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S R E T T E L H S I L G N E F O T N E M T R A P E D
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E G A P E L T I
T ……….. i
E G A P L A V O R P P
A ……… ii
E G A P E C N A T P E C C
A ……….. iii
Y T I L A N I G I R O S ’ S K R O W F O T N E M E T A T
S ……….. vi
A Y R A K I S A K I L B U P N A U J U T E S R E P N A A T A Y N R E P R A B M E L
E K K U T N U H A I M L
I PENTINGANAKADEMIS……… v E
G A P O T T O
M ………... vi E
G A P N O I T A C I D E
D ……… vii
S T N E M E G D E L W O N K C
A ………... iv ii
S T N E T N O C F O E L B A
T ………... xi
N O I T A I V E R B B A F O E L B A
T ………. xi
T C A R T S B
A ………. xii K
A R T S B
A ………... x iii N
O I T C U D O R T N I : I R E T P A H
C ……….. 1
.
A Backgroundoft heStudy……….. 1 .
B ProblemFormulaiton………. 4 .
C Objecitve soft heStudy………. 4 .
D Deifniitono fTerms………... 5 W
E I V E R L A C I T E R O E H T : I I R E T P A H
C ………. 7
.
A Reviewo fRelatedStudies……… 7 .
B Reviewo fRelatedTheo ires……….. 9 .
1 Theoryo fConversaiton………... 9 .
2 Theoryo fCooperaitvePirnciple sbyGirce………. 31 .
C Theoreitca lFramework………. 12 Y
G O L O D O H T E M : I I I R E T P A H
C ……….. 22
.
A Objec toft heStudy………... 22 .
B Approachoft heStudy……….. 32 .
C Methodoft heStudy………. 32 .
1 Kind so fData………... 32 .
2 DataColleciton……….... 42 .
3 DataAnalysis……….. 42 S
I S Y L A N A : V I R E T P A H
C ………... 62
.
A TheAnalysi so fConversaitona lMaxim sViolated………... 62 .
1 ViolaitonMaximo fQuanttiy………. 72 .
2 ViolaitonMaximo fQualtiy………... 03 .
3 ViolaitonMaximo fRelaiton……….. 63 .
x .
B TheEffect so fViolaitngt heConversaitona lMaxims………... 54 .
1 TheAtleraitono fHeare’r sStateI ntoAnger………. 64 .
2 TheEndo fSpeaker’ sDisturbancet oHearer………. 74 .
3 TheSucces so fSpeaker’ sPlan………... 84 .
4 TheChangeoft heConversaiton’ sTopic………….……….. 05 N
O I S U L C N O C : V R E T P A H
C ………. 52
Y H P A R G O I L B I
B ………... 5 4 I
D N E P P
A CES………. 65 .
A Appendix1:Classiifcaitono fViolaitoni nUP……….. 65 .
i x
N O I T A I V E R B B A F O E L B A T
P
A :AdjacencyPari Q :Quesiton A :Answer S :Statement R :Response
… , 3 , 2 ,
1 I R E T P A H C
N O I T C U D O R T N I
.
A Backgroundoft heStudy
s d n u o r r u s e g a u g n a
L human lfie . Al l people in the wo lrd need h
t o b f o e g a u g n a
l ora lform and w irtten mfor ni od gi n mos tof t hei racitviite .s Language i sneeded to expres s feeilng and emoiton ,to communicate the
, a e d i d n a t h g u o h
t to maintain the socia lrelaiton among others ,to rtansfe r e l b i s s o p d n a s t n e v e f o g n i n a e m e h t s s u c s i d o t d n a n o it a m r o f n i x e l p m o c
.) 1 : 6 0 0 2 , d l o s a F ( s t n e v e s e v it a n r e tl a f o s e m o c t u o
s i e g a u g n a l l a r o f o m r o f e n
O by having conversations wtih others . s e c n a r e tt u d e n i b m o c d n a d e t a l e r f o s g n ir t s n i r u c c o o t d n e t s n o it a s r e v n o C
) 4 2 : 2 0 0 2 , g n it t u C
( .In conversaitons ,themeaning o fparitcipants ’utterance s s
e o g y lt n e u q e r
f beyond wha t the word s ltierally say , which i s called e
r u t a c il p m
i (Fasold , 2006 : 160) . Imp ilcature i s a componen t o f speake r e c n a r e tt u s ’ r e k a e p s a n i t n a e m s i t a h w f o t c e p s a n a s e t u ti t s n o c t a h t g n i n a e m
d i a s s i t a h w f o t r a p g n i e b t u o h ti
w (Horn ,2007 :3) .Therefore ,to understand o
t d e e n r e r a e h e h t , g n i n a e m d e d n e t n i s ’ r e k a e p
s make an inference of the
. s e c n a r e tt u s ’ r e k a e p
s Based on t hecontex to fuse ,impilcature i sclassi ifed i n :
o w
t convenitona limpilcature and conversaitona limpilcature .Convenitona l e h t f o l a n o it i d d a e h t e c n i s , t x e t n o c e h t h ti w n o it a l e r o n s a h e r u t a c il p m i
d i s r e h t o e h t n O . d r o w c if i c e p s a g n i s u y b s i d e il p m i g n i n a e
a n i e c n i s a n e m o n e h p g n it s e r e t n
i talkexchange ,thes peaker saref reei nmaking s
e c n a r e tt
u which purpose so fthe utterance sare bes tknown to them .These o t m e h t e s u a c d n a e r u t a c il p m i s u o ir a v e k a m o t r e r a e h e h t d a e l n a c s e c n a r e tt u
. s m i x a m e h t e t a l o i v r o t u o lf r e h ti
e When theviolaitonoccurs, i twli leffec tt he s
t n a p i c it r a p e h t d n a n o it a s r e v n o
c a swel.l
m li f y d e m o c d e t a m i n a n a f o s n o it a s r e v n o c s i y d u t s s i h t f o t c e j b o e h T d e lt it n
e Upwhichi sarleady rtanscirbedi ntoamovies c irpt .T hisflimi schosen t
i e s u a c e
b i sa comedy animated flim since there are many humor soccurred .
m li f e h t g n ir u
d M so t o f the humor s in the flim take place when the e
r a s m i x a m l a n o it a s r e v n o
c being violated and lfouted .Moreover ,a sstated i n ,
e s a b a t a D e i v o M t e n r e t n I e h
t t shi comedy animatedf limi si ncluded i n one o f e
h
t a -ll itmewo lrdwideboxof ifce . e
h
T excerp to fconversaiton below show sthe example o fviolaitng n
o it a l e r f o m i x a
m ,whichi sdonebyCa lr( paritcipan )t inUP:
t n a p i c it r a
P Dialog s&Descrip itons
ll e s s u R
. h u
H (shrugsi toff)Thisi sf unarleady,i sn’ t y
B ?
ti the itmewegett here ,you’regonna o
s l e e
f assisted.. .Oh ,M .rFred ircksen,i fwe t
e g o t n e p p a
h separated ,uset heWliderness !
! r a a a r , w a c w a C . ll a c r e r o l p x E
s t e s L L A C R E R O L P X E S S E N R E D L I W e h T
. d i a g n ir a e h s ’l r a C f f o ll e s s u
R Wagaainti? .Whyarewegoingt oParadiseFall s
lr a
C Hey,l e't splayagame.I ’tscalled :"See e
h t t e i u q e b n a c o h
w longes.t" ll
e s s u
R Cool !Mymoml ovest ha tgame!
0 1 e m o s ,s ll a F e s i d a r a P d r a w o t d a e h y e h T
. ll e s s u R h ti w e v it a r e p o o c e b o t s li a f lr a C t a h t s w o h s e v o b a g o l a i d e h T
: g n ir e tt u y
B ‘Hey ,le't splay a game .I’ts called :"See who can be quie tthe "
.t s e g n o
l ’ t(he letter s in bold) , Car l i s considered a s intenitonally being .t
n a v e l e r
ri I tcanbeseent ha tCar’lsr esponsei srirelevantt oRussel’l squesiton n
o p s e r s i h , n o it s e u q e h t r e w s n a t o n s e o d e h e s u a c e
b sebegin sanotherf ris tpar t s a d e d r a g e r s i l r a C , t a h t f o e s u a c e B . d a e t s n i ) t s e u q e r a s i h c i h w ( r i a p a f o
. n o it a l e r f o m i x a m g n it a l o i v
e r e h w s n o i s a c c o y n a m e b l li w e r e h t , e v o b a e l p m a x e e h t e k il , t c a f a s A
e t n i r e h ti e , s m i x a m e h t w o ll o f t o n o d s t n a p i c it r a
p nitonally o runintenitonally . n
o it a l o i v r o g n it u o lf e s u a c l li w e s o h
T .Howeve,rt hi sstudywli lonly f ocu son .
s m i x a m l a n o it a s r e v n o c f o n o it a l o i v e h t
.
B ProblemFormula iton
o w t e r a e r e h
T problem s formulated in the effects fo violaitng m
i x a m l a n o it a s r e v n o
c in‘ Up’ .Theproblem sareasf ollows: .
1 Howaret heconversaitona lmaxim sviolatedi nUp’ sconversaiton? .
2 Wha tare the effect so fviolaitng the conversaitona lmaxim stoward the d
n a n o it a s r e v n o
c et h paritcipants?
.
C Objecitve soft heStudy
f o m i a e h t , y ll a r e n e
G st hi study i sto analyze the violaiton soccur e
h t g n ir u
d conversaiton ,paritculalryf ocu son t heparitcipants ’violaiton o fthe s
m i x a m l a n o it a s r e v n o
7 I I R E T P A H C
W E I V E R L A C I T E R O E H T
.
A Reviewo fRelatedStudies
. y d u t s w e n a t o n s i s i s y l a n a l a n o it a s r e v n o
C A lo to fstudie sand
u d n o c n e e b e v a h s e h c r a e s e
r cted concerning thi ssubject .One o fthe mos t s
’ e c ir G w o h s i t c e j b u s s i h t o t d e t a l e r s e i d u t s t n e u q e r
f Cooperaitve P irnciple s
e r
a appiledi n a conversaiton .
d e lt it n e s i s e h t e t a u d a r g r e d n u n a n
I The Analysi s o fGrice’ sNon -k
e r h S n i g n it a r e p O s m i x a M l a n o it a s r e v n o C e c n a v r e s b
O (2009) ,LanokeI ntan
d e z y l a n a a ti d a r a
P how Grice’ sCooperaitve Pirnciple swere consttiuted in a .
n o it a s r e v n o
c Using an empi irca lstudy, t h eanalysi sparitculalry discussed the n
o
n -observance o fconversaitona lmaxim sin the conversaiton ,which could e
r e w t a h t s y a w t n e r e f fi d r u o f n i n e p p a
h lfouitng ,violaitng ,opitng ou tand n
i g n ir f n
i g .Fu trhermore, hers tudyf ocusedonlyonviolaitngandopitngou.t d
e s u a ti d a r a
P a conversaiton o fa catroon flim enitlted Shrek . In n
it p o d n a n o it a l o i v e h t g n i z y l a n
a gouti nt hef lim ,Parad tiausedtheoryofl oca l s
’ e c ir G f o y r o e h t d n a n o it a s r e v n o c a n i g n it a r e p o n o it a z i n a g r
o Cooperaitve
d e s u e h S . s e l p i c n ir
P theoryofl oca lorganizaiton operaitngi naconversaitont o e
r e w s m i x a m e h t w o h t u o d n
if violated and opted ou tin the conversaiton , o
e h t e li h
w ry o fG irce’ sCooperaitve P irnciple swere used to identfiy wha t e
r e w s m i x a
m violatedandoptedout .Shealsofoundou tsomepossibler eason s s
t n a p i c it r a p e h t y h
d s a w s m i x a m l a n o it a s r e v n o c f o n o it a l o i v t u o b a y d u t s r e h t o n
A oneby
d e lt it n e s i s e h t e t a u d a r g r e d n u r e h n i o r o t n a Y a il a t a N n e l e
H The Mulitple
f o s r e t c a r a h C e h t y b e n o D g n i v i L n i m i x a M l a n o it a s r e v n o C f o s n o it a l o i V
s e v i w e s u o H e t a r e p s e
D (2007) . According to Yantoro , in some occasion s t
h g i m e l p o e
p violatet he maxims i n order t o ile, t o smooth t hei r ile and t hey d
i d n e v
e mulitpleviolaitons .Therefore ,sheanalyzedthemulitpleviolaitonsi n .
s e ir e s V T f o s n o s a e s e m o s
d e s u o r o t n a
Y Desperate Housewive sa she rdata ,paritculalry season a
t n o c h c i h w e e r h t d n a o w
t ined many ile sandviolaiton .sI n analyzingt hedata , d
e s u e h
s G irce’ s cooperaitve p irnciple s theory to examine the utterance s d
n i h e b h t u rt e h t n o d e s a b s e il d e n i a t n o
c andclassi ifed wha tkind o fviolaiton s .
d e r r u c c
o Besides ,shealso used theory o fsaving f aceand t her eason ofl ying .
s n o it a l o i v e l p it l u m g n i o d s r e t c a r a h c e h t y h w n o s a e r e h t t u o d n if o
t A sar esutl ,
s r e t c a r a h c e h t t a h t d n u o f e h
s t hat did mulitple violaiton scould violate two , .s
m i x a m e h t f o l l a n e v e r o , e e r h t
r a P o t d e t a l e
R adtiaandYantoro studie ,s t heanalysisi nt hi spape rwli l s
s u c s i d o s l
a theconversaitona lmaxims .Howeve,rt hediscussionwli lfocus on e
h t w o
h violaiton o fmaxim soccurred du irngt heconversaiton off lim so rTV s
e ir e
s .Besides ,the discussion wli lalso try to analyze the effect ,toward the a
p ritcipant sand the conversaiton du irng the flim a swell ,o fviolaitng the m
.
B Review Ro f elatedTheories
n i d e s u s e ir o e h t n i a m o w t e r a e r e h
T thi sanalysis .The fris ttheory s
u c o
f e son the conversaiton .The second theory i sabou tG irce’ scooperaitve d n o c e s e h t d n a t s ri f e h t r e w s n a o t d e s u e b l li w s e ir o e h t o w t e s e h T . s e l p i c n ir p
n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r p e h t n i d e t a t s n o it s e u q
.
1 Theoryo fConversa iton
o g e r o f e
B i ng fu trher , frislty i t i s bette r to deifne wha t a : 2 0 0 2 ( g n it t u C y b d e ti c s i h c i h w ) 9 8 9 1 ( k o o C o t g n i d r o c c A . s i n o it a s r e v n o c
c a , ) 8
2 onversaitoni sdiscoursemutuallyconsrtuctedand negoitatedi n itme m
r o f n i y ll a u s u s i t i ; s r e k a e p s n e e w t e
b a land unplanned .Cook (1989 )also t
a h t s y a
s a kt al maybeclasseda sconversaitonwhen
.
1 tIi sno tp irmarliynecesstiatedbyapracitcalt ask .
2 Anyunequa lpowe ro fparitcipantsi sparitallys uspended .
3 Thenumbe ro fparitcipantsi ss mall .
4 Turn sarequties ho tr .
5 Talki sp irmarliyf ort heparitcipant snotf o ranoutsideaudience
, n o it a s r e v n o c a n
I there i sa systemaitc way tha tbound sal lthe e b o t e l b a e r a n o it a s r e v n o c f o s t c e p s a e h t , e r o f e r e h T . r e h t e g o t s t c e p s a
n a t c a f n i s a h n o it a s r e v n o c t a h t e e s o t n i g e b n a c e n o t a h t n e h t d n a d e r e v o c n u
a d e li a t e d d n a e t a r o b a l
e rchtiecture( Levinson ,1983 :296) .Thebasicaspect s n
r u t e r a n o it a s r e v n o c a f
o -taking ,adjacencypari sands equences .
.
a Turn-taking
A n i a t b o e w o s d n
a -B-A-B-A-B dist irbuiton o f talk acros s two s
t n a p i c it r a
p (Levinson ,1983 :296). Thepeoplewhogett he irghtt os peak g
n i v a h y b d e ll a c e r
a the lfoor da a n poin tin a conversaiton where a P R T r o e c a l P e c n a v e l e R n o it i s n a r T a d e ll a c s i e l b i s s o p s i n r u t f o e g n a h c
) 9 2 : 2 0 0 2 , g n it t u C
( . Bu t someitme s an interrupiton occur s when a r
e k a e p
s od se no twantt owai tuntlit heTR . P r e k a e p s e h t t a h t s n e p p a h n e tf o o s l a t
I sspeak at t he same itme . n
r u t e h t t a h t k n i h t y e h
T i saboutt obecompletedandt heycomei nbefore s
i h t , s i t
i i san ove lrap (Cutitng ,2002 :29). On the conrtary ,a pause g
n i k l a t s i y d o b o n n e h w s r u c c
o ;onespeake r ifnishest het alk , tb u anothe r r
e k a e p
s doe s no tspeak anything. I fthe pause i s intended to carry e
c n e li s e l b a t u b ir tt a d e ll a c s i ti , g n i n a e
m (Cutitng ,2002 :29).
.
b Adjacencyparis
t t a h t n e e s e b n a c t
I herei sarelaiton between theconten toft he t
a l e r e s e h t d n a , s t c a e r u t u f e h t d n a n o it a s r e v n o
c ion emerge s cetrain
v n o c a n i s n r e tt a
p ersaiton . The patterns are quesiton-answer , offer -e
m a l b , e c n a t p e c c
a -deny ,apology-minimizaitonandsoon ,wtiheach f ris t tr
a p d n o c e s r a l u c it r a p a f o n o it a t c e p x e n a g n it a e r c t r a
p (Cutitng ,2002 :
) 0
3 . Those pari s o f utterance s are known a s adjacency paris . The n o it a c if i c e p s e s i c e r p a t u b , s u o i v b o s i s e c n a r e tt u d e ri a p h c u s f o e c n e t s i x e
s i d e s a b e r a s e it ir a l u g e r e h t h c i h w n o p u s n o it a t c e p x e g n i y lr e d n u e h t f o
y s a e o s t o
n o s n i v e
L (1983 :303) ,characteirze sadjacencypari sa ssequence soft wo s
e c n a r e tt u
.
1 adjacent .
2 producedbydfiferents peakers .
3 ordereda saf ris tpar tandas econdpatr .
4 typed ,so tha ta paritcula rfris tpar trequrie sa paritcula rsecond (o r d
n o c e s f o e g n a
r patrs )– e.g .offer srequrieacceptance so rrejecitons , .
n o o s d n a , s g n it e e r g e ri u q e r s g n it e e r g
)i
( Preferences rtucture
s n o it a t c e p x e n i a tr e c a s a h s ri a p y c n e c a j d a e h t f o t r a p t s ri f e h T
e c n e r e f e r p a d e ll a c s i h c i h w , tr a p d n o c e s e h t y b d e d n o p s e r e b o t
, e r o m r e h tr u F . e r u t c u rt
s each fris t par t ha s a preferred and a .
e s n o p s e r d e r r e f e r p s i
d The pref rered response s are acceptance , agreemen tandsoon.I nconrtas,tt hedispreferredr esponsest endt obe
t n e m e e r g a s i d d n a s l a s u f e r e h
t (Cutitng ,2002 :30) .Some ilnguist s t
e z il a r e n e
g he characte irsitc s o f dispreferred second–such turn s y
ll a c i p y
t exhibi tatl eas tanumbe roft hef ollowingf eatures
)
a delays : i( )bypausebeforedeilvery, ( ii )by t heuseo fpreface , i(ii ) f
o a i v s n r u t f o r e b m u n a r e v o t n e m e c a l p s i d y
b repairi niitators ro
s e c n e u q e s n o it r e s n i )
b prefaces :()i t heuseo fmarker so rannouncer so fdispref rered ilke h
U and Well , (ii ) the produciton o f token agreement s before , s r e f f o r o f ( t n a v e l e r f i s n o it a i c e r p p a f o e s u e h t )i ii ( , s t n e m e e r g a s i d
f i s e i g o l o p a f o e s u e h t ) v i( , ) e c i v d a , s n o it s e g g u s , s n o it a ti v n i
g . e ( s r e if il a u q f o e s u e h t ) v ( ,) c t e , s n o it a ti v n i ,t s e u q e r r o f( t n a v e l e
r .
r o f w o n k t ’ n o d
I sure ,but…) ,(vi )hestiaiton in vairou sforms , fl
e s g n i d u l c n
i -ediitng )
c accounst : carefully formulated explanaiton s fo r why the e
n o d g n i e b s i t c a ) d e r r e f e r p s i d ( )
d decilna iton component :o fa form sutied to the nature o fthe fris t e
h t f o t r a
p pari , bu t characterisitcally indriec t o r miitgated )
n o it a c i d n i f o h c t a m t n e t s i s n o c a s w o h s e l b a t g n i w o ll o f e h T
r i a p y c n e c a j d a f o r e b m u n a s s o r c a d n u o f t n e t n o c d n a t a m r o f n e e w t e b
s d n o c e
s .
n i t a m r o f d n a t n e t n o c f o s n o it a l e r r o C . 1 e l b a
T adjacencypariss econd.
S T R A P T S R I F
t s e u q e
R OfferI/nvtie Assessment Quesiton Blame S
T R A P D N O C E S
d e r r e f e r
P Acceptance Acceptance Agreemen t aEnxspwecerted Denial
d e r r e f e r p s i
D Refusa l Refusal Disagreement Uannsewxepe rcote fd n o
n -answer
n o i s s i m d A
: 3 8 9 1 , n o s n i v e L
( 336)
.
c Sequences
i a tr e c , n o it a s r e v n o c a n
O n sequence sare consrtucted by the e
r p e b n a c s e c n e u q e s e h T . s t n a p i c it r a
p -sequences ,inseriton sequences , g
n it t u C ( s e c n e u q e s g n i s o l c d n a g n i n e p o d n
a ,2002:3 1 .)
e r
P -sequence s are usually conducted before the paritcipant s r
e t n
e i ng the main sequences .I ti sa signa lo fthe type o fu tterance sto e
r p f o s d n i k e e r h t e r a e r e h T . w o ll o
f -sequences ;p -re invtiaitons(‘I’vego t h
c t a m y b g u r e h t r o f s t e k c it o w
t ’) ,pre-request s(‘Are you busy irgh t )
’ ? w o
n and pre-announcements (‘You l’ lneve rguess!’) (Cutitng ,2002 : )
1 3 .
r e n e t s il e h t , n o it a s r e v n o c a g n ir u d n e tf
O od se no trespond to
r e k a e p s e h t t a h
d e d d e b m
e between the fris tand the second o fthe talk exchange .Thi s .
e c n e u q e s n o it r e s n i d e ll a c s i g n i h t
v e n i e c a l p e k a t t s o m l a e c n e u q e s g n i s o l c d n a g n i n e p
O ery
: 2 0 0 2 ( g n it t u C . n o it a s r e v n o
c 32 )explainst ha topeningst end t o containa e
r e f e r t s a p a d n a h tl a e h r e tf a y ri u q n e n a , g n it e e r
g nce .I ti salso o tfen
t a h t n e p p a
h such opening s are consrtucted from adjacency paris . d
e ri a p y ll a c i p y t e r a e r e h t , e r o f e r e h
T Hellos a san exchange greeitngs , fl
e
s -idenitifcaiton wtih paried recogniiton and an exchange fo How are u
o
y seach wtih thei rparied response s(Levinson ,1983 :309) .The fris t t
r a
p i scalledsummons ,wh liet hes econdi scalledanswers.
o s l a s i e r e h t ,s e c n e u q e s g n i n e p o r o f e r u t c u rt s l a c i p y t a y l n o t o N
.s e c n e u q e s g n i s o l c a r o f e r u t c u rt s n i a tr e c
a Levinson( 1983 :317 )explain s l
c e h t r o f a m e h c s l a r e n e g y r e v s i e r e h t t a h
t osings ecitons
.
1 aclosing down o fsome t opic, t ypically a closing i mpilca itve topic ; , s t n e m e g n a r r a f o g n i k a m e h t e d u l c n i s c i p o t e v it a c il p m i g n i s o l c e r e h w
s ’ r e h t o e h t o t s d r a g e r f o g n i v i g e h t ,s ll a c l a c i p o t o n o m n i c i p o t t s ri f e h t
. c t e , s r e b m e m y li m a f .
2 oneo rmorepari so fpassingt urnswtihp -reclo isng tiems ,ilkeOkay , t
h g ir l l
A ,So ,etc. .
3 i fapprop irate ,at yping oft hecalla se.g .af avourr equested and done e
c n e h
( Thank you) ,o ra sachecking up on recipien’t sstate o fheatlh (Wel lI j us twanted t o know how you were) ,etc. ,followed by fu trhe r
e r p f o e g n a h c x
e -closing tiems .
4 a ifna lexchangeoft ermina lelements :Bye ,Righteo ,Cheers ,etc.
.
2 Theoryo fCoopera itvePrinciplesbyGrice
e h t , n o it a s r e v n o c a n
I meaning o f utterance s depend s on the .
n o it n e t n i s ’ r e k a e p
e h t f o e c n e r e f n
i meaning i mpiled on hisu tterances .T eh conversaiton wli l y
l e v it c e f f e k r o
w and efifcienlty ,and achieve ti sgoali fboth oft hespeake r r
e r a e h e h t d n
a follow cetrain assumpiton .s G irce proposed some s
n o it p m u s s
a conducted wtihin the conversaiton and explained how a g n it i s o p y b s e s a c h c u s n i d e n i m r e t e d e b n a c g n i n a e m s ’ r e k a e p s
a s r e k a e p s l l a t a h t e l p i c n ir P e v it a r e p o o
C nd hearer sassume when speaking e
h t f o s m i x a m r u o f e r a e r e h T . ) 0 6 1 : 6 0 0 2 , d l o s a F ( r e h t o h c a e o
t p irnciple s
w o l e b d e n if e d t i s a
: Y T I L A U
Q Tryt omakeyou rcontirbu itononet hati srtue. .
a Donots aywha tyoubeilevet obef alse. .
b Donots ayt hatf o rwhichyoul ackadequateevidence. :
Y T I T N A U Q
.
a Makeyou rcontirbuiton as i nformaitve as i srequried (fort he curren t )
e g n a h c x e e h t f o s e s o p r u
p .
.
b Dono tmakeyou rcont irbuitonmorei nformaitvet hani sr equried. .t
n a v e l e r e B : N O I T A L E R
.s u o u c i p s r e p e B : R E N N A M
.
a Avoidobscurtiyo fexpression. .
b Avoidambigutiy. .
c Beb iref.( Avoidunnecessarypro ilx tiy) .
d Beorde lry. ) 7 : 7 0 0 2 , n r o H (
, s e l u r d i g ir t o n e r a s m i x a m n a e c ir G t a h t s e t a t s ) 1 6 1 : 6 0 0 2 ( d l o s a F
w a l f o s e l u r e k
il ,bu tare rathe r lfexible assumpiton sabou thow speaker s v
a h e
b e, t hey can be broken ,o r lfouted, t o i mpilcatefu trhe rmeaning .Two s
y a w n o m m o
c tha toccurredwhent heparitcipant sdonotf ollowt hemaxim s .
n o it a l o i v d n a g n it u o lf e r
a The maxim sare lfouted when speaker sdo no t n
u o t s r e r a e h t c e p x e t u b s m i x a m e h t w o ll o
r e k a e p S e h
T mayalso lfoutt hemaxim by exaggeraitngasi n :
w o l e b e l p m a x e e h t s a e k il , e l o b r e p y h e h t
A YesI ’ms tarvingt oo. B Hurryupgilr.
A Oh dear ,stop eaitng rubbish .You won’ tea tany dinner. (Cutitng , )
7 3 : 2 0 0 2
e t a r e g g a x e n a g n i s u s i A , e v o b a e l p m a x e e h t n
O d expression .
A i sno tevendyingo fhunge rorl ooks veryt hin .Bi sj us texpectedt o .
y r g n u h y r e v s i A t a h t d n a t s r e d n u
t u o lf o t y a w r e h t o n
A maxim o f qualtiy i s by using a s r e r a e h h c i h w ’ y r a u n a J n i r o t a r e g ir f e r a s i e s u o h y M ‘ n i s a r o h p a t e m
o C . d l o c y l e m e rt x e e b l li w e s u o h e h t t a h t w o n k d l u o
w nvenitona l
e b o s l a n a c s m s i m e h p u
e catego irzed into metaphor , ilkewhen people .’
t n a n g e r p s ’ e h S ‘ g n i n a e m ’ n e v o e h t n i n u b a t o g s ’ e h S ‘ y a s
o w t t s a l e h t e r a r e t n a b d n a y n o r
I wayst o lfoutt hemaximand .r
i a p a m r o f y e h
t Leech ( 1983 )say swhich i sctied by Cutitng(2002 : )
8
3 tha t riony i sa firendly way o fbeing offensive(mock-poltieness ) y l d n e ir f g n i e b f o y a w e v i s n e f f o n a s i tI . y r a rt n o c e h t s i r e t n a b e li h w
. ) s s e n e ti l o p m i k c o m
( When speaker suse riony ,they state a posiitve t
n e m it n e
s and the impilcaiton i sthe negaitve one a sin ‘Thi si sa ’ ! m u Y . l a u s u s a , e r e h e m n e v i g e v ’ u o y g g e d e k o o c r e d n u y l e v o
l .Thus ,
e n o e v it i s o p e h t s e il p m i d n a t n e m it n e s e v it a g e n a s e s s e r p x e r e t n a
b a s
e m e v i g y l n o u o y n a c w o H . y g n it s d n a n a e m , y t s a n e r ’ u o Y ‘ n
’ ? s s i
k , whichi si ntendedt obean expressionoff irendshipori nitmacy .
) 8 3 : 2 0 0 2 , g n it t u C (
)i
i( Flou itngmaximo fquanttiy
r o h c u m o o t r e h ti e , n o it a m r o f n i t n e i c if f u s n i s e v i g r e k a e p s a f I
i s A . y ti t n a u q f o m i x a m g n it u o lf n e h t s i e h , n o it a m r o f n i e lt ti l o o
t nt he
: e l p m a x e g n i w o ll o f
A Well ,howdoI l ook?
B Yours hoe sarenice.(Cutitng ,2002 :37)
s e c n a r a e p p a e l o h w s i h f o t r a p A s ll e t y l n o
B ,wtihout t ell s
m i h n o e c i n k o o l t o n o d s n a e j d n a t ri h s t a e w s e h t t a h
t .Bu tBexpect sA
o
t understandt ha thiss hri tandj ean sdonotl ookgoodonhim ,wtihou t ll
e t
A sexpilcilty.
)i ii
( Flou itngmaximo frelaiton
d e t c e p x e s i r e r a e h a n e h w s r u c c o n o it a l e r f o m i x a m g n it u o l F
e h t n e e w t e b n o it a l e r a e k a m d n a e c n a r e tt u n e k o p s n u n a r e f n i o t
e c n a r e tt
u and t hepreceding one(s.) Theexample i son t he following :
n o it a s r e v n o c
A Sowha tdoyout hinko fMark?
B Hi s lfatmate’ sawondefru lcook.(Cutitng ,2002 :39)
t o n y b t u B . n o it s e u q s ’ A h ti w e c n a v e l e r ri s m e e s e s n o p s e r s ’ B
d n a k r a M h ti w d e s s e r p m i t o n s i e h s t a h t s e il p m i s ’ B , k r a M g n i n o it n e m
y lt n e r a p p
) v
i( Flou itngmaximo fmanner
f o m i x a m t u o lf o t d i a s e b n a c r e k a e p s a , n o it a s r e v n o c a n O
e v i g e h n e h w r e n n a
m s informaiton in an ambiguou s o r obscure r
e n n a
m and o tfen rtying to exclude a th rid patry a sin the example w
o l e
b betweenhusbandandwfie:
A Whereareyouofft o?
B Iwast hinking o fgoing to ge tsomeof t ha tfunny whtie stuf ffo r y
d o b e m o s
A OK ,bu tdon’ tbel ong– dinner’ snealryr eady.( Cutitng ,2002 :39)
B , ’ y d o b e m o s ‘ d n a ’ f f u t s e ti h w y n n u f t a h t‘ g n i y a s y B
explain shi sanswe rin an ambiguou smanner .Bdoe sno tfrankly say e
c
i‘ -cream ’ and ‘Michelle ’ to avoid hi s ltilte daughte r from e
c i e h t k s a d n a t n e m e ti c x
e -creambefores heha she rmeal.
.
b Violaitngt hemaxims
y b r e r a e h a d a e l s i m o t s e ir t r e k a e p s a r e v e n e h
W purposely
r o t n a v e l e r ri , e r e c n i s n i g n i v i
g ambiguousi nformaiton whichi sdeilvered g n it t u C . s m i x a m e h t g n it a l o i v s i r e k a e p s e h t n e h t ,r e n n a m d e r e d r o n u n i
n o it a n a l p x e ) 5 9 9 1 ( s a m o h T s e t o u q ) 0 4 : 2 0 0 2
( tha twhen violaitng the
m i x a
m s,t he speakeri ntenitonallycreate samisleadingi mp ilcaturesince h
t u rt e h t w o n k t o n l li w r e r a e h e h t t a h t s w o n k e
h andonlygett hesurface
s d r o w r i e h t f o g n i n a e
)i
( Violaitngmaximo fqualtiy
y ll a n o it n e t n i s i e h n e h w y ti l a u q f o m i x a m s e t a l o i v r e k a e p s A
g n i v i g y b e r e c n i s t o n g n i e
b a heare rwrong i nformaiton .Look at t he :
w o l e b a r w o B e c ir u a M r i S f o e l p m a x e
n e d r a W s a w a r w o B e c ir u a M r i S n e h
W o fWadham College ,Oxford , e H . e g e ll o c e h t t a e c a l p a r o f n a m g n u o y a g n i w e i v r e t n i s a w e h
u o w n a m g n u o y e h t t a h t n o i s u l c n o c e h t o t e m a c y ll a u t n e v
e ld no tdo .
i h t e l e h , r e v e w o h , y ll u f p l e
H m down genlty by advising the young r
e g r a l a n i r e i p p a h e b d l u o w u o y k n i h t I ‘ , n a
m – o ra smalle r–
.’ e g e ll o
c (Cutitng ,2002 :36)
t o n d i d n a m g n u o y e h t t a h t w e n k a r w o B e c ir u a M r i S f I
i e h t d e li a f d a h e h t a h t e z il a e
r nterview because o fhi sperformance , t
e v e il e b d l u o w n a m g n u o y e h t t a h t w e n k e h f i d n
a hati twast hesize
e ll o c e h t f
o ge tha twa swrong fo rhim ,then he could be said to be l
a g n il l e
t ie ,becausehewa sviolaitng t hemaxim o fqualtiy (Cutitng , )
0 4 : 2 0 0
2 .
)i
i( Violaitngmaximo fquanttiy
e h n e h w y ti t n a u q f o m i x a m s e t a l o i v r e k a e p s
A give saheare r
insufifcien tinformaiton ,so the heare rwli lno tknow the rtuth .The :
n o it a s r e v n o c g n i w o ll o f e h t n o s i e l p m a x e
A Doe syou rdogbtie? B oN .
A B[ end sdown t o srtoke i tand get sbitten]Ow !You said you rdog !
e ti b t ’ n s e o d
t o n , m e h t r a e n g o d e h t s i s n a e m A t a h w t a h t y lt c a x e s w o n k B
o g o d e h
t f her , ye t B intenitonally doe s no t give A enough .
n o it a m r o f n
i Ther easoni sbes tknownt ohersefl (Cutitng ,2002 :40).
)i ii
( Violaitngmaximo frelaiton o
i
V laiton maxim o f relaiton occur swhen a speake r say s c i p o t e h t e g n a h c n a c e h , s u h T . r e r a e h a t c a rt s i d o t r e d r o n i g n i h t e m o s
: w o l e b e l p m a x e e h t s a d e r e v o c h t u rt e h t p e e k d n a
d n a b s u
H Howmuchdidt ha tnewdres scost ,darilng? e
fi
W Iknow, l e’t sgo outt onight .Now ,wherewould you ilket o ?
o
g (Cutitng ,2002 :40)
o t s d n e t n i e fi w e h t ,s s e r d e h t f o e c ir p e h t g n ir e w s n a t o n y B
y l e t a i d e m m i y b d n a b s u h s i h s t c a rt s i d e h s , e r o f e r e h T . h t u rt e h t p e e k
i g n a h
c ngt het op . ic
) v
i( Violaitngmaximo fmanner n
O a conversaiton ,when a speake rutter sin an obscure o r r
e n n a m e u g a
v andavoid sgivingab ire fandordelryanswer ,heo rshe .r
e n n a m f o m i x a m e h t g n it a l o i v s a d e d r a g e r e b d l u o
c The following
: e l p m a x e e h t s a n e k a t e b d l u o c n o it a s r e v n o c
A Wha twouldt heothe rpeoples ay?
B Ah well Idon’ tknow . Iwouldn’ t ilket o repeati tbecause Idon’ t d e x if a t e g t s u j y e h T . g n i y a s e r a y e h t t a h w f o f l a h e v e il e b y ll a e r
. d n i m r i e h t o t n i g n i h
t u(C titng ,2002 :41)
B t a h t s w o h s e l p m a x e e v o b a e h
T utter she ranswe rin an s
u o u g i b m
a s n i a t n o c ’ g n i h t d e x if a ‘ d n a , n o i n i p o s ’ e l p o e p r e h t o e h t o t e c n e r e f e r
y B . e c n e r e f e r e u g a v g n i n i a t n o c n u o n l a r e n e
g usingt heseexpressions , .) 1 4 : 2 0 0 2 , g n it t u C ( r e w s n a y lr e d r o d n a f e ir b a e v i g o t d i o v a y a m e h s
.
C Theoreitca lFramework
f o y r o e h t e h
T conversaitoni susedt o ifndou twhethe reachparitcipan t v
n o c e h t n i a t n i a m o t s e ir t d n a s r e h t o h ti w e v it a r e p o o c e b o t s e ir
t ersaiton .
, e r o f e r e h
T how t he maxim sare violated are ablet o be analyzed .Meanwhlie , w
y fi t n e d i o t d e s u e b l li w e c ir G y b s e l p i c n ir p e v it a r e p o o c f o y r o e h
t ha tmaxim s
e r a t a h
t violated .These two theo ire swli lbe used simutlaneously in each o
c f o t n e v e h c e e p
s nversaiton .Fu trhermore, t heeffec to fviolaitng t hemaxim s e h t r e tf a d e if it n e d i e b d l u o c s t n a p i c it r a p e h t r o n o it a s r e v n o c e h t d r a w o t
n o s ir a p m o c e h t n o d e s a b s i t c e f f e e h t f o n o it a c if it n e d i e h T . d n u o f s i n o it a l o i v
e h t n i h ti w d e h s il b a t s e n o it a u ti s f
o conversaiton ,beforeand atfert he violaiton r
2 2
I I I R E T P A H C
Y G O L O D O H T E M
.
A Objec toft heStudy
h t f o t c e j b o e h
T i sstudyi sconversaiton so fananimated comedyf lim
d e lt it n
e Upwhichw asarleady rtansc irbedi ntoamoviesc irpt .Thestoryoft hi s
a w m li
f sw irtten by Pete Docte r and Bob Peterson , who also wrote the
a c e b d n a y a l p n e e r c
s me the d riecto rand co-driecto ro fthe flim a swell .Thi s
, m li
f produced by Wal tDisney Picture sand Pixa rAnimaiton Studios, aw s
f o e n o s a d e d r a g e
r the mos tsuccessfu lanimated flim .The flim i sabou ta
l r a C f o y e n r u o
j Fred ircksen ,a 78-y -earold retried balloon salesman, t o fuflli l
n o e s u o h a g n i v a h s i m a e r d r i e h T . e il l E , e fi w e t a l s i h h ti w m a e r d d o o h d li h c s i h
g n i y t y b s ll a F e s i d a r a P o t s e o g l r a C . a c ir e m A h t u o S n i s ll a F e s i d a r a P f o p o t e h t
o h s i h o t s n o o ll a b f o s d n a s u o h
t use .An 8-y -earold boynamedRussell ,aJunio r
c r o p s ’l r a C n o s i , r e r o l p x E s s e n r e d li
W h when the house i sarleady lfoated .
.s ll a F e s i d a r a P e h t h c a e r o t e r u t n e v d a r i e h t n i g e b l l e s s u R d n a l r a C , r e h t e g o T
s m li f d e t a m i n a y d e m o c a s a d e z ir o g e t a c e b n a c m li f s i h
T ince there
s r o m u h y n a m e r
a du irng the flim .Mos t o f the humor s occur when the
n e k a t s t c e f f e e m o s e b l li w e r e h t e r o f e r e h T . d e t a l o i v e r a s m i x a m l a n o it a s r e v n o c
e h t r o f l e s ti n o it a s r e v n o c e h t d r a w o t , d e t a l o i v e r a s m i x a m e h t r e tf a e c a l p
s e d i s e B . s t n a p i c it r a
p ,a sstated int heInterne tMovie Database ,Up w inssome
r p d n a r a l u p o
p esitgiou saward ssuch a sOscar ,BAFTA Flim Award ,Golden
s e b o l
.
B Approachoft heStudy
a e h
T pproach of st hi study i susing pragmaitc .Pragmaitcfocuses on
t x e t n o c e h t w o h d n a t x e t n o c r a l u c it r a p a n i s r e k a e p s e h t y b d e r e tt u g n i n a e m e h t
e c n e u lf n
i s whati ssaid .Veryo tfen, t he ilstener sshould makei nference sabou t
. g n i n a e m d e d n e t n i s ’ r e k a e p s e h t d n a t s r e d n u o t r e d r o n i d e t a t s n u s i t a h
w In
r o w r e h t
o d ,s t herefore, ‘ Pragmaitcsi sf undamentallyabou thow t hecontex to f
n i n a e m c it n a m e s h t o b , g n i n a e m o t s e t u b ir t n o c e s
u g and speaker’ smeaning ’
(Fasold ,2006 :163 .)Theuseo fpragmaitcapproach wli lhelpthestudy oft hi s
e t a u d a r g r e d n
u thesis in analyzing how the conversaiton i sorganized by the
d n a s t n a p i c it r a
p wha t may in lfuence them to organize in such a way ,
g n ir e d i s n o
c the speci ifc stiuaiton where the conversaiton take s place in
h ti w e c n a d r o c c
a thecooperaitvep irncipless tatedbyGirce.
.
C Methodoft heStudy
.
1 Kind so fData
y d u t s s i h t n i d e s u a t a d e h
T i saconversaitono faf lim ,paritcula lry
m li f e h t f o s t n a p i c it r a p e h t y b d e r e tt u s e c n a r e tt u e h
t tha tcontain violaitons.
s i m li f e h t f o e lt it e h
T Up which wa s rtanscirbed i nto amovie scirpt .The
f o t p ir c s d e b ir c s n a
rt Up aw sobtained from the i nternet .The resource stie
a w d e s
u sTheI nterne tMovieScirp tDatabase ,whichmainlyprovide smany
it a s r e v n o c e h T . s t p ir c s m li
f on o f the scirpt , then , matched wtih the
d e r r u c c
o among both oft hesource sand t hedfiference swerekeep up wtih
. m li f e h t f o n o it a s r e v n o c e h t
.
2 DataCollec iton
Thedatawascollectedb ydividingt heconversaitoni nto segments ,
t n e v e h c e e p s e h t n o d e s a
b and the topic a swell .The nex tstep wa sthe
c i h w s t n e m g e
s h only consisted o fnarraitve were omitted .Hence ,only
s t n e m g e
s whichcontainedutterance swereanalyzed .
v e h c e e p s e h t n o d e s a
B en,tt h entheutterance swereanalyzedusing
e h
t Conversaitona l Maxims . By doing the analysis , violaiton s o f
. d e if it n e d i e b d l u o c m i x a m l a n o it a s r e v n o
c Thus ,the utterance scontained
. d e n i a t b o e r e w s m i x a m f o s n o it a l o i
v Next ,the violaiton swere numbere d
e h c e e p s e h t n o d e s a
b vent soccurreddu irngt hef lim. Thel ast ,theviolaiton s
s m i x a m e h t f
o wereclassi ifed: violaitonmaximo fqualtiy ,quanttiy,r elaiton
.r e n n a m r o
.
3 DataAnalysis
e w e r e h
T re two main step sin analyzing the conversaiton of the
e i v o
m scirpt. The fris twa sidentfiying violaiton occurred and to ifnd ou t
d l u o c e s o h t w o
h occur,t henanalyzingtheeffect so fviolaitngt hemaxim .s
d e n i a t b o s a w a t a d e h
T yb dividingt heconversaiton i nto segments ,
. t n e v e h c e e p s e h t n o d e s a
b Then ,the segment swhich only consist fo
e v it a r r a
n w ere omitted .Hence ,only segment swhich contained utterance s
d e z y l a n a e r e
w . Based on the speech event , then the utterance s were
s m i x a M l a n o it a s r e v n o C e h t g n i s u d e z y l a n
n o it a l o i
v in each segment .Thu ,s t heutterance stha tcontained violaiton so f
. d e n i a t b o e r e w s m i x a
m A tfe r ifnding theviolation ,each oft he ifndingwa s
e h t n e h T . n o it a s r e v n o c e h t g n ir u d t n e v e h c e e p s s ti n o d e s a b d e r e b m u n
, y ti t n a u q , y ti l a u q f o m i x a m ( m i x a m e h t f o h c a e f o n o it a l o i
v relaiton and
. p u o r g a o t n i d e g n a r r a e r e w ) r e n n a m
r e tf
A identfiying the violaiton wtihin the conversaiton ,the nex t
a w p e t
s sto ifnd ou thow the violaiton occurred .Applying both theo ires ,
w o h , s e l p i c n ir p e v it a r e p o o c s ’ e c ir G d n a n o it a s r e v n o c f o y r o e h
t the
li a f s t n a p i c it r a
p e d to follow the maxim scould befound out .By using t he
, n o it a s r e v n o c f o y r o e h
t i tcouldbeseen whethe reachparitcipantt ired to be
e v it a r e p o o
c wtih other sand maintain the conversaiton . Atferwards ,the
n o it a l o i
v occurred could be idenitifed .On the othe rhand ,the cooperaitve
e r e w s e l p i c n ir
p appiled toi dentfiyandanalyzet heconversaiton .Thet heory
e v i g o t e n il e d i u g a s a
w such a judgemen twhethe rthe paritcipan tgave
, l u f h t u rt , t n e i c if f u
s rirelevance informaiton which was deilvered in an
r e d r
o l ymanner .
e h t s
A las tstep ,theviolaiton swereanalyzedto ifndouttheeffect s
o
t w ard theconversaiton and other paritcipants. Thi sanalysi swasbased on
e h
t stiuaiton estabilshed wtihin the conversaiton and based on the whole
y r o t
6 2
V I R E T P A H C
S I S Y L A N A
b y d u t s e h t f o s a e d i n i a m o w t e h t s s u c s i d l li w r e t p a h c s i h
T ased on t he
n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r
p stated i n t hefris tchapter .Therewli lbetwo subchapters t o
. n o it a l u m r o f m e l b o r p e h t f o h c a e r e w s n
a Thef ris tsubchapte rwli ldea lwtih how
r e t c a r a h c h c a
e , who refer s to the paritcipants , du irng the flim violate s the
. s m i x a m l a n o it a s r e v n o
c Meanwh lie ,the second subchapte rwli ldea lwtih the
s m i x a m e h t g n it a l o i v f o s t c e f f
e toward , etihe r the conversaiton o r othe r
.s t n a p i c it r a p
.
A TheAnalysi so fConversa itona lMaxim sViolated
e h t g n i z y l a n a r e tf
A whole scirp t o f UP , there are twenty one s
n o it a l o i
v found du irngt heconversaiton oft hef lim .Theviolaitonstha toccur
n o it a s r e v n o c e h t g n ir u
d are violaiton maxim o fquanttiy ,violaiton maxim o f
l a u
q tiy ,violaiton maxim o frelaiton and violaiton o fmaxim quanttiy and
. r e n n a
m Thecomposiiton oft hedataf o reach violaiton i sasf o llow:t wodata
e r e
w found fo rviolaiton maxim o fquanttiy ,eleven data were found fo r
violaiton maxim o fqualtiy ,seven data were found fo rviolaiton maxim o f
a t a d e n o d n a n o it a l e
.
1 Viola itonMaximo fQuanttiy
o w t e r a e r e h
T violaitons fo am xim o fquanttiy tha twere found
r e tf
a analyzing the conversaiton o f UP . The excerp t o f conversaiton f
o h t o b g n i n i a t n o
c violaitono fmaximo fqualtiyi sa sthefollowi . ng
a t a D
r e b m u
N Paritcipant A .P. Dialog s&Descrip itons
. V T g n i h c t a w r i a h c s i h n i s ti s l r a C
e h t t a K C O N K
A doo .r .s n e p o r o o d e h T
m o r f g n i d a e r ,s d n a t s r e r o l p x E s s e n r e d li W A
s s e n r e d li W
a Explore rManual .Hei si n ,
h s a s h ti w e t e l p m o c , m r o fi n
u neckerchief , h ti w d e ff u t s k c a p k c a b s u o m r o n e n a d n a , t a h
y r e v
e pieceo fequipmentt herei s .Thisi s .
8 e g a , L L E S S U R
s d a e r , L A U N A M s i h n i d e i r u b e s o n , ll e s s u R
.l r a C o t
ll e s s u
R Q 1
s i e m a n y M . n o o n r e tf a d o o G
“ Russell .And I
s s e n r e d li W a m
a Exploreri nTirbe54, e
g d o lt a e w
S 12 .Areyoui nneedo fany ”
? ri s , y a d o t e c n a t s i s s a
s e li m s ll e s s u R , t p i r c s e h t s e h s i n if e h s
A upa t
.l r a C
lr a
C A 1 N o. ll
e s s u
R S 2 Icouldhelpyoucrosst hes rtee.t lr
a
C R 2 N o
ll e s s u
R S 3 Icouldhelpyoucros syou ryard. lr
a
C R 3 N o
ll e s s u
R S 4 Icouldhelpyoucros syour.. .porch? lr
a
C R 4 N o
ll e s s u
R S 5 Well , Igottahelpyoucrosssomething. lr
a
C R 5 Uh ,no.I ’mdoing ifne.
. e c a f s ’l l e s s u R n i r o o d e h t s e s o l c l r a C
d i k e h t s I .r o o d e h t h g u o r h t s n e t s il l r a C
.t i s n e p o e H ? e n o g
lr a
C Uh.. .kid...
3 Russell S 7 “TArinbde5 I4am ,SwaeWa ltlioddegrene1s2. s”Exploreri n lr
a
C R 7 Kid .KID!!
. g n i d a e r o t k c a b s e o g t u b . .. s p o t s ll e s s u R
, e v o b a g o l a i d e h t n
I tii sseen t hattherei saboy named Russell ,a
o t s e m o c o h w , r e r o l p x E s s e n r e d li W r o i n u
J a 78-y -earold retried balloon
n a m s e l a
s house named C . alr Russel l begin s the conversaiton wtih an
g n i n e p
o sequence (Q1 ) which i s greeitng , sefl-iden itifcaiton and he
: ri a p e h t f o t r a p t s ri f e h t s a n o it s e u q a h ti w s e u n it n o
c ‘Good atfernoon .My
s i e m a
n Russell .And Iam a WlidernessExplorer i n Tribe 54, Swealtodge y
n a f o d e e n n i u o y e r A . 2
1 assistancet oday ,sir?’ .Then t he lfoo rcomest o e h t f o t r a p d n o c e s e h t s a r e w s n a n a e v i g o t y ti li b i s n o p s e r e h t s a h o h w , lr a C
s r e tt u l r a C . ri a
p (A1) :‘No’ ,which mean sadispreferred answe rsince tii sa .)
0 3 : 2 0 0 2 , g n it t u C ( l a s u f e r
Since Russel li sa kid ,he keep soffeirng to help C a lr even when
n a s e v i g e h , n r u t t x e n e h t s e k a t e h n e h w , s u h T . m i h s e s u f e r y d a e rl a l r a C
l a s u f e r s i h s e s s e r p x e l r a C , n i a g a , d n A . ri a p e h t f o t r a p t s ri f e h t s a ) 2 S ( r e f f o
r e f f o s i h T . r e f f o e h t f o t r a p t s ri f e h t f o e s n o p s e r e h t s a ) 2 R
( -refusa lpari,i n
e k l a t e h
t xchange between Russel land Calr ,happens in three sequence s
2 S
( -R2 ,S3-R3 and S4-R4) .A tlast ,when the lfoo rcome sto Russell ,he
: ri a p e h t f o t r a p t s ri f e h t s a l r a C o t ) 5 S ( t s e u q e r s i h s r e tt
u ‘Well , Igottahelp
s s o r c u o
y something.’ .Then sitll ,Car lgive shi srefusa l(R5 )ast hesecond ‘
:r i a p e h t f o t r a
Calr i swondeirng whethe rRussel larleady l eaves t he house, t hen
g n i d n a t s s i ll e s s u R y l e t a n u tr o f n u d n a e r u s e k a m o t n i a g a r o o d e h t s n e p o e h
n i ll it
s fron toft hedoor .Hei mmediatelyt akest het urnbyr epeaitnghiss efl
: e n o r e b m u n a t a d o s l a s i h c i h w , g n i n n i g e b y r e v e h t m o r f ) 6 S ( n o it a c if it n e d i
‘Good atfernoon .My name is Russell.’ Because o ftha tCar li sannoyed ,
o t l a s u f e r s i h s r e tt u y d a e rl a e h e c n i
s Russellf romt hef ris t itme .Thus ,when
‘ : y l n o s i e s n o p s e r s i h , r o o lf e h t s t e g l r a
C Uh.. .kid...’ .Theuseof‘ Uh.. ’by
r e w s n a d e r r e f e r p s i d a f o e c a f e r p e h t s e s s e r p x e l r a
C to expres shi srefusal
h e u n it n o c o t g n i o g s p e e k l l e s s u R t u B . ) 4 3 3 : 3 8 9 1 , n o s n i v e L
( i s sefl
-‘ :r o o lf e h t s e k a t e h n e h w ) 7 S ( n o it c u d o rt n
i And IamaWlidernes sExplore r
n
i T irbe54 ,Swealtodge12. ,’ whichi salsodatanumbert hree.I tcause sCar l
c e
b ome s angry , so then he utters : ‘Kid . KID!!’ , to respond the sefl
-a l l e s s u R f o n o it a c if it n e d
i st hef ris tpar toft hepai .r
fl e s g n i o d y
B -inrtoduciton twice ,Russel ltirgger sCar’l sanger .
s i ti e s u a c e
B arleady clea rat t hefris tsefl-in rtoduciton tha tCar lrefusest o
ll e s s u R p l e
h ,bu tRusselli nsistst o offe rahelp .Moreove,r r epeititon oft he
d n a t s r e d n u y d a e rl a e h e s u a c e b r e r a e h e h t s a l r a C g n ir e h t o b s i n o it c u d o rt n i
y b n o it n e t n i s ’l l e s s u
R givingar espondo far efusal .Here,i tcanbeseent hat
n o it u b ir t n o c s e v i g l l e s s u
R informaitvet hani sr equ ried. Therefore ,Russelli s
y ti t n a u q f o m i x a m g n it a l o i v s a d e d r a g e
.
2 Viola itonMaximo fQualtiy
t s o m e h t s r u c c o y ti l a u q f o m i x a m n o it a l o i
V among other sdu irng
f o n o it a s r e v n o c e h
t UP. Thereareeleven datatha tcan bef oundaboutthi s d
n i
k o fviolaiton .Some o f the data ,togethe rwtih the excerp to fthe
n o it a s r e v n o
c , wli lbeexplainedbelow.
.
a DataNumbe r ifvet onine
a t a D
r e b m u
N Par itcipantA .P. Dialog s&Descrip itons lr
a
C Q 12 Soyouwantt oassis tanoldperson? ll
e s s u
R A 12 Yep !Then Iwli lbeaSeniorWlidernes s !
r e r o l p x E
.l l e s s u R o t e s o l c n i s n a e l l r a C
5 C alr Q 13 (scnoipnsep?iratorially)Youeverheardo fa ll
e s s u
R A 13 Snipe?
6 C alr S 13
ti t h g i n y r e v E . s e y e y d a e B . d r i
B sneaksi n
s e l b b o g d n a d r a y y
m ym poorazaleas .
d n a y l r e d l e m ’
I in ifrm . Ican’ tcatchi.tI f y
l n
o someonecouldhelpme... ll
e s s u
R R 13 Me !Me!I l’ ldoi !t
7 C alr S 14
y ll u f w a s ’t i , w o n k t ’ n o d I , h
O crafty .
d ’ u o
Y havet oclapyourhandst hree .
n i ti e r u l o t s e m it ll
e s s u
R R 14 I l’ l ifnd ti ,Mr .Fred ircksen!
8 C alr S 15 It hink ti sburrowist woblocksdown.I f t
s a p o g u o
y –
ll e s s u
R R 15 Twoblock sdown !Goti !t
d n a g n i p p a l c k c o l b e h t n w o d s n u r ll e s s u R
. g n il l a c
ll e s s u
R S 16 Sniiiipe !HereSnipeySnipey...
9 C alr R 16 w(chaelln sayotfeu rRifnudss !tiel)lBringi tbackhere
l r a
C ro ll shi seye sandbeginst oclosehi s .r
