i
A STUDY OF LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS USED BY
ALICIA AND DR. ROSEN IN “A BEAUTIFUL MIND”
MOVIE
THESIS
By:
Siti Machmudha
Reg. Number: A03211074
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
ii
A STUDY OF LANGUAGE FUNCTIONS USED BY ALICIA AND DR. ROSEN IN “A BEAUTIFUL MIND” MOVIE
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By
Siti Machmudha Reg. number: A03211074
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
UIN SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA
i INTISARI
Machmudha, Siti. 2015. A Study of Language Functions Used by Alicia and dr, Rosen in “A Beautiful Mind”. English Department, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, State Islamic University Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Advisor: Endratno Pilih Swasono, M.Pd.
Kata Kunci : Discourse Analysis, Language Functions, Utterances, A Beautiful Mind
Pada penelitian ini, penulis ingin mengetahui fungsi bahasa apa yang digunakan oleh Alicia dan dr. Rosen pada film “A Beautiful Mind” ketika melakukan komunikasi dengan John Nash sebagai penderita schizophrenia. Penulis ingin menemukan macam – macam fungsi bahasa yang digunakan oleh Alicia dan dr. Rosen pada film dan untuk mendeskripsikan fungsi bahasa yang banyak ditemukan yang sekaligus digunakan oleh Alicia dan dr. Rosen.
Peneliti ini menggunakan metode deskripsi kualitatif. Hal ini termasuk kategori discourse analysis karena penelitian ini menganalisa fenomenapada interaksi berbicara. Koleksi data dari bahasa yang digunakan oleh Alicia dan dr. Rosen ketika berbicara kepada John yang menderita penyakit schizophrenia dan analisis ini menggunakan teori fungsi bahasa dari Roman Jakobson (1960).
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Inside Cover Page ... i
Inside Title Page ... ii
Declaration Page ... iii
Dedication Page ... iv
Motto ... v
Thesis Advisor’s Approval Page ... vi
Thesis Examiner’s Approval Page ... vii
Acknowledgement ... viii
Table of Contents ... x
List of Tables ... xii
Abstract ... xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Statement of Problems ... 7
1.3 Objectives of the Study ... 7
1.4 Significance of the Study ... 8
1.5 Scope and Limitation ... 8
1.6 Definition of Key Terms ... 9
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE 2.1 Theory of Language Functions ... 11
2.2 Related Theory That Underlie the Occurrence of Language Functions ... 18
2.3 Utterance ... 20
2.4 Review of Related Studies ... 21
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3.2 Research Instrument ... 24
3.3 Data Source ... 25
3.4 Data Collection ... 25
3.5 Data Analysis ... 27
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Findings ... 29
4.2 Discussion ... 34
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION 5.1 Conclusion ... 78
5.2 Suggestion ... 79
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 2.1 Factors involved in verbal communication and their associated
functions, adapted from Jakobson (1960:354, 357) ... 12
Table 2.2 Theory of language functions based on Jakobson’s (1960) ... 17
Table 2.3 Sentence type by uttering the sentences ... 18
Table 4.1 Alicia’s utterances and the function of language ... 29
Table 4.2 dr. Rosen’s utterances and the function of language ... 32
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter explains about the reason why choose this topic in
background of the study, statement of the problem which are investigated,
purposes of research objectives of the study, expectation for some target readers in
significant of the study, scope and limitation and the definition of key terms.
1.1 Background of the study
Human beings are created by God as the highest creatures that have
special abilities. One of the abilities is the ability to communicate. Basically,
human is a social creature who builds their relationship with others from their
interaction. So it is a normal and a natural thing that people have ability to
communicate with another. Without language people are not able to share their
opinion to other people. One of the ways to do the interaction is by holding a
communication. Communication is a process which someone, some people in
social group or in a community to create and use information in order to connect
each other. In doing communication, people need a tool, which is like as language.
Language is one of the important things for human. By receiving and
sending language, people can fulfill their needs to survive. Language is primarily
spoken, although it can be transferred to another way, such as written. In daily
life, people use language to express their ideas and their feelings. Language is an
instrument for human being to communicate with each other. According to
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signs or written symbols in a human society for communication and
self-expression. As an instrument for human communication, language is used in
many w a y s not only with sounds (by speaking) but also with signs (by picture)
or with written symbols (by written). In order side, languages have
self-expressions as actions via utterances. According to (Clark, 1981:1) language is not
only the principal medium that human beings use to communicate with each other
but also to their culture. There are so many functions of language, some of them
are to give information, deliver messages, express feelings, persuade people,
entertain people, and share opinions. Considering those various functions of
language mentioned above, in simple word we can conclude that language
function as a tool of communication. Communication itself is the activity or
process of expressing ideas and feeling or of giving information (Hornby,
2000:225). It means when people use language, they need not only to interact with
others but also to get other persons to understand their ideas and feeling.
According to Halliday (1983) in his book “Explanations in the functions of
language” a functional approach to language means, first of all, investigating how
language is used: trying to find out what the purposes that language serves for us,
and how people are able to achieve these purposes through speaking and listening,
reading and writing. By looking at this sentence, the writer concludes that
actually, language function here refers to the purpose itself. It means that by
noting the function, it can lead people to understand the purpose conveyed by
someone’s talking. For the example of the utterance “close the door!” That
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utterance. The purpose of that function is asking the hearer to close the door after
open it. Therefore, since language function refers to the purpose of utterance, the
writer sees that language function is important in doing communication because it
leads the hearer to achieve the purpose of someone’s utterances. However, in
doing communication, the writer believes that people’s utterances with a purpose.
The speaker has already defined the purpose of his or her utterance. When people
speak to others with purpose, certainly the hearer might be able to get the message
of the talking. Opposite, if the speaker’s utterances with no purpose, of course the
hearer might get confused because the speaker does not know the point or the idea
of his utterance.
When normal people doing communication with others normal people,
perhaps there is easily to understand what the purpose or message of their talking
about. But how normal people doing communication with abnormal people, such
as people who suffer mental disorder like schizophrenia disease. As we know that
people who suffer schizophrenia usually they have a strange and beyond our
understanding, including hallucinations and delusions that is hard to understand
for normal people who doing communication with them.
Schizophrenia is a mental disorder chronic and it can be make the brain
useless. According to official site www.schizophrenia.com that schizophrenia is a
mental illness that caused by disorder arrangement of nerve cells in the human
brain (http://sivalintar.tripod.com/skizofrenia.html). Schizophrenia in layman's
language means the mentally ill or crazy. Suffer of schizophrenia can hear voices
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can read their minds, controlling their thoughts, or even planning to harm them.
Experiences like this is terrible and can cause fear, addiction or extreme anger.
People with schizophrenia may speak unreasonable, can sit for hours without
moving or much speak and also seems fine until they tell themselves what they
actually think.
According to Neil R. Carlson in his book Psychology of Behavior, the
population of schizophrenia develops approximately one percent during human
lifetime and more than two million Americans suffer from the illness in a given
year (p.578). Schizophrenia is a chronic and lifelong illness which needs certain
treatments, therapies and medications. Half of the beds in America’s mental
institutions are occupied by schizophrenic patients because many of them spend
their entire adult lives hospitalized, with little hope of ever returning to a normal
existence (Zimbardo and Gerrig, 1996, p.656). This illness usually appears in the
teenagers and it strikes without regarding the gender, race, social class or culture.
Schizophrenia is rare among the children. Nearly one-third of people who is
diagnosed with schizophrenia will try suicide and about ten percent of those with
the diagnosis will commit suicide within twenty years of the beginning of the
disorder (Spearing, 2002, para.5).Patients with schizophrenia should be
accompanied by people close to them, because people with schizophrenia need the
spirit and support of the people around him to get rid of this mental illness. If
people with schizophrenia are not accompanied by or under the supervision of
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right in the reality with what they was thinking that nothing but just a
hallucination or delusion of them.
In this case, functions of language are chosen to be analyzed because
language itself serves a range of functions, such as: for the media of personal
relationship, for expressing the feeling and so on. One of the reasons why people
communicate is to motivate others. When hearing the word motivation, people
might think that doing motivation is easy. But actually it is not as easy as what
people think because he or she should to choose the right words to easy
understand to represent of the purpose. In addition, here the writer wants to
identify and analyze the functions of language found in the communication
between normal people and abnormal people as a couple of married. Considering
above, the writer found a film which demonstrates conversation process between
Alicia as wife from John Nash who suffer schizophrenia disease and dr. Rosen as
psychiatrist of John Nash, under the title “A Beautiful Mind”. Alicia and dr.
Rosen also gives the motivation to John Nash in order to overcome his mental
illness.
A Beautiful Mind is a 2001 American biographical drama film based on
the life of John Nash, a Nobel Laureate in Economics. The film was directed
by Ron Howard, from a screenplay written by Akiva Goldsman. It was inspired
by a novel bestselling, Pulitzer Prize-nominated 1998 novel of the same name that
written by Sylvia Nasar. The story begins in the early years of a young
prodigy
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schizophrenia and endures delusional episodes while painfully watching the loss
and burden his condition brings on his wife and friends.
The writer choose A Beautiful Mind as an object for this research because,
first, this movie based on true story, it tells the dramatic and deeply moving
biography of a mathematical genius, John Nash, whose brilliant career was
destroyed by schizophrenia, miraculously recovered and was honored with a
Nobel Prize in 1994. A Beautiful Mind is a heartbreaking but inspiring story about
the most remarkable mathematician and his success over a tragic illness. Second,
this movie also winning several awards, such as the 2002 Academy Awards for
Best Picture, Best Director, Best Screenplay, four Golden Globes and four Critic’s
Choice Awards making it one of the most critically acclaimed films of 2001. The
movie concentrates on genius, madness, recovery, recognition, and the role of
Alicia Nash, John Nash’s wife, and the math colleagues. Third, the efforts of
Alicia Nash as his wife and dr. Rosen as a psychiatrist of John Nash is important
play role. They try to bring back and make convincing the reality of John Nash’s
mind. Alicia Nash always together and faithful besides her husband who suffers
schizophrenia. She always build communication to urges speaking with her
husband in order to avoid her husband’s live on his hallucination and delusion,
and also bring the psychiatrist (dr. Rosen) in order to recover his mental illness
and make calm also accompanied Alicia to face it.
Then, the theory used by the writer is from Roman Jakobson, about theory
of language functions. According to Jakobson, there are six kinds of language
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phatic function, metalinguistic function, and poetic function. The writer believes
that Alicia Nash and Psychiatrist’s utterances carry particular functions, which can
make the readers understand more about his purpose utterances to schizophrenic
sufferer. Therefore, the writer conducts this study to know the language functions
used by Alicia Nash and Psychiatrist in A Beautiful Mind movie.
Moreover, as long as my knowledge, there is no any research in Sunan
Ampel State Islamic University of Surabaya that focuses on language functions. It
can be the first one, in the field of linguistics.
1.2 Statement of The Problems
In this study, the writer is so curious to know what language functions and
the dominant types of language function that used by Alicia and dr. Rosen in A
Beautiful Mind movie. To do a research about the problem that is stated above,
the writer makes questions as follows:
1.2.1 What kinds of language functions are used by Alicia and dr. Rosen in A
Beautiful Mind movie?
1.2.2 What language functions are mostly used by Alicia and dr. Rosen in A
Beautiful Mind movie?
1.3 Objectives of The Study
The purpose of this study is to find out what functions of language used by
Alicia and dr. Rosen in A Beautiful Mind movie in terms of Jakobson’s function
of language in each sections of the Alicia and dr. Rosen scene. It can be
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1.3.1 To know the kinds of language functions are used by Alicia and dr. Rosen
in A Beautiful Mind movie.
1.3.2 To describes language functions are mostly used by Alicia and dr. Rosen
in A Beautiful Mind movie.
1.4 Significance of The Study
This study is to make a contribution to the development of Discourse
Analysis theory. The writer hopes this study can enrich information for the people
who concern about language function and the writer also hopes that this study can
help the next researcher when they going conduct in this field. Through the result
of this study, the writer wants to show the functions of language found in the
utterances which is made by Alicia and dr. Rosen when talking with John Nash
who suffer schizophrenia, so that the reader of this thesis will understand how to
make a verbal communication with the schizophrenia sufferer. The writer hopes
that this study will be worth enough to be an additional reference for the
psychiatrist, parents, members of the family and other researcher who make
further studies in this field to communicate with schizophrenia sufferer in a better
way. The writer also hopes that the readers will realize that someone who sufferer
schizophrenia can give response by using the proper language functions.
1.5 Scope and Limitation
This study is related to discourse analysis that focusing in language
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verbal communication with John Nash who sufferer schizophrenia in A Beautiful
Mind movie. To avoid broadening the discussion, this study is limit just on the
theory of Roman Jakobson and focuses on six kinds of language functions; they
are expressive function, conative function, referential function, phatic function,
metalinguistic function, and poetic function. The writer believes that Alicia and
dr. Rosen’s utterances carry particular functions, which can make the readers and
John Nash understand more about his purpose utterances. The emphasis of this
study is to find the Alicia and dr. Rosen’s utterances which consider can achieve
the communicative purpose and also focuses on the language function only.
1.6 Definitions of Key Terms
In order to avoid the misunderstanding and misinterpretation about the basic
concepts in the study, the definition and key terms are stated below:
Discourse Analysis : Analysis of the relationship between forms and
functions of language, which encompasses the
notion that language is more than a sentence-level
phenomenon (Brown, 253,1994)
Language Functions : A description of how language is used to achieve
its communicative purpose: trying to find out what
are the purposes that language serves for human
being and how people are able to achieve these
purposes through speaking and listening, reading
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itself has been shaped by use and how the form of
language has been determined by the functions it
has evolved to serve (Halliday, 1992).
Utterance : Any stretch of talk by one person, before and
after which there is silence on the part of that
person. It is use by a particular speaker, on a
particular occasion, of a piece of language, such as
a sequence of sentences or a single phrase or even
a single word. (Hurford & Heasley, 1984)
A Beautiful Mind : A 2001 American biographical drama film based
on true story which is a life of John Nash, a Nobel
Laureate in Economics. The film was directed
by Ron Howard, from a screenplay written
by Akiva Goldsman. It was inspired by a novel
bestselling, Pulitzer Prize-nominated 1998 novel of
the same name that written by Sylvia Nasar. The
story begins in the early years of a young
prodigy
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CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter presents the review of research and literature related with the
topic, which are the language functions used by schizophrenic character in Shutter
Island movie. Literally, this chapter supports the concepts and backgrounds in the
previous chapter. There are four points of sub chapter here and the first is
about language functions. It tells about the definition of language functions
based on and Roman Jakobson’s (1960) theory. The second sub chapter is about
related theory that underlie the occurrence of language functions. The three sub
chapter is about the definition about utterance. The last part is previous studies
which have similarity and different with this study itself.
2.1 Theory of Language Function
According to Anthony Green in his book “Language Functions Revisited”
Roman Jakobson is another influential figure in the functional description of
language. Although working within the structuralist paradigm, unlike Bloomfield,
Jakobson (1960) was concerned with the role of context in communication. His
scheme, elaborating with Bühler (1990). All verbal communication entails an
addresser directing a message to an addressee. For communication to be
successful, addresser (speaker/writer) and addressee (hearer/reader) must share an
understanding of the context; a common code, or language; and a ‘physical
and psychological connection’ (channel), ‘enabling both of them to enter and
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As cited in Linda R. Waugh in her book entitles “Poetics Today”
according to Jakobson say that the ADDRESSER sends a MESSAGE to the
ADDRESSEE. To be operative the message requires a CONTEXT referred to
situation and condition (referential) who can understand by the addressee, then is
a CODE fully, or at least have a related common to the addresser and addressee
(decoder of the message) and finally is a CONTACT, a physical channel and
psychological connection between the addresser and the addressee, enabling both
of them to enter and stay in communication.
Table 2.1 Factors involved in verbal communication and their associated functions, adapted from Jakobson (1960:354, 357)
FACTOR FUNCTION
Addresser Expressive
Addressee Conative
Context Referential
Contact Phatic
Code Metalinguistic
Message Poetic
Each function predominates in certain kinds of speech event or text.
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example, may seek to attract our attention (phatic function), convey information
about a product (referential function), make use of alliteration or other forms of
word play (poetic function) and convey positive feelings about the product
(emotive function), but their primary purpose is to persuade us to buy (conative
function). News reports, on the other hand are primarily referential, but may also
involve alliterative (poetic), attention- getting (phatic) headlines or openings.
From the highlight of language functions above, so we can conclude that
each of those six factors determines a different function of language. Moreover,
the definition of language functions based on Jakobson’s (1960) as these follow:
1. Expressive Function
The main of the expressive function is the mind of the speaker. Language is
used by the speaker to express his/her feelings. Focus on the addresser
(speaker) personal, expression of ideas, feelings, attitudes, or opinions.
Aims at direct expression of the speaker’s attitude toward what he is
speaking about. It tends to produce an impression of a certain emotion,
whether true or feigned. Therefore, the term “Emotive” launched and
advocated by Marty, has proved to be preferable to “emotional”. The purely
emotive stratum in language is presented by the interjections (Jakobson,
Linguistics and Poetics, p:4). Example: “I’m feeling great today”, “I’m
very gloomy tonight”, “Wow, what a view!”, “Oh no!”, “Fantastic!”,
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2. Conative Function
The main of the conative function is the addressee (hearer). It seeks to affect
the behavior of the addressee as a response. It is allocated or focused to the
addressee or the hearer. Language is used to call upon the addressee (hearer)
to act, think or feel, to react in the way intended by the utterances. Conative
function is used for the purpose of causing overt actions and most
commonly found in commands and requests. It is not normally considered
true or false. For example: "Tom! Come inside and eat!", “Please help me!”,
“Shut up!”, “I’m warning you!”, “Clear the table.”, “Open the door,
please!”.
3. Referential Function
It carries about information. It refers to the context. This referential function
is associated with an element whose truth value (true or false status) is being
affirmed or questioned. The “truth value test” becomes a test we can use to
identify the referential function. In addition, the referential is also known as
informative language function. It is about the communication of information
and it is important for logic. Example: “At the third stroke it will be three
o’clock precisely.”, “The autumn leaves have all fallen now”.
4. Phatic Function
There are messages primarily serving to establish, to prolong or to
discontinue communication, to check whether the channel works (“Hello, do
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to confirm his continued attention (“Are you listening?”). It is one of the
most common speech acts in everyday interactions; it consists of greetings,
complements, gossip and other. So we can conclude that this function is
used for sociability. For greeting a friend, a speaker can say (hi/hello). As
for greeting a stranger, the speaker can use (hello), but the more formal
greetings between strangers are (good morning/afternoon/evening). So it is
utterances to express solidarity and empathy with others. The use of such
phrases as ‘nice day today’, or ‘how do you do’ is characterized by lack of
any informative content and is intended to link people and make the
coexistence peaceful and pleasant. The effort to start and sustain
communication is typical of talking birds. Thus the phatic function of
language is the only one they share with human beings. It is also the first
verbal function acquired (getting) by infants. They are prone to
communicate before beig able to send or receive informative
communication. Examples: ‘Hello’, ‘Lovely weather’, ‘Do you come here
often?’ or for practical ones ‘can you hear me?’, ‘are you still there?’ Hey,
you… May I have your attention? How are you? Have a good weekend! See
you tomorrow. Did you have a good Christmas? Isn’t it hot today?
5. Metalingual Function
According to Jakobson in his book, this function plays an important role in
our everyday language. Whenever the addresser and or the addressee need
to check up whether they use the same code. Example: “I don’t follow you.”
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on the code itself, to clarify it or renegotiate it. Metalingual function is also
predominant in questions like “Sorry, what did you say?” where the code
(message) is misunderstood and needs correction or clarification. This
function informs about the code that is conveyed. Examples: Bone is known
as “femur” and “will” with “shall” mean the same thing nowadays. Another
example from Shakespeare diction, "What is't thou say 'st?" And the
addresser in anticipation of such recapturing question inquires: "Do you
know what I mean?" Imagine such an exasperating dialogue: "The
sophomore was plucked ""But what is plucked?" "Plucked means the same
as flunked." "And flunked?" "To be flunked is to fail an exam." "And what
is sophomore?" persists the interrogator innocent of school vocabulary. "A
sophomore is (or means) a second-year student." All these equational
sentences convey information only about the lexical code of English; their
function is metalingual (p:6).
6. Poetic Function
It is in which the particular form chosen is the essence of the message.
Messages convey more than just the content. Poetic function always
contains a creative ‘touch’ of or own. Utterances focus on aesthetic features
of language. Using poetic features such as rhyming words, an-ear catching
motto and alliteration. The word poetic does not refer to the ability to write
poetry, but the ability to manipulate language in a creative way. With the
use of jokes we can play with words and meanings simply for joy. Example:
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BEANZ MEANZ HEINZ would lose its point if it were paraphrased as ‘If
you are buying beans, you will naturally buy Heinz’.
After read the definition about each language functions based on Roman
Jakobson (1960) above, the writer put those functions of language with the
purpose, sentence or text types and the example in the table, in order to make
easier to understand about language functions based on “Language Function
Revisited” by Anthony Green (p:16) as follow:
Table 2.2 Theory of language functions based on Jakobson’s (1960).
Function Purpose Sentence or text
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Poetic
Word play and
rhyming.
Word play,
alliteration,
punning, and
rhyming poetry.
“Fred’s friends fried
Fritos for Friday’s
food”
2.2 Related theory that underlie the occurrence of language functions
According to Brown in his book entitle “Principal of Language Learning
and Teaching” states that language functions are the realization of the language
forms, which are the outward manifestation of language (Brown 1994: 231). Thus,
language forms which are also the types of the sentence can be in the form of
declarative, imperative or interrogative sentences. Declarative and imperative
sentence are usually performed in the statements, which can be positive and
negative, while interrogative sentences are presented in the form of question. As
cited in Wisanto, 2002:4 sentences of each type when uttered tend to carry out
typical linguistics act. The pattern is summarizing in the table below:
Table 2.3 Sentence type by uttering the sentences.
Sentences Type Typical Linguistic Act performed By
Uttering A Sentences Of This Type
Declarative Asserting
Interrogative Asking
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However, those patterns will not always work. Language is used in more
complicated ways. Those sentences types or language forms may have one or
more functions depending on the context of the situation in which Alicia and dr.
Rosen’s utterances. Therefore according to Brown, the declarative sentences such
as “I didn’t like that casserole” could be agreement, disagreement, criticism,
argument, complaint, apology or simply comment. Other declarative sentence
such as “I can’t find my umbrella” said by an adult who is late for work on a rainy
day may be a worried request for all members in the family to look for the
umbrella. Then, a sign on the street that says "One way" functions to guide the
drivers and pedestrians to use the Street in only one direction (Brown, 1994:250).
The imperative sentences, which are usually to request and command, may
be presented either in the form of statements or in the form of questions. This can
be seen in the following sentences, “ Please close the window” and “ Is not it cold
in here?” these two sentences have the same purpose that is the speaker asked the
hearer to close the window.
The interrogative sentences are also not simply questions but may function
as request for information, for action or for help. Thus, if the speaker says “Can
you go to the movies tonight?” and the hearer answers “I’m busy” this response
can be interpreted as a negative respond, “I can’t go to the movies” (Brow, 1994)
However, it is not always easy to interpret the function of the language
forms. Hatch (1992: 121); moreover, states that the problem with applying
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always the same. Speaker intention maybe more or less, or actually the opposite of
sentence meaning (as in sarcasm).
These language functions and form theories are hoped to guide the writer
to analyze the language functions of the utterances, which occur in the
conversation between Alicia and dr. Rosen in talking with John as schizophrenia
sufferer.
2.3 Utterance
This theory used as the focus of this study on Alicia and dr. Rosen
utterances. The language functions found are served in the utterance. Therefore, it
is necessary to have the idea of what an utterance is. According to Hufford and
Heasley, utterance is any stretch of talk; by one person, before and after which
there is a silence on the part of that person. The utterance is the use by a particular
speaker, on a particular occasion, of a piece of language, such as a sequence of
sentences, or a single phrase, or even a single word (Huford and Heasley, 1984).
For this investigation, the utterance are collected from Alicia and dr. Rosen in
talking with John Nash as schizophrenia sufferer through their daily conversations
and also the conversation between Alicia and dr. Rosen when doing
communication, but the writer only analyses the utterances of Alicia and dr.
Rosen in order to know the features of the way normal people speak with
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2.4 Review of Related Studies
The related studies are very important for the writer in doing the process of
collecting and analyzing the data. They are used as a guidance or comparison to
come to a better understanding of the object of investigation. Thus, the writer
presents two studies that are closely related to the study the writer conducted.
A Study of Teacher’s Instruction In “Getting Things Done” Language
Function Used In Teaching Two-Year Old Children At Ivy School Surabaya,
(Sinantan, Winny. 2005) This study is a sociolinguistics study of language
function focused on a teacher’s instruction in “getting things done” language
function used by an IVY teacher in teaching two-year-old children in the
classroom situation in three meetings. “Getting things done” language function is
essentially one of language functions that are used to manipulate and control the
environment, to cause certain events to happen as well as to satisfy material needs.
There are twenty-eight patterns of “getting things done” language function.
Sinantan referred to the theory of “getting things done” language function by Van
Ek and Alexander, the theory of caretaker speech by Yule, Little wood, Dale,
Clark and Clark, also the stages in language acquisition theory. In this research the
writer used descriptive approach. The writer found that among twenty-eight
patterns that have been stated by Van Ek and Alexander (1976), there were only
six patterns used by the IVY teacher in getting two-year-old children to do
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A Study of Language Functions produced by the Hosts in the Questioning
Sections in ANTV “Campur Campur” Talk Show, (Suhartono, Eva Ulrike.
2008). In this study, she discusses about language functions which are produced
by the hosts in the questioning sections because the hosts have important rules
since they have many things to ask to the guests, as a result there are many
questioning sections found in the conversation. The writer uses theory of
Language Functions, proposed by van Ek and Alexander (1976), which have
already been reviewed in Hatch (1985). As questions relate to topics, the writer
also uses topics as supporting theory to divide the questioning sections into
fragments, in order to make them easier to analyze. The data of this research is
“Campur-Campur” talk show in ANTV.
The writer was interested in the hosts’ ways while the hosts were
questioning the guest. After doing the analysis, the writer found six parts of the
language functions that occur in hosts’ utterances but language functions that
mostly occur in hosts’ utterances in the questioning sections are Imparting /
Seeking Factual Information with categories Ask and Report, and Express /
Discover Intellectual with categories Discover Agree and Discover Consider X
Logical. Then, the writer concludes that the hosts produce more than one language
functions in having conversation with guest, which sometimes the form and the
function are the same or different.
Speech Function and Speech role in Carl Fredricksen’s Dialogue on Up
Movie. (Rehana, Ridha 2012). This study deals with Speech Function and
23
study are to find out the types of speech function and speech role which are used
in the Carl Fredricksen’s Dialogue on Up Movie. Rehana tries to find out the
dominantly used in the whole dialogue and to reason the dominant speech
function and speech role use in text.
In this study, Rehana used descriptive qualitative method. The data were
collected from Carl Fredricksen’s dialogue on Up movie which contains the
speech function and speech role by applied documentary technique. The data then
analyze based on the type of speech functions namely, statement, offer, question
and command and speech roles namely, giving and demanding. The finding
indicates that from four types of speech functions and two types of speech roles
found in the Carl Fredricksen’s Dialogue on Up movie, statement 150 sentences
(55,7%), offer 4 sentences (1,4%), question 54 sentences (20%), command 61%
(22,6%) and giving 154 sentences (57,2%), demanding 115 sentences (42,7%).
Statement and giving is proved to be the most dominantly used in the whole
utterances in Carl Fredricksen’s Dialogue on Up movie because that is due to the
fact that movie deals with the commodity of giving information rather than
demanding goods and services.
Through these studies, the writer knows how to make the analysis of
function of language that used by Alicia and dr. Rosen’s utterances by applying
the supporting theory that is about this study’s topic. The difference of these
studies and the writer are the theory in use to analyze, the object and statements of
24
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
This part tells about how the writer collects the data and analyzes this
study. The approach of the study will explained in this chapter.
3.1Research Design
The writer applied descriptive qualitative approach in her research. It was
descriptive because she became the main instrument in conducting her
research and also she would describe the data in the form of language
functions that the words served systematically and accurately in the
utterances. And this research was qualitative because she investigated all
utterances that used by Alicia and dr. Rosen in A Beautiful Mind movie.
3.2Research Instruments
The main of instruments of this research is the writer herself by searching
some materials related to language functions. Then, to get more accurate data
of this research, the writer identifies A Beautiful Mind movie by watching that
movie. The writer also reads the script of the movie more than one times, and
then marks by the jot downs the data which include conversations of Alicia
and dr. Rosen in the movie on notes to identify and classify them according to
their categories of language functions. The researcher also uses some books
25
3.3Data Source
The source data that the writer used in this study was A Beautiful Mind
movie. A 2001 American biographical drama film based on true story which is
a life of John Nash, a Nobel Laureate in Economics. It was inspired by a novel
bestselling, Pulitzer Prize-nominated 1998 novel of the same name that
written by Sylvia Nasar. The movie has 135 minutes length of duration. It told
about John Nash when he suffers schizophrenia diseases which can’t
differentiate the real in real life, besides Alicia as a wife of John Nash always
accompanied her husband although her husband include in abnormal people.
Alicia is patient to care her husband and invite a dr. Rosen as a psychiatrist to
treat schizophrenia of John Nash.
3.4 Data Collection
In case of data collection, the writer used an observation. The observation
concern about language function used by Alicia and dr. Rosen in A Beautiful
Mind movie. In this case, the writer did several steps as follow:
1. Choosing a movie
The first step which is done by the writer is choosing a movie. It is aimed
to get which movie is suitable to be analyzed. The writer tries to find out any
kind of title which consists of language functions. So the chosen can be used
26
2. Download the movie and the script
After selecting a movie carefully, the writer downloads that movie and the
script via µTorrent through
http://kickasstorrents.to/download/a-beautiful-mind-2001-720p-brrip-x264-yify-t6623420.html like the follow image:
3. Watching the movie and reading the script
The writer watched the movie and reads the script accurately. The writer
watches and read the movie many times first and comprehends it until she
understands all the aspects of the story.
4. Noticing the utterances
During the watching a movie and reading the script process, the writer
identified by notices all of utterances that contain language functions that
used by Alicia and dr. Rosen while doing communication with John Nash
27
3.5 Data Analysis
After collecting the data, the writer analyzed the data in order to answer the
problems, the writer will use some steps as follows:
1. The first step was done by the writer with made a transcript of
conversation between Alicia and dr. Rosen with John as schizophrenic
character based on sequences of scene in A Beautiful Mind movie (see
appendix 1).
2. After that, the writer divided all of Alicia and dr. Rosen’s utterances in
each sections in table: Alicia’s utterances and dr, Rosen’s utterances. The
example table can be seen bellow:
Table … Alicia’s Utterances and the Functions of Language
No. Utterances Language Functions
E C R P1 M P2
Table … dr. Rosen’s utterances and the function of language.
No. Utterances Language Function
E C R P1 M P2
Notice:
28
C : Conative
R : Referential
P1 : Phatic
M : Metalinguistic
P2 : Poetic
3. The writer will analyze of the Alicia and dr. Rosen’s utterances in A
Beautiful Mind by identifying and classifying based on all the types of
language functions in A Beautiful Mind movie according to Jakobson’s
theory. Whether there are six types of language functions: Expressive,
Conative, Referential, Phatic, Metalinguistic, and Poetic.
4. Finally, the writer counted the frequency of each function in order to find
out the occurrence of the language functions that occurred in Alicia and dr.
Rosen’s utterances and also to find out the functions of language that
mostly occurred by make a table. The example table can see below:
Table … The Language Functions used by Alicia and dr. Rosen in Beautiful Mind movie.
No. Language Functions Alicia Dr. Rosen Total
1 Expressive
2 Conative
3 Referential
4 Phatic
5 Metalinguistic
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CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter presents the findings and discussion in which are divided into
two section. The first is finding and the second is discussion.
4.1 Findings
This part presents the findings from the data. The language functions from
the utterances of Alicia and dr. Rosen while doing communication with John Nash
who suffer schizophrenia can be seen below:
Table 4.1 Alicia’s Utterances and the Functions of Language
No. Utterance Language Function
E C R P1 M P2
7 (1.7) I’m wondering, Professor Nash …
If I can ask you to dinner. You do eat,
13 (2.6) Champagne would be lovely. I'll
be outside.
14 (2.7) Oh, thank you.
15 (2.8) No, keep it.
you left the office hours ago.
42 (7.1) Professor Nash! Professor Nash!
58 (10.5) They’ve never been opened. It
isn't real. There is no conspiracy, John. There is no William Parcher. It's in your mind. Do you understand, baby? You're sick. You're sick, John.
65 (14.2) It's life, John. Activities
available, just add meaning. You could try leaving the house. You know maybe talk to people. You could try taking out the garbage.
just going to grab the laundry.
anything. You want to know what's real? This. This. This. This is real. Maybe the part... that knows the waking from the dream... maybe it isn't here. Maybe it's here. I need to believe...that something
Table 4.2 dr. Rosen’s utterances and the function of language.
No. Utterance Language Function
33
4 (8.4) There's no one there, John.
5 (9.2) John has schizophrenia. People
with this disorder are often paranoid.
6 (9.4) Yes, I know. In John's world,
these behaviors are accepted
encouraged. As such, his illness may have gone untreated far longer than is typical.
7 (9.6) Possibly since graduate school.
At least that's when his hallucinations seem to have begun.
8 (9.8) One, so far, that I am aware of. An imaginary roommate named Charles Herman.
9 (9.10) Have you ever met Charles?
Has he ever come to dinner?
10 (9.12) I phoned Princeton. According
to their housing records, John lived
the name of William Parcher. Maybe Mr. Parcher can clarify things for us. But I can't get to him without clearances.
13 (11.1) John? John?
14 (12.1) You see, the nightmare of
schizophrenia is not knowing what's true. Imagine... if you had suddenly learned that the people and the places... and the moments most
34
important to you were not gone, not dead... but worse, had never been.
15 (12.3) Five times a week for 10 weeks.
19 (17.4) Schizophrenia is degenerative.
Some days may be symptom-free, but over time, you are getting worse.
20 (17.5) This isn't math. You can't
come up with a formula to change the way you experience the world.
21 (17.6) There's no theorem, no proof.
You can't reason your way out of this.
22 (17.7) Because your mind is where the
problem is in the first place.
23 (17.9) Without treatment, John... the fantasies may take over... entirely.
4.2 Discussion
The data analysis presentation is based on time sequence appearance. The
codes on each datum represent the number of datum and Alicia and dr. Rosen’s
utterance data. Besides, the data analysis is explained directly after displaying the
data. The description and identification of language function are used by Alicia
and dr. Rosen in A Beautiful Mind are follows:
Datum 1
35
Situation:
In Princeton University, John is a teacher intentionally to absent in his
class. Then, Alicia is one of the students of John’s class; she came in the John’s
room to ask why he didn’t present in the class, whereas the students were already
to wait his lesson until an hour. Alicia also gives her answer about John’s question
in the previous meeting. She was success to solve about the question which it is
impossible for John, because he feels that nobody can solve that’s question except
his self. Besides, after they talk platitude each other, finally at the first time John
ask to Alicia that he want invited her to dinner together.
Utterances:
John : Come.
Alicia (1.1) Boy, you must be really important. (1.2) What are you working on?
John : Classified.
Alicia (1.3) Everyone waited half an hour. John : For?
Alicia (1.4) Class. You missed class today. John : Oh, I suspect that … nobody missed me.
Alicia (1.5) The problem that you left on the board … I solved it. John : No, you didn’t.
Alicia (1.6) You didn’t even look.
John : I never said that the vector fields were rational functions. Your solution is elegant. Though on this particular occasion… ultimately incorrect. You’re still here?
Alicia (1.7) I’m wondering, Professor Nash … If I can ask you to dinner. You do eat, don’t you?
36
Analysis:
In datum 1, Alicia produces seven kinds of utterances. On 1.1, 1.2, she
uses phatic function. It is because she asks about John’s condition. For the first
time she meets John in the room’s John so it is the first interaction that made by
Alicia. It is appropriate with Jakobson’s theory. He says that phatic function is
also use to greeting between strangers to express solidarity and empathy with
others. In this case it means that Alicia accost John with some sentences and
indicate that Alicia wants to know and care about John’ condition at the time.
John gives a response by answer of Alicia’s questions.
On 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5, Alicia uses referential function. It is because she
wants to inform about his students and ask his reasons of it and also she tells that
she can solve the problem. In this case, Alicia inform to John about his class. She
also give a notice that his students have been wait till an hour to get his lesson and
she wants to know what the reasons about that, she also tells that she can solved
the problem that he gave in previous meeting class. John’s gives answer about
Alicia questions with a little joke but give a bad response about the problem,
because he feels that there are no people which can solve his problem (question)
except his self.
On 1.6 and 1.7, Alicia uses conative function. It is because she gives a soft
command and invite. In this case, Alicia gives a soft command to John in order
John shall open and look into the paper which is an answer of the problem with
37
John look into Alicia’s paper and give some reasons to indicate that Alicia’s
answer still wrong, and about the dinner, John indirect positive response, he
request that Alicia can leave their address in John’s guard.
The writer can conclude that in the datum 1 consist of seven utterances.
The language functions which are used by Alicia are phatic function, referential
function and conative function. In this case, John gives a response to what Alicia
says. On datum 1.1 and 1.2 John gives a response by answer of Alicia’s questions,
on datum 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5 John’s gives answer about Alicia questions with a little
joke but give a bad response about the problem, because he feels that there are no
people which can solve his problem (question) except his self, and on datum 1.6,
1.7 John look into Alicia’s paper and give some reasons to indicate that Alicia’s
answer still wrong, and about the dinner, John indirect positive response, he
request that Alicia can leave their address in John’s guard.
Datum 2
Time: 00:40:25 - 00:44:24
Situation:
At the next night, John and Alicia were come together in the governor
invited and it is be the first dinner from them. In the hectic ballroom situation,
there are many important people that had been invited the governor and journalist
to report and take a picture with their camera. In the near of entrance, there is the
governor with some journalist to receive with open arms he guests. John
introduces Alicia to the governor before take a picture with the governor. Before
38
same with the governor. So that, John’s very happy to see Alicia and smile to the
governor. After that, the journalist takes a picture.
Utterances:
Alicia (2.1) I want a copy of this. First big date and all, you know. (2.2) So, you boys need to look good.
(2.3) There. Better. John : I'm surprising him.
Governor : You just keep on surprising him. Alicia (2.4) God must be a painter.
John : So you're a painter? Alicia (2.5) Here. Me. Your date.
John : Practice human interaction and social comportment. Alicia (2.6) Champagne would be lovely. I'll be outside. John : I will get the champagne.
Alicia (2.7) Oh, thank you. John : Thank you for that. Alicia (2.8) No, keep it.
(2.9) I believe in deciding things will be good luck. Do you?
John : No. I don't believe in luck. But I do believe in assigning value to things. Alicia (2.10) Oh. I once tried to count them all. I actually made it to 4,348. John : You are exceptionally odd.
Alicia (2.11) I bet you're very popular with the girls. John : A pair of odd ducks, then.
Alicia : Hu-umh. John : Pick a shape. Alicia : What?
John : Pick a shape, an animal, anything. Alicia (2.12) Okay. An umbrella.
(2.13) Do it again. Do it again. Do an octopus. John : All right. What would you like?
Analysis:
On datum 2, Alicia produces sixteen kinds of utterances. On 2.1, 2.2, 2.9,
2.10, and 2.12 Alicia uses referential function. It is because she wants to inform
that she wants to clear up John’s look with add her white kerchief on the front
pocket in John’s suit in order to same with the governor’s look before a take
39
beautiful black sky with full of the stars and also she mention a thing to draw in
the sky with the line trough connect the point of stars until be a shaped of a thing.
In the first response of Alicia say, he is just a give his big smile to Alicia, it means
that John’s agree and happy with what Alicia do for him. To the next John’s
response is still answer of what Alicia’s say to himself.
On 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 and 2.7 Alicia uses expressive function. It is because
Alicia expresses her feeling and opinion to John. In this case, Alicia feels satisfied
about her do to make John’s look be better than before to take a picture with a
governor. She also expresses their emotion when she see the awesome colorful
painting after take the picture in the other side. Alicia feels that John unfocused
with what Alicia talking about which is she talk about the painting because he
likes shock see a people that he knows in the same place with him at that night.
Alicia also say thank you when receive a glass champagne that give of John. She
also gives a response for the explanations of John even though say something of
that. John still gives a good response with say something of what Alicia’s says,
although he disagree on somewhat Alicia’s says.
On 2.6, 2.8 and 2.13, Alicia uses conative function. It is because she wants
to ask and give a command to John. In this case, Alicia give a soft command to
John that she not directly command to John get a glass of champagne but she say
will be better to enjoy a glass of champagne in their first date on outside of the
ballroom. Alicia also refuse when John wants to bringing back Alicia’s white
kerchief, she direct command that John must be keep the white kerchief while
40
wants John to repeat his do, she says twice its mean that she very want to try again
to make a shape through a connect point stars with each other until be a thing that
she want. John gives a response directly. He directs to do of the Alicia’s command
with the happy face because shy smile on his face.
On 2.11, Alicia uses phatic function. It is because she wants to make enjoy
of interaction and melt of the situation. In this case, she judges about his life that
certain very popular with the girls. Its means that she begins curious about John’s
life. John gives indirect response of Alicia’s judge. He says that “A pair of odd
ducks, then”, it means that John disagree of Alicia’s judge, because actually he
feel that first time in love with the girl she is Alicia.
The writer can conclude that in the datum 2 consist of sixteen utterance.
The language functions which are uses by Alicia are referential function,
expressive function, conative function and phatic function. In this case, John gives
a response of what Alicia says. On 2.1, 2.2, 2.9, 2.10, and 2.12 in the first
response of Alicia say, he is just a give his big smile to Alicia, it means that
John’s agree and happy with what Alicia do for him. To the next John’s response
is still answer of what Alicia’s say to himself. On 2.3, 2.4, 2.5 and 2.7 John still
gives a good response with say something of what Alicia’s says, although he
disagree on somewhat Alicia’s says. On 2.6, 2.8 and 2.13, John gives a response
directly. He directs to do of the Alicia’s command with the happy face because
shy smile on his face. The last is on 2.11, John give indirect response of Alicia’s
judge. He disagrees of Alicia’s judge, because actually he feel that first time in
light of sun is very amazed scenery and moreover just they are in that’s beautiful
beach. They put a piece of fabric to be base their sit on white sands. They very
enjoy togetherness. John lying on the fabric and Alicia sit with her legs forward.
They do verbal and nonverbal communication. This is a second of their date.
Utterances:
Alicia (3.1) You don't talk much, do you? John : I can't talk to you about my work, Alicia. Alicia (3.2) I don't mean work.
John : I find that polishing my interactions... in order to make them sociable requires a tremendous effort. I have a tendency to expedite information flow... by being direct. I often don't get a pleasant result.
Alicia (3.3) Try me.
John : All right. I find you attractive. Your aggressive moves towards me indicate that you feel the same way. But still, ritual requires that we continue with a number of platonic activities... before we have sex. I am proceeding with those activities... but in point of actual fact... all I really want to do is have intercourse with you as soon as possible. Are you going to slap me now?
Alicia (3.4) How was that result?
Analysis:
On datum 3, Alicia produces three kinds of utterances. On 3.1 and 3.4,
Alicia uses phatic function. It is because she wants to ask about John’s condition,
because she feels that John prefer silent than talking. In this case, after wait some
minute while enjoy the scenery, Alicia decide to open communication at the time
42
again to John, how the result, with satisfied and big smile on her face. At that time
John give a response. At the first response, he tries to answer Alicia’s question
with mathematician language as like “I find that polishing my interactions in order
to make them sociable requires a tremendous effort. I have a tendency to expedite
information flow by being direct” it means that he feel less enthusiastic when have
relation with a girl. The second response is he didn’t answer with language verbal,
but he chooses to continue of their nonverbal communication as his answer.
On 3.2, Alicia uses referential function. It is because she wants to make a
clear of what her ask. In this case, Alicia emphasize of her question. This is be
proven with she direct response of John’s answer which is guess if Alicia asks
about his secret job. In this section, John gives a direct response. He answers the
Alicia’s question quickly and guesses that Alicia wants to know about his secret
job but the right is not.
On 3.3, Alicia uses conative function. It is because, she give a command to
follow her suggested. In this case, Alicia wants to try solving the John’s problem,
with doing nonverbal communication. John gives his response to follow Alicia’s
command. Seem that Alicia successes solve the John’s problem and they feel
happy about it, they proven with very enjoying doing it.
The writer can conclude that in the datum 3consist of four utterances. The
language functions which are used by Alicia are phatic function, referential
function and conative function. In this case, John gives a good response of what
Alicia’s questions. On 3.1 and 3.4, at that time John give a response. At the first
43
means he feel less enthusiastic when have relation with a girl. The second
response is he didn’t answer with language verbal, but he chooses to continue of
their nonverbal communication as his answer. On 3.2, John gives a direct
response. He answers the Alicia’s question quickly and guesses that Alicia wants
to know about his secret job but the right is not. On 3.3, John gives his response to
follow Alicia’s command. Seem that Alicia successes solve the John’s problem
and they feel happy about it, they proven with very enjoying doing it.
Datum 4
Time: 00:51:42 - 00:54:01
Situation:
In the night one day later, John invites Alicia to the second date in the
romantic restaurant to celebrate Alicia’s birthday. There is very minim of light
lamp, only on the one side which is like place that connect with kitchen to deliver
the menu. On the all of table, there are light of a candle. The situation of that night
almost full of a mature couple that wants to enjoy a romantic dinner with the light
of candle, so that it is called candle light dinner. John came late in the restaurant.
He comes to close Alicia’s table. He apologizing to Alicia that wait too long and
he say the reason why he so came late. He feel always forget the time if he work.
Then he givs a diamond with the shape like a ball. He intends to make a surprise
to propose that he wants to marriage with her.
Utterances:
44
John : I'm sorry. I didn't have time to wrap it. Happy birthday. The refractive faces of the glass create a full wavelength dispersal... so if you look inside, you can see.
Alicia : Every possible color.
John : Every possible color. Yeah. Remember you said that time, God must be a painter because of all the colors? At the governor's house you said that. Alicia (4.1) I didn't think you were listening.
John : I was listening. Alicia (4.2) It's beautiful.
John : Alicia, does our relationship warrant long-term commitment? Because I need some kind of proof, some kind of verifiable, empirical data.
Alicia (4.3) I'm sorry, just give me a moment. (4.4) Well, how big is the universe? John : Infinite.
Alicia (4.5) How do you know?
John : Because all the data indicates it.
Alicia (4.6) But it hasn't been proven yet? You haven't seen it. How do you know for sure?
John : I don't, I just believe it.
Alicia (4.7) It's the same with love, I guess.
(4.8) Now … the part that you don't know... is if I want to marry you.
Analysis:
On datum 4, Alicia produces eight utterances. On 4.1, 4.2, 4.4, 4.5 and 4.7,
Alicia uses expression function to express her feeling and opinion. In this case,
Alicia feels surprised with a very beautiful circle diamond as John’s gift to
Alicia’s birthday. She didn’t think that her words in their first dinner have been
understood. She thinks that John didn’t attention with her says because at the
moment John seems like racking of her says. Alicia also expresses her opinion of
John’s answer. Before that Alicia asks to John about how big the universe to
compare with her love. In the first response, John feels satisfied and happy
because his surprise has been successful. He also says that he always give his
attention to Alicia. The second response is John can answer with good explanation
