Types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara in Antologi Rasa Novel

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TYPES AND SPEECH FUNCTIONS OF CODE SWITCHING

USED BY KEARA IN

ANTOLOGI RASA

NOVEL

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Riesna Nur Hutami 131214003

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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TYPES AND SPEECH FUNCTIONS OF CODE SWITCHING

USED BY KEARA IN

ANTOLOGI RASA

NOVEL

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By

Riesna Nur Hutami 131214003

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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This Thesis is dedicated to my beloved mother Narsilah, S.Pd. and my beloved father Aries Kuntadi who always support and pray for me, and also to my beloved

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vi ABSTRACT

Hutami, Riesna Nur. (2017). Types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara in Antologi Rasa novel. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

Code switching is a phenomenon in which people use more than one language in the same discourse (Numan & Carter, 2001). There are pros and cons about code switching. Some people say that code switching is a form of failure in mastering languages. Some other say that code switching is a creative process in acquiring languages. Based on those opinions, the researcher aims to conduct a research on the types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara, a main character of “Antologi Rasa” novel written by Ika Natassa.

In doing this research, the researcher used a qualitative method, specifically content analysis. First, the data were selected and coded. After that, the data findings were categorized based on the types and speech functions. The types of code switching were analysed by applying Poplack’s theory (1980), and the speech functions were analyzed by applying Appel and Muysken’s theory (1987).

This research revealed that there are three types of code switching that were used by Keara. Those types are tag, intra-sentential, and inter-sentential switching. The most frequently used is intra-sentential switching (58.95%), while the least frequently used is tag switching (7.3%). For the speech functions, from six functions, there are five functions found in the novel. Those speech functions found in the novel were referential, expressive, phatic, metalinguistic, and poetic functions. There is no directive functions used in the novel. The most frequently used is metalinguistic function (37.4%), and the least frequently used is poetic function (4.6%). There is one more finding, which is the combinations of expressive and phatic functions (5%). It is the proof that code switching is the result of human’s creativity.

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vii ABSTRAK

Hutami, Riesna Nur. (2017). Types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara in Antologi Rasa novel. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Alih kode atau code switching adalah fenomena dimana dua bahasa atau lebih digunakan dalam waktu yang sama. Fenomena ini menimbulkan pro dan kontra dalam masyarakat sendiri. Beberapa beranggapan bahwa alih kode ini adalah dampak dari penguasaan bahasa yang tidak sempurna. Beberapa lainnya menganggap alih kode adalah suatu proses kreatif dalam mempelajari bahasa. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meneliti tipe-tipe dan fungsi atas penggunaan alih kode oleh seorang karakter utama dalam sebuah novel bertajuk “Antologi Rasa” karya Ika Natassa.

Dalam melakukan penelitian, penulis menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan content analysis. Langkah pertama dalam penelitian ini adalah membaca serta mendaftar penggunaan alih kode yang digunakan oleh karakter utama yang terdapat pada novel. Kemudian data yang didapat diklasifikasikan berdasarkan tipe dan fungsi penggunaannya. Untuk tipe alih kode, penelitian ini menggunakan teori dari Poplack (1980), dan untuk fungsi penggunaan alih kode digunakan teori dari Appel dan Muysken (1987).

Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa ada tiga tipe alih kode yang digunakan oleh Keara. Ketiga tipe tersebut adalah tag, intra-sentential, dan inter-sentential switching. Tipe yang paling sering digunakan adalah intra-sentential switching (58.95%), dan yang paling jarang digunakan adalah tag switching (7,3%). Sedangkan untuk fungsi menggunakan alih kode, dari enam fungsi yang ada, ada lima yang digunakan dalam novel. Fungsi-fungsi tersebut adalah referential, expressive, phatic, metalinguistic, dan poetic functions. Fungsi yang paling sering digunakan adalah metalinguistic function (37,4%), dan yang paling jarang digunakan adalah poetic function (4,6%). Selain itu, expressive dan phatic function (5%) juga digunakan secara bersamaan. Hal ini merupakan bukti bahwa code switching merupakan hasil dari kreatifitas manusia.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

This piece of work, a bundle of paper, a bunch of story which is called as a thesis, the requirement to graduate with S.Pd. title from Sanata Dharma University, I humbly present to those who have encouraged me to finish this thesis and my study.

I cannot say more to my classmates in Class A, small Class A whom I cannot mention one by one, for being my biggest reason to be able to graduate as soon as possible. My best friend with whom I spend and survive in this battleship “Moon”, I thank him for being my best friend, partner in crime, personal advisor,

and biggest rival.

My special gratitude to my kind-hearted advisor, Truly Almendo Pasaribu, S.S., M.A. for her time, willingness, advice, and guidance. My gratitude goes to my academic advisor, Drs. Y.B. Gunawan, M.A., for being the nicest advisor and lecturer. My favorite lecturer, Made Frida Yulia, S.Pd., M.Pd., who gave me inspiration in the first time to write about Linguistics.

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And last, but not least, Allah SWT, The Creator, The Initiator of All, The Guide, and The Infallible Teacher, without His blessing I would not be here and this thesis would not have existed. And for He is The True Creator of this life and the after life.

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

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xiii

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page

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1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter provides the introduction of the research which consists of four parts. The first part is the background of the study which explains on the reasons of conducting this research. The second part deals with the research questions, those which will be discovered in this research. The next part is about research significant in which the research gives contribution. The last part is definition of terms which will explain the terms which are used in this research.

A. Research Background

Today, people can easily communicate with other people even when they are separated by the distance. Distance means nothing in this global and modern era. As the way to communicate between people from one region and other regions, even other countries are widely opened now, people nowadays mostly can speak in more than one, even two languages. The ability to speak more than one language is one of the factors which influences the society into bilingual or even multilingual. Hoffman (1991) says that bilingualism is “a natural onset of interethnic, international, interlinguistic communication” (p. 351).

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bilingual and multilingual speakers. It even influences the way they write, not only the way they speak.

There are several studies done in researching about code switching which is found in written documents such as novels. Here are some of those studies. The first one is a study of code mixing and code switching by Riana Suherman from Universitas Pamulang. The study was entitled as “An Analysis of Code Mixing and Code Switching in a Novel ‘Divortiare’ by Ika Natassa”. It was conducted in

2012 with the main focuses were on the types, functions, and reasons of using code mixing and code switching. In conducting this study, Riana used three different theories. In analyzing the types of code switching, she used Peter Stockwell’s theory; in analyzing the functions of code switching, she used Saville-Troike’s theory; and in analyzing the reasons of using code switching, she used Mayerhoff’s theory.

The second study is “An Analysis of Code Mixing and Code Switching in the Novel Rojak by Fira Basuki”. It was conducted by Eva Kusuma Dewi, a

student from Universitas Muhammadiah Surabaya in 2013. In this study, Eva analyzed the types and reasons of code switching used in the novel.

“Code-Switching in N.H Dini’s Jepun Negerinya Hiroko and Pondok Baca

Kembali ke Semarang” is the next study which was written by a student from

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(1994). The second one was the reasons of using code switching, which was analyzed by using Crystal’s theory (1987).

The next study was written in 2015. The study was entitled as “ Code-Mixing and Code Switching Analysis on Ranah 3 Warna Novel”, from a student

of Universitas Diponegoro. There were two things which were discussed here. The first one was the types and the second one was the factors of code switching. Both of the types and reasons of code switching were discussed by using Suwito (1985) and Jendra (2001)’s theory.

Those are some studies which used novels in analyzing the phenomenon of code switching in a written discourse. Using novels to analyze code switching provides us with a lot of data. It is because novel contains many pages and it enables us to get the data which are needed. Based on those studies, the researcher decided to write a research with the similar topic, which is about code switching in a novel. However, here, the researcher focuses on the code switching which is used by the main character of the novel.

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This novel is quite unique because it has three different points of view from the three main characters. In this novel, we are able to see the feeling of those three characters. Those characters are Keara, Harris, and Ruly. However, Keara is the one who used code switching more frequent than the others. That is why the researcher decided to analyze the code switching used by Keara.

Even though there are many studies with the similar topic, there are some things which make this research different with the previous studies. First, in this research, the researcher describes the types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara. Second, as stated in the first reason, the researcher focuses only on the code switching used by Keara, the main character in the novel. Therefore, this research will not discuss the code switching in the whole novel. Third, the researcher uses specific theories to discuss the types and speech functions of code switching, not a general one.

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B. Research Questions

In conducting this research, there are several things that will be discussed. Those things are formulated into two research questions. The research questions which are discussed in this research are:

1. What are the types of code switching used by Keara based on Poplack’s theory?

2. What are the speech functions of using code switching by Keara based on Appel and Muysken’s theory?

C. Research Significance

There are several things that are expected while conducting this research. It is not only to the researcher, but also to those who read this research. This research is also expected to give contribution to some parties, which are students in English Language Education Study Program, lecturers in English Language Education Study Program, and readers in general.

1. Students in English Language Education Study Program

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better understanding on the related topic. Besides, learning about code switching will help them obtain better knowledge in language learning.

2. Lecturers in English Language Education Study Program

This research is expected to help the lecturers in English Language Education Study Program, especially those who teach Sociolinguistics. It is expected that this research will give them another source of discussing about code switching. Usually, the lecturers will discuss the phenomenon of code switching in spoken discourse. Therefore, by this research, it is expected that the discussion about code switching will be broaden, not only in spoken but also written discourse. It will also enable us to study more about the phenomenon of code switching.

3. Readers in general

To the readers of this research, this research is expected to broaden their knowledge and make them to be more aware of the code switching phenomenon. Many people think that code switching occurs because of the lack of understanding and mastering the vocabulary of one language. However, this research is expected to change their way of perceiving code switching. There are many reasons of using code switching, other than vocabulary lack.

D. Definition of Terms

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some terms which need to be defined. They are character, novel, Antologi Rasa, bilingual and multilingual, and code switching.

1. Characters

Character is one of the attributes or features that makes up and distinguishes an individual. It is an imagery person which is created by the author to support his work. There are some kind of characters. The most popular ones are protagonist and antagonist characters; main and supporting characters; and static and dynamic characters. A protagonist character is the one who often engages readers’ interest. In other hand, an antagonist character is often hated by the readers. In a stereotype view, the protagonist character is usually seen as the good one or the angel, whereas the antagonist character is seen as the bad one, the evil. A main character is the one who always or mostly shown in the story. He gets the biggest part of the story. A supporting character appears in some parts only, not the whole story. A static character is the one who does not change or develop throughout the story. In opposite, a dynamic character is the one who grows and develops throughout the story. In this research, the character which is used is the main as a dynamic characters.

2. Novels

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Its purpose is to reflect and express some of human experiences or conducts (Taylor, 1981). It also carries some meaning and values of life.

3. Antologi Rasa

Antologi Rasa is a novel by Ika Natassa which is published in 2011 and it has been published three times. The last version is included with a visual design of some scenes in the novel which are made by Natassa herself. Antologi Rasa is one of the special novels. Besides the visual design, this novel also provides us with three different points of view from the three main characters. The first point of view is from Keara’s, followed by Harris’s and then Ruly’s point of view. It makes this novel special and different from Natassa’s previous novels.

4. Bilingual and Multilingual

Bilingual is a condition in which people can understand two languages, whether they have already mastered it or slightly understood it. Appel and Muysken (1987) state that bilingualism is an open-ended semantics concept because it enables the researcher to choose which language suits the best for his purpose. Salla (2010) also states that bilingualism is an effect of the communication of people with different languages. Whereas multilingualism is “a result of historical events which make changes in power, border, and immigration to new found lands” (Salla, 2010, p. 397).

5. Code Switching

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10 CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter provides the review of related literature. There are two sections in this chapter which are theoretical description and theoretical framework. Theoretical description explains the relevant theories used in this research. Theoretical framework summarizes and synthesizes all theories which help the researcher in conducting the research to answer the research questions.

A. Theoretical Description

In this section, before we go further to code switching, there are some terms in which should be discussed in order to know more on the phenomenon of code switching. Code switching is believed as the result of bilingual and multilingual societies. In bilingual and multilingual societies, people have the ability to understand and speak more than one or two languages. Therefore, the first thing which will be discussed is bilingual and multilingual, followed by code switching, a brief description about Antologi Rasa and Keara, types of code switching, and the last one is speech functions of code switching.

1. Bilingual and Multilingual

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friendly, commercial or belligerent” (p. 1). In addition, Hoffman (1991) also states that “bilingualism arises as a result of contract, spreads throughout community and is maintained depends on whether the conditions for its development are right” (p. 3). One of the factors of bilingualism and multilingualism is “the constant contacts that always influence in some way the speech behavior of the people involved – and therefore, eventually, their languages are affected by borrowing or change” (Hoffman, 1991, p. 1). As there are some people in bilingual and multilingual societies who are able to speak in more than one or two languages, there are some effects which appear as the results. One of the effects is code switching.

2. Code Switching

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Code switching can be said as the result of bilingual and multilingual societies, as stated before. It is supported by Gal (1988) that code switching is “a conversational strategy used to establish, cross or destroy group boundaries; to create evoke or change interpersonal relations with their rights and obligations” (as cited in Wardaugh, 1986, p. 103). Code switching is also the most creative aspect as the result of bilingual speech (Hoffman, 1991). However, some people argue that code switching is the result of human creativity. Some of them think that code switching occurs because of the lack of vocabulary that bilingual person has. It is also considered as “linguistic decay” (Hoffman, 1991, p. 109). Hammink (2000) comments that code switching is a result of incomplete mastery of the two languages, and considered as a low prestige form, incorrect, and poor language.

3. Brief Description of Antologi Rasa and Keara

Antologi Rasa is the fourth book by Ika Natassa after A Very Yuppy Wedding, Divortiare, and Underground. Even though she is a banker, she still manages her time to write an interesting and addictive novel such as this one. Different from the three other novels of her, this novel presents the readers with three points of view from the three main characters, Keara, Harris, and Ruly.

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own life, this novel describes briefly what a banker does in the office with additional ‘ingredient’ called love.

Even though there are three characters in the novel but this novel mainly deals with Keara. The readers can know the characteristics of Keara from her monologues and other characters’ opinions. It is told that Keara is a shopaholic, witty woman who falls in love with her working partner, Ruly. Regardless on what she has, about her appearance and ability, she is a little bit arrogant. She spent her university life in New York. It is also said that she ever lived in USA during her childhood. It is one of the reasons on why she uses code switching a lot. Besides shopping, her hobby is also to take pictures. Keara has two best friends, Dinda and Harris. However, Dinda is the one who becomes the real diary for Keara. As for Keara, works in a bank is the way to fulfill her needs for shopping. She is not the type of workaholic.

4. Types of Code Switching

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However, long before Saville-Troike states his opinion on the types of code switching, Poplack in 1980 has already stated her opinions on types of code switching. She classifies the types of code switching into three different categories. The first two categories are similar with that are said by Saville-Troike, which are inter-sentential and intra-sentential code switching. The other one is named as tag switching.

a. Tag Switching

Tag switching is the least complicated switching. It is because it needs a little integration of the two languages. Tag switching is related to the inclusion of a tag (Jalil, 2009, p. 4). Poplack (1980) says that the insertion of a tag has no influences to the rest of the sentence. The insertion of the tag also can be moved freely and attached almost in anywhere. The example of English tags which usually used are ‘you know’, ‘I mean’, ‘yeah’, etc. The use of tag switching can be seen in the following monologue from Ika Natassa’s Antologi Rasa novel (2012):

Yeah, bro, mimpi aja terus. (Monologue, Ruly, p. 120)

Keara gue itu—yeah, I wish—malah tertawa. (Monologue, Harris, p. 126) Untuk sekolah dan lulus itu hal yang mudah, yang susah itu pas nanti

nyari kerjanya, yeah.

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From the two examples above, we can also see that the insertion of the word ‘yeah’ is vary. It can be in the beginning of the sentence just like in the first example, or it can be in the middle of the sentence as in the second example. We can also infer that tag switching does not require high understanding of a certain language to use it.

b. Inter-sentential Code Switching

Inter-sentential code switching happens between sentences. It can also occur in the clause or sentence level where its caluse or sentence is in diffirent languages. The difference between clause and sentence is that a clause cannot stand alone, but a sentence can. The speaker does not have to master the languages to use inter-sentential code switching. However, it is one level higher than tag switching. The following dialogue is the example of inter-sentential switching.

Andrea : Adjie! Kamu barusan moto kita?? Adjie : Trus kenapa?

Andrea : Adjie! Kamu tuh kayak anak kecil banget sih! Makan belepotan, ciuman aja pake difoto…

Adjie : Sayang, sebelum kamu ngomel-ngomel, liat bener-bener dulu dong fotonya! You’re so beautiful and photogenic in this one! (Natassa, 2007, p.187)

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rules. On the other hand, when the speaker speaks in English, he uses grammatical English rules.

c. Intra-sentential Code Switching

Intra-sentential code switching occurs within a clause or sentence. Since the occurance of this type is relatively in a small discourse, it is said to be the most complicated one. The reason is that the code switching here is in the form of phrases that should be fit into the clause or sentence. It is supported by Poplack (1980, p. 215) that “this type requires a lot of integration and is usually associated with the most fluent bilinguals”. Jalil (2009) states some examples of intra -sentential code switching, as shown bellow:

Example 1:

“Yeah, I have… you know what’s my problem… I remember… when I used to go to school, I always had a problem when I, I had to sit straight to the teacher, and I have um complexo about my nose, and you know, like my…” (p. 9)

Example 2:

“We throw flores pra Iemanjá, that’s like a queen…” (p. 9)

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We can also see that in intra-sentential switching, we need a good understanding of both languages. The use of part of speech should be used in a proper way. That is why intra-sentential switching is said to have high risk of violating grammatical or syntatic rule. Therefore, it needs high awareness and understanding of both languages.

5. Speech Functions of Code Switching

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More specifically, Appel and Muysken (1987) define the speech functions of code switching as referential function, directive function, expressive function, phatic function, metalinguistic function, and poetic function. Here are the definitions of those functions.

a. The Referential Function

The referential function involves the lack of knowledge or facility in a language. Chen (2007) states that “referential functions vary according to the following: speakers might want to switch terms lack availability in other language, terms lack semantically, and speakers refer to the language in which such words are available” (as cited in Othman, 2015, p. 31). Here, bilingual or multilingual who can speak in two or more languages find that sometimes, some words cannot be translated to other languages. Therefore, they choose to code switch to other languages which have the right or suitable words.

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The referential function can also refer to the use of code switching when there is no suitable word in certain languages. For example, the English term of ‘fighting’ does not have the suitable Korean term. ‘Fighting’ here does not mean to hit each other or to join in a war. ‘Fighting’ here means that we have the spirit to do something or to give support or encourage others. However, some Korean pronounce it as ‘hwaiting’ instead of ‘fighting’.

b. The Directive Function

The directive function aims to include or exclude a person from a part of conversation. The directive function to exclude someone usually happens when people talk about secret that they do not want other people to know. The directive function of excluding someone is often used by girls when they gossip other girls.

For example, a group of girls who speak Javanese and Indonesian are hanging out in a café. Suddenly, a girl from different group who does not understand Javanese passes by.

A1 : Liat deh, ada si B. A2 : Eh sama siapa dia?

A3 : Sstt… Lho ya karo pacare kan? A1 : Ngawur. Yange de’e kui si D. A2 : Lha kae sopo? Bribikane sing liya? A3 : Ha ya mboh. Adimu.

The dialogue shows that they use code switching from Indonesian to Javanese when they talk about someone else who does not understand Javanese. The directive function here is to exclude the person they were talking about.

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M : The Hunger Games movie is quite good. I like the character played by Jennifer Lawrence.

N : Ah, the one who played as Katniss Everdeen. Yeah, I like her as well. She seemed so natural.

L : Hai seru banget kayanya. Lagi ngomongin apa? M : Eh dari mana aja? Kita nungguin kamu.

N : Kamu udah nonton Hunger Games belum?

The dialogue above shows a conversation between two people who firstly spoke in English. Both of M and N can speak and understand English. However, a third person who does not speak English comes and joins the conversation. The three of them are close friends, and therefore they do not want to exclude the other from the conversation. In order to include the third person into the conversation, they use code switching to Indonesian, so the third person can understand about what they are talking about.

c. The Expressive Function

The expressive function tends to stress self-identity or feeling. It suggests that those who code switch want to express their emotion or feeling. The emotion and feeling can be in the form of happiness, sadness, anger, etc.

The following monologue is an example of a person who uses code switching to express his feeling. He can speak Javanese, Indonesian, and English.

Ah kalo tau bakal kuis dadakan mending tadi ga usah masuk sekalian. Asyemm tenan… mau dapet berapa coba nilainya?! Bodo ah. Whatever will be, will be.

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the English words ‘whatever will be, will be’ refers to the feeling of giving up. It means that he will accept whatever his result is.

Another example of the expressive function is explained in the following illustration. It is illustrated the situation in an English Department class when they are discussing about case study implemented in a research.

So, I found this research, randomly. I just want to make sure that you understand about what case study is. I will read the title of the research and you should mention what is or are wrong from this. First, ‘A Case Study of Bilingualism in English Department Students’. From the title, it is stated that the research will use case study. But in the Research Method, she wrote that she will use questionnaire to get the data, and she will distribute it only once. Lha terus piye carane case study?

Here, the lecturer uses code switching from English to her native language, Javanese. It shows her emotion clearly when she mixes her native language and English. She speaks like that because she thinks that she has explained the material about case study well, therefore some of the students still do not understand about it.

d. The Phatic Function

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e. The Metalinguistic Function

The metalinguistic function is when a person uses code switching in order to comment on another language. It can be used to comment directly or indirectly on a specific language feature. Some people say that metalinguistic function is used when people want to show off their linguistic skills. Scotton (1979) states that “one example of metalinguistic function is when speakers switch between different codes to impress the other participants with a show off linguistic skills” (as cited in Appel and Muysken, 1987, p. 120). This research gives examples on the metalinguistic function as a sign of showing off someones’s linguistic skill. The dialogue of some girls here is one of the examples of the metalinguistic function in showing off their linguistic skill.

Nita : Mbak Andrea ya? Gue Nita, Mbak, sekertaris barunya Pak Abi.

Andrea : Hai, Nit, dulunya dimana?

Nita : Dulu di Consumer Loan, tapi waktu gue denger Pak Abi butuh tambahan sekertaris, ya gue apply aja. (Natassa; p. 226; ch. 11).

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f. The Poetic Function

The poetic function is often used by bilinguals to tell jokes, stories, songs, and poetic quotations for amusement or entertainment purpose. We often find some people code switch in order to tell jokes or stories. Moreover, when the origin of the jokes or the stories are in other languages. It creates different atmosphere when the jokes or the stories are not delivered in their origin, sometimes it even creates other meaning and does not deliver the fun things in a right way.

This is the example of the poetic function which is found in one of Ika Natassa’s novels.

Yang bikin percetakannya pusing adalah puisi Pablo Neruda yang kami taruh di halaman pertama undangan. Ya maklum deh, puisi itu dalam bahasa Spanyol, yang ejaannya aneh-aneh. Aku dan Ajie suka banget puisi ini karena kata-katanya indah. Mau tau ga bunyinya apa?

Ay, amar es un viaje con agua y con estrellas, con aire ahogado y bruscas tempestades de harina: amar es un combate de relampágos y dos cuerpos por una sola miel derrotados. (p. 220; ch. 11).

From those two paragraphs, the first one was the narration of the novel which is written from Andrea’s point of view. She talks about her wedding invitation, and that in the first page of the invitation, there is a poem from Pablo Neruda. The second paragraph is the poetic function of code switching. She writes the poem of Pablo Neruda directly, which is written in Spain without translating it into Indonesian.

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J: Do you know the song of iKON? The tittle is Wait for Me. K: Yes, of course I know.

J: Please tell me the lyric of the song before this part. gidaryeo jigeum neoegero gal tenikka, eodie itgeon gal tenikka.

K: Ah, that part. Oh neowa na gateun haneul arae isseodo mannal sun eobtjiman nareul mideojwoI’ll be there for you.

The poetic function of the conversation occurs two times here. The first one is when J sang the song in order to ask K about the part before that part. The second one is when K sang the lyric before the part that J asked before.

B. Theoretical Framework

This section briefly describes the summarized and synthesized theories which are used to answer the research questions. As this research has two research questions, which are related to the types of code switching and the speech functions of code switching, there are also two theories which are used. The first research question will be analyzed by using Poplack’s theory. The second question will be analyzed by using Appel and Muysken’s theory.

The researcher used a theory which is proposed by Poplack in 1980 to answer the first research question. According to Poplack (1980), there are three types of code switching. The first one is called as tag switching; the second one is inter-sentential code switching; and the last one is intra-sentential code switching. 1. Tag switching is code switching which includes the use of a tag, for example

I mean, yeah, you see, anyway, etc.

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3. Inter-sentential switching is code switching which happens between sentences and is usually in the form of a clause or a sentence.

In analyzing the speech functions of code switching, the researcher used a theory from Appel and Muysken (1987). According to Appel and Muysken (1987), there are six speech functions of code switching. They are referential, directive, expressive, phatic, metalinguistic, and poetic functions.

1. The referential function is oftenly mistaken by people as the result of lacking in mastering and understanding languages.

2. The directive function is aimed to include or exclude a person from the part of conversation or discussion.

3. The expressive function is used to express the speakers feeling, whether it is joy, sadness, anger, excitement, etc.

4. The phatic function is used when the speakers want to stress or emphasize some words which are considered as important things.

5. The metalinguistic function is used when someone wants to show off his or her linguistic skills in order to impress other people.

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26 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter provides the methodology used by the researcher in conducting this research. There are four sections in this chapter. The first section is research method, which describes the method used in this research. The second section is source of data, in which it provides the source used in gathering the data of the research. The third section provides the instruments and data gathering techniques. The last section describes the technique used in analyzing the data.

A. Research Method

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above, this research presents an explanation of social phenomenon of code switching which was used by Keara in a descriptive way. Qualitative research helped the researcher in gaining deeper understanding about the types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara in the novel.

In order to answer the research questions of this research, the researcher conducted a content analysis. Silverman (2001) states that “content analysis is an accepted method of textual investigation, particularly in the field of mass communication” (p. 159). In 2004, Krippendorff defines that content analysis is “a research technique for making replicable and valid inferences from texts (or other meaningful matter) to the contexts of their use” (p. 233). He adds that content analysis can be taken with any written materials. As what Krippendorff said, the data can be taken from any written materials such as books, magazines, articles, novels, documents and newspaper. However, other materials or sources such as songs, videos, movies, and speeches can also be used by using their transcript. In this research, the source which is used is in the form of a novel.

B. Source of Data

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written in English. The switch of language between Indonesian to English (code switching) happens quite often in the novel, therefore the researcher could get a lot of data from the novel. However, in this research, the researcher only focused on analyzing the code switching used by Keara, the main character of the novel. Therefore, it i makes this research different from other research.

C. Instruments and Data Gathering Technique

In order to acquire the data, the researcher used content analysis as this research is qualitative research. Therefore, there were two instruments which were used here. The first one was human instrument and the second one was document.

1. Human Instruments

In qualitative research, just like this research, the researcher can be included as the instrument of data collection (Denzin & Lincoln, 2003). It meant that the data are gathered through this human instrument or the researcher. The role of the researcher is more etic—from an outside view, therefore the role of the researcher is more objective. According to Poggenpoel and Myburgh (2003), the researcher is the key in obtaining the data for the research. The researcher also acts as the data collector in answering the research questions.

2. Documents

Another instrument which was used in this research was in the form of a document. In order to get the data, the researcher read the document which in this research is a novel. Annum (2016, p. 4) says that:

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and privates documents such as letters, biographies and diaries to enable the researcher obtain the language and words of informants who may not be alive at the time of the research.

Ary, Jacobs, and Razavich (2002, p. 424) also support the statement, that in qualitative research which “dealt with human situation, researcher need a flexible instrument who could read that documents or talk with other people”. Therefore the instruments used in the research were the researcher (human instrument) and the document (novel).

The data in this research were gathered by the researcher through the novel. First, the researcher listed all the code switching which was used by Keara in the novel. After all the data were gathered, the next step was coding and classifying the data into two categories, based on the types and speech functions of code switching.

D. Data Analysis Technique

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Table 3.1. Blueprint of the Data Sheet of the Types and Speech Functions of Code

Switching Used by Keara

#

Speech functions of Code Switching

P Pr T T meaning of

happiness IntCS : Inter-sentential code switching

ItrCS : Intra-sentential code switching

RF : Referential function DF : Directive function EF : Expressive function PF : Phatic function

MF : Metalinguistic function PoF : Poetic function

EP : Expressive and Phatic functions

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32 CHAPTER IV

RESEARCH FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter provides the research findings and the discussion. The first section discusses about the research findings on the types and speech functions of code switching. The second section deals with the discussion of the types and speech functions of code switching.

A. Research Findings

1. The Types of Code Switching Used by Keara in Antologi Rasa

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Table 4.1. The Data Findings of the Types of Code Switching

Types of Code Switching Quantity Percentage (%)

Tag Switching 53 7.3%

Inter-sentential Code Switching (IntCS) 246 33.8% Intra-sentential Code Switching (ItrCS) 428 58.95%

Total 726 100%

As seen on the table above, the most frequent type used by Keara is intra-sentential switching. It is because Keara used code switching mostly in the form of words or phrases within a single sentence. Even though intra-sentential switching is said to be the most difficult, however Keara showed that she could use intra-sentential switching well enough without violating the grammar rules. It is also a proof that she has good understanding in both languages, English and Indonesian.

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Table 4.2. The Data Findings of the Speech Functions of Code

Switching Used by Keara

Speech Functions of Code Switching Quantity Precentage (%)

Referential functions 41 6%

Directive functions 0 0%

Expressive functions 197 27%

Phatic functions 146 20%

Metalinguistic functions 271 37.4%

Poetic functions 34 4.6%

Combination of Expressive and Phatic

functions 37 5%

Total 726 100%

From the data findings above, it can be seen that the most frequent speech function of code switching used by Keara is metalinguistic function. Therefore, the least frequently used speech function of code switching used by Keara is the poetic function. Here, Keara did not use the directive function. As the explanation on the previous chapter, one of the goals of using the directive function is to exclude some people from the part of a conversation. Keara was the type of person who spoke only to people she liked. She did not talk with stranger or else. She was also a woman who talked about everything she liked.

B. Research Discussion

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Hoffman (1991) states that there are various reasons of code switching, it can be contextual, situational, and personal. He also adds that bilingual or multilingual, in informal situation may code switch a lot. Keara had moved from one town to another, from one country to another. When she was 9 years old, her father got a duty to work in Houston, Texas, and it made her moved to Houston. It is also stated in the novel that Keara continued her study as a freshmen in New York University. It is one of the reasons on why someone, whether a bilingual or multilingual uses code switching. Moreover, they have already known each other well and shared the same educational, socio-economic background, and ethnic. Here, Keara often used code switching when she talked with her friends, Dinda, Harris, and Ruly who were also working as bankers. They shared the same educational, socio-economic background, and ethnic. Keara also used code switching when she talked to Panji. Even though Panji was not a banker, but they shared the same socio-economic background and ethnic.

Furthermore, the discussion on the types and speech functions of code switching were explained in the separate sections. It was in order to make the explanation clearer since the same topic was discussed in the same section. The first section was about the types of code switching, and the second section was about the speech functions of code switching.

1. The Types of Code Switching Used by Keara in Antologi Rasa

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switching. The second one is inter-sentential code switching. The last one is intra-sentential code switching.

a. Tag Switching

Tag switching is the one which is related to the inclusion of a tag. It does not need a great understanding of both languages. Moreover, tag switching can be put in the beginning, middle, or end of a sentence. The example of tag switching used by Keara is shown in the following dialogue, between her and Dinda. They were best friends since they were in the university, and they also shared the same background. They were accustomed to use code switching.

Dinda: Crap. You’re in trouble, babe.

Keara: Yeah, I know. So you see, gue memang ga bisa menjelaskan, Din.

Dialogue, p. 27 The dialogue took place when Keara and Dinda were having lunch in Canteen, Pacific Place. Therefore, it is in informal situation. They were talking about Ruly. The guy whom Keara loved, who did not know Keara’s drinking habit. Therefore, Dinda said that Keara is in trouble.

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Anyway, inti cerita film itu adalah teknologi yang memungkinkan orang untuk memasuki alam bawah sadar orang lain.

Monologue, p. 62 The monologue is when Keara was shopping crazily in ION Orchard Road. She talked about The Cell movie. However, the point here is that she wanted to try that technology created in the movie. She wanted to try it so she could forget Ruly from her mind. The tag switching here is ‘anyway’. It is because ‘anyway’ can be put in the beginning of the sentence or in the end of the sentence. It is moveable.

Both of the examples above are the use of tag switching in front of the sentence. Here is another example of tag switching which is in the end of the sentence. It is when Keara wanted to forget Ruly from her mind. In order to do that, she went to a club in Singapore, Zirca.

Dan Ruly pernah bilang…oh great, see, Rul?

Monologue, p. 70 The tag switching here is ‘oh great, see’. She expressed her feeling by using the tag switching ‘oh great, see’. Even in a crowded and noisy place like Zirca, she could not even forget about Ruly. At that time, she was thinking about some ways to forget Ruly. She thought about some drugs like decontaminant, fumigant, disinfectant, and many more. However, in the mindle of her thought, she suddenly remembered about what Ruly has said to her. Here is another example of code switching happened in the middle of a sentence.

Memang untuk kerja selama seminggu penuh, but still, for me Bali is Bali.

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The tag switching here is ‘but still’. Keara used code switching here to express her feeling. She was supposed to work in Bali for one week. However, she still thought that Bali was Bali. Bali for her was a place to walk around, take some pictures, shopping, etc. In short, Bali was a place to have fun for Keara. That is why she said ‘but still’.

b. Inter-sentensial Code Switching

The use of inter-sentential switching is quite often in the dialogues and monologues performed by Keara. As stated before that inter-sentential switching happens in the form of clause or sentence between sentences. Here is the example of inter-sentential switching, performed in the dialogue between Keara and Dinda. Keara and Dinda were best friends since they were in the university. Both of them had mastered English well and therefore they were accustomed to use code switching when they talked.

Keara: What the hell do you think you were doing? Dinda: Maksudnya?

Keara: Buat apa tadi lo harus pakai ngobrol-ngobrol beramah-tamah dengan si Harris segala?

Dinda: Aduh, Key, masih ya? Kejadiannya kan juga udah setahun yang lalu.

Keara: He fucked me when I was drunk. Mau berapa tahun pun fakta itu nggak berubah.

Dinda: Keara, in all fairness, you fucked him when he was drunk too, right?

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Keara said “He fucked me when I was drunk. Mau berapa tahun pun fakta itu nggak berubah.” At the first, Keara spoke in English and changed to

Indonesian to finish her sentences. The code switching here is inter-sentential switching in the level of sentence. Both sentences were in different languages. However, they completed each other.

Another example of inter-sentential switching is shown in the following monologue. This monologue was when Keara thought about Panji. She still thought that Panji was only playing with her. Therefore, whatever Panji did to show that he loved Keara, Keara only saw it as a way for Panji to win the game.

Aku tahu ini mungkin saja satu dari sekian banyak caranya untuk membuatku jatuh cinta jatuh bangun—I am officially insane for quoting a dangdut song—memuja dirinya.

Monologue, p. 255 Here, the code switching is in the form of a clause which is a part of a sentence. The clause here explained about Keara’s feeling on why she used or quoted a dangdut song to express her thought about Panji.

c. Intra-sentential Code Switching

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The first one is in the monologue bellow. It was when Keara arrived in Rumah Sakit Pondok Indah, and she had to inform Denise’s parents about an accident that happened to Denise.

Jadi aku meraih BlackBerry-ku di handbag, mencari nama ibu Denise di contacts, dan menghabiskan lima menit bicara berganti-gantian dengan ayah dan ibu Denide di telepon, berusaha setenang mungkin walaupun ibunya sudah jejeritan di ujung telepon sana, dan sekuat mungkin menahan air mata saat akhirnya pembicaraan di telepon kami tutup.

Monologue, p. 266 The intra-sentential switching are ‘handbag’ and ‘contacts’. However, the clearest one is ‘contacts’. ‘Contacts’ are noun. When the speaker does not aware of the use of part of speech, it may result in grammatical violation. For example, when the word ‘contacts’ are replaced with ‘contacting’ which is a verb.

The second example is the example where people may think that Keara was violating grammatical rule. It was when Keara talked about Denise and Kemal, Denise’s husband.

Yang kutahu hanya bahwa dengan begitu banyak masalah pernikahan Kemal dan Denise, entah bagaimana caraya mereka make it work dan terlihat bahagia.

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Therefore, that is why intra-sentential switching is said to be the most difficult one. It needs high awareness and understanding of both language.

2. The Speech Functions of Code Switching Used by Keara in Antologi Rasa As what has stated before, this section answered the research question number two. Therefore, as stated in Chapter II, this research used Appel and Muysken’s (1987) theory about the speech functions of code switching. There are six speech functions according to Appel and Muysken (1987). However, not all of the six speech functions are used by Keara.

a. The Referential Function

The referential function is used when someone uses code switching because he does not know or cannot find the right word in some languages. It refers to code switching because of the lack of vocabulary or because there is no such terms to describe the word in other languages. It is the most common function that most people are mistaken since they believe that someone who uses code switching is lacking in vocabulary.

In the novel, there are 41 referential functions of code switching. One of them is expressed in the monologue below. The monologue is when Keara had a dinner with Ruly in Kopi Tiam Oey. At that time, Keara was a bit tired after finishing her meeting. Keara’s way to refresh her mind was by taking pictures.

Aku mengangkat mata dari viewfinder kameraku.

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Here, Keara said the word ‘viewfinder’ which refers to a small part of a camera that you look through to see what photograph you are going to take. There is no exact term of Indonesian word to describe the word ‘viewfinder’. Therefore, Keara used code switching here as the referential function. Another example of the referential function is shown in the dialogue bellow.

Harris : Abis lo diem terus dari tadi, takut gue. Bukan karena kita terpaksa sekamar dan gue ngoroknya kenceng, kan?

Keara : Ngorok lo emang kenceng, Risjad, ingetin gue beli earplug sebelum kita pulang nanti, ya.

Harris : Ngapain pake earplug? Dengan iPod lo itu aja elo udah sukses ngacangin gue seharian.

Dialogue, p. 55 The dialogue takes place in Bonsai Garden when Keara and Harris just walked around the Orchard Road. Harris was Keara’s best friend. Both of them understood English well. They usually used code switching when they talked to each other. The dialogue happens when they went to Bonsai Garden because the wheater was quite hot. Moreover, Harris was worried because Keara stayed quite all the day.

From the dialogue, Keara said the word ‘earplug’. Here, ‘earplug’ is a small and soft material, such as cotton or plastic that it put into your ear to reduce noises. Actually, the Indonesia term of ‘earplug’ is ‘penyumbat telinga’. However, the term of ‘penyumbat telinga’ is rarely known. Moreover, ‘earplug’ refers to something which is cooler than ‘penyumbat telinga’.

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terms are in English. Therefore, most of technology’s terms are not translated into Indonesian.

b. The Directive Function

The directive function aims to include or exclude a person from a part of conversation. People code switch in order to make other people understand the topic of the conversation, or to make other people confuse and do not understand the topic of the conversation. It is usually used when some people want to talk about other people, but the people they want to talk about are the part of the conversation or they are nearby.

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The following scene is to explain more on why there is no directive function in the novel, told from Keara’s point of view.

Keara : What the hell do you think you were doing? Dinda : Maksudnya?

Keara : Buat apa tadi lo harus pakai ngobrol-ngobrol beramah-tamah dengan si Harris segala?

Dinda : Aduh, Key, masih ya? Kejadiannya kan juga udah setahun yang lalu.

Keara : He fucked me when I was drunk. Mau berapa tahun pun fakta itu nggak berubah.

Dinda : Keara, in all fairness, you fucked him when he was drunk too, right?

Keara : Ya tapi kan nggak bisa gitu, Din.

Dialogue, p. 232-233 The scene above happened in an airport when Keara and Dinda accidently met Harris. Keara, at that time was in the bathroom and she was surprised when seeing Dinda talked with Harris. Keara did not show the feeling of annoyance when she saw it. She did not also talk to Dinda about her annoyance to Harris in front of him by speaking in other languages such as English. She talked to Dinda right after they left Harris.

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time to speak in English or code switch to exclude Harris from the part of conversation.

c. The Expressive Function

When someone uses code switching to express what is on his mind or what he feels, it is called as an expressive function. The expressive function can either indicate happiness or sadness or even anger. In the novel, some of code switching used by Keara were to express her feeling. This expression was portrayed when Keara was answering Dinda (Keara’s best friend)’s question about her feeling to Ruly. They were in Canteen, Pacific Place. Keara talked on how much she loved Ruly. However, Dinda still did not get the reasons on why Keara really fell for a man like Ruly. Dinda even compared Ruly to other men who Keara ever dated. This was what Keara said to answer Dinda’s question.

“Elo tahu, kan, betapa bencinya gue sama kopi luak? Gue bisa minum kopi luak, gue juga nggak ada masalah sama aromanya, aroma yang buat semua pencinta kopi seperti elo misalnya, pasti dianggap menggairahkan. Bisa membuat elo betah menghirupnya bergelas-gelas. Gue pernah mencoba kopi luak, Din. Biasa aja rasanya, dan sebenarnya gue ga suka. Buat gue, semua laki-laki bangsat yang pernah bersama gue dulu is just like kopi luak. They’re really delicious, people are lining up for them, but it’s still coffee that some monkey is shitting. In the end, they’re all a bunch of tiny expensive little shit. Ruly, on the other hand… well, Ruly is Ruly. Gue tahu dari cerita gue, walaupun elo belum pernah ketemu dia, elo pasti berpikir kenapa gue bisa sampai kecanduan sama laki-laki yang seperti elo bilang ‘nggak gue banget’ ini…”

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speech function of code switching Keara used here is to express her feeling about her exes and to tell Dinda on how different Ruly was from the others. The code switching she used gave a strong expressive function.

Another example of using code switching as expressive function is shown from the following monologue.

Ruly si hemat bicara ini mungkin akan selalu jadi misteri yang ingin kupecahkan, tapi Panji is the guy who feeds my ego pretty well right now.

Monologue, p. 162 The monologue was when Keara and Ruly were in Ayodya private beach. They went there for business purposes. One morning, they met when Ruly was jogging and Keara was waiting to take a picture of sunrise. Ruly initiated to join Keara and waited the sunrise.

The monologue happened when Keara was comparing Ruly to Panji. The code switching here indicated the expressive function. ‘Panji is the guy who feeds my ego pretty well’ was showing about Keara’s feeling. Even though she was in love with Ruly, but the one who could make her happy by feeding her ego was Panji. It was showing the selfish side of Keara, in which she did the ‘no string attached’ relationship with Panji, but her heart still wanted Ruly.

d. The Phatic Function

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words, not the whole texts. It aims to make other people or the audience or the respondents aware that the one mentioned in other language is important or should be remembered.

There are some phatic functions used by Keara in the novel. This is the example of it. The monologue took place when Keara was in Dinda’s house. She was explaining on how Dinda met Panca, her husband.

Sahabatku sejak kuliah yang terkenal player-nya itu, yang selalu merasa nista banget kalau harus menginjakkan kaki ke perpustakaan, justru pertama kali bertemu Panca di perpustakaan universitas kami dulu.

Monologue, p. 95 Here, Keara said the word ‘player’. The function of saying the word ‘player’ was to give stress on how Dinda was when they were in the university. ‘Player’ here used to explain that Dinda had been the type of a girl who liked to ‘play’ with boys’ hearts. She was not a serious person who liked serious relationship.

Another example of using the phatic function is shown in the following dialogue. It was when Keara was asked by Dinda to accompany her buying a new dress. It happened in Dinda’s house.

Dinda: Tapi gue tadi memang serius nanyanya. Kenapa nggak ikutan? Kan seru gue ada teman buat nyela-nyela orang di acara itu.

Keara: Nggak ah, Din. Gue nggak mau ngasih sinyal yang misleading ke si Panji. Dari awal kami udah sepakat ini cuma main-main, dan menampilkan diri di acara keluarga itu no way near sekadar main-main.

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Panji had asked Keara, bur she refused to attend it since it was a family gathering. As for Keara, her relationship with Panji was only game, no string attached. For her, showing in a family event when they were just playing games was ‘no way near’ just a game. Therefore, she stressed the ‘word no way near’.

e. The Metalinguistic Function

People who code switch in order to comment on other languages use the metalinguistic function. Someone who uses the metalinguistic function usually wants to show off his linguistic skills. The metalinguistic functions found in the novel were all about showing linguistic skill. The novel was more about Keara’s life, and yet it did not discuss any section to give her a change in commenting other language. Therefore, Keara used code switching as the show off that she was good at mastering English. It was a sign or effect of spending a great deal of time abroad. Moreover, if we take a look on Keara’s personality which was told through her monologues and dialogues, she was a bit arrogance on what she had, she was the type of a show off person. Someone’s personality can be seen through the way he or she speaks and uses languages.

The example of using code switching as the metalinguistic function is shown in the monologue below. It was when Keara was in her apartment. She was telling about what she did when she was with Panji.

Permainan flirting-flirting tolol ini di antara aku dan dia yang telah kami mainkan berkali-kali, mulai dari telepon-telepon nggak penting, BBM, sampai dinner dates –dan lunch dates dan breakfast dates.

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There, Keara used the word ‘flirting’, ‘dinner dates’, ‘lunch dates’, and ‘breakfast dates’. Actually, the words ‘permainan’ and ‘flirting-flirting’ have the same unsure which is a game. Here, she could just say ‘permainan’ or ‘flirting-flirting’. Moreover, she could replace the words ‘flirting-flirting’ as ‘bergenit-genit’, ‘dinner dates’ as ‘kencan makan malam’, ‘lunch dates’ as ‘kencan makan siang’, and ‘breakfast dates’ as ‘kencan makan pagi/sarapan’. However, she did not do that even though there are Indonesian words to explain those English words.

Another example of the use of the metalinguistic function is shown through the following monologue. Here, Keara was in Aksara, Pacific Place. She was thinking about what happened that morning when she was asked to work with Ruly in the same team for six months.

Aku cuma bisa menelan ludah saat managing director-ku mengatakan kami dikumpulkan di situ untuk bekerja bareng full time dalam satu tim selama enam bulan penuh untuk mengerjakan proyek penyusunan corporate plan entah apalah—aku juga tidak peduli—bersama-sama tim konsultan yang kemudian memasuki ruangan dan berbicara Bahasa Inggris dengan logat kental Prancis yang membuatku ingin mengebor lubang telingaku.

Monologue, p. 119 On the monologue, Keara said ‘managing director’ and ‘corporate plan’. Actually she could just say ‘manajer pengelolaan’ and ‘rencana perusahaan’ instead of saying ‘managing director’ and ‘corporate plan’. Here is another example of metalinguistic function used in Keara’s monologue.

Sampai BlackBerry-ku berdering dengan satu ringtone yang aku assign hanya untuk satu orang.

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the words ‘ringtone’ and ‘assign’. The Indonesian words for ‘ringtone’ and ‘assign’ are ‘nada dering’ and ‘terapkan’ or ‘pasang’.

f. The Poetic Function

The poetic function has similar meaning with quoting somebody else’s words. It is when people code switch in order to tell jokes or stories in the exact way as its origin. Some refers to entertain reasons, and some aims to deliver the real meaning. It is because sometimes, delivering something in its origin words has stronger effect than translating it to other languages.

There are some poetic functions used by Keara in the novel. The following monologue is one of them.

Jiddhu Krishnamurti pernah bilang: “When you love, there is neither the ‘you’ nor the ‘me’. In that state there is only flame without smoke.”

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Bahkan kata-kata sederhana Dr. Seuss yang biasanya mampu menamparku – “You have brains in your head, you have feet in your shoes, you can steer yourself in any direction you choose” – tidak cukup kuat untuk menghilangkan signifikansi peristiwa tadi pagi.

Monologue, p. 118 When quoting Dr. Seuss’s words, Keara was in a book store, trying to forget on what happened that morning. Since she was back from Singapore and accidently met Panji, Dinda’s brother-in-low, she tried to use Panji to forget Ruly. It was almost working, until that morning. Keara was told by her boss to go on a meeting. The aim of the meeting was to make a corporate plan, and therefore, Keara was forced to be in the same team, worked with Ruly for six months, full time.

The relation of that morning event with the quotes from Dr. Seuss is that Keara felt that she was stupid. “You have brains in your head, you have feet in your shoes, you can steer yourself in any direction you choose” – Keara knew it exactly, but still she could not control herself to keep falling for Ruly. The reason of quoting Dr. Seuss’ words was because he was Keara’s favorite philosopher. He was an American writer, cartoonist, animator, book publisher, and well known for writing children’s story books. Besides, those were Keara’s favorite words from Dr. Seuss. It is reflected when she said, “Bahkan kata-kata sederhana Dr. Seuss yang biasanya mampu menamparku…” – even the simple words from Dr. Seuss that usually awake her cannot make it anymore.

Types and speech functions of code switching used by Keara in Antologi Rasa Novel

TYPES AND SPEECH FUNCTIONS OF CODE SWITCHING

USED BY KEARA IN

ANTOLOGI RASA

NOVEL

TYPES AND SPEECH FUNCTIONS OF CODE SWITCHING

USED BY KEARA IN

ANTOLOGI RASA

NOVEL

Table of Contents

LIST OF TABLES

LIST OF APPENDICES