THE RETAINABILITY OF ACEHNESE BY ITS SPEAKERS
AT THE EASTERN COAST OF SERDANG BEDAGAI REGENCY
A Thesis
Submitted to the English Applied Linguistics Study Program in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Magister Humaniora
By:
HADI SAHPUTRA
Registration Number: 809125007
ENGLISH APPLIED LINGUISTICS STUDY PROGRAM
POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
i ABSTRACT
Hadi Sahputra. Registration Number: 809125007. The Retainability of Acehnese by Its Speakers at the Eastern Coast of Serdang Bedagai Regency. A Thesis. English Applied Linguistics Study Program. Postgraduate School. State University of Medan. 2013.
ii ABSTRAK
Sahputra Hadi. Nomor Pendaftaran: 809125007. Kemampuan Pemertahanan kembali Bahasa Aceh oleh Penuturnya di Pesisir Pantai Timur Kabupaten Serdang Bedagai. Tesis. Program Studi Linguistik Terapan Bahasa Inggris. Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Negeri Medan 2013.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Praise is only to Allàh S.W.T. Lord of the universe. By His blessing the researcher could finish this thesis.
Recognizing that nothing is achieved alone, the researcher wishes to thank to a lot of people and also institutions that already have helped make this thesis. First and foremost, he would like to express his deep sincere gratitude to Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., and Dr. Syahron Lubis, M.A., his first and second advisers, for their valuable comments and advice since the beginning of the draft. He would also like to highlight their patience, encouragement and support during all stages of the study.
He would also like to thank all the experience lecturers, the head of English Applied Linguistics Study Program Prof. Dr. Busmin Gurning, M.Pd. and the secretary of English Applied Linguistics Study Program Dr. Sri Minda Murni, M.S., the director and vice director of Postgraduate School of State University of Medan.
Thanks are due to his proposal reviewers and thesis examiners who provide him with the most appropriate and valuable commentaries, and informative suggestions.
He would very much like to express his special thanks and appreciation to Bapak Aminuddin, S.Sos, the District Head of Tanjung Beringin in Serdang Bedagai Regency, for his essential support and recommendation.
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Acehnese speakers who bigheartedly consume their time and contributed him with vital information for analysis. This hard work is also devoted to them, for it is their language, attitudes and views which they have attempted to faithfully reflect to.
Last but not least, on a personal level, he would like to extend his sincerest love and deepest gratitude to his beloved wife; Hj. Zulfikar Faridah Hasibuan, S.E. and both of his sons; Muhammad Arif Hadi and Muhammad Salman Alfariz Hadi for their truthful prayers days and nights.
Medan, 22nd August 2013 The Researcher
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CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 The Language as Human Communication………. 10
2.6 The Attitudes of Acehnese Speakers in Retaining Acehnese Language………..………..… 26
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2.8 The Language Identity in Language Retainability……... 29
2.9 The Level of Language Endangerment and Language Attrition……… 30
2.10 The Acehnese Language………...………... 33
2.10.1 The Acehnese Language at the Eastern Coast of Serdang Bedagai Regency……….. 35
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4.1.5 The Efforts of Retaining Acehnese
Language in Bandar Khalipah District…….…. 80
4.2 The Findings……….………. 87
4.3 The Discussion………... 88
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions……… 93
5.2 Suggestions………. 94
REFERENCES………. 95
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Table 12. The Conclusion of Retainingability of Acehnese Speakers in Pantai Cermin District………... 62
Table 13. The Conclusion of Retainingability of Acehnese Speakers in Perbaungan District………... 69
Table 14. The Conclusion of Retainingability of Acehnese Speakers in Teluk Mengkudu District………...… 74
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Table 16. The Conclusion of Retainingability of Acehnese Speakers in
Bandar Khalipah District……… 86 Acehnese Speakers (Fathers’ Attitude) in Retainability of
Acehnese in Five Districts in Serdang Bedagai Regency……..… 103
Table 20. The Data from Workplace Domain of Intra-marriage Acehnese Speakers (Fathers’ Attitude) in Retainability of
Acehnese in Serdang Bedagai Regency………... 104
Table 21. The Data from Neighbors Domain of Intra-marriage Acehnese Speakers (Mothers’ Attitude) in Retainability of
Acehnese in Serdang Bedagai Regency……….…. 105 Table 22. The Data from Work Place Domain of Intra-marriage
Acehnese Speakers (Mothers’ Attitude) in Retainability of
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Table 27. The Data from Neighbors Domain of Inter-marriage Acehnese Speakers (Fathers’ Attitude) in Retainability of Acehnese
in Five Districts in Serdang Bedagai Regency………....… 111 Table 28. The Data from Work Place Domain of Inter-marriage
Acehnese Speakers (Fathers’ Attitude) in Maintainability
of Acehnese in Five Districts in Serdang Bedagai Regency.…..…. 112 Table 29. The Data from Core Family Domain of Inter-marriage
Acehnese Speakers (Mothers’ Attitude) in Maintainability
of Acehnese in Five Districts in Serdang Bedagai Regency………. 113 Table 30. The Data from Extended Family Domain of Inter-marriage Acehnese Speakers (Mothers’ Attitude) in Maintainability of
Acehnese in Serdang Bedagai Regency……….…… 114 Table 31. The Data from Neighbors Domain of Inter-marriage Acehnese Speakers (Mothers’ Attitude) in Maintainability of Acehnese in Serdang Bedagai Regency……… 115 Table 32. The Data from Work Place Domain of Intra-marriage Acehnese Speakers (Mothers’ Attitude) in Maintainability of
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1. The occurrences and non occurrences of language shift... 29
Figure 2. Family tree showing various levels of branching as their
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Page
Appendix 1. List of maps ……….... 121
Appendix 2. Kuesioner penelitian untuk penutur bahasa Aceh
(Ayah) ……..……… 127
Appendix 3. Kuesioner penelitian untuk penutur bahasa Aceh
(Ibu) ……….……… 133
Appendix 4. Interview script ………..……….. 139
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Background of the Study
Naturally, both human beings and their languages are as one unit that cannot be separated. A language is so important that it is supposed to be a mean of communication in a society. The nature may give opportunity for both of them to increase or to decrease in their important performance in the society. The language may use a concept system which donates the community to interpret reality. The complexity of the language may bring in different views. The views may be different so the different views on the reality can bring in different perceptions from many aspects of the lives in the society. Many aspects of the lives in the society have been in progress when the society still does their daily activities, includes the language use in the society. Progress in understanding of many aspects of the lives especially the language use may result in the complexity of reality because the developing linguistic diversity which has given the characterization o f the human beings. Languages are supposed to be the important part of lives in the society which transmits the values. Every language which is used in the society shows the important thing which makes the people understand the values. UNESCO Ad Hoc Expert Group on Endangered Language (2003:3) defines diversity language is essential to the human heritage. Each and every language embodies the unique cultural wisdom of a people. The loss of any language is thus a loss for all humanity. So, language retainability is necessary to do in order to avoid losing of any languages and also humanity. Moreover, Goa (2006:58) states that successful intercultural communication is a matter of highest importance if human kind and society are to survive. In addition, Jandt (2003:40) states
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that language is a way of marking cultural identity. Language differs, on the other hand, from other phenomena in that it is used to refer to other phenomena and has usually to be used to refer beyond itself.
As long as a society still uses their languages as their prestige and heritage from one generation to another so the language also still survives in their lives. Consequently, a language will be in danger when the community does not use their own language. It is due to the factors that occur in a certain community. It possibly happens to bring some issues on the language endangerment to some communities and to their languages, even local languages in Indonesia. Darhemi (2002) adds that the issue is devoted to problems of endangered languages, particularly endangered languages spoken by minorities, focusing on the sociolinguistic study of the causes, circumstance and result of the endangerment, and other structural and social process related to endangered languages and to their survival. Also Koenig (2002) states that it attempts to analyze the causes, circumstances and results of language endangerment as well as the social conditions and effects of political intervention in favor of survival of endangered minority languages.
Some language experts report that ten local minority languages in the eastern part of Indonesia have been in danger lately. It is similar to what Ethnologue, Lewis and Simon in Obiero (2010: 201) state that of the 6,909 living languages now listed in Ethnologue, 457 are identified as Nearly Extinct, a category which represents a severe level of endangerment.
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The positive side of the effect, such as: good employment, standard of living, and the negative one of the effect, such as: war, politics, catastrophe, human‟s interference in
some cases, have given conspiracy in making some groups socio-economically dominant, and also as a consequence promoted the cultures and languages of these groups over those of other, non dominant groups, Hudson (1985: 81) defines that culture as the kind of knowledge which we learn from other people, either by direct instruction or by watching their behavior. And Crystal (2003); Nettle and Romaine (2000), to such extent that the existence of a large number of smaller languages is endangered. In addit ion, Deumert (2003: 461) stated that case studies of the interactions of these social and political ideologies in a given society, and, in particular, their relationship.
With the exception of the contributions in Brenzinger in Mufwene (1998: 1), which deal mostly with the expansion of some African languages at that expense of other indigenous languages, most of these publications decry the powerlessness of the colonized populations and the fact that colonization has left them no choice but allegedly to lose pride in, and shift from, their ancestral languages.
As the people of Acehnese who use the language of Acehnese have become decreased in number at the eastern coast of Serdang Bedagai regency, this condition makes that the Acehnese language in there has become rarely heard to be spoken to or even rarely used in that community. Crystal (2003: 12) stated that the presumption is that any language which has a very small number of speakers is bound to be trouble, and common sense tells us that this should be the case.
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would accept that a language spoken by less than 100 (one hundred) is in a very dangerous situation. They would then probably think in terms of „sliding scale‟ whereby
languages with less than 500 (five hundred) would be somewhat less endangered, those with 1000 (one thousand) even less so, and so on. In addition, Lauder (2012) the Professor of Linguistic expert from University of Indonesia said that the speakers of a language are less than 1.000 it is regarded as the classification of endangered language due to it will be difficult to be maintained if the speakers of the language are very few. What is unclear is the level at which would stop automatically thinking in terms of danger. Yamamoto in Crystal (2000: 14) also recognizes this, „the number of speakers is an immediate index for its endangered situation‟.
Dendy Sugono‟s comments on the National Linguistic Congress XII in Solo
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Acehnese language is one of the vernacular languages at the eastern coast of Serdang Bedagai regency; the local Acehnese language is rarely heard in one Acehnese family‟s life, typically among the Acehnese children as they are in the group of a society,
such as: in neighborhood, markets, hospitals, banks, schools, offices, and other common places. The local Malay language or Javanese language, as the dominant vernacular languages in that place occur as the daily languages for many people of different backgrounds, includes the Acehnese children who may shift their language due to some typical reasons. This language phenomenon is not regarded as something which means usual matter in a daily life. It really becomes a serious matter or a problem for those who know that language is an identity for any people, typically for Acehnese people and even to their generations as the heir of their own language.
To avoid language shift or even language endangerment it is essential that language maintenance or language revitalization be applied soon. Language must be retained and maintained because language is as a mean of language users‟ identity. Acehnese language is a symbol identity for Acehnese people. As it is stated by Holmes (2001:63) where language is considered as important symbol of a minority group‟s identity, the language is likely to be maintained longer.
The efforts in retaining a language in order not to shift which may possibly cause language endangerment are not easy to do these days. It is due to the language contact because the high of the mobilization of the people. That‟s why it is needed such good of
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can be retained or revitalized. A language together with its speakers may exist in a community because of its importance.
1.2 The Problems of the Study
Based on the background of the study, the problems to be investigated are formulated as follow:
1. To what extent is the retainability of the Acehnese speakers to their language? 2. How is the attitude of Acehnese speakers to maintain Acehnese language at the
eastern coast of Serdang Bedagai regency?
3. Why do the Acehnese speakers have such attitude to their language?
1.3 The Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study are stated clearly as follow:
1) to find out to what extent is the retainability of the Acehnese speakers at the eastern coast of Serdang Bedagai regency,
2) to find out how the attitude of the Acehnese speakers at the eastern coast of Serdang Bedagai regency,
3) to explore why Acehnese speakers have such an attitude to their language.
1.4 The Scope of the Study
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into daily use and special use language. Daily use language is the language for communication among them for their daily needs while special use language is the one for special needs other than daily needs such as talking on a certain event.
1.5 The Significance of the Study
The findings of the study are practically expected to be useful as an input for the speakers of Acehnese to be aware of their language in multilingualism situation.
Theoretically, the findings will be a real fact of present situation of the Acehnese speakers in Serdang Bedagai regency especially in the eastern coast of it. The findings will be a further study of many cases to such extent for the language planners who are interested in this study of language retainability. Such of the findings will be useful as an inspiration for the linguists or language planners to set up and to be aware of the condition of the language. In addition, the findings will be more useful for the linguists and language planners to know the disadvantages of the language users‟ attitudes to their
own language which should be retained.
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1.6 The Clarification of Terminologies
1) Attitudes
In Language Planning, attitudes to a language have two categories, namely: positive attitude and negative one to a language. Thus, someone‟s attitudes to his or her
language may influence the condition of the language. When a group of language speakers of a community has positive or good attitudes to their language, the language may exist, survive, increase, and it may be used longer in daily communication and interaction. On the contrary, the community who has negative or bad attitudes to their language, the language may decrease, shifted, unsafe, not be used any longer and so forth. In this case, the researcher has made the limitation of the attitudes of parents are defined as how are the parents‟ behavior towards their language of Acehnese at the eastern coast of Serdang Bedagai regency.
2) Retainability
In one hand, the terminologies of retainability and maintainability are similar in their meaning and purpose, that the process of retaining or maintaining of a language. According to Trask (1998:126) he states that language maintenance or language retainability is the continued use of a language by its speakers, especially in circumstances in which it is under pressure from another language; the opposite of language loss or language death.
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maintainability. But the process of maintaining Acehnese language in Serdang Bedagai regency or in other places (out side of Aceh or Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam) is called retainability. So to avoing misunderstanding, the terminologies of retainability and maintainability have the same meaning and purpose but have different place of the
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions
This study focuses on the retainability of Acehnese by its speakers at the eastern coast of Serdang Bedagai regency. The purpose of this study is to find out the retainability of Acehnese language by it speakers, their attitudes to their language and why do the Acehnese speakers have such attitude to their language. Based on the analysis, some important conclusions can be drawn as the following:
1. The retainability of Acehnese language in Serdang Bedagai regency, particularly in the five districts at the eastern coasts, is urgent to do because it is found that parents as the Acehnese speakers have good ability to maintain the Acehnese in their family, on the other hand, their children as the generation have less ability to maintain their Acehnese language. There is a tendency that the Acehnese children, is in the situation of unsafe because there is not any intergenerational transmission of Acehnese language from the parents to their children. It happened for both the intra-marriage of Acehnese family and the inter-intra-marriage of Acehnese family. The language, which should be used by some children in all domains; it is used by all children in limited domains.
2. The Acehnese speakers (fathers and mothers) from intra-marriage family have better attitudes than those of inter-marriage family at the eastern coast of Serdang Bedagai regency.
3. The Acehnese speakers (fathers and mothers) from intra-marriage family and inter-marriage family at the eastern coast of Serdang Bedagai regency
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have such kind of attitude because of the pressure of majority vernacular languages, such as: Malay language, Javanese language, and Indonesian language as the national or the official language.
5.2 Suggestions
It is important to give suggestions to people who concern with Acehnese language to maintain the Acehnese language by giving some supports or good motivations:
1. It is suggested that the speakers of Acehnese; parents in Serdang Bedagai regency, typically in the five district at the eastern coast of it should maintain their good attitude to vitalize their language which is used in daily communication. Good motivations to use Acehnese language by their generations are more important for transmitting Acehnese language itself.
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