, agitation
and other signs of arousal.
Romantic love includes relatively intense psychological arousal, as well as
a strong psychological absorption and interest in another individual (Feldman,
Romantic goes with their feelings; they do not even think of leaving the person
they love.
Love is a subjective experience. Thus, it is exceedingly difficult to define
scientifically. Elizabeth Hall (1983:604) stated that the emotions that accompany
love are complex and far from being clearly understood. They involve sexual
excitement, dependency, needs, joy, anxiety, jealously, sometimes a desire for
control and many other feeling. Possible extra “ingredients” you may experience
in some of your relationship are jealous, physical attraction, irrational feelings,
sexual desire, security, competition for affection, a sense of personal growth, and
so forth (1986:327).
Freedman and Peplau (1999: 85) identified some behaviors that are
influenced by love:
a. Emotion and motives that accompany love are jealously, confusion, needs, joy anxiety, security, competition for affection, sexual desire and many others feeling.
b. Verbal pronouncement full affection; for example says “I love you” or flatter.
c. Self-disclosure. It means a person who’s falling in love give information about himself to beloved as widespread as possible.
d. Desire to sacrifice in order to keep relation
e. Material signs of love; for example giving gifts or giving help
f. Immaterial signs of love; for examples showing enthusiasm with the couple’s activity, appreciate the couple’s opinion, giving spirit support, promises something to the couple
g. Nonverbal communication; for example express happiness or relax in togetherness.
The theory of love relationship also needed in this study. As it is stated by
Erikson, through love relationships adolescents are often able to clarify some of
their identity confusion:
To a considerable extent adolescents love is an attempt to arrive at a
definition of one’s identity by projecting one’s diffuse ego image on another
and by seeing it thus reflected and gradually clarified. This is why so much of young love is conversation ( 1963: 262).
Understanding love relationships also permit the young person
self-expressions that otherwise have no social outlet. Hope, dreams, aspirations, and
ideals can be explored along with disappoinment, fear, guilt, and disillusionment.
Such relationships enable young people to learn how to conduct themselves in
new situation, explore their sexual conceptions of themselves, experiment with
other overt sex to some degree, and involved sexual encounters.
3. Relationship between Literature and Psychology
Psychology is the study of human behavior. Psychology has certain
relationship with literature. As it is stated by Roekhan, psychology and literary
work have functional relationship; both can be used as means of learning
someone’s physical condition (1990: 1). We can learn about psychological
condition of the character in a work through literary work. Psychology and
literature study about the human being, but they have different object of concern;
beings. Although between psychology and literature do not stand as a part,
psychology can be applied to analyze the work of literature.
In the book of Theory of Literature, Wellek and Warren defined psychology
of literature as “ the psychological study of the writer as a type of individual, or
the study of the psychological types and laws presented within works of literature,
or finally, the effects of literature upon its readers (1956: 81). They also stated that
psychology can enlighten the creative process of a work of literature. Characters
in novels and plays are judged to be psychologically true which means that
characters need to be depicted as real creatures that have real personalities.
The close relationship between psychology and literature is also stated by
Kalish in the Psychology of Human Behavior: “literature holds the mirror up to the man. A good writer or novelist can communicate the feeling of their characters
and make them seem more life-like than the real people whose behavior the
psychologist attempts to describe. The writer can use the understanding provided
by the psychologist to enrich stories, and psychologist can gain understanding of
human behavior by drawing from the deep sensitivity of good author” (Kalish,
1973: 8).
4. Theory of Personality Development
According to Hurlock the term “personality” is derived from the latin word
persona, which means “mask”. Among the Greeks, actors used a mask to hide
their identity on stage. This dramatic technique was later adopted by the Romans
popular definition of personality has two effects. First, it emphasizes only the
manifest aspects of the intricate pattern of personality, the expressiveness of the
individual. Second, in emphasizing only the objective aspects of personality, it
does not indicate what the real personality is, the subjective or interior
organization which is responsible for the expressive aspects (Hurlock, 1974:6).
Hurlock also stated that personality is the most character integration of an
individual’s structures and activities. It is characteristic in dual sense because (1)
it is unique, thus differentiating the individual from all others, and (2) it is fairly
consistent representing the customary integration of a particular individual’s
structures and activities. These representative early psychological definition
stressed the manifest aspects of personality what may be observed by others
though they implied that what a person is , how he thinks and feels, and what is
included in his total psychological makeup will be revealed through his speech
and behavior (Hurlock, 1974:6).
In the book Personality Development, the author defines that personality development is a stage in growth of a constantly changing and evoking process
within the individual. The process becomes more complex, in the patterning of
one’s self-concept, habit, attitude, emotional states, sentiment, and motives.
Furthermore, it determines his/her uniqueness in speech, in reactions to people
and things, in mannerism, in fantasy, and in other ways directed toward the
specific goal to adjust his/her environment (Hurlock, 1974:7)
Personality of human being is different from one another. One’s personality
“one’s personality is a dynamic process for it can change through one’s life”. The
changes happen when there is a condition that leads to new emotional, informal,
of imaginative response. When an individual is faced to a new fact, there might be
dramatic changes in one’s info- belief system, new expectancies, and perhaps new
emotional responses as well as attitudes.
There are three characteristics of changes in personality that stated by
Hurlock (1974:120-122). First, the changes are for better and worse. This
personality reflects the life adjustment of the individuals are making at certain
point. Generally, the worse changes happen at puberty times. The person will
have different kinds of personality and this time is called as danger time.
Sometimes, people forget their good personalities and change their new
personalities that are not always better. The second personality is for quantitative.
The quantitative changes are for the replacement on the whole personality pattern.
It will make the personality strengthen, weaken or reinforced. While qualitative
changes are the replacement on the part of the personality.
C. Theoretical Framework
In the previous chapter, there are three problems in order to discuss the
personality of the main characters in Gaston Learoux’ Phantom of the Opera. The first problem formulation is about the characterization of the main characters in
the story. In order to answer this question, the theories of character and
characterization are needed to describe their characteristics. The theories of
Eric and Paul and their personalities change in the story. The analysis of the
character in the story will be based on the theory of character that has been stated
before. Meanwhile, the theory af characterization is cited from Murphy’s theory
as the most suitable method to give more understanding about character.
The second problem formulation is to find out the love relationship between
the main characters. The theory of love is used to answer this problem. The
relationship of the main characters’ love give big influence to the changes of their
personality. The writer used theory of love from Rollo May, Elizabeth Hall,
Fredman and friends.
Meanwhile, the third problem formulation is to see the personality
development of the main characters which influenced by their feeling of love. In
answering this problem, the theory of personality development from Hurlock,
21 CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The object of this study is one of the Gaston Leroux‟s novels entitled
Phantom of the Opera, which was published in October, 1910.Initially, the story
sold very poorly upon publication in a book form and was even out of print
several times during the twentieth century. It is overshadowed by the success of
its various film and stage adaptations. It was first published as a serialization in Le
Gaulois from September 23, 1909 to January 8, 1910. The most notable of these
were the 1925 film depiction and in the 1976 Ken Hill‟s musical at the Theatre
Royal Stratford East (Leroux, 2010: 2).
The novel of the Phantom of the Opera represents the cultural attempt of the nascent bourgeois class up homogenize and regulate anything that could disturb
the security and balance of the world. Leroux narrates the young protagonist of
Chritine Daeé‟s descent underground in a near trance-like state-accompanied by
Phantom- he is in fact describing an adolescent‟s astonishment and uneasiness
about descending into her own unconscious and down the unknown river of her
most distant, repressed desires (Pellegrini, 2010: 15).
The novel Phantom of the Opera is the tragedy triangle love story. Gaston
Leroux‟s novel, The Phantom of the Opera contents of 271 pages. This novel is
about a girl named Christine Daeé, a ballet dancer at the Paris Opera House. She
calls the Angel of Music, also his real name is Eric, and he lives in the lake below
the Opera House. He is teaching Christine how to sing and be a primadona in
Opera house. In the middle of the story, there is other man, Raoul who is
romantically interested in her, actually both Raoul and Christine already had
relationship when they were young, but Eric will not allow their love and their
relationship. Instead of letting them go off together, Eric forced Christine to be
with him. After unmasking him and revealing horrible deformities on his face,
Christine runs away and she backs to Raoul. Now, she is the enemy of the
Phantom. She must run from him at all time when she is in the Opera House. This
condition also makes Raoul in danger, because Eric threaten them. So, Christine
must face the Phantom and pretend to love him to save Raoul.
B. Approach of the Study
Since this study discusses about one‟s personality, the psychological
approach is needed as the suitable approach to analyze the character‟s personality
in the story. Psychological approach deals with a work of literature primarily as an
expression, in fictional form, of the state of mind and the structure of personality
of the individual author (Abrams, 1993: 263).
The approach of this study is the psychological approach. Elementary
assumption of psychological approach is influenced by several things
(Endraswara, 2003: 96). First, there is assumption that literary work is a product
from the psychological and author‟s mind which are played by the unconscious
imagination. The processes of author‟s works are legitimate object of the
Psychologist‟ investigate curiosity. Second, study of psychology of literature can
be used to observe psychological of the characterization also explores the author‟s
mind and feeling in the creative process (Endraswara, 2003: 98).
The work of literature as psychological phenomenon will present the
psychological aspects through the characters in the novel. At first there was
hesitancy that psychological aspects could be present in literary text. It ever stated
by Derrida in Endraswara (2003: 97) “what a text is, and when the psyche must be
if it can be represented by a text?” Although the aspects are abstract but the
researcher should be able to pay close attention those accurate. It is difficult to
avoid that comprehension of literary text needs psychology because literary work
includes psychological aspects of human being.
This approach uses some steps that must be done by the writer who uses
psychological approach of literature (Endraswara, 2003: 104). Firstly, this
approach emphasize on intrinsic elements of play such as character and
characterization. Secondly the writer needs to study about the theme of the play. It
will give a point to the writer to analyze focus not just on one character but all
characters which are appearing in the play. Thirdly, analysing of the character in a
play must be piloted with plot. It will bring this analyze still on the structure of the
play in order to keep analyzing not framed only on utilizable of psychological
theory.
That is why the psychological approach is used in analyzing this study to help
toward the feeling of love. The writer tries to analyze psychological approach and
answer the questions in problem formulation.
C. Methods of the Study
In writing this thesis, the first step to do is finding the topic. In the process
of finding the topic, the writer read the novel many times to obtain the essence.
After understanding the novel, the writer tried to find books to be used in
analyzing The Phantom of the Opera. There are two kinds of sources to be used: the primary and the secondary sources. The primary source is the novel itself,
while the secondary one is other books or references to find the theories and other
articles needed in analysis.
The second step was used as the method to support the answer of the
problem formulation. The library research was used as the method of this study.
All of the data will be taken from books and journals that are related to the topic.
The writer reads many books to find the theory of character and characterization
from Murphy‟s Understanding Unseens: An Introduction to English Poetry and
English Novel for Overseas Students, theory of love from Rollo May‟s Love and
Will, and theory of personality development from Hurlock„s Personality Development.
The writer applies the psychological approach in this thesis. It is used to see
the psychological effect which is influenced by love relationship toward the
personality changes. The writer can apply certain psychological theory in
the answer of the personality changes of the chosen character from the book
Hurlock‟s Personality Development.
The third step is analyzing the data. In analysing the data, the writer
discussing the data that indicate love experienced by the main characters. Then,
the writer describe their love relationship and the influence of love toward their
personality changes. The last step to do is the writer make conclusion based on the
analysis and discussion of the novel. It concludes in the last chapter as the final of
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS
In this chapter the writer discusses the three problems that are formulated in
the first chapter. The first problem is to find out the characteristics of the main
characters. In describing the main characteristics in the story, Murphy‟s nine ways
in determining their characteristics in his Understanding Unseens: An
Introduction to English Poetry and English Novel for Overseas Students will be
used. Another theory used is from M. H. Abrams‟s Glossary of Literary Terms of
character and characterization. The second problem is to see the relationship of
the main characters‟ love described in the story. In analyzing their relationship,
Rollo May‟s theory on love is used from the book of Love and Will. Meanwhile, the last part of this chapter discusses the main characters‟ personality changes as
the effect of their love. The changes of personality of the main characters will be
discussed by using theory on personality of Hurlock‟s Personality Development.
A. The Characteristics of the Characters 1. Eric
Eric is the important character in this story because he has a big influence in
the story development. The methods of characterization as suggested by M. H.
Abrams and Murphy (1972: 161-173) is identified used to analyze the
characteristics of the character. Eric‟s characterization will be employed through
personal description, manner and other thought or conversation that are described
in Murphy‟s nine methods of characterization. The following are Eric‟s
characteristics.
a. Hateful
In the first part of the story, Eric‟s only lived by himself. He is the
protagonist or main character in this story because he is the character that has a
strong influence toward the relationship between Christine and Raoul. Eric is a
very hateful person because he laments the fact that his mother was horrified by
his appearance (and said to have abandoned him), and that his father, a master
mason, never saw him.
Erik was born in a small town to far from Rouen. He was the son of a master-mason. He ran away at an early age from his father‟s house, where his ugliness was a subject of horror and terror to his parents (p.259).
This evident shows how his parents hate him; they never care about Eric as
their son. This condition also makes Eric to be a hateful person because he
thought that nobody cares of him. He hates everybody, including his parents.
Most people reported that he is very horrible. People also knew Eric as the
Opera Ghost because he had a terrible face. He had a yellow face, no nose and
black holes for eyes. So he could not socialize because when people saw him, they
would run or yell. Not only people in the Opera House who said that Eric was the
ghost. Even Christine also described Eric as what people said. If Eric„s face
looked normal, he could live more happily and he could do something he wanted
easily. Because of his poor face, he had to hide all of his life.
little worth talking about that you can‟t see it side-face; and the absence of that nose is a horrible thing to look at. All the hair he has is three or four long dark locks on his forehead and behind his ears”(p.9).
The evidence shows how horrible the appearance of Eric is. It makes other
people thought that whatever Eric did were horrible things. He also hated
everybody because of their action. This condition built Eric‟s personality as a
hateful person.
After falling in love with Christine, Eric wanted to try his new life as normal
as everybody else. Eric dreamed to have a wife like other people. He wanted to
have a happy family like other people, too. He realized that people did not like
him, so Eric hid his whole life but not for his love, Christine. He wanted to come
out from his cell. Eric dreamed of having such a normal life like other people. He
was so poor, because one of his promises was only wanted to have a normal life,
as free as he let Christine go with Raoul and he died in his own cell.
“I want to live like everybody else. I want to have a wife like everybody else and to take her out on Sundays. I have invented a mask that makes me look like anybody. People will not even turn run in the streets. You will be the happiest of women”(p.215).
This quotation showed that he wanted to do everything for Christine, even if
he had to change his appearance. He tried to change everything because he
thought that people did not like him and Christine did not like him, either. He had
to change his physical appearance in order to change their life.
b. Selfish
Eric was a selfish person. He only cared about himself, he tried to possess
his money and the box five (the place to perform) in the Opera House. People did
He was a selfish man because he forced the manager in Opera House to give all of
the money to him and he would not share the box five in the opera house.
“I have now received a reply from those gentlemen to my letter asking for an explanation, and this reply proves that you know all about my memorandum book and, consequently that you are treating me with outrageous contempt. If you wish to live in peace, you must not begin by takin away my privatebox” (p.36).
Eric showed that he was a selfish man in the climax of the story. Eric knew
that Christine did not love him but he kidnapped Christine and forced her to marry
him. Eric did not care of Christine‟s feeling only, but he also did something cruel
in order to possess that girl. In fact, Christine tried to kill herself and Eric was
angry so he asked her not to try again. Eric‟s love to Christine is great, he always
thought of how to possess Christine. His love was selfish because he never
thought about how to make his lover live happily with him. Instead, he forced his
lover to be with him.
“I tried to commit suicide! The monster went out last night, after carrying me here fainting and half chloroformed. He was going to his banker, so he said!... When he returned he found me with my face covered with blood...I had tried to kill myself by striking my forehead against the walls” (p.218).
c. Cruel
Eric was a cruel person because he killed somebody. Eric was unable to live
a normal life because of his disfigurement and he had to live underground to be
hidden away from people. Eric was not a sociable person so he did not have
friends in the society because he lived alone and struggled for a long time. He
“Joseph Buquet is dead!”“It‟s the ghost!” little Giry blurted, as though in spite of herself; but she at once corrected herself, with her hands pressed to her mouth: “No, no!—I did‟t say it!—I did‟t say it!—(p.140)
The evidence showed that the speaker was so scared of the ghost. They all
knew that the killer was Eric the Ghost.
Eric planned to kill so many people, Eric expressed his wish to marry
Christine and live as a comfortable bourgeois life after his work had been
completed. He had stored a massive supply of gun power under the opera, and
should she refuse his offer. He planned to explodee everything including them.
“She told us in a few hurried words that Erik had gone quite mad with love and that he had decided to kill everybody and himself with everybody if she did not consent to become his wife” (p.216-217).
2. Christine Daeé
Christine Daeé is also the protagonistt or main character in the story because
Christine is the center character that connects the relationship between Eric and
Raoul. Their relationship is triangle love relationship. Christine was an upcoming
opera singer who received music lesson from the ghost of Eric. She is young,
beautiful, and sympathetic who could sing like an angel. Christine believes in the
angel of music. She cannot stand on herself because she always depends on
somebody else like her Father, Music of angel and Raoul.
a. Innocent
Christine Daeé is a very innocent girl. She believes that when her father
died, he had promised her that from Heaven, he will send the angel of music to
her. Unfortunately, she believes that the angel of music is Eric, because he is the
skill that is so good, and she likes every performance of Eric. So, she thinks that
the angel of music that was sent from his father is Eric.
―Christine thought that Lotte was very lucky to hear the Angel of Music when she went to sleep. The Angel of Music played a part in all Daddy Daee‘s tales: and he maintained the every great musician, every great artist received a visit from the Angel at least once in his life‖ (p.51)
Not long after she begins listening to a beautiful, unearthly voice which sings
to her and speaks to her, she believes that this must be the Angel of Music and
asks him if he is. The voice agrees and offers to teach her ―a little bit of heaven‘s
music.‖ The voice, however, belongs to Eric and Christine did not doubt the voice
of the person.
b. Introverted
Christine first met Raoul at the end of the performance. At first, she ignored
Raoul because she was an introverted girl. She runs from Raoul because Christine
is scared of the phantom. We can see the evidence from Christine‘s letter which
showed that she was introverted because she did not want to tell Raoul about her
real condition that actually she was in trouble.
―My Dear Little Playfellow:
You must have the courage not to see me just a little, do this for me, for me who will never forget you, my dear Raoul. My life depends upon it. Your life depends Your life depends upon it. Your Little Christine‖ (p.76).
This letter showed that she loves Raoul very much but she did not want to
show that to Raoul. Her introverted heart thought many things about herself,
Raoul and Eric.
The other evidence that Christine was introverted is when Eric kidnaps
keep her there only for a few days, hoping she would come to love him. She
would not change her mind to love Eric. She wished that people can help her or
people can report to the police. But she only stayed at the place of the Opera
house and Valerius house, until Raoul found her. She did nothing and told nobody
that she was in trouble. She just kept silent. Her action showed that she was an
introverted girl.
“ That is an undertaking which I have not asked of you girl haughtily. “I am mistress of my own actions, M. De Chagny: you have no right to control them, and I will beg you to desist henceforth. As to what I have done during the last fortnight, there is only one man in the world who has the right to demand an account of me: my husband! Well, I have no husband and I never mean to marry!” (p.100).
The quotation showed that she is confused of her position and she just
thinks not tried to find and come out from the deep of her thinking.
Raoul is a handsome guy, and 21 years old. He has blue eyes and black hair.
He is the protagonist and important to this story because Raoul was in love with
Christine since he first met her when she became the new margarita. Actually they
had met each other when they were children.
Raoul is one character who has authority in his society, he can make
whatever he want for his life. It is because the society knew about Raoul‟s family.
He has different class, the Comtese de Changny, even when his father de
Moerogerogis died, his brother got a name of noble and rich. Raoul‟s brother is 20
years older than Raoul. “He was a little over twenty-one years of age and looked
eighteen. He has a small, fair mustache beautiful blue eyes and a complexion like
a girl‟s” (p.20). Raoul was educated by Raoul‟s brother and their widow aunt.
Raoul entered the Borda training-ship, finished his course with honors and quietly
made his trip around the world. Raoul does not have parents but he has noble and
rich brother and sisters.
The Comtesse de Chagny, nee de Moerogis de La Aartyniere, had died in giving birth to Raoul, Who was born twenty years after his elder brother. At the time of the old count‘s death, Raoul was twelve years of age. Philippe busied himself actively with the youngster education (p.19).
a. Envious
At first, Raoul realized that it is impossible to marry Christine. It is because
of the different class and social status between them. As the story develops, Raoul
strongly falls in love with Christine Daeé. He does not care of his class anymore
because Raoul always try to be close to Christine. They often meet and they talk
much about themselves, but when they talked about the phantom, Raoul was
angry with Christine.
―No, he is not a ghost; he is a man of Heaven and earth, that is all.‖
― A man of Heaven and earth... that is all! A nice wat to speak of him!.. And art you still resolved to run away from him?‖
In this conversation Raoul showed that he is mad because Christine talked
about Eric a man of ―Heaven and earth‖. Raoul plans to marry her but Christine
thought that they never be a husband and wife because of the different classes.
They knew each other, but when Christine was talking about someone else, he
was jealous and angry.
―I am jealous! I am jealous! I am jealous!‖ But she heard him all the same. Then she said: ―Come for a walk, dear. The air will do you good‖ (p.107).
Finally, Christine knew why Raoul was angry, but Christine preffer not to
Raoul is a young and smart guy but his mind still cannot accept Christine‟s
opinion about Eric. When they were children, he did not want to be close to
Christine because he knew that the noble man cannot be marry to different class
like Christine.
“Mademoiselle, I shall never forget you!”
And he went away regrettin his words, for he knew that Christine could not be the wife of the vicomte de Chagny” (p.53). benefactress herself, who continues to believe in your sincerity while you go about the Opera ball with Red Death!...I despise you!...”And he burst into tears” (p.92).
He shook his head. “No, no, you have driven me mad! When I think that I had only one object in life: to give my name to an opera wench!”(p.93).
These texts showed us how mad Raoul toward Christine is. He loves her so
much but he can not trust his lover because of Phantom, he is angry and he cries.
Other sources of Raoul‟s thinking is about Eric like an enemy and he is thinking
about Eric like evil.“He is my rival. And, if he‟s not dead, it‟s a pity.”
b. Violent
Raoul is a nobleman but his characteristic is violent. He changes his mind
easily; sometimes he is angry as explored in his character.
This text showed that he is kind of violent person because he shot somebody
or something when he was angry, so he just shot without thingking about the risk.
He always solve his problem with his violent action.
B. The Love Relationship between Main Characters 1. Eric’s Love toward Christine
To be in love with somebody does not mean that they always have to be
happy or fun. Every person has the right to possess their lover if he or she has
feeling of desire and a strong desire to win in his or her lover. Even someone will
find pleasure when he or she can win his heart or her heart, and he or she will find
sadness when he or she cannot find it.
Eric‟s love toward Christine is a passionate love. It is because his
background does not support his effort so his love ends sadly and let him to be
cruel. Actually Eric loves Christine so much but he cannot send his love in a
proper way so he just uses his power for violence. Eric is just like the night king
in the opera house. He knows exactly how to use his power at the opera house.
Yet, he uses his power to kill someone and threaten his lover Christine. It is
because Eric was so afraid that he will lose his lover Christine.
The relationship of Christine and Eric is shown that they are in the condition
of passionate love. Based on the theory, passionate love is a wildly emotional
state, a confusion of feeling. Passsionate love is widly emotional and often
The basic of all reasons from Eric‟s action are because of the terrible birth
marks. He might be a normal person if he had a normal physical appearance. Eric
might live happily with his lover he finds in his life. Because actually he has a
very clever skill and he knows how to use it at the right time.
“I have seen him at work in Persia, alas—is also, in certain respects, a regular child, vain and self-conceits, and there is nothing he loves so much, after astonishing people, as to prove all the really miraculous ingenuity of his mind” (p.203).
Eric is very clever because he makes the opera house with other people. But
people do not like him because he was evil actions. He killed someone with no
pain and did bad action more and more.
“I big your pardon for letting you see a face like this! What a state I am in, am I not? It‟s the other one‟s fault! Why did he ring? Do I ask people who pass to tell me the time? He will never ask anybody the time again! It is the
siren‟s fault” (p.219).
This quotation means that he felt neither shy nor pain just to kill someone
because someone yelled and bothered him and his business. Eric is a very
emotional person so he does everything emotionally.
Eric‟s love shows his obsession because of his emotional feeling. It can be
seen when Eric knew that he could not get his love from one of the girls in this
world. Eric always tries to get close to Christine but Raoul has a closer
relationship to Christine. Eric realized that Raoul is his enemy because it will be
difficult for him to possess her so Eric forced Christine to be his lover. However,
it is just one-sided love because Christine does not love him. Eric already knew
about Christine‟s feeling but he did not give up and forced to love Christine so
