• Tidak ada hasil yang ditemukan

Investigation of enhancing industrial waste as a soft soil stabilizer

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2023

Membagikan "Investigation of enhancing industrial waste as a soft soil stabilizer"

Copied!
7
0
0

Teks penuh

(1)

PAPER • OPEN ACCESS

Investigation of enhancing industrial waste as a soft soil stabilizer

To cite this article: Ade Yuniati Pratiwi et al 2022 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 999 012029

View the article online for updates and enhancements.

You may also like

Synthesis and characterization of grinding aid fly ash blended mortar effect on bond strength of masonry prisms

L Krishnaraj, P T Ravichandran and Suresh Sagadevan

-

Multi-response ANN modelling and analysis on sliding wear behavior of Al7075/B4C/fly ash hybrid nanocomposites Sweety Mahanta, M Chandrasekaran, Sutanu Samanta et al.

-

Effects of hybrid polyethylene terephthalate fibre and fly ash on mechanical properties of concrete N Z Nkomo, L M Masu and P K Nziu -

This content was downloaded from IP address 103.23.233.167 on 01/02/2023 at 02:37

(2)

,QYHVWLJDWLRQ RI HQKDQFLQJ LQGXVWULDO ZDVWH DV D VRIW VRLO VWDELOL]HU

$GH <XQLDWL 3UDWLZL ,UIDQ 3UDVHWLD 0 <DK\D DQG 5XVWDP ( IIHQGL

(QJLQHHULQJ )DFXOW\ /DPEXQJ 0DQJNXUDW 8QLYHUVLW\

(PDLODGHSUDWLZL#XOPDFLG

$EVWUDFW 7KLV VWXG\ FRPSDUHV WZR PHWKRGV LQ HQKDQFLQJ IO\ DVK DV D VRIWVRLO VWDELOL]HU 7KH ILUVW LV XVLQJ IO\ DVK ZLWK PL[LQJ SURSRUWLRQ YDULHV IURP   DQG

 ,Q WKH VHFRQG PHWKRG  FHPHQW FRPELQHV ZLWK IO\ DVK PL[LQJ SURSRUWLRQ LQ WKH ILUVW PHWKRG %DVHG RQ &%5 WHVW UHVXOWV WKH IO\DVK HIIHFWLYHO\ LQFUHDVHV WKH VRIW VRLO FDSDFLW\ ZLWK D &%5 PD[LPXP RI  DW  IO\ DVK LQ WKH ILUVW PHWKRG 7KH VHFRQG PHWKRG HQKDQFHV PRUH LPSDFW WKDQ WKH ILUVW PHWKRG ZLWK D &%5 PD[LPXP RI

 DW  IO\ DVK 7KH VZHOOLQJ YDOXH NHHSV GHFUHDVLQJ ZLWK WKH LQFUHDVH RI IO\

DVK FRQWHQW DQG DGGLQJ FHPHQW WR IO\ DVKVRIW VRLO PL[WXUH FDQ IXUWKHU PLQLPL]H WKH VZHOOLQJ YDOXH E\ WZR WLPHV FRPSDUHG WR RQO\ IO\ DVK DV WKH VWDELOL]LQJ DJHQW

.H\ZRUGV VRIW VRLO IO\ DVK FHPHQW &%5 VZHOOLQJ

 ,QWURGXFWLRQ

,QGRQHVLD KDV D VRIW VRLO W\SH IRU DSSUR[LPDWHO\  PLOOLRQ KHFWDUHV RI ODQG >@ %XLOGLQJ FRQVWUXFWLRQ RQ VRIW VRLOV LV YXOQHUDEOH WR KD]DUGV LQ WHUPV RI WKH IRXQGDWLRQV WKH VWUXFWXUH

DQG FRQVWUXFWLRQ ZRUN LQ JHQHUDO ,Q %DQMDUPDVLQ 6RXWK .DOLPDQWDQ 3URYLQFH RI ,QGRQHVLD

PDQ\ EXLOGLQJV KDYH SUREOHPV GXULQJ RU DIWHU FRQVWUXFWLRQ 7KH GLVWULEXWLRQ RI KDUG VRLO LQ

%DQMDUPDVLQ &LW\ LV DW D GHSWK RI  P WR  P >@ 6R WKDW WKH FRQVWUXFWLRQ RI D EXLOGLQJ UHTXLUHV YDULRXV KDQGOLQJ WR PDNH VXUH WKHUH ZLOO EH QR SUREOHP LQ WKH SURMHFW

7R VWDELOL]H DQG WR LPSURYH VRIW VRLO EHDULQJ FDSDFLW\ IDOOV LQWR WZR FDWHJRULHV PHFKDQLFDO DQG FKHPLFDO 7KH PHFKDQLFDO PHWKRG XVHV VRLO UHLQIRUFHPHQW HOHPHQWV VXFK DV JHRWH[WLOH >@

ZKLOH WKH FKHPLFDO PHWKRG LQYROYHV FKHPLFDO DGPL[WXUHV VXFK DV FHPHQW DQG RWKHU YLVFRHODVWLF PDWHULDOV 7KLV VWXG\ ZLOO IRFXV RQ FKHPLFDO DGPL[WXUHV DV VRLO VWDELOL]HUV VXFK DV IO\ DVK DV RQH RI DQ LQGXVWULDO ZDVWH DQG FHPHQW

)O\DVK LV RQH LQGXVWULDO ZDVWH WKDW FRPHV LQ ODUJH TXDQWLWLHV DQG LV HDV\ WR ILQG VLQFH WKHUH LV D SRZHU SODQW LQ 6RXWK .DOLPDQWDQ 3URYLQFH )O\DVK LV DQ LQGXVWULDO ZDVWH IURP D VWHDP

SRZHUHG HOHFWULF SODQW IXUQDFH EXUQLQJ FRDO WKDW LV VPRRWK URXQG DQG SR]]RODQLF >@ ,W FRQWDLQV VLOLFD RU VLOLFD DQG DOXPLQD ZLWK YHU\ OLWWOH RU QR ELQGLQJ DELOLW\ QRQFHPHQWLWLRXV  DQG LI LW UHDFWV ZLWK FDOFLXP K\GUR[LGH LW IRUPV D PDWHULDO ZLWK FHPHQWLWLRXV SURSHUWLHV >@

)O\DVK DV DGPL[WXUHV LQ FRQFUHWH FDQ HQKDQFH FRQFUHWH SHUIRUPDQFH E\ LPSURYLQJ GXUDELOLW\

LQFUHDVLQJ ZRUNDELOLW\ DQG UHGXFLQJ KHDW K\GUDWLRQ >@

7KLV UHVHDUFK LQYHVWLJDWHV IO\DVKV SHUIRUPDQFH ZKHQ PL[HG ZLWK FHPHQW IRU VRIW VRLO

(3)

2

UHVXOW ZLOO UHSUHVHQW WKH SHUIRUPDQFH RI IO\DVK DQG IO\DVK ZLWK FHPHQW &%5 YDOXH UHODWHV WR WKH VRIW VRLO EHDULQJ FDSDFLW\ ZKLOH VZHOOLQJ YDOXH FRUUHVSRQGV WR WKH H[SDQVLRQ EHKDYLRU RI WKH VRIW VRLO VDPSOH

 0DWHULDOV DQG PHWKRGV

6RIW VRLO H[WUDFWLRQV WKH VDPSOH LV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH D ZHUH FDUULHG RXW DW D GHSWK RI  P WR  P LQ WKH DUHD RI (QJLQHHULQJ )DFXOW\ RI /DPEXQJ 0DQJNXUDW 8QLYHUVLW\%DQMDUPDVLQ &DPSXV

7KH VRIW VRLO VDPSOHV DUH WHVWHG WR ILQG WKHLU FKDUDFWHULVWLFV 7KH VRIW VRLO VDPSOHV IDOO LQWR WKH KLJK SODVWLFLW\ VLOWV FDWHJRU\ EDVHG RQ WKH 8QLILHG 6RLO &ODVVLILFDWLRQ 6\VWHP 86&6  7KH VRLO VDPSOH SURSHUWLHV DUH SUHVHQWHG LQ 7DEOH 

7DEOH  6RIW VRLO VDPSOH HQJLQHHULQJ SURSHUWLHV >@

/LTXLG OLPLW //

3ODVWLFLW\

,QGH[

3,

6KULQNDJH OLPLW 6/

3ODVWLF OLPLW

3/ 6DQG 6LOW

&OD\DQG

:DWHU FRQWHQW

8QFRQILQHG FRPSUHVVLRQ WHVW TX

6SHFLILF JUDYLW\

*V

    

 

 

  NJFP 

7KLV VWXG\ XVHV 2UGLQDU\ 3RUWODQG &HPHQW 23& 7\SH , DV D FRPSOHPHQW DQG DGGLWLYH WR LQFUHDVH VRIW VRLO EHDULQJ FDSDFLW\ WRJHWKHU ZLWK IO\DVK DV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH E :KHQ FHPHQW LV PL[HG ZLWK VRLO FHPHQW ZLOO ELQG WKH VRLO JUDLQ GXULQJ WKH FHPHQW K\GURO\VLV >@ &HPHQW FRQVLVWV RI &D2 $O2 6L2 )H2DQG RWKHU FRPSRQHQWV

D E F

)LJXUH  0DWHULDO D VRLO VDPSOH E 23& DQG F )O\ $VK 7\SH &

)O\ DVK LQ WKLV VWXG\ DV VKRZQ LQ )LJXUH  F LV FROOHFWHG IURP $VDPDVDP 3RZHU 3ODQW 7DQDK /DXW 'LVWULFW RI 6RXWK .DOLPDQWDQ 3URYLQFH ,QGRQHVLD 0DMRU FKHPLFDO FRPSRQHQWV RI IO\ DVK DUH 6L2 RI  )H2RI  $O2RI  &D2 RI  0J2 RI  .2 RI  62RI  DQG /2, RI  >@ )URP WKDW PDMRU FRPSRQHQWV LW LV FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKH IO\ DVK XVHG LQ WKLV VWXG\ LV FDWHJRUL]HG DV 7\SH & IO\ DVK 7KLV LV EDVHG RQ $670

& FULWHULD RI &D2 KLJKHU WKDQ  DQG 6L2 IURP  WR  IDOOV WR 7\SH &

)RXU VDPSOHV DGGLQJ IO\ DVK YDU\ IURP    DQG  7KHVH IRXU VDPSOHV ZLOO EH FRPSDUHG WR WKUHH VDPSOHV FRQWDLQLQJ FHPHQW DQG IO\ DVK 7KH ODVW WKUHH VDPSOHV FRQVLVW RI IO\

DVK   DQG  ZKLOH NHHSLQJ FHPHQW FRQVWDQW DW  >@ 7KH VRIW VRLO DQG VWDELOL]LQJ DJHQWV IO\ DVK DQG FHPHQW ZLOO EH PL[HG DQG FXUHG IRU VHYHQ GD\V $OO VDPSOHV DUH SUHVHQWHG LQ 7DEOH 

(4)

7DEOH  &RPSRVLWLRQ RI DGGLWLYHV DQG FXULQJ WLPH RI WKH VDPSOHV

6DPSOH $GGLWLYHV &XULQJ WLPH

GD\

)O\ $VK  &HPHQW 

)$   

)$   

)$   

)$   

&)$>@   

&)$>@   

&)$>@   

&DOLIRUQLD %HDULQJ 5DWLR &%5 WHVW LV XVHG WR REWDLQ WKH VRIW VRLO EHDULQJ FDSDFLW\ DQG WKH ODERUDWRU\ &%5 WHVW PHWKRG LV EDVHG RQ 61,  >@ 7KH WUHDWPHQW RI VDPSOHV LV DOO WKH VDPH XVLQJ WKH SURFWRU FRPSDFWLRQ PHWKRG ZLWK ILYH OD\HUV DQG HDFK OD\HU XQGHUJRHV 

EORZV ,W LV DVVXPHG WKDW WKH VDPSOHV UHDFKHG WKHLU PD[LPXP GU\ GHQVLW\ DQG RSWLPXP PRLVWXUH FRQWHQW DIWHU WKH EORZV $ IUHH VZHOO WHVW LV DOVR GHOLYHUHG WR LQYHVWLJDWH WKH H[SDQVLRQ EHKDYLRU RI VRIW VRLODGPL[WXUH 7KH WHVW LV EDVHG RQ $670 '  ZKLFK SURYLGHV D ZD\ RI PHDVXULQJ IUHH VZHOO SHUFHQWDJH H[SDQGV SHUFHQW VZHOO  DQG SUHVVXUH H[SDQGV VZHOOLQJ SUHVVXUH XVLQJ WKH 2HGRPHWHU >@ 7KH &%5 DQG IUHH VZHOO WHVW UHVXOWV RI VRIW VRLOIO\ DVK DQG VRIW VRLOIO\ DVKFHPHQW ZLOO EH FRPSDUHG DQG GLVFXVVHG

 5HVXOWV DQG GLVFXVVLRQV

 &DOLIRUQLD %HDULQJ 5DWLR &%5 WHVW UHVXOWV

%DVHG RQ )LJXUH  &%5 WHVW UHVXOWV RQ VDPSOHV ZLWK RQO\ IO\ DVK DV WKH VWDELOL]LQJ DJHQW VKRZ D FRQVWDQW LQFUHDVH IURP  RI )$ WR  RI )$ 7KH SHUFHQWDJH GLIIHUHQFH LQFUHDVH IURP )$ WR )$ LV  )$ WR )$ LV  DQG )$ WR )$ LV

 7KHVH FRQVWDQW LQFUHDVHV PD\ EH GXH WR FKDQJHV LQ FDWLRQV LQ WKH VRIW VRLO ZKLFK DUH UHSODFHG E\ FDOFLXP LQ WKH FKHPLFDO FRPSRVLWLRQ RI IO\ DVK WKHUHE\ VWDELOL]LQJ WKH VRIW VRLO DQG LQFUHDVLQJ WKH &%5 YDOXH 6LPLODU WUHQGV KDYH EHHQ VKRZQ LQ UHVHDUFK E\ .XPDU HW DO

>@  5DMDN DQG 3DO >@ DQG +DQJJH HW DO >@

&RPSDUHG &%5 YDOXH WR WKH VWDELOL]LQJ DJHQW ZLWK RQO\ IO\ DVK ZKHQ WKH IO\ DVK PL[HV ZLWK D FHPHQW RI  WKH &%5 YDOXHV LQFUHDVH VLJQLILFDQWO\ )LJXUH  VKRZV WKH &%5 YDOXH RI )$ WR &)$ KDV DQ DOPRVW  LQFUHDVH ZKLOH WKH PD[LPXP &%5 YDOXH IURP DOO FRPELQDWLRQV LV JLYHQ E\ VRLODGPL[WXUH &)$ RI  >@ 7KH LQFUHDVH LQ &%5 YDOXH FDXVHG E\ PL[LQJ IO\ DVK DQG FHPHQW LV DOVR VKRZQ LQ WKH UHVHDUFK GRQH E\ %LQDO >@ .: HW DO >@ DQG 5DL HW DO >@

,Q WKH 3DYHPHQW 'HVLJQ 0DQXDO  >@ LQFUHDVLQJ WKH &%5 YDOXH LQ WKH VRLO VXEJUDGH FDQ UHGXFH WKH SDYHPHQW OD\HU WKLFNQHVV 7KH VRLO VXEJUDGH ZLWK D &%5 YDOXH RI PRUH WKDQ  LV FDWHJRUL]HG DV KLJK EHDULQJ FDSDFLW\ LQGH[ ZKLOH WKH VRLO VXEJUDGH ZLWK D &%5 YDOXH RI 

 LV FDWHJRUL]HG DV PRGHUDWH EHDULQJ FDSDFLW\ LQGH[ %DVHG RQ WKLV UHVXOW WKH VRLO FDQ EH FDWHJRUL]HG DV KLJK EHDULQJ FDSDFLW\ E\ DGGLQJ  FHPHQW WR WKH DGPL[WXUH RI VRIW VRLO DQG IO\ DVK

 )UHH VZHOO WHVW UHVXOWV

%DVHG RQ 3UDWLZL HW DO >@ WKH GHJUHH RI H[SDQVLRQ RI WKH VRIW VRLO IDOOV LQWR PHGLXP WR D YHU\

(5)

4

)LJXUH  &%5 WHVW UHVXOW

7R LQYHVWLJDWH WKH HIIHFW RI VWDELOL]LQJ DJHQWV RQ WKH VRIW VRLO WR UHGXFH LWV H[SDQVLYH EHKDYLRU

WKH IUHH VZHOO WHVW UHVXOWV DUH REVHUYHG )URP )LJXUH  JHQHUDOO\ WKH LQFUHDVH RI IO\ DVK FRQWHQW ZLOO GHFUHDVH WKH VZHOOLQJ YDOXH 7KH VZHOOLQJ YDOXH RI &)$  ZDV WZLFH WKDW RI )$ ZKLOH &)$  DQG &)$ ZKLFK KDG FORVH VZHOOLQJ YDOXHV KDG D VZHOOLQJ YDOXH WKDW ZDV WZR WLPHV VPDOOHU WKDQ )$ DQG )$ ,W PHDQV WKDW DGGLQJ FHPHQW WR IO\

DVK DQG VRIW VRLO FDQ IXUWKHU PLQLPL]H WKH VZHOOLQJ YDOXH RI WKH VRIW VRLO E\ WZR WLPHV FRPSDUHG WR RQO\ IO\ DVK DV WKH VWDELOL]LQJ DJHQW 7KH UHDVRQ LV WKDW FHPHQW FRQWDLQV FDOFLXP K\GUR[LGH ZKLFK FDQ UHDFW ZLWK IO\ DVK WR IRUP D FHPHQWLWLRXV PDWHULDO &HPHQWLWLRXV PDWHULDO FDQ ELQG WKH VRLO JUDLQ QHDUE\ DQG LQFUHDVH LWV SURSHUWLHV W LV DOVR REVHUYHG WKDW DIWHU

 KRXUV WKH FKDQJH RI VZHOOLQJ YDOXH EHFRPHV DOPRVW FRQVWDQW IRU &)$ VDPSOHV ZKLOH IRU )$ VDPSOHV DUH VWLOO LQFUHDVLQJ EXW QRW VLJQLILFDQW

)LJXUH  6ZHOOLQJ YDOXH YHUVXV WLPH

(6)

 &RQFOXVLRQV

)URP WKH GLVFXVVLRQ DERYH LW FDQ EH FRQFOXGHG WKDW WKH &%5 YDOXH RI VRIW VRLO VWHDGLO\

LQFUHDVHV ZLWK WKH LQFUHDVH RI IO\ DVK FRQWHQW ,Q DGGLWLRQ WR WKDW WKH &%5 YDOXH IXUWKHU LQFUHDVHV WR  WLPHV ZKHQ IO\ DVK LV FRPELQHG ZLWK  FHPHQW $V IRU WKH VZHOOLQJ YDOXH LW NHHSV GHFUHDVLQJ ZLWK WKH LQFUHDVH RI IO\ DVK FRQWHQW DQG DGGLQJ FHPHQW WR IO\ DVK

VRIW VRLO PL[WXUH FDQ IXUWKHU PLQLPL]H WKH VZHOOLQJ YDOXH E\ WZR WLPHV FRPSDUHG WR RQO\ IO\

DVK DV WKH VWDELOL]LQJ DJHQW

 $FNQRZOHGJHPHQW

$SSUHFLDWLRQ LV JLYHQ WR WKH 6RLO 0HFKDQLFV /DERUDWRU\ )DFXOW\ RI (QJLQHHULQJ /08 DQG /DPEXQJ 0DQJNXUDW 8QLYHUVLW\ WKURXJK WKH &RPSXOVRU\ 5HVHDUFK )HOORZVKLS 3URJUDP IRU 5HVHDUFKLQJ /HFWXUHUV IRU WKHLU VXSSRUW LQ WKLV UHVHDUFK

 5HIHUHQFHV

>@ .XVZDQGD : 3  3UREOHPDWLND SHPEDQJXQDQ LQIUDVWUXNWXU SDGD WDQDK OHPSXQJ OXQDN GDQ DOWHUQDWLI PHWRGD SHQDQJDQDQQ\D 3URVLGLQJ 6HPQDV 7HNQLN 6LSLO 8QODP

³3HPEDQJXQDQ %HUNHODQMXWDQ 'L /DKDQ %DVDK´  2NWREHU 

>@ 0D¶UXI 0 $ 5XVOLDQV\DK )LWULDWL 8 DQG 5DFKPDQ $ $  'LJLWDO PDSSLQJ RI KDUG VRLO GHSWK LQ %DQMDUPDVLQ &LW\ ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI (QJLQHHULQJ DQG 7HFKQRORJ\

 

>@ +DQLIL & )DWLK & %L]QH 0 2 $ %L]QH 0 2 $  6WDELOL]DWLRQ RI &OD\ ZLWK 8VLQJ :DVWH %HYHUDJH &DQ 3URFHGLD (QJLQHHULQJ  

>@ 61,  QG  6LIDW )O\ $VK

>@ $670 & 6WDQGDUG 6SHFLILFDWLRQ IRU &RDO )O\ $VK DQG 5DZ RU &DOFLQHG 1DWXUDO 3R]]RODQ IRU 8VH LQ &RQFUHWH

>@ KWWSVZZZIKZDGRWJRYSDYHPHQWUHF\FOLQJ $FFHVVHG RQ WK1RYHPEHU 

>@ 3UDWLZL $ < 3UDVHWLD , 3HULQD < DQG (IIHQGL 5  6WDELOL]DWLRQ RI VRIW VRLO XVLQJ LQGXVWULDO ZDVWH 6WDELOL]DWLRQ RI VRIW VRLO XVLQJ LQGXVWULDO ZDVWH ,23 &RQIHUHQFH 6HULHV

(DUWK DQG (QYLURQPHQWDO 6FLHQFH  

>@ .UHEV 5 'DQG :DONHU 5 '  +LJKZD\ 0DWHULDOV 1HZ <RUN 1< 0F*UDZ+LOO

%RRN &RPSDQ\ 

>@ 3/78 $VDP$VDP  /DSRUDQ .ODVLILNDVL .HODV 5HQFDQD 3URJUDP GDQ 5HQFDQD

%LD\D 3HQJHORODDQ )O\ $VK GDQ %RWWRP $VK 7DQDK /DXW

>@ 61,   QG  0HWRGH 8ML &%5 /DERUDWRULXP

>@ $670'  6WDQGDUG 7HVW 0HWKRGV IRU 2QH'LPHQVLRQDO 6ZHOO RU &ROODSVH RI 6RLOV

>@ .XPDU 3 9 9 6 6 + 3UDYHHQ 3 DQG .XPDU % 9 6  $ VWXG\ RQ VWUHQJWK FKDUDFWHULVWLFV RI H[SDQVLYH VRLOIO\ DVK PL[HV DW YDULRXV PRXOGLQJ ZDWHU ,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI 5HFHQW 7HFKQRORJ\ DQG (QJLQHHULQJ ,-57(   

>@ 5DMDN 7. 3DO 6 .  &%5 YDOXHV RI VRLO PL[HG ZLWK IO\ DVK DQG OLPH

,QWHUQDWLRQDO -RXUQDO RI (QJLQHHULQJ DQG 7HFKQLFDO 5HVHDUFK  

>@ +DQJJH ( ( %HOOD 5 $ DQG 8OOX 0 &  3HPDQIDDWDQ IO\ DVK XQWXN VWDELOLVDVL WDQDK GDVDU OHPSXQJ HNVSDQVLI -XUQDO 7HNQLN 6LSLO 9RO  1R  $SULO 

>@ %LQDO $  7KH HIIHFWV RI KLJK DONDOLQH IO\ DVK RQ VWUHQJWK EHKDYLRXU RI FRKHVLYH VRLO

$GYDQFH 0DWHULDO 6FLHQFH (QJLQHHULQJ ±

>@ .: $GH &DOYLQ 3UDZRQR 6 %XGL * 6  3HQJDUXK SHQJJXQDDQ IO\ DVK SDGD VRLO±

FHPHQW 'LPHQVL 3UDWDPD 7HNQLN 6LSLO -RXUQDO   

>@ 5DL 3 4LX : 3HL + &KHQ - $L ; /LX < $KPDG 0  (IIHFW RI IO\ DVK DQG FHPHQW

(7)

6

>@ 0LQLVWU\ RI ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH DQG +RXVLQJ 'HYHORSPHQW  5RDG 3DYHPHQW 0DQXDO -XQH 5HYLVLRQ 1R 6('E -DNDUWD 'LUHNWRUDW -HQGHUDO %LQD 0DUJD 

Referensi

Dokumen terkait