AN ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS USED BY DONALD J. TRUMP IN HIS TWITTER TWEETS.

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AN ANALYSIS OF LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS USED BY DONALD J. TRUMP IN HIS TWITTER TWEETS

A THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of The Requirements for The Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities

UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya

By:

Miftahul Khoir

Reg. Number: A03212051

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERISTY OF SUNAN AMPEL

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xiv INTISARI

Khoir,Miftahul.2016. An Analysis of Language Functions Used by Donald J. Trump in His Twitter Tweets. English Department, Faculty of Adab Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

The Advisor : Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M. Ag

Thesis ini mendiskusikan tentang fungsi-fungsi bahasa yang digunakan oleh Donald J. Trump di tweet twitternya. Dalam thesis ini, penulis mengemukakan dua pertanyaan yaitu : (1) Fungsi bahasa apa yang ditemukan di tweet twitternya Donald J. Trump? (2) Apa konteks pengunaan fungsi bahasa oleh Donald J. Trump di tweet twitternya?. Penelitian ini mencari tahu pengunaan fungsi bahasa dan konteks pengunaanya

Berdasarkan penjelasan di atas, penelitian ini berfokus pada pengunaan fungsi bahasa dan konteks pengunaanya di tweet twitter Donald J. Trump. Penulis mengaplikasikan teori fungsi bahasa oleh Jakobson tahun 1960 untuk melakukan penelitian. Penulis menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif karena pengumpulan data berbentuk kata atau teks. prosedur pengumpulan data berhubungan dengan pemilihan Donald J. Trump tweet di twitternya, mengidentifikasi kata, frase atau kalimat, lalau menganalisa setiap kata, frase dan kalimat yang mengandung fungsi bahasa berdasarkan teori Jakobson. Setelah menganalisa data, penulis menemukan lima jenis fungsi bahasa yakni referential fuction, conative function, emotive function, phatic function, and metalingual function.

Referential Function paling sering digunakan oleh Donald J. Trump di tweetnya karena dia ingin membagi ide-ide, konsep, dan ambisi dia twitternya untuk membuat pengikutnya bergabung, percaya, dan memilih dia. Donald J. Trump mengunakan conative function dengan harapan bisa mengajak pengikutnya tetap terhubung dengannya. Kemudian emotive function digunakan untuk mengekspresikan kebahagian Donald J. Trump setelah kampanye dan mengunjungi beberapa tempat. Selanjutnya, phatic function digunakan untuk menyampaikan rasa solidaritas dia ke sahabatnya. Metalingual function digunakan untuk mengklarifikasi sebuah masalah yang ada.

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ABSTRACT

Khoir,Miftahul.2016. An Analysis of Language Functions Used by Donald J. Trump in His Twitter Tweets. English Department, Faculty of Adab Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.

The Advisor : Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M. Ag

This thesis discusses Language Functions Used by Donald J. Trump in His Twitter Tweet. In this thesis, the writer proposes two research questions as follow : (1) What is language function found in Donald J. Trump's tweets in his twitter? (2) What are the contexts of language functions that used by Donald J. Trump in writing tweets in his twitter?. This thesis explores the language functions used and the context of language functions used.

Based on the explanation above, this study focuses on the language functions used and the context of language functions used by Donald J. Trump in his tweet. The writer applied language function theory by Jakobson (1960) to conduct the research. The writer uses qualitative approach because the data collected are in the form of words. The procedure of data collection are collecting data related on selecting Donald J. Trump’s tweet in his twitter, identifying the word, phrase or sentence, then analyzing each of word, phrase and sentence have language function meaning that found in the Donald J. Trump’s tweet. Having analyzed the data, the writer found out five language functions used. They are referential fuction, conative function, emotive function, phatic function, and metalingual function.

The referential meaning is often used by Donald J. Trump in his tweet because he wants to share his ideas, concepts, and desires to make the followers believe, join or vote him. The conative function is used by Donald J. Trump to ask his followers to stay connect with him. Then, Donald J. Trump uses emotive fuction to express his emotion after having a campaign or visiting some place. Next, phatic function is used by Donald J. Trump to express solidarity to his friends. Then, Donald J. Trump uses metalingual function in his tweet is to clarify a problem.

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1.1 Background of the Study ... 1

1.2 Statement of the Problem ... 5

1.3 Objectives of the Study ... 6

1.4 Significance of the Study ... 6

1.5 Scope and Limitation ... 6

1.6 Definition of Key Terms ... 7

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3.3 Data and Data Source ... 15

3.4 Data Collection ... 17

3.5 Data Analysis ... 18

CHAPTER IV: FINDING AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Finding ...18

4.1.1 The Findings on Kinds and the Contexts of Language Functions that used by Donald J. Trump in Writing Tweets in his Twitter ...18

4.1.1.1 Language Function as Emotive Function and The Meaning Behind Language Function...19

4.1.1.2 Language Function as Conative Function and The Meaning behind Language Function ...23

4.1.1.3 Language Function as Referential Function and The Meaning Behind Language Function ...27

4.1.1.4 Language Function as Phatic Function and The Meaning Behind Language Function...45

4.1.1.5 Language Function as Phatic Function and The Meaning Behind Language Function...47

4.1.1.6 Language Function as Phatic Function and the Meaning behind Language Function...47

4.2 Discussion ... 48

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5.2 Suggestion ... 51

REFERENCES... 53

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This chapter elaborates background of the study, statement of the problems,

objectives of the study, and also presents the significance of the study, scope and

limitation, and definition of the key terms.

1.1.Background of the Study

Social media are computer-mediated technologies that allow individuals,

companies, NGOs, governments, and other organizations to view, create and share

information, ideas, career interest, and other forms of expression via virtual

communities and networks. Facebook, Path, Line, Whatsapp, Black Berry

Messanger (BBM), Instagram, Twitter, etc are kind of social media. By those

social media, people can use them as the facility of communication to keep in

touch with family as well as new and old friends. By the existence of social

media, someone who cannot meet and communicate with their family, partner,

new and old friends will be easy to reconnect the relationship. Because of the

function of social media is useful, almost everyone has social media account.

In this study, among those social media, the writer chose twitter. Twitter is an

online social networking service that enables users to send and read short 140

character messages called “tweets”. Biz Stones, Evan Williams, and Jack Dorsey

are the co-founder of twitter. They created twitter in October 2016 and the first

tweet was sent by Jack Dorsey in San Francisco.

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The writer chose twitter as his subject in this research due to some reasons.

First, there is only a verified account per name. Twitter gives the blue verified

badge on twitter to let people know that an account of public interest is authentic.

The badge appears next to the name on an account’s profile and next to the

account name in search results. It is always the same color and placed in the same

location, regardless of profile or theme color customizations. Second, there are

241 million monthly active users for twitter with 500 tweets sent per day. It means

twitter is one of active social media. Third, any kind of background of people use

twitter, start from public figure, politicians, students, president etc.

This present study is important to conduct because many people want to share

their ideas, information, expressions, etc in twitter but they are only able to send

and read short 140 character messages. So, the users have to use language as

effective as possible to make the readers understand well. As many people know,

the function of language is to understand the ideas from other people. So, in this

study, the writer chose language functions in twitter as the topic of this research.

Since a language function is introduced by Jakobson (1960), it is interesting

to conduct research about language functions. A series of researches have been

conducted by some researchers who focus on language functions. Some

researchers have conducted the researches in various subjects, such as Hasits

(2007) in his research "An Analysis of Language functions Used by Marcus

Burnett in Bad Boys II film" tries to find out language functions interference in

English language which is used by the main character. He only found emotive

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functions in utterances produced by Carl to Russel, the characters of movie Up.

She used the Halliday theory of language functions and the result of her analysis

is she found seven language functions in the utterances produced by Carl to

Russell in movie Up. Those are instrumental, regulatory, representational,

interactional, personal, heuristic and imaginative function. While Andayani

(2013) analyzed language functions in english used by receptionist in Bali Brasco.

She used the theory of Van ek and she found several functions of language: asking

information, giving situation, denying something, offering something, certain or

uncertain, permission, expressing hope, repeating, suggesting, offering assistance,

greeting and thanking. After she found those, then she implemented it into

language teaching.

Other previous studies also come from Syafitri (2014) and Arista (2014).

Syafitri (2014) studied kinds of language function used by the main character in

Twilight movie. Her study focused on spoken utterance. The result of her study is

she found five language functions: emotive, directive, phatic, referential and

poetic function. A similar research conducted by Arista (2014). She analyzed

kinds of language functions and the most dominant type of language functions

used by the main character in Sherlock Holmes II: A Game of Shadows movie.

The data were the dialogue of the main character in Sherlock Holmes movie. The

findings show that there are six types of language functions. Those are expressive,

directive, referential, metalinguistic, poetic and phatic. The most dominant type of

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In 2015, Arum (2015) analyzed kind of language functions as well as the

aspects of language in Enchanted movie script, and how can the language

functions help the reader in understanding the message. Machmudha (2015) also

analyzed the movie. She analyzed the kind of language functions used by Alicia

and dr. Rosen to John Nash as well as the language functions mostly used by

them.

Based on the previous researchers above, there is no researcher who analyzes

language functions in social media exactly the twitter. Twitter is something new,

hence, in this present study, the writer conducts a research on language function in

twitter. Among the users of twitter, there are several famous public figures that

have the important role, such as Barack Obama, Hillary Clinton, Bill Gates, Joko

Widodo, Donald J. Trump and many more. But in this study, the writer chose

Donald J. Trump twitter to be analyzed.

Donald J. Trump has account of twitter since April 2009. The name of the

account is @realDonaldTrump. The account has 11.920.984 followers and only

follows 41 accounts of twitter. Based on

(www.bacaanpopuler.com/2016/07/16-fakta-menarik-tentang-donald-trump.html?m=1), the twitter of Donald J. Trump

has average 67.000 followers per month. The twitter of Donald J. Trump is over

active because the account tweet 372 times per month and average 12 times tweet

per day. It happened because Donald J. Trump is a candidate of United State of

America president. Except information, ideas, and expression, the twitter of

Donald J. Trump also tweets critique in his twitter. Example “Wow, did you see

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like @donlemon, who could expect any more?”. In that tweets, Donald J. Trump

said that CNN is Clinton News Network, not Cable News Network. As people

know, Clinton is Donald J. Trump rival in USA presidential election. That is one

of Donald J. Trump’s tweets that contains of some meanings. Therefore, the

writer is curious with the kind of language functions and the context of language

functions that used by Donald J. Trump on his tweets because a tweet means

thousand meanings.

This present study used Jakobson theory of language function because the

theory of Jakobson could give a contribution in answering the problems of this

study. Jakobson's model of the functions of language distinguishes six elements or

factors of communication that are necessary for communication: context,

addresser (sender), addressee (receiver), contact, common code and message.

Each factor is the focal point of a relation or function that operates between the

message and the factor. The functions are the following: referential ("The Earth is

round"), emotive ("Yuck!"), conative ("Come here"), phatic ("Hello?"),

metalinguistic ("What do you mean by 'krill'?"), and poetic ("Smurf") (Hebert,

2011).

1.2.Problems of the Study

In line with the background of the study in the preceding discussion, the

general research problems can be formulated into more specific case as follows.

1. What is language functions found in Donald J. Trump's tweets in his twitter?

2. What are the contexts of language functions that used by Donald J. Trump in

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1.3.Objectives of the Study

Based on the problems stated previously, this study is intended to comply

with the following purposes.

1. To describe kind of language functions that used by Donald J. Trump in his

twitter.

2. To describe the contexts of language functions that used by Donald J. Trump in

writing tweets in his twitter.

1.4.Significance of the Study

Theoretically this study is intended to give the readers a better understanding

of language functions as well as can be beneficial for the readers who are

interested in discourse analysis especially in language functions by using

Jakobson's (1960) theory.

Practically, through the result of this research, the writer want to help

the readers in understanding language functions of Donald J. Trump’s tweet. So

that, the readers especially the followers of Donald J. Trump’s twitter feels easier

to get the idea and understanding of his tweets.

1.5.Scope and Limitation of the Study

This present research focuses on the discourse analysis which concerns on the

use of language functions and the interpretation of the context in the Donald J.

Trump tweets in his twitter. The researcher examines the language functions that

occurred in the tweets of Donald J. Trump in his twitter based on Jakobson’s

(1960) theory of language functions. On the other hand, the researcher uses the

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problem statements. The researcher limits the discussion by take the data only

from the tweets that written by Donald J. Trump start from 20 June 2016 until 10

October 2016 because two reasons. First, since 20 June 2016 Donald J. Trump

officially became the candidate of United States of America president from

Republic party. The researcher believes many people around the world pay

attention on his twitter to know everything about him. Second, the Donald J.

Trump’s twitter is more active than before. It makes the data enough to analyzed.

As the researcher said before in background of the study, Donald J. Trump tweets

12 times per day.

1.6.Definitions of Key Terms

To avoid misunderstanding among the readers, the terms applied in this study

are defined as follows:

Language Functions is a language which is delivered by someone and has a specific purpose. Those purposes are apologizing, asking permission,

expressing something to fulfill our purposes.

Tweet is short 140 character messages on twitter. The tweets were taken from Donald J. Trump twitter.

Twitter is a free micro blogging service that allows registered members to broadcast short posts called tweets and twitter members can broadcast tweets

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8 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter presents some terms of theories related with the topic of the

research, which is language functions. In this part, the researcher divides the

discussions of the theories into four sub chapters. The first sub chapter discusses

about language functions. The second sub chapter tells about the types of

language functions proposed by Jakobson (1985). The third sub chapter is about

theory of context proposed by Dell Hymess (1964). And the fourth sub chapter is

about social media.

2.1 Language Function

Language has a primary function to human live; it is to convey information to

each other, or request services of some kind in a variety of situations, such as use

language to apologize, refuse, giving direction, asking permission, and expressing

a wish Keraf (1997:1) stated the primary function of language is as

communication tool between members of the society in the form of symbol of the

sound produced by human vocal organs. It is supported by Brown and Yule

(1983:1) argument, which stated the analysis of discourse deals with the

description of linguistic forms independent of the purposes or functions which

those forms are designed to serve human affairs. It means that all human being

needs a language to interact with other people although they have different

abilities to use and deliver the language itself. People can fulfill their need to

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However Brown and Yule (1983:1) have been divided two major functions

of language in order to emphasize convenience analytic, as follow:

2.2.1 Transactional Function

Transactional is a function of language, which serves in the expression of

content. In this case, language used to transmit factual or propositional

information so that the recipient gets the informative detail correct. For example, a

doctor tells nurse how to administer medicine to a patient.

2.2.2 Interactional Function

Interactional function is involved in expressing social relations and personal

attitudes. In this case, conversational analysts have been particularly concerned

with the use of language to negotiate, role-relationships, peer-solidarity, the

exchange of turns in a conversation, the saving of face of both speaker and hearer.

For example, Good morning. Lovely day isn’t it?

Furthermore, Halliday (1973) stated that a functional approach to language

means investigating how language is used trying to find out what purposes that

language serves for us, and how people are able to achieve these purposes

through speaking and listening, reading and writing (Ambrosio et. al, 2015:107).

It means that function of language is an understanding about how language works

in functional terms. Language is used to perform some kinds of communicative

acts with the purpose to convey and interpret meaning in communication.

From the highlight about the definition of language function above,

therefore, it can be concluded that in communication activity, people carry out

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purpose of using language itself. Function of language itself is a function which is

for a convey information and expressing social relationship. It also conveys the

overt message and at the same time sets up or confirms the social identity and

relationships of the people who are speaking or writing to another.

2.3 Types of Language Function

Jakobson's model of the functions of language distinguishes six elements or

factors of communication, that are necessary for communication; addresser (a

sender, speaker, writer); addressee (a receiver, hearer); contact: a physical channel

and psychological connection between an addresser and addressee; common code

(language); and message (Jakobson, 1985:143). As cited in Waugh (1980),

Jakobson said that the addresser send message to the addressee. The message

requires a context in order to be operative and needs the code which has a related

common to the addresser and addressee. Besides, a contact in which the addresser

and addressee has a physical channel and psychological connection which is

enabling to stay in communication. Each factor is the focal point of a relation or

function that operates between the message and the factor (Hebert, 2011). The

functions are the following:

2.3.1 Referential Function

Referential function, in a line with factor of context. It is an information

carrier. It could be describes a situation, object or mental state, such as:

"The School is good"

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2.3.2 Emotive Function

Emotive function is related to addresser. Language is used by the addresser

to her or his feelings. It focused on the addresser, aims a direct expression of the

speaker’s attitude toward what he or she is speaking about. It tends to produce an

impression of a certain emotion whether feigned or true (Jakobson, 1960:354). It

is best exemplified by interjections, such as:

"Oh no!"

"Wow!"

2.3.3 Conative Function

Conative function engages the addressee directly. It means that language is

used to ask the addressee (hearer) to act or do something. It is commonly found in

commands or requests. It is best illustrated by imperatives, such as:

"Come here"

"Open the door"

2.3.4 Phatic Function

Phatic function is associated with the contact or channel factor such as

greeting, also to open communication. For example:

"Hello?"

"Good morning"

2.3.5 Metalingual Function

Metalingual function is the use of language to discuss or describe itself, to

clarify or renegotiate it. Metalinguistic is also commonly used in questions in

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"True love's kiss? It's the most powerful thing in the world"

"I cannot hear you, what do you say?"

2.3.6 Poetic Function

Poetic function is the operative function in poetry as well as slogans. It uses

rhyme, alliteration and assonance, such as:

"I like Ike"

In his book, Jakobson stated that its slogan, succinctly structured, consists

of three monosyllables and three diphthongs /ay/ (Jakobson, 1960:357). It is using

poetic features such as rhyming words and alliteration.

2.4 Social Media

The term "social media" refers to the wide range of Internet-based and

mobile services that allow users to participate in online exchanges, contribute

user-created contents or join online communities (Dewing, 2012: 1). There are

several prominent examples of social media, such as facebook, twitter, google+,

instagram and wikipedia. Facebook is a popular free social networking website

that allows registered users to create profiles, upload photos and video, send

messages and keep in touch with friends, family and colleagues. Google+ is

designed to replicate the way people interact offline more closely than is the case

in other social networking services. Instagram is mobile application that is used to

share photos and short videos. Twitter is a free micro blogging service that allows

registered members to broadcast short posts called tweets and twitter members

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content online encyclopedia created through the collaborative effort of a

community of users known as Wikipedians (Rouse, 2015:2).

2.5 Features of Context

According to Paltridge (2006:54), an understanding of how language

functions in context is central to an understanding of the relationship between

what is said and what is understood in spoken and written discourse. It requires a

consideration of how speakers organize what they want to say in accordance with

who they are talking to, where, when, and under what circumstances.

On the other hand, Cook (1999) defines context is just a form of knowledge

the world and the term context can be used in a broad and narrow sense. In the

narrow sense, it refers to (knowledge of) factors outside the text under

consideration. In the broad sense, it refers to (knowledge of) these factors and to

(knowledge of) other parts of the text under consideration, sometimes referred to

as co-tex (Song: 2010). From the explanation above, one main point of the context

is the environment in which a discourse occurs, beside, it can be concluded that

context is the result of the hearer or the reader interprets the utterances based on

the background knowledge of the utterances. It is important to understand the

context of an utterance in order to help the hearer or reader to reveal the literal or

the intended meaning of speaker’s utterances.

Georgakopoulo (1997) as cited in Fidayanti (2012: 98) stated that there are

four types of context; they are context of situation, context of culture, context as

co text and cognitive context. From the four types of context above, context of

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event. Context of situation includes who is speaking to whom, when, where, and

for what purpose; the physical setting, the social scene in which the discourse

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CHAPTER III

METHOD OF THE STUDY

This part discusses the methodology of the research. It consists of research

design, the role of the researcher, research instrument, subject of the research, data

and data source, data collection, and data analysis.

3.1. Research Design

In conducting this result, the researcher used the descriptive qualitative

research. A qualitative research is always descriptive that that the data collected

are in the form of words or pictures rather than numbers (Bogdan: 1992).

Moreover Cresswell (1992) stated that “we conduct qualitative research because

we want to understand the context or settings in which participants in a study

address a problem or issue (p.40).

In this study, the researcher took qualitative approach because the analysis

was about finding and analyzing tweet of Donald J. Trump’s twitter in its twitter.

The researcher tried to find kind of language function and the meaning behind the

words.

3.2. Research Instrument

The main research instrument of this research is the researcher himself, who

collects the data and analyzes the tweets of Donald J. Trump in his twitter.

3.3. Data and data sources

According to Mukhtar (2013:99), data in the research is things known

or assumed, means that something that is already occurring as empirical facts. The

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contain six language functions based on the Jakobson’s theory. Whereas, the data

source is sources that enable the researcher to get some information or data that is

needed in a research (2013:107). The data source of this research is Donald J.

Trump's tweets which are taken from Donald J. Trump's twitter account

@realDonaldTrump. The researcher chose the tweets which are posted start from

20 June 2016 until 10 October 2016 because some reasons as stated the researcher

in the first chapter of the research. During the period, Donald J. Trump already

post 1200s tweets. It is impossible to analyze all of them. So, the researcher only

chose 30 tweets as the sample by choosing the tweets randomly. He believes that

30 tweets are sufficient to conduct this present study.

3.4. Data Collection

The data were collected from Donald J. Trump’s twitter. All of the data are

the words, phrases, even sentences that contain language functions based on

theory of Jakobson as found in Donald J. Trump twitter’s tweet. The researcher

collects the data by several steps below:

1. The researcher selected tweet of Donald J. Trump in his twitter

randomly.

2. The researcher printed out the selected tweet directly.

3. The researcher underlined the data namely the words, phrases or

sentences of Donald J. Trump’s twitter tweets which were containing six

language functions based on Jakobson's theory (referential, emotive,

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of pen so that the researcher is easy to classify it into kinds of language

functions.

4. The researcher classified the data which were underlined into kinds of

language function based on Jakobson's theory so that the writer is easy to

analyze it.

5. The researcher analyzed the data which were underlined and classified

into kinds of language function based on the Jakobson’s theory in order

to get the answers of the research problems.

3.5. Data analysis

In analyzing the data the researcher did several activities:

1. The researcher analyzed and connected the data with the theory of

Jakobson that is introduced six functions, such as referential, emotive or

expressive, conative or directive, phatic, metalingual and poetic function.

2. Then, the researcher described or explained the data which are classified

into six language functions based on the Jakobson’s theory.

3. Next, the researcher looked for the language function mostly used on

Donald J. Trump’s twitter tweets.

4. To answer the second question of the research, the researcher analyzed

more detail by seeing and reading the text and its context of Donald J.

Trump’s twitter tweets to get what actually the meaning behind language

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CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

4.1 FINDINGS

In this chapter, the researcher presents two points. The first point of this

chapter is data findings and the second point is discussions. Furthermore, this

chapter provides more detail reflection on the findings and displays all the result

of data analysis. Therefore, the research questions are answered within this

chapter.

4.1.1 The Findings on Kinds and the contexts of language functions that used by Donald J. Trump in writing tweets in his twitter

In this point, the researcher presents the findings from the data. Furthermore,

the researcher provides the analysis of language function found in Donald J.

Trump’s Tweet. The writer found six emotive functions, five conative functions,

twenty three referential functions, one phatic function, no poetic functions and

one metalinguistic function.

17%

14%

65%

4%

Language Functions Used by Donald J.

Trump

Emotive Functions Conative Functions

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To be more specific, each of language function found in Donald J. Trump’s

twitter tweet is elaborated in the following sub headings.

4.1.1.1 Language Function as Emotive or Expressive Function and the Meaning behind Language Function

Emotive function is related to addresser. Language is used by the addresser to

her or his feelings. It focused on the addresser, aims a direct expression of the

speaker’s attitude toward what he or she is speaking about. It tends to produce an

impression of a certain emotion whether feigned or true (Jakobson, 1960:354). It

is best exemplified by interjections, such as:

Datum (1)

Table 4.1 Elements of communication in Donald J. Trump’s tweet on 5 October 2016

Elements Explanation

Addresser Donald J. Trump

Context Donald J. Trump feel to be thankful Message Thanks Bill for telling the truth

Contact Written

Code English

Addressee Bill Clinton

“Bill Clinton is right: Obamacare is ‘crazy’, doesn’t work and ‘doesn’t make sense’. Thanks Bill for telling the truth.”

From the tweet above, Donald J. Trump feels grateful because Bill Clinton

tells him the truth about Obamacare. Bill Clinton said that Obamacare is ‘crazy’,

doesn’t work and ‘doesn’t make sense’. As all people know, Barrrack Obama is the

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So, after he knows that Bill Clinton said Obamacare is ‘crazy’, doesn’t work and

‘doesn’t make sense’, Donald J. Trump writes the tweet to express the emotion of

happiness by using word “thanks”.

Datum (2)

Table 4.2 Elements of communication in Donald J. Trump’s tweet on 30 September

2016

Context Donald J. Trump Campaign

Message Thank you Novi, Michigan!

Contact Written

Code English

Addressee Novi and Michigan

Thank you Novi, Michigan! Get out and VOTE #TrumpPence16 on 11/8. Together, WE WILL MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN.

In the tweet above, the writer also analyzed that “Thank you Novi,

Michigan!” is included as emotive function. It could be known because Donald J.

Trump expresses by saying “Thank you” after finishing his campaign in

Michigan.

Based on the context, Donald J. Trump said “thank you Novi, Michigan” to

express the amazing Novi and Michigan. He feels satisfied with his campaign

because many amazing people support him to be president of United Stated of

America. Trough the tweets, Donald J. Trump exspresses his emotion of

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Datum (3)

2016

Message Amazing

Contact Written

Code English

Addressee Followers

“Amazing rally in Florida – this is MOVEMENT! Join us today at DonaldJTrump.com”

According to the tweet above, the writer described that Donald J. Trump was

in Florida to deliver his speech in his campaign. In his campaign in Florida, he

looked at many people came to meet him. So, by writing the tweet, he wants to

express his emotion of happiness.

By using the word “Amazing” Donald J. Trump shows that he feels amazed

when he knows many of people come to Florida to meet and listen what he say in

his campaign.

Datum (4)

2016

Context Donald J. Trump poll

Message Thank you!

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Code English

Addressee Everyone in Nevada

“Great poll out of Nevada- Thank you! see you soon. #MAGA #America First

DonaldJTrump.com”

As an analysis before, “thank you” is included emotive function. The

meaning of behind words “thank you” is Donald J. Trump feels to be thankful

after knowing the 2016 presidential preference in Nevada shows that he has greats

poll than his rivals. She is Hillary Clinton from Democratic Party.

The picture of the tweet shows that Donald J. Trump gets 44% in

September, and 41% in July, while, Hillary Clinton only gets 42 % in September

and 45% in July. It means the percentage of Donald J. Trump is better than

Hillary Clinton in September.

Datum (5)

2016

Context Donald J. Trump feels sad

Message Really sad

Contact Written

Code English

Addressee Followers

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Hillary Clinton is Donald J. Trump rival in America presidential election 2016.

In this context, Donald J. Trump want to give an enlightenment to Lindsey,

Graham, Romney, Flake, and Sass to stop letting themselves to be used in a

Clinton advertisement by writing the tweet and using the emotion of sadness

“Really sad”

Datum (6)

Table 4.6 Elements of communication in Donald J. Trump’s tweet on 31 July 2016

Context Donald J. Trump feels the media against us.

Message Wow, it is unbelievable how distorted, one- sided and biased the media is against us.

Contact Written

Code English

Addressee Followers

“Wow, it is unbelievable how distorted, one- sided and biased the media is against us. The failing @nytimes is a joke. @CNN is laughable!”

Based on the tweet above, the writer found out that “Wow...” has function

to express the emotion. So, it is included as emotive function. In this context,

Donald J. Trump feels unbeliever with some media that against him because the

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4.1.1.2 Language Function as Conative Function and the Meaning behind Language Function

Conative function engages the addressee directly. It means that language is

used to ask the addressee (hearer) to act or do something. It is commonly found in

commands or requests. Holmes (2013:277) clarifies that directive function refers

to the language used as an attempt to get someone to do something. On the other

hand, this function is created to giving orders or making requests by using

because Donald J. Trump asks everyone in Florida to do something. That is being

careful after hurricane happened in Florida.

Hurricane is one of murder disaster in America. It can be many people lost

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powerful, so many people are afraid to do some activities when the hurricane

comes.

Datum (2)

2016

Message Get out and VOTE #TrumpPence16 on 11/8

Contact Written

Code English

Addressee Americans

Thank you Novi, Michigan! Get out and VOTE #TrumpPence16 on 11/8. Together, WE WILL MAKE AMERICA GREAT AGAIN.

Based on the tweet above, the writer also found out that “Get out and Vote

#TrumpPence16 on 11/8” includes into directive function because Donald J.

Trump leads the followers especially follower from America to directly to get out

and vote him on 11/8 in America presidential election.

11 November 2016 is the time where the United Stated of America

presidential election will be held. America already did presidential election for

fifty eight times. There are two candidates of president, Donald J. Trump is from

Democratic Party, and Hillary Clinton is from Republic Party.

Datum (3)

2016

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26

Context Donald J. Trump hope violence and unrest in Charlotte will come to an immediate end

Message We need unity & leadership

Contact Written

Code English

Addressee Everyone in Charlotte

“Hopefully the violence and unrest in Charlotte will come to an immediate end. To those injured, get well soon. We need unity & leadership”

The tweet is included conative function because in conative function, the

addresser leads others to act or to do something. In this context, Donald J. Trump

leads everyone in Charlotte to keep unity and leadership. He also hopes violence

and unrest in Charlotte will come to an immediate end.

The violence and unrest in Charlotte was happened because Donald J.

Trump violated America’s embargo. Except as the candidate of United Stated of

America president, Donald J. Trump is a business man who has an influence to

business in America.

Datum (4)

2016

Message Join us today at DonaldJTrump.com

Contact Written

Code English

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“Amazing rally in Florida – this is MOVEMENT! Join us today at DonaldJTrump.com”

“Join us today at DonaldJTrump.com” is included as conative function

because Donald J. Trump leads the followers to visit and join at

DonaldJTrump.com. In this context, Donald J. Trump wants to ask his followers

to join DonaldJTrump.com and know many things about him.

DonaldJTrump.com is an official website of Donald J. Trump. Many

Context Donald J. Trump said about Hillary Clinton Message Let us all see what happens!

Contact Written

Code English

Addressee Followers

“Hillary Clinton is being badly criticized for her poor performance in answering questions. Let us all see what happens!”

The writer also analyzed that “Let us all see what happens!” is included as

conative function because Donald J. Trump asks for his followers to keep in touch to

Hillary Clinton. He said that “Hillary Clinton is being badly criticized for her poor

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asked to keep in touch. According to the context, it happens when Donald J. Trump and

Hillary Clinton have a question-answer session.

The debate of United Stated of America president election is always

interesting to wait by many people from around the world. There are three

sessions in the debate before the election comes. The debate is also able to

influence people to vote him/she in the election.

4.1.1.3 Language Function as Referential Function and the Meaning behind Language Function

Referential function of language shows the condition of the speakers who

want to share their knowledge or news toward the hearer. As cited by Holmes

(2013:275), referential functions refer to utterances attempt to provide

information. It could be describes a situation, object or mental state.

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The writer also analyzed that message is included as referential function

because it describes the object, namely describes Obamacare. The meaning behind

the referential function of Donald J. Trump’s tweet is the tweet informs to the

followers that Bill Clinton said Obamacare is crazy, does not work, and does not

make sense. Then Donald J. Trump agrees with him.

The context the tweet is Donald J. Trump wants to give information by citing

the statement of Bill Clinton. The statement of Bill Clinton itself is also including

the referential function because he describe the object namely Obamacare.

Datum (2)

“Just announced that Iraq (U.S.) is preparing for battle to reclaim Mosul. Why do they have to announce this? Makes mission much harder!”

The writer also did classification “Just announced that Iraq (U.S.) is preparing

for battle to reclaim Mosul” is included as referential function because the tweet

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Mosul is one of the city in Iraq that inhabited by Islamic State of Iraq and

Syria (ISIS). As the name, ISIS is born in Iraq and Syria, but they terrorize many

people not only in Iraq and Syria but also in other country.

Datum (3)

2016

Context Donald J. Trump enjoyed the debate Message “I really enjoyed the debate last night

Contact Written

Code English

Addressee Followers

“I really enjoyed the debate last night. Crooked Hillary says she is going to do so many things. Why hasn’t she done them in her last 30 years?”

Along with the tweet above, the writer found out that “I really enjoyed the

debate last night” is included as referential function because it describes the mentality of

Donald J. Trump. He feels enjoy the debate because he is able to answer and respond all

of the questions from moderator. This debate is the first debate in this session.

Another context from the tweet is Donald J. Trump writes the tweet to let the

followers know that he is not nervous when he has debate session. He hopes, the

followers are more believe with him.

Datum (4)

Table 4.15 Elements of communication in Donald J. Trump’s tweet on 25 September 2016

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Context Donald J. Trump informs the followers

Message Looking forward to my meeting with Benjamin Netanyahu in Trump Tower at 10:00 A.M.

Contact Written

meeting with Benjamin Netanyahu. He also describes the meeting will happen in

Trump Tower at 10.00 A.M. Benjamin Netanyahu is prime minister of Israel.

Datum (5)

2016

Context Donald J. Trump describes about Phyllis Schlafly Message “The truly great Phyllis Schlafly , who honored me with

her strong endorsement for president, has passed away at

92. She was special.”

Contact Written

Code English

Addressee Followers

“The truly great Phyllis Schlafly , who honored me with her strong endorsement for president, has passed away at 92. She was special.”

The writer also analyzed that message is included as referential function

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Donald J. Trump describes who Phyllis Schlafly is. He said that she is special and

has passed away at 92 years old.

Phyllis Schlafly is an American constitutional lawyer and conservative

activist. She is known for her staunchly conservative social and political views,

her opposition to feminism, and her successful campaign against the ratification of

the equal rights amendment to the U.S.

Datum (6)

Table 4.17 Elements of communication in Donald J. Trump’s tweet on 28 August

2016

Context Donald J. Trump gives information that he will be a major speech on ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION on Wednesday in the GREAT State of Arizona.

Message “I will be making a major speech on ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION on Wednesday in the GREAT State of Arizona. Big crowds, looking for a larger venue.”

Contact Written

Code English

Addressee Followers

“I will be making a major speech on ILLEGAL IMMIGRATION on Wednesday in the GREAT State of Arizona. Big crowds, looking for a larger venue.”

As cited by Holmes (2013:275), Referential function of language shows

the condition of the speakers who want to share their knowledge or news toward

the hearer. In this tweet, Donald J. Trump wants to share about news that he will

be a major speech on illegal immigration on Wednesday in the great State of

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Datum (7)

2016

“Just leaving Virginia – really big crowd, great enthusiasm!”

The writer analyzed that “Just leaving Virginia – really big crowd, great

enthusiasm!” is included as referential function because in this tweet, Donald J.

Trump gives information that he is just leaving Virginia. He also describe that in

Virginia, he met really big crowd with great enthusiasm.

Datum (8)

2016

Context Donald J. Trump loves watching these poor, pathetic people (pundits) on television working

Message “I love watching these poor, pathetic people (pundits) on television working so hard and so seriously to try and figure me out. They can’t”

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34

Code English

Addressee Followers

“I love watching these poor, pathetic people (pundits) on television working so hard and so seriously to try and figure me out. They can’t”

The writer analyzed that the tweet “I love watching these poor, pathetic

people (pundits) on television working so hard and so seriously to try and figure

me out. They can’t” is included as referential function. Donald J. Trump gives

information that he loves watching these poor, pathetic people (pundits) on

television working so hard and so seriously to try and figure me out. He hopes his

followers know that he really hates about it.

Datum (9)

Table 4.20 Elements of communication in Donald J. Trump’s tweet on 9 August 2016

Context Donald J. Trump is running against the Washington insiders

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The writer classified the tweet as referential function because Donald J.

Trump describe himself that he running against the Washington insiders, just like

I did in the Republican Premieres. These are the people that have made U. S. a

mess.

Datum (10)

Context Donald J. Trump have a campaign in Virginia Message “Great day in Virginia. Crowd was fantastic!”

Contact Written

Code English

Addressee Followers

“Great day in Virginia. Crowd was fantastic!”

The writer found that “great day in Virginia. Crowd was fantastic!” is

included as referential function because the tweet of Donald J. Trump consists of

information. In the tweet, Donald J. Trump describe that he found fantastic crowd

in Virginia. So he felt getting great day in Virginia.

Datum (11)

2016

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Context Donald J. Trump have an interview

Message “When I said in an interview that Putin is “not going

into Ukraine, you can mark it down,” I am saying if I am President. Already in Crimea.”

Contact Written

Code English

Addressee Followers

“When I said in an interview that Putin is “not going into Ukraine, you can mark it down,” I am saying if I am President. Already in Crimea.”

The writer also analyzed that the tweet of Donald J. Trump above is

included as referential function. In the tweet, Donald J. Trump said the president

of Russia (Putin) is not going into Ukraine, but if he is president, he will be in

Crimea. He said the sentences in an interview.

Datum (12)

Context Donald J. Trump said about CNN anchor chairs Message “The people who support Hillary sit behind CNN anchor

chairs, or headline fundraisers – those disconnected from real life.”

Contact Written

Code English

Addressee Followers

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The tweet is also included as referential function because in the tweet,

Donald J. Trump shares about his opinion. He said that many of Hillary supporter

sit behind CCN anchor chairs, or fundraisers. He feels many news shows that

Hillary Clinton is better than him.

Donald J. Trump writes this tweet is to criticized anchor chair, or

fundraisers of CNN because he always gets negative information about him. He

hopes by writing this tweet, they know and do not repeat what he did before.

Datum (13)

Context Donald J. Trump said about Hillary Clinton

Message “Our incompetent secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, was the one who started talks to give 400 million dollars, in cash, to Iran. Scandal!”

Contact Written

Code English

Addressee Followers

“Our incompetent secretary of State, Hillary Clinton, was the one who started talks to give 400 million dollars, in cash, to Iran. Scandal!”

The writer analyzed that “Our incompetent secretary of State, Hillary

Clinton, was the one who started talks to give 400 million dollars, in cash, to Iran.

Scandal!” is included as referential function because he shares his opinion about

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Clinton is incompetent secretary of State because she starts talks to give 400

million dollars, in cash, to Iran.

Datum (14)

Context Donald J. Trump said about Hillary Clinton

Message Hillary Clinton is being badly criticized for her poor performence in answering questions

Contact Written

Code English

Addressee Followers

“Hillary Clinton is being badly criticized for her poor performence in answering questions. Let us all see what happens!”

Besides, the writer also analyzed that “Hillary Clinton is being badly

criticized for her poor performence in answering questions”. In this tweet, Donald

J. Trump describes who Hillary Clinton is. He said that Hillary Clinton is being

badly criticized for her poor performance in answering questions.

Datum (15)

Context Donald J. Trump tells about his campaign in Colorado

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Colorado and the whole country.”

Contact Written

Code English

Addressee Followers

“Colorado was amazing yesterday! so much support. Our tax, trade and energy reforms will bring great jobs to Colorado and the whole country.”

The writer found out that “Colorado was amazing yesterday! so much

support. Our tax, trade and energy reforms will bring great jobs to Colorado and

the whole country” is included as referential function because Donald J. Trump

describe about his campaign in Colorado. He felt amaze because he got so much

support from Colorado.

As the writer knows, Donald J. Trump always expresses his emotion after

visiting some place to have campaign. The aim of it is to make the followers feel

appreciated by Donald J. Trump and will vote him in the election.

Datum (16)

Context Donald J. Trump tells watches Hillary Clinton

Message “I am watching Crooked Hillary speak. Same old stuff, our country needs change!”

Contact Written

Code English

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Donald J. Trump is watching TV and based on his opinion, Hillary Clinton is too

old to be president, whereas America needs change.

In this context, Donald J. Trump describes Hillary Clinton as crooked and

old women. He wants Hillary Clinton to be a candidate of president because he is

too old. America needs a change, not a crooked women.

Datum (17)

Table 4.28 Elements of communication in Donald J. Trump’s tweet on 9 October

2016

Context Donald J. Trump discuss about problem of the world Message “I’m not proud of my locker room talk. But this world has

serious problems. We need serious leaders.”

Contact Written

Code English

Addressee Followers

“I’m not proud of my locker room talk. But this world has serious problems. We need serious leaders.”

The writer analyzed that “I’m not proud of my locker room talk. But this world

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Context Donald J. Trump gives an advice to Paul Ryan Message “Paul Ryan should spend more time on balancing

the budget, jobs and illegal immigration and not waste his time on fighting Republican nominee.”

Contact Written

Code English

Addressee Paul Ryan

“Paul Ryan should spend more time on balancing the budget, jobs and illegal immigration and not waste his time on fighting Republican nominee.”

The writer analyzed that “Paul Ryan should spend more time on balancing

the budget, jobs and illegal immigration and not waste his time on fighting

Republican nominee.” is included as referential function because in this case,

Donald J. Trump gives an advice to his rival in Republican nominee, namely Paul

Ryan. Donald J. Trump advices Paul Ryan to spend more time on balancing the

budget, jobs and illegal immigration and not waste his time on fighting

Republican nominee.

Datum (19)

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Context Donald J. Trump tells his activity

Message “I will be on @oreillyfactor at 8:00 P.M. Enjoy”

Contact Written

Code English

Addressee Followers

“I will be on @oreillyfactor at 8:00 P.M. Enjoy”

The writer found out that “I will be on @oreillyfactor at 8:00 P.M. Enjoy” is

included as referential meaning because Donald J. Trump shares information

about his activity at 8 P.M. In this context, Donald J. Trump wants to inform to all

of the followers in twitter that on 30 June 2016 he will be on @oreillyfactor. He

hopes by writing this tweet, the followers know and always stay connect with him

everywhere and everytime.

Datum (20)

Table 4.30 Elements of communication in Donald J. Trump’s tweet on 29 June 2016

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“Banghazi is just another Hillary Clinton failure. It just never seems to work the way it’s supposed to with Clinton.”

Furthermore, the writer still found referential function in Donald J.

Trump’s tweet. “Banghazi is just another Hillary Clinton failure. It just never

seems to work the way it’s supposed to with Clinton.” is included as referential

function because Donald J. Trump as addressee describes Hillary Clinton failure.

He said that Banghazi is just another Hillary Clinton failure.

Datum (21)

Context Donald J. Trump criticized CNN

Message “@CNN is all negative when it comes to me. I don’t

watch it anymore.”

Contact Written

Code English

Addressee CNN

“@CNN is all negative when it comes to me. I don’t watch it anymore.”

Besides that, the writer also found that “@CNN is all negative when it

comes to me. I don’t watch it anymore.” is included as referential function. The

context of the tweet is Donald J. Trump fells unsatisfied with Cable News

Network (CNN) because everything what they share is always negative, no

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Network, but Clinton News Network. It means CNN belongs to Hillary Clinton

according to Donald J. Trump.

Datum (22)

Context Donald J. Trump dislike the media term

Message “I have never liked the media term ‘mass deportation’ – but we must enforce the laws of the land.”

Contact Written

Code English

Addressee Donald J. Trump’s Supporters

“I have never liked the media term ‘mass deportation’ – but we must enforce the laws of the land.”

The writer analyzed that “I have never liked the media term ‘mass deportation’

– but we must enforce the laws of the land.” is included as referential meaning because

Donald J. Trump describe that he never like the media term. But he also asked his

supporters to enforce the laws of the land”.

Datum (23)

Context Donald J. Trump gives information about his agenda Message “I will be making a big speech tomorrow to discuss the

failed policies and bad judgment of Crooked Hillary Clinton”

Contact Written

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Addressee Followers

“I will be making a big speech tomorrow to discuss the failed policies and bad judgment of Crooked Hillary Clinton”

This tweet is also included as referential function because Donald J. Trump as

addressee shares information his agenda for tomorrow. Through the tweet, he

hope all of followers know that he will be making a big speech tomorrow to

discuss the failed policies and bad judgment of Crooked Hillary Clinton

4.1.1.4 Language Function as Phatic Function and the Meaning behind Language Function

Phatic reveals the condition of how the speakers show their sociability

toward the hearer. It also can be known as a function of language that commonly

used in everyday interaction includes greetings, complements, gossip, etc.

According to Holmes (2013:275), phatic utterances express solidarity and

empathy with others. The phatic function is however equally important from a

sociolinguistic perspective. Phatic communication conveys an affective or social

message rather than referential one. One of the insights provided by sociolinguists

has been precisely that language is not used to convey only referential

information, but also expresses information about social relationships.

Datum (1)

Table 4.1 Elements of communication in Donald J. Trump’s tweet on 27 September 2016

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Message “The truly great Phyllis Schlafly , who honored me with her strong endorsement for president, has passed away at

92. She was special.”

Contact Written

Code English

Addressee Followers

“The truly great Phyllis Schlafly , who honored me with her strong endorsement for president, has passed away at 92. She was special.”

The writer analyzed that “The truly great Phyllis Schlafly , who honored

me with her strong endorsement for president, has passed away at 92. She was

special.” is includes as phatic function because through this tweet, Donald J.

Trump gives solidarity to Phyllis Schlafly, the one who is special for Donald J.

Trump.

Phyllis Schlafly is an American constitutional lawyer and coservative

activist. She is known for her staunchly conservative social and political views,

her opposition to feminism, and her successful campaign against the ratification of

the equal rights amendment to the U.S.

4.1.1.5 Language Function as Poetic Function and the Meaning behind Language Function

Poetic is a kind of language function that focused on aesthetic features of

language. It is includes the use of linguistic features such as rhyming words,

an-ear catching motto, alliteration or paronomasia and antithesis. However, the

researcher did not find the poetic function of language that used by Donald J.