Fakultas Pertanian dan Bisnis Universitas Kristen Satya Wacana Jl. Diponegoro 52-60 SALATIGA 50711 - Telp. 0298-321212 ext 354 email:jurnal.agric@adm.uksw.edu, website: ejournal.uksw.edu/agric
Terakreditasi Kementrian Riset, Teknologi dan Pendidikan Tinggi berdasarkan SK No 200/M/KPT/2020
Received: 8 November 2021 | Accepted: 1 September 2022
THE FEASIBILITY OF RICE FARMING WITH PANCA KELOLA RAMAH LINGKUNGAN TECHNOLOGY AT RAINFED RICE FIELDS IN PATI REGENCY
Ika Ferry Yunianti1,2, Eko Haryono3, Eko Hanudin4 dan Mas Teddy Sutriadi2
1Environmental Science Masters Program, Graduate School, Universitas Gadjah Mada
2Indonesian Agricultural Environment Research Institute, Pati, Central Java
3Environmental Science Doctoral Program, Graduate School, Universitas Gadjah Mada
4Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada Email: ikkaferry@yahoo.co.id
ABSTRACT
Rice productivity and farmers incomes in rainfed fields could be increased through the implementation of adaptive and site-spesific technology. The technology package namely Panca Kelola Ramah Lingkungan which consists of application rice high yield, site-specific nutrient management, organic matters management, arrangement of plant spacing, and integrated pest control. This study was aimed to analyze the feasibility of rice farming with Panca Kelola Ramah Lingkungan technology at rainfed fields. The research was carried out on rainfed fields at Sukopuluhan Village, Pucakwangi District, Pati Regency in March-June 2021. Data were collected from fields experiments and interviews to 50 farmers using questionnaires. The results showed that the implementation of Panca Kelola Ramah Lingkungan technology package with Inpari 38, Inpari 39, and Inpari 41, and Inpari 32 has B/C ratio 1.23; 1.38; 1.27; and 1.51 respectively. The implementation of this technology was financially profitable and very potential to be develop in rainfed rice fields.
Key words: paddy, financial analysis, technology adoption, environmentally friendly, rainfed rice fields
INTRODUCTION
In Indonesia, rice is a staple food crop where production was recorded at 54.60 million tons in 2019 (BPS, 2020). This rice yield, apart from irrigated rice field, is produced in rainfed rice fields. The area of paddy fields extend to several major islands in Indonesia is estimated at 3.71 million ha, of which about 33.4% of the area could be planted twice (Kasno et al., 2016). Since 1960 rainfed rice fields accounted for around 30% of the overall growth of grain production (Estiningtyas &
Syakir, 2017). According to BPS (2014), 38.14% of the total rice harvest area in Pati Regency are rainfed rice fields. Although rainfed land has significant potential to support food production growth, there are some obstacles in conducting agricultural activities. The issues include low fertility soil, limited water availability, and limited biophysical conditions and socio-economic infrastructure (Pirngadi & Makarim, 2006;
Pane et al., 2009; Estiningtyas & Syakir, 2017).
Sirappa & Titahena (2015) stated that with good management as well as adjusting to land characteristics and accurate application of science and technology, sub-optimal land could be utilised as productive agricultural land.
Agricultural technology innovation is one of the important and essential factors to increase yield productivity, farmer income, and farmer welfare (Supriadi & Elizabeth, 2007). However, all existing technologies have not been fully implemented by farmers.
The technology adoption process is generally constrained by costs, lack of access and market-related information, ineffective extension systems, and lack of environmental
friendliness (Joshi & Bauer, 2006; Adnan et al., 2019; Takahashi et al., 2020). Therefore, farmers tend to farm in traditional or conventional ways. Farmers generally still cultivate rice using local varieties (Pirngadi &
Makarim, 2006) which have low productivity of 2.89 tons/ha GKG (Toha, 2007). In addition, the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is still relatively high, which as a result can potentially cause pollution.
Therefore, it is important to improve farming system by introducing effective, efficient, adaptive, environmentally friendly technology that is in accordance with the preferences and socio-culture of the farmers.
The implementation of Panca Kelola Ramah Lingkungan technology in rainfed rice fields is carried out through the application of five technology components, namely the use of rice high yield, site-specific nutrient management, organic matters management, arrangement of plant spacing, and integrated pest control is expected could be able to improve the quality and quantity of rice production and farmers income.
According to Susanto (2003) the use of rice high yield varieties is an easy and inexpensive technology, effective in increasing yields, and relatively safe because it does not cause environmental damage. Furthermore, Arianti et al. (2019) explained that the application of suitable varieties with specific environmental conditions and the use of proper fertilizers could effectively enhance plant growth and productivity. Arrangement of plant spacing with the jajar legowo system that is in line with the environmental conditions could be increase rice productivity and profits for farmers (Pratiwi et al., 2013).
Rainfed rice fields are generally nutrient- poor which results in low productivity and income farmers (Ullah et al., 2020). Pirngadi
& Makarim (2006) reported that rainfed rice fields in Jakenan District, Pati Regency have very low total N and K, moderate P, and low CEC values, subsequently the average productivity of rice is also low at around 2- 2.5 tons/ha. To increase sustainable rice production and farmers income in rainfed rice fields, it is necessary to develop farming systems through the application technology that considers of agronomic, environmental, and socio-economic aspects. The study was aimed to analyze the feasibility of rice farming with Panca Kelola Ramah Lingkungan technology at rainfed fields in Pati Regency.
MATERIAL AND METHODS
The study was conducted in Pucakwangi District, Pati Regency from March to June 2021. It is located at an altitude of ±51 meters above sea level and has an area of 4,625 ha of rainfed rice fields (BPS Pati, 2019b). The research location was determined by the consideration that Pucakwangi is the sub-district with the largest rainfed rice fields in Pati Regency. The materials used in this study were tractor, hoe, tape measure, and analytical scale, rice seeds, organic matters, Urea, SP-36, KCl, and organic pesticides.
The farming activities are carried out on experimental plots by applying the package technology namely Panca Kelola Ramah Lingkungan which consists of application rice high yield, site-specific nutrient management, organic matters management, arrangement of plant spacing, and integrated pest control. The varieties used were Inpari 38, Inpari 39, Inpari 41, and control variety
namely Inpari 32. Arrangement of plant spacing is carried out by jajar legowo 2:1 {(20-40) × 10 cm}. Site-specific nutrient management is carried out by providing organic matters and inorganic fertilizer according to soil nutrient status and plant nutrient needs using the paddy soil test kit and leaf color chart. The organic matters used in this study were compost and bio-compost at a dose of 3 tons/ha, all of which were given at the same time as the second tillage. The recommended type and dose of fertilization werw Urea 250 kg/ha + SP-36 50 kg/ha + KCl 100 kg/ha.
Integrated pest control carried out by organic pesticides. The experiment was arranged in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with three replications. Measurement of rice yields was carried out by making plots measuring 2.5 × 2.5 m.
The data collected consists of primary and secondary data. Primary data was obtained from observations in the field, as well as surveys and interviews with 50 farmers using questionnaires. The data consists of agronomic characteristics of rice plants, farmer characteristics, farming characteristics, and farming analysis. Secondary data was obtained from several related institute such as BPP Pucakwangi District and BPS Pati Regency. The data includes harvested area, production, and productivity. Data analysis was carried out using quantitative descriptive analysis. The feasibility of rice farming is calculated using the B/C ratio (Soekartawi, 1995), with the following equation:
B/C ratio > 1, it means the farming is economically profitable or viable, B/C ratio
= 1, the farming is economically at break- B/C ratio = Total Revenue
Total Cost
...(1)
even point, and B/C ratio < 1, the farming is experiencing loss or infeasible.
The analysis of the break-even point (TIP) and the break-even point (TIH) are used to measurement the production limit or minimum selling price so that farming can still provide benefits to farmers (Fitria & Ali, 2014).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
a. Rice production in Pati Regency 2015- 2020
The rice harvest area in Pati Regency increased in 2016, 2018, and 2020, while in 2017 and 2019 it decreased. In 2016, Program Upaya Khusus (Upsus) instigated by the government aimed at increasing food production, especially rice, maize and soybeans, led to a significant growth in harvested area (476%). Meanwhile, in 2019 there was a significant decrease in harvested area by 1.54% compared to the previous year. This decline in harvested area may be caused by the conversion of productive agricultural land to non-agricultural use.
Other factors that may affect the plummet
Year Harvested Area (ha)
Production (ton)
Productivity (ton/ha)
2015 106,049 631,899 5.96
2016 111,094 652,675 5.88
2017 105,112 620,206 5.90
2018 101,004 634,099 6.28
2019 99,453 588,861 5.92
2020 101,006 598,966 5.93
Table 1 Harvested area, production, and rice productivity in Pati Regency
Source: BPS Pati, 2019; BPS Pati 2020
of harvested area are changes in cultivation patterns and low intensity of rice cultivation.
Although the increase in harvest area during 2016 led to the highest rice production compared to previous years, the highest increase in rice crop productivity was achieved in 2018. According to Maulana (2004), improved innovation and agricultural technology, such as the use of new superior varieties and agricultural mechanization, can results in higher yields and productivity.
Furthermore, Pane et al. (2009) stated that the utilisation of Integrated Crop Management (PTT) technology with VUB planting, nutrient management of N based on BWD, nutrient management of P and K based on soil nutrient status, application of 3-5 tons/
ha organic fertilizer, integrated weed control, and the use of dry seeders is able to produce rice of 5.09-7.35 tons/ha and the farmers profits of Rp4,626,286-5,068,000.
b. Characteristics of farmers and farmer behaviour in rice cultivation
The characteristics of farmers are a general description that can be used to determine their condition and background in a certain area. Several research report that the characteristics of farmers are closely related to their level of welfare. It is found from surveys and interviews that farmers range in age of 40-83 years old and have 2 to 47 TIP =
Cost of Production
Price ...(2)
TIH = Cost of Production
Productivity ...(3)
years of farming experience. This indicates that the younger generation still has very little interest in becoming farmers, as a result farming are still dominated by the older generation who have entered non-productive age. A farmer’s physical ability to manage their farm is closely linked to their age. The majority of farmers are dominated by elementary and junior high school graduates (28%), high school graduates (20%), undergraduate graduates (18%), and not completing elementary school (6%). A factor that influences farmers’ behaviour is their level of education (Hidayat et al., 2015), the more educated the farmers, the more likely they are to adopt information and technology that can support agricultural success (Kurniati, 2015).
The number of productive workforce in a family ranges from two to six people.
Descriptions Range
Age (years) 40-83
Education (%)
- Elementary school 28
- Junior high school 28
- Senior high school 20
- Bachelor degree 18
- Did not complete elementary school 6
Productive workforce (person household) 2-6
Land ownership (ha) 0.11-2
Farming experience (years) 2-47
Source: Data primer, 2021
Table 2 Characteristics of farmers
According to Prihtanti (2014), a small number of family members can ensure stronger food security. The agricultural acreage of rainfed rice fields ranges from 0.11 to 2 ha, with the majority of land owned by the farmers is less than 0.5 ha. All forms of land ownership include private, cooperative, and village asset land (Tanah Bengkok Desa). The land area is closely related to production and income;
the more land farmers own, the more production and income they earned. It also impact not only farm efficiency but also the process of technology transfer and adoption (Mwangi & Kariuki, 2015; Andrias et al., 2017). Due to stable economic ability of the farmers, the larger the land and the faster the rate of innovation and technology adoption (Manyamsari & Mujiburrahmad, 2014).
Source: Data primer, 2021
Table 3 Farmers’ behaviour in rice cultivation
Descriptions Existing Farmer Introduced Technology
Variety Inpari 32 Inpari 38, 39, and 41
Land preparation hoe, tractor tractor
Planting system >5 2-3
Seed (days) >25 21
Plant spacing (cm) irregular jajar legowo
Fertilization (kg/ha)
- Organic fertilizer 0-1500 3000
- Urea 100-300 250
- SP-36 25-200 50
- Phonska 50-350 -
- KCI 25-300 100
- ZA 50-200 -
Pest control chemical pesticides natural pesticides
In addition, farmers continue to practice in traditional rice cultivation and generally accept risks due to limited environmental conditions of rainfed land. Some of the technologies developed by the government to overcome constraints are still not widely used by the farmers. For example, the government released drought-resistant rainfed rice varieties in 2015, but farmers continue to use local varieties and other varieties that are not suitable for specific conditions. Inpari 32 variety is still widely used by farmers.
Farmers also continue to plant rice using mature seeds (> 25 days old) and large number of seeds (> 5 seeds) in each narrow and irregular planting hole. Farmers use various types and amounts of fertilizers. Compost and manure are used in moderately low doses as organic fertilizers, while Urea, SP- 36, KCI, ZA, TSP, and Phonska are used in fairly high doses as chemical fertilizers.
Integrated pest control by farmers in general is also not environmentally friendly due to the use chemical pesticides.
c. Agronomic characteristics of rainfed rice VUB
Increasing rice production in rainfed agro- ecosystems is often faced with drought stress constraints that interfere with the growth and yield of rice cultivation. One strategy that
can be applied to reduce rice yield loss is to use drought-resistant rice varieties, such as Inpari 38, Inpari 39, Inpari 40, and Inpari 41.
Based on the observations, it is found that Inpari 38 and Inpari 41 varieties have shorter harvest life, whereas Inpari 39 has the same age as the common varieties cultivated by farmers, namely Inpari 32 (Table 4). Plant heights were lower in three rainfed rice varieties tested than in Inpari 32. The highest number of productive tillers was produced by Inpari 41, Inpari 38, Inpari 32, and Inpari 39 varieties, respectively. According to Pirngadi & Makarim (2006) variety and number of seeds used were factors that could affect plant growth. Moreover, Xiahong et al.
(2011) stated plant growth is also influenced by the ability of rice varieties to adapt to environmental conditions. The differences in genetic responses to environmental conditions can produce different growth patterns between varieties (Setiawati et al., 2020).
The Inpari 38 variety produced the most grain per clump, while the Inpari 41 variety produced the least.The highest percentage of filled grain per clump was produced by Inpari 41 variety, while the lowest was produced by Inpari 32. When compared to the three rainfed rice varieties tested, the Inpari 32 variety produced the highest of
Agronomic Characteristics Inpari 38 Inpari 39 Inpari 41 Inpari 32
Harvest period (days) 103 115 103 115
Plant height (cm) 99.48 102.44 103.00 103.25
Number of productive tillers 11 10 12 11
Number of grain per clump 1339 1018 907 1021
Grain content per clump (%) 70.35 76.42 81.80 64.65
Weight 1000 grains (g) 24.69 26.21 27.18 27.99
GKP Yield (tons/ha) 6.71 7.51 6.89 8.28
Table 4 Agronomic characteristics of rainfed rice VUB and comparative varieties
Source: Data primer, 2021
1000 grain weight, followed by the highest dry grain harvest yield. According to Akram et al. (2007) and Kabir et al. (2014) 1000 grain weight is an important factor that contributes to the increase in rice yields.
Furthermore (Awan et al., 2011) reported that the increase in rice yields was also due to the rice plants effectiveness to utilise soil nutrients. The limiting factors for rice growth and yield in rainfed rice fields of Pati Regency are C-organic, N, P, and K (Kasno et al., 2016b).
d. Analysis on the feasibility of rice cultivation
Increased production is something that is highly expected by farmers when carrying out agricultural activities. High production yields are expected to boost farmers’ income and welfare. The analysis on the feasibility of rainfed rice cultivation with the implementation of Panca Kelola Ramah Lingkungan technology is presented in Table 5. In general, the production costs incurred nearly the same, the difference
lies in the cost of seeds due to price differences of the varieties used. The highest production costs were from the Inpari 32 varieties, whereas farming using rainfed rice varieties had identical costs. The high production cost of Inpari 32 results are directly proportional to the yield and income gained. Fitria & Ali (2014) declared that farmers’ income is largely determined by the amount of revenue generated by the resulting production and the production costs incurred.
Agricultural activities with the implementation of Panca Kelola Ramah Lingkungan technology result in a B/C ratio between 1.23-1.51. The lowest value of B/C ratio was obtained in farming activities using the Inpari 38 variety, while the highest value was obtained from the Inpari 32 variety. This indicates that farming using rainfed rice varieties and comparative varieties are economically feasiable and cultivable (value of B/C ratio >1). According to Sari et al. (2017) the feasibility of farming is an absolute requirement in the process of
Type of Activity Variety
Inpari 38 Inpari 39 Inpari 41 Inpari 32
a. Seed 225,000 225,000 225,000 375,000
b. Fertilizer
- Organic ingredients 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000 3,000,000
- Urea 1,650,000 1,650,000 1,650,000 1,650,000
- SP 36 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000
- KCI 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000 1,000,000
c. Organic pesticides 150,000 150,000 150,000 150,000
d. Labor
- Nursery 400,000 400,000 400,000 400,000
- Soil processing 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000
- Planting system 4,000,000 4,000,000 4,000,000 4,000,000
- Fertilization 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200,000 1,200,000
- Weeding 960,000 960,000 960,000 960,000
- Pest control/OPT 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 2,000,000
- Harvesting 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000 5,000,000
Total production costs (Rp) 21,735,000 21,735,000 21,735,000 21,735,000
Yield (ton/ha) 6.71 7.50 6.89 8.28
Actual grain price (Rp) 4,000 4,000 4,000 4,000
Revenue (Rp) 26,840,000 30,000,000 27,560,000 21,885,000
Income (Rp/ha) 5,105,000 8,265,000 5,825,000 11,235,000
B/C 1.23 1.38 1.27 1.51
TIP (kg/ha) 5,434 5,434 5,434 5,471
TIH (Rp/kg) 3,239 2,898 3,155 2,643
Source: Data primer, 2021
Table 5 Analysis of the feasibility of rice cultivation
adopting a technology, the greater the benefits obtained from the application of new technology, the easier it is for farmers to accept and use it.
Based on the TIP analysis, the minimum production required from farming activities using rainfed rice varieties to remain profitable is 5.43 tons/ha, whereas using the Inpari 32 variety is 5.47 tons/ha. Table 5 shows the minimum price when farming with the Inpari 38, Inpari 39,Inpari 41, and Inpari 32 varieties, respectively which are Rp 3.239/kg;
Rp 2.898/kg; Rp. 3.155/kg, and Rp 2.643/kg.
When compared with the actual price of grain (Rp 4,000), rice cultivation with the imple- mentation of Panca Kelola Ramah Lingkungan technology is feasible. Maryana et al. (2021) reported that the higher the difference between the actual production and the production break- even point, as well as the higher the difference between selling price and the break-even point, the greater the income received by farmers.
CONCLUSION
Rice farming in rainfed rice fields with the implementation of Panca Kelola Ramah Lingkungan technology could be capable to produce B/C ratio >1. The rice rainfed varieties namely Inpari 38, Inpari 39, and Inpari 41 has B/C ratio 1.23; 1.38; 1.27; and 1.51 respectively. The implementation of the rice rainfed varieties was financially profitable and very potential to be develop in rainfed rice fields.
SUGGESTION
The implementation of Panca Kelola Ramah Lingkungan technology needs to be established massively in several areas with similar agro- ecosystem conditions so more farmers could
adopting the technology to increase rice yield and income while keep the sustainable environment.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We are grateful for the financial support by the Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Development and Indonesian Agricultural Environment Research Institute.
Futhermore, we would like to genuinely thank the involved staf namely the BPP Pucakwangi (Mrs Sri Sugiarti), the cooperator farmer (Mr. Abdul Kholiq), and the field technicians (Mr. Jumari, Mr. Susanto, Mr.
Suryanto, and Mr. Sujanto).
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