ADDRESS FORMS IN THE FILM ENTITLED CRASH
(A Sociolinguistics Approach)
THESIS
Submitted As a Partial Fulfillment of Requirement For the Sarjana Sastra Degree at English Department
Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University
By:
HESTI TRI WULANDARI C0305034
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
ADDRESS FORMS IN THE FILM ENTITLED
CRASH
(A Sociolinguistics Approach)
By:
HESTI TRI WULANDARI C0305034
Approved to be examined before the Board of Examiners Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts
Sebelas Maret University
Thesis Consultant
Drs. Sri Marmanto, M.Hum NIP. 195009011986011001
The Head of English Department
ADDRESS FORMS IN THE FILM ENTITLED
CRASH
(A Sociolinguistics Approach)
By:
HESTI TRI WULANDARI C0305034
Accepted and approved by the Board of Examiners Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts
Sebelas Maret University On January 12, 2010
Chairman Drs. S. Budi Waskita, M. Pd ( ) NIP. 195211081983031001
Secretary Dr. Djatmika, M. A ( ) NIP. 196707261993021001
First examiner Drs. Sri Marmanto, M. Hum ( ) NIP. 195009011986011001
Second examiner Dr. Tri Wiratno, M. A ( ) NIP. 196109141987031001
Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University
PRONOUNCEMENT
Name : Hesti Tri Wulandari NIM : C0305034
In the name of God, I state whole-heartedly that the thesis entitled
Address Forms in the Film Entitled Crash is originally made by the researcher. It is neither a plagiarism, nor made by others. The things related to other people’s work are written in quotation and included within bibliography.
If it is then proved that the researcher cheats, the researcher is ready to take the responsibility.
Surakarta, January 5, 2010
MOTTO
O you who believe! If you help (in the cause of) Allah, He will help you and
make your foothold firm
(Q.S. Muhammad: 7)
So verily, with the hardship, there is relief
Verily, with the hardship, there is relief…
DEDICATION
Allah Almighty…
My beloved Mom and Dad,
My Friends,
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillahirabbil'alamin…I finally can finish the thesis. There are
many parties who are involved in finishing the thesis. Therefore, I would like to
say a deepest gratitude to:
1. Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta’ala and His messenger, Rasulullah SAW, who never
let me down.
2. The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Drs. Sudarno, M.A.
3. The Head of English Department, Dr. Djatmika, M.A.
4. My thesis consultant, Drs. Sri Marmanto, M. Hum. A big thank you for your
time, kindness, and of course, your patience in assisting me to finish my
thesis.
5. M. Taufiq Al Makmun, S.S as my academic advisor. Thank you for the
assistance during my academic period.
6. My dearest lecturers of English Department Sebelas Maret University. Thank
you for knowledge you have shared.
7. My beloved family; Mom and Dad. Thank you for always love and support
me. Feel so miraculous of having mom and dad like you!
8. My big family; Mbah Putri, Lek Andri, Lek Agus, Lek Endro, Lek Kris, Lek
Ati, and tante.. Thank you for supporting me to finish my study. Hope
everyone feels benefit of having me.
9. My beloved friends; Irena, a nice friend who always help me every time; Lilis,
for always making me laugh and happy; Mulyani, no matter how difficult
struggling my life; Yogi, always has a spirit and firm attitude in facing her life,
inspiring me to be like her; Fitria; always becomes a nice friend. And the
others who belong to D’ Kampret Geng: Woro ‘Rupert’, Nunik, Nurin, Ima,
Kiki, and Puspa. Thank you for being my beloved friends for these four years.
What a nice life to know you girls! Hopefully, it will be an endless friendship.
10.My friends in ED 2005; Sonny “Semangat”, Eva, Winda, Elis, Dini, Sari,
Intan, Arif, Novia, Maya, Navis, Fera, Vian, Ismi, Yuni, Astri, Arum, Hemy,
Dian, Rizky Adi, Alwi, Galih, Adwin, Ratih Wulan, Leoni, Dida, Anggi, Us,
Ratih Dwi, Lambang, Udin, Lia, Ebsi, Ongko, Andhika, Fauzi, Febri, Arih,
Jotika and also an unforgettable friend, Maria. Thank you for having a
wonderful four years struggling with you guys!
11.Mbak Lesti ILC and to all librarians of Faculty of Letters and Fine arts as well
as of University Library, thank you for the helps so that I easily found the
needed references and books required.
12.Last but not least, to Mbak Minuk, Mas Andis and Mas Arif, Thank you for
always help me when I got such problem with my computer.
I believe that this thesis is far from being perfect, thus constructive
criticism and suggestion are open-handedly accepted. Hopefully this thesis will be
beneficial as it purposively written. Thank you.
Surakarta, January 2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE ………...i
APPROVAL BY THE SUPERVISOR ………...ii
APPROVAL BY THE BOARD OF EXAMINER ………....iii
PRONOUNCEMENT ………iv
MOTTO ………...v
DEDICATION ………...vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……….. ix
LIST OF TABLES ………....xii
ABSTRACT ……….xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Research Background ………1
B. Problem Limitation ………5
C. Problem Statements ………...5
D. Research Objectives ………..6
E. Research Benefits ………..6
F. Research Methodology ………..6
G. Thesis Organization ………...7
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW A. Sociolinguistics ………..9
2. The Scope of Sociolinguistics………..10
B. Ethnography of Communication ………..12
1. The Definition of Ethnography of Communication………..12
2. Fundamental Concepts in Ethnography of Communication…….13
3. Components of Speech………..15
C. Social Dimension of Communication ………..19
D. Style of Speech ……….22
E. Address Forms ……….23
F. Domain of Language Use ……….27
G. Synopsis of Film ………..28
H. Review Related Research………..29
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY a. Type of Research ……….31
b. Data and Source of Data ………...31
c. Sample and Technique of Sampling ………...32
d. Instruments of the Research ……….32
e. Technique of Collecting Data ………..33
f. Data Coding ……….33
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS
A. The Classification of The Types of Address Forms Used by The
Characters in The Film Entitled Crash ………36
B. The Interpretation of The Use of Address Forms and The Reason of
The Use of Address Forms in The Film Entitled Crash…………...37
C. Discussion……….85
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
A. Conclusion ………....100
B. Suggestion ………103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1. Title address form …………...………85
Table 2. Title plus Last Name address forms …………...……….88
Table 3. Title plus First Name address forms………89
Table 4. First Name address forms …………...……….91
Table 5. Multiple Name address forms ……….94
ABSTRACT
HESTI TRI WULANDARI. C0305034. 2010. Address Forms in the Film Entitled Crash. (A Sociolinguistics Approach). Thesis: English Department of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts. Sebelas Maret University.
The research was conducted to describe the kinds of addresses used by the characters in the film entitled Crash, to describe how the characters in the film used the addresses and to find out the reason of the use of addresses by the characters in the film entitled Crash.
This research used sociolinguistics approach. The research also employed some supporting theories related to the matter discussed namely, Sociolinguistics, Ethnography of Communication, Style of Speech, Social Dimension of Communication, and Address Forms.
This research is a descriptive qualitative method. The source of data is the film entitled Crash. The data are the dialogs containing address forms employed by the characters in the film. The researcher used total sampling technique in taking the data.
The results of this research are as follows: First, there are eight types of addresses used by the characters in the film entitled Crash, namely title (T), title plus last name (TLN), title plus first name (T+FN), last name (LN), first name (FN), multiple name (MN), you plus multiple name (You+MN), and name (N).
intimacy); high tone of voice with angry/annoyance expression on the face (when it is used to show feeling). ‘Name’ address form is used in low tone of voice showing a facial expression of happiness.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
As social creature, human being cannot live alone. Human being live
together in a community called as society. In the daily interaction among the
member of society, they need a means to communicate each other that is called as
language. Language becomes an important medium of communication. Through
language, people express their feeling, ideas, and thoughts easily. Language can
also be used to fulfill their needs and desires. By using language, people can
express his thought to each other in the form of ideas, information, or opinion,
either concrete or abstract for the past and future (Effendi, 1990:11).
Language and society have very close relationship. Chaika explains that
language and society are intertwined, so it is impossible to understand one without
the other (1994:6). It can be said that language cannot be separated from society
and vice versa. Therefore, there is a branch of linguistics which studies the
relationship between language and society which is called as Sociolinguistics.
Dell Hymes defines sociolinguistic as a scientific knowledge that refers to
correlation between language and society, and between particular linguistic and
social phenomena (1974: VII).
In society there are many social phenomena concerning with language
used such as addressing. Addressing is a way people call the other person during a
speakers use to designate the person they are talking to while they are talking to
them (1990:1). There are some address forms that are usually used in the society
such as Title (For example: “Sir”, “Miss”, “Mr.”, etc), Title plus Last Name (For
example: “Mr. Thayer”, “Mrs. Smith”, “Dr. Johnson”, etc), First Name (“Jean”,
“Dirk”, “David”, etc), Multiple Name (They can be nickname or other name such
as: “Osama”, “Young man”, “Sweetie”, “Honey”, etc). The status of addressee in
society brings the variation of the use of addresses. It can be said that the use of
addresses depends on the relationship between the addresser and addressee, the
social status of the participants involved in conversation, the purpose of
conversation and the situation when the conversation happens. Fasold explains the
main goal of addressing is to maintain social relationship between addresser and
addressee in a society (Fasold, 1990:1).
The researcher uses a film entitled Crash as the source of data. Film Crash
has American life background. The film tells about the racial discrimination that
exists in America. The racial discrimination among the ethnic groups in America
is reflected in the film clearly. In the film, the researcher finds that the characters
in the film use various kinds of addresses. The way the characters in the film
address someone can be figured out the kind of relationship they share whether
they are close or not. Here, the researcher provides examples of the address usage
in the film below:
1. The dialog happens in the police station (in Dixon’s room). The participants
involved in the dialog are Lieutenant Joe Dixon and Officer Hansen. Lieutenant
has higher status than Hansen. The topic of the dialog is about Hansen who wants
a new partner. Since the setting is in police station so it makes the dialog run in
the formal way.
HANSEN : I don’t wanna cause any problems, Lieutenant. I just want a new partner.
DIXON : I understand. Your partner’s a racist prick. But you don’t wanna stir up any bad feelings with him.
Hansen asks Dixon to have a new partner. Meanwhile, Dixon needs a good
reason from Hansen if he wants a new partner. Dixon cannot accept Hansen’s
reason saying that his partner is a racist man. It makes the conversation lead to the
serious situation. There is an address form that is used by the addresser in the
dialog above namely Title form “Lieutenant”. The address term above is the
formal address that is usually used in military rank. The addresser uses this kind
of address since he wants to show honor or respect. It can be seen that Dixon has
higher status than Hansen. Hansen addresses Dixon politely and respectfully. He
utters it in a serious and respectful tone. It can be seen that the position between
addresser and addressee is unequal since the addresser has lower status than the
addressee. It is a power relationship between lower police rank toward higher one.
Thus, the reason of the use of address terms above is to show honor or respect
toward addressee.
2. This dialog happens in counter. The participants of the dialog are Dirk, Farhad
and Dorry. Dirk is the seller while Farhad is the buyer. Dorry is Farhad’s
daughter. Dirk is a white man while Farhad and Dorri are Persian. Since Farhad
and Dirk have never met before, they do not know each other. The topic of the
Farhad to choose free box of bullets for his gun. Meanwhile, Farhad and Dorry are
busy to debate it themselves in Farsian language that Dirk does not understand.
Dirk feels annoyed of that situation.
DIRK : You get one free box of ammunition. What kind do you want? FARHAD : (in Farsi) What did he say “Ammunition”?
DORRI : (in Farsi) He asked what kinds of bullets you want. FARHAD : (in Farsi)The kind that fit in the gun.
DORRY : (in Farsi)There is more than one type.
FARHAD : (in Farsi) How do I know? I don’t know anything about bullets. DORRY : (in Farsi)Which is really good reason not to be buying a gun. FARHAD : (in Farsi) You don’t use that tone of voice with me.
DIRK : Yo, Osama! Plan a Jihad on your own time. What do you want? FARHAD : (in Farsi) What is he saying about “Jihad”?
(to DIRK, in English) Are you making insults at me?
DIRK : Am I making insults at you? Is that the closest you get to English? FARHAD : Yes, I speak English! I am American citizen.
DIRK : Oh God, here we go.
The conversation runs in an informal way. The address form that is used
by Dirk toward Farhad is a Multiple Name “Osama”. Dirk looks annoyed to
Farhad since Farhad speaks to Dorry in Farsian (Persian) language. Dirk does not
understand what his two buyers discuss about. Thus, Dirk addresses Farhad in a
high tone of voice. Dirk is angry because Farhad and Dorry ignore him. The
reasons of the use of address “Osama” by Dirk are to get Farhad’s attention and to
show Dirk’s anger since Farhad and Dorry ignore him as the owner of the shop. It
can be seen that Dirk uttered it in a resentful and high tone with anger expression
in his face. Dirk uses the Multiple Name “Osama” since he does not know the
buyer’s name. Therefore, he uses name “Osama”(Osama bin Laden), a man
coming from Middle East who is famous for his “Jihad”, since Dirk sees Farhad
message toward the addressee. Dirk humiliates Farhad. He has a prejudice that
Farhad is similar to Osama.
Based on the phenomena above, it is interesting to analyze the style of
speech especially addressing in the film entitled Crash related to the characters
with different ethnic, social status, situation, topic and setting. Therefore, the
researcher conducts a research entitled ADDRESS FORMS IN THE FILM
ENTITLED CRASH.
B. Problem Limitation
Considering many kinds of address forms in the film, the researcher only
focuses on the style of addresses used for calling the second person participant
occurring in the dialogs in the film entitled Crash. Since the address form “You”
has no special meaning or various usages in English, it will be excluded in the
analysis.
C. Problem Statements
Based on the research background above, the problem statements are as
follow:
1. What kinds of addresses are used by the characters in the film Crash?
2. How are the addresses used by the characters in the film Crash?
D. Research Objectives
Based on the formulation of problem statements above, the objectives of
the research are as follow:
1. To describe the kinds of addresses used by the characters in the film
Crash.
2. To describe the use of addresses in the film Crash.
3. To find out the reasons of the use of addresses by the characters in the film
Crash.
E. Research Benefits
The researcher expects that this research will be beneficial to:
1. Lectures and students of English Department:
This research is expected to give some input and knowledge about style of
speech especially concerning with address forms.
2. Other Researchers in the related areas:
This research can be used as reference for the other research related to the
study especially in sociolinguistic field.
F. Research Methodology
This research belongs to descriptive research. In descriptive research, the
researcher only collected data, classified them then analyzed them and finally
draw conclusion about the data and not necessarily draw a general conclusion
Taylor in Moleong states that qualitative method refers to the research procedure
which brings about descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words and
behavior available to be examined (2007:6).
The data of this research are all address forms spoken by the characters in
the film entitled Crash. The data are analyzed through sociolinguistic approach
that is by using ethnography of communication point of view, addressing theory,
and the other related aspects of Sociolinguistics. The researcher also uses internet
to enrich information about the data. The research methodology will be explained
clearly in Chapter III.
G. Thesis Organization
The organization of this research is based on the following arrangement:
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION. It consists of Research Background, Problem
Limitation, Problem Statements, Research Objectives, Research
Benefits, Research Methodology and Thesis Organization.
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW. Sociolinguistics, Ethnography of
Communication, Social Dimensions of Communication, Style of
Speech, Address Forms, Domain of Language Use, Synopsis of the
Film and Review of the Related Research.
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. It consists of The Types of
Research, Data and Source of Data, Sample and Technique of
Sampling, Instrument of the Research, Technique of Analyzing
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS. It consists of The Types of Addresses used
by the Characters in the Film Crash, The Interpretation of The Use
of Address Forms in the Film Crash and The Reason of The Use of
Address Forms in The Film Crash, and Discussion Analysis.
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION
BIBLIOGRAPHY
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
Reviews of some related literature are needed to solve the problems of the
research. This chapter contains some theories related to the topic of the research
which covers the Definition of Sociolinguistics, The Scope of Sociolinguistics,
Ethnography of Communications, Fundamental Concepts in Ethnography of
Communication, Components of Speech, Social Dimension of Communication,
Style of Speech, Address Forms, Synopsis of the Film and Related Research.
Thus, this chapter will discuss all of those theories.
A. Sociolinguistics
1. The Definition of Sociolinguistics
Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics which studies the relationship
between language and society. There are some sociolinguists who give their
definition of Sociolinguistics as follows:
Chaika states that sociolinguistics is the study of the way people use
language in social interactions of all kinds (1982:2). Sociolinguistics examines
how language works in any kind of situation. Similarly, Wardaugh also states that
Sociolinguistics concerns with investigating the relationship between language
and society with the goal of being better understanding of the structure of
language and of how languages function in communication (1998:12). It means
interact to each other. It can be seen that what the language patterns are and how
they are applied in any situation of communication. Sociolinguistics studies how
people choose an appropriate language in their everyday interaction, for instance,
how the language is used when they talk with their friends and their enemies.
Hudson defines sociolinguistics as the study of language in relation to the
society (1996:1). It is also confirmed by Dell Hymes. He states that
sociolinguistics refers to correlation between language and societies, and between
particular linguistics and social phenomena (1974: VII). The statement above
shows the close relationship between language and society. They are inter-related
each other. Thus, none of them exists without the other’s presence.
Holmes defines that sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship
between language and society. Sociolinguists are interested to explain why people
speak differently in the different social context and they are concerned with
identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey
social meaning (1992:1). It can be said that sociolinguistics does not only describe
the relationship between language and society, but also the social function and the
way people use language in the different social context and speech community.
From those definitions above, it can be concluded that sociolinguistics is
the study of language which focuses on the relation between language and its
social factors within a society.
2. The Scope of Sociolinguistics
Based on Fishman’s (1972) point of view, Sociolinguistics can be divided
a. Macro Sociolinguistics
Macro sociolinguistics is a term used to cover secular linguistics, the
sociology of language and other areas involving the study of relative large group
of speakers (Trudgill, 1992: 51). It emphasizes its study on the society that is in
relatively large group of people or speakers of such language. Macro
sociolinguistics is the study on sociolinguistics that takes account of the language
history and development in the scope of society in general (Fishman, 1972). Thus,
it can be concluded that macro sociolinguistics concerns with the use of a
language and language varieties involving a large group of speakers rather than
individual. In other word, macro sociolinguistics is the study of language which
aimed to understand the society.
b. Micro Sociolinguistics
Micro sociolinguistics is a term that covers the study of face to face
interaction, discourse analysis, conversation analysis, and other areas of
sociolinguistics involving the study of relatively small group of speakers
(Trudgill, 1992:52). Fishman (1972) states that micro sociolinguistics is the study
of language in specific communities with the scope of discussion such as the
behavior toward language style of speech, domains of language use, register and
speech act.
Since the focus of the discussion is style of speech concerning with the use
of Address forms, the researcher takes micro sociolinguistics as the frame of
B. Ethnography of Communication
1. The Definition of Ethnography Communication
In order to know how the speakers of a particular language in a particular
community organize their social relationship, it is necessary to know the
ethnography of communication. The approach to the sociolinguistics of language
in which the use of language in general related to the social culture is called the
ethnography of communication (Fasold, 1996:39).
Hymes in Foundations in Sociolinguistics (1974:4) gives further
explanations of his theory of Ethnography of Communication as follows:
“As the scope: One cannot simply take separate results from linguistics, psychology, sociology, ethnology, as given, and seek to correlate them, however partially useful such work maybe, if one is to have a theory of language (not just a theory of grammar). One needs fresh kinds of data, one need to investigate directly the use of language in context of situation, so as to discern patterns proper to speech activity, patterns that escape separate studies of grammar, of personality, of social structure, religion, and the like, each abstracting from the patterning of speech activity into some other frame reference.
As to basis: One cannot take linguistic form, a given code, or even speech itself, as a limiting frame of reference. One must take as context a community, or network of persons, investigating its communicative activities as a whole, so that any use of channel and codes takes its place as part of resources upon which the members draw.”(p.IV)
From the definition above, it can be seen that the Ethnography of
Communication is concerned with the situations and uses, the patterns and
function of speaking as an activity in its own right (Hymes in Fasold, 1996:39).
Ethnography of communication is the study of the organization of speaking as an
activity in human society. In Ethnography of communication, we cannot simply
take a part of the linguistics result as the source of investigation but we should
that go along with it, and then analyze together with the context of condition and
context of situation.
Therefore, ethnography of communication seeks to account not only for
what can be said, but also for when, where, by whom, to whom, in what manner
and what particular circumstances. It deals with the factors relating to the use of
language varieties including the norms and rules used in a certain community.
2. Fundamental Concepts in Ethnography of Communication
In order to get more comprehensive of what ethnography of
communication is all about, we should know some fundamental concepts of
ethnography of communication, that is, speech community, speech situation,
speech event and speech act.
a. Speech Community
The term speech community is usually used by sociolinguist to refer to a
community based on language. Dell Hymes defines the term of speech community
as a community sharing knowledge of rules for conduct and interpretation of
speech, rules for interpretation of at least one language variety (1974:51).
Similarly, Coulthard also states that a speech community is any group which
shares both linguistics resources and rules for interaction and interpretation
(1998:35). It can be said that a speech community is a group of people who speak
the same language and share the same norms of language.
Peter Trudgill explains speech community as a community of speakers
who share the verbal repertoire and who also share the same norms for linguistics
speech community if they speak the same language and use the same norms of
interaction and interpretation.
Moreover, Fishman states that a speech community is one, all whose
members share at least a single variety and norms for its appropriate use
(1972:22). From the definition, a speech community is not simply a group of
people that use the same language, but it must have the same judgment towards
the prevailed rules in using language.
From all of definition above, it can be concluded that speech community is
a group of people who share a set of norms, rules for interaction and interpretation
regarding to the use of language. It means there must be a mutual intelligibility
among them. Each of them has to know how to use that language appropriately in
the society in which they live, when and to whom it is used as they communicate
and interact with others.
b. Speech Situation
Hymes (1974:51) describes speech situation as situations associated with
or marked by the absence of speech. He gives the examples of speech situation
such as ceremonies, fights, hunts, love making and etc. He also explains that
speech situations are not purely communicative. They may be composed of both
communicative and other kinds of events. Speech situations are not themselves
subject to rules of speaking, but can be referred to by rules of speaking as contexts
c. Speech Event
Hymes explains that the term speech event will be restricted to activities,
or aspects of activities, that are directly governed by rules or norms for the use of
speech (1974:52). Speech event takes place within a speech situation. Speech
situation is composed by one or more speech events. It can be seen in the
example: a request might be a speech act that is part of a conversation (speech
event) which takes place at a dinner (speech situation).
d. Speech act
Hymes explains that speech act is to be distinguished from the sentence
and is not to be identified with any unit at any level of grammar (In Fasold,
1990:43). A speech act gets its status from the social context as well as
grammatical form and intonation. “The level of speech acts mediates immediately
between the usual levels of grammar and the rest of a speech event or situation in
that it implicates both linguistics form and social norms” (ibid, 1990:43).
Speech is a very essential concept that is strongly related to the concept of
Hymes’ ethnography of communication. It is clear that speech act occurs in social
communication in which social and situational context, function and topics is the
determiner of the speech meaning.
3. Component of Speech
Hymes suggests that there are eight components of speech that the
ethnographer should look for. Those are situation, participants, ends, act sequence,
key, instrumentalities, norms and genres. All of them are known with one of
a. Situation
The situation (S) consists of setting and scene that describe the
conversation occurs. The setting refers to time and place or the concrete physical
circumstances in which a speech takes place. The scene refers to the abstract
psychological setting or cultural definition of an occasion as formal or informal,
serious or festive (ibid: p.44).
b. Participants
Participant (P) is a person or individual involving in a speech event. The
participants consist of speaker-listener, addresser-addressee, or sender-receiver. It
deals with who is speaking and who is a speaker speaking to. A speaker, addresser
and sender mean people who deliver a message. A listener, addressee and receiver
mean people to whom the message is delivered (ibid, p.44).
c. Ends
Ends (E) mean the purpose of an event. It can be divided outcomes (the
purpose of the event from social/ cultural point of view) and goals (the purpose of
the individual participant). Outcomes that enter into the definition of speech event
can be described as the purpose of speech base on the cultural point of view, e.g.
trade, marriage contract, interview, etc. while the goal of a speech is a purpose of
each participant during communication. In other words, it can be seen as a
negotiation among participants to make an agreement toward the topic discussed.
d. Act sequence
Acts sequence (A) refers to the message of a conversation. It consists of
message form (how something is said) and message content (what is said) (ibid,
p.44). Both message form and message content involve communicative skills that
vary from one culture to another. Speakers have to know how to formulate speech
event and speech act in ways that their culture values and also how to recognize
what is being talked about, when a topic changes, and how to manage changes in
the topic.
e. Key
Key (K) refers to the tone, manner, or spirit in which a speech is carried
out, whether it is mock or serious, perfunctory or painstaking. In addition, key
also refers to the feeling, atmosphere, and attitude. Key seems to be one of the
most important social factors affecting one’s uses of language. For better
understanding of the term “key”, the definition of “key” in details is given as
follows:
· Tone: the general spirit of the scene, such as brave, fierce, and fearful
· Manner: the participant’s way of behavior toward others, whether it is
polite, impolite, intimate, distant, formal, informal, tense, relaxed, serious,
mocking, respectful.
· Feeling: the emotions indicating happiness, terror, excitability, anxiety,
shock, desperation, anger, neutrality, irony, uncertainty, frustration, etc.
· Atmosphere: the feeling that affects the mind in a place o condition, for
· Attitude: the participant’s ways of thinking and behaving toward a
situation whether it is sympathetic, optimistic, pessimistic, resolute,
serious, mocking, resentful, bitter, etc.
f. Instrumentalities
Instrumentalities are derived from the word “instrument” that means the
way the message of a conversation is transmitted. Instrumentalities (I) include
both channel and form of speech. Hymes describes channel as the way in which a
message travels from one person to another. The most commonly used channels
are oral and written, but message can also be transmitted by such means of
telegraph, smoke signals, semaphore, etc. Whereas, form of speech according to
Hymes deals with language and their subdivisions such as dialects, codes,
varieties, and register (ibid, p.43).
Related to the discussion of this research, the researcher takes speech style
as counterpart to register for it can be considered as form of speech in accordance
with aspects of person, situation and genres (Hymes, 1974: 59).
g. Norms
Norms (N) refer to the rules used within a conversation and interaction.
There are two kinds of norm namely norm of interaction and norm of
interpretation. Both of them are determined by cultural aspects of certain
community. Norms of interaction refer to a set of non-linguistic rules which
govern when, how, and how often speech occurs, while norms of interpretation
involve trying to understand what is being conveyed beyond what is the actual
h. Genres
Genres refer to the categories of the speech. It can be a poem, myths, tale,
proverb, riddle, curse, prayer, oration, lecturer, commercial, form letter, editorial,
etc (Hymes, 1974:61). They often coincide with speech events, but may occur in
more than one different event (Hymes in Fasold, 1990:46).
C. Social Dimension of Communication
Holmes (1992:376) states that there are four dimensions reflected during
the process of communication, namely: social distance scale, status scale,
formality scale, and function scale.
a. A Social distance scale concerned with participants relationships
The solidarity – Social distance scale
Intimate/ close Distant
High solidarity Low solidarity
Dimension of social distance is a solidarity dimension taking account for
pattern of linguistic interaction. The discussion of this dimension always connects
with participant’s relationship. It is useful in emphasizing that how well the
participants know each other is one of the most important factors in affecting the
pattern of communication. How close and far the participant’s relationship is
shown by this scale. Language of solidarity based on Holmes (1992:378) is
in-group language that identifies certain in-group difference, existence, or solidarity
b. A Status scale concerned with participants relationship
The social status scale
Superior High status
Subordinate Lower status
Other name of the dimension of status scale is the dimension of power
scale of participants. Dimension of status or power scale is the dimension that
accounts for a variety of linguistic differences in the way people speak (ibid, 378).
People communicate in such a way signal their status or power in a society. When
people of lower status address to the higher status, they will use “sir”, “madam”,
etc.
c. A Formality scale relating to the setting or type of interaction
The Formality scale
Formal High formality
Low Low formality
The formality dimension is the dimension that accounts for speech
variation in different settings or contexts. This scale is useful in assessing the
influence of the social setting or types of interaction on the language choices.
People will choose a certain variety of linguistic choices in accordance with the
context of setting when the communication takes place whether a formal or
informal occasion. For example, in a law court, a very formal setting will
influence the language used regardless of the personal relationship between the
speakers. For everyday friendly conversation, people usually use casual language
d. Two Function scale relating to the purpose or topic of interaction
The Referential and affective function scale
Referential
High Low
Information information
Content Content
Affective
Low High
Affective Affective
Content Content
The function of an interaction can also be an important influence on its
linguistic form. The function dimension here covers referential meaning and
affective social meaning. The linguistic features of a certain interaction with
referential meaning are strongly influenced by the information they need to
convey and it can express how someone is feeling. Many everyday interactions
serve both an affective (or social) function and referential (informative) function.
The weather forecast tends to put emphasis on information or the referential
function. On the contrary, the interactions which are concerned with expressing
feeling often have a little space in the way of new information to communicate.
Talk between neighbors over the fence at the weekend about the weather, for
instance, is more likely to be mainly affective in function and intended to convey
D. Style of Speech
Dell Hymes (1974 in Coulthard, 1998:40) explains that style of speech is
used in the neutral sense of ‘a way or mode’. He gives the definition of speech
style as follow:
“The concept of style may seem very close to that of register but there is a crucial difference: registers are mainly defined and recognized by topic and context-specific lexis – the register of sermons is the language used in giving sermons; style, however, as the rules of alternations emphasize, are not mechanically connected to particular situations – speakers may choose among styles and their choices have social meaning” (p.40).
From that definition above, it can be seen clearly that the use of certain
style of speech constitutes social meaning conveyed and emphasized in
interaction. The speech style is not only connected with the situation in which the
communication takes place, but it also has social meaning such as the intimacy of
participants, formality, mood of communication and other social dimensions of
communication.
Chaika in Language as the Social Mirror states that speech, like a dress, varies with the situation, different situation calling for different styles (1994: 81).
Style also controls social interaction. More interestingly, style gives its own
messages that are not supposed to be given via linguistic system proper. A
communication with a typical setting, participants, topic requires a specific
language variety whether varieties in one language or in the variation in other
languages. It depends on the situation when the communication occurs and the
social dimension of the communication. Thus, it can be said that a different
situation and different social dimension of communication will require a different
Chaika also defines that style forms a communication system in its own
right, one that determines how a social interaction will proceed or it will not
proceed at all. Style of speech tells whether a communication goes formally or
informally. Style also tells the listeners how to take what is being said, whether
seriously, ironically, humorously, angrily, lovingly or dubiously (1994:81).
Style is also related to the care that the speaker takes with his expression in
a certain situation. The more formal situation is the more formal people pay
attention to their language. In the less formal situation, people can talk informally
and produce language variety freely. Moreover, the use of language varieties is
depend on the social status of the interaction involve in a conversation.
From those definitions above, it can be said that style constitutes the use of
varieties in one language that has some specific social meaning related to the
speaker’s intention in conducting of communication. The choice of style is related
to the situation when the communication occurs and the social dimension of the
communication. Thus, a person may choose different styles in relation to the
situation and social dimension of communication that occur during the process of
communication. The style of speech also deals with the participants, topics and
setting that always determine the situation when the conversation occurs.
E. Address Forms
Fasold in The Sociolinguistics of Language states that address forms are
the words speakers use to designate the person they are talking to while they are
Spolsky (1998:21) states that there are four kinds of address forms used in
a society, namely: Title alone (“Sir”, “Your Majesty”, “Madam”, “Mr”, “Mrs”,
“Miss”), Title plus Last Name (“Mr. Jones”, “Dr. Smith”, “Lord Clark”, “Miss
Jones”, “Mrs. Jones”), First Name (“Orlando”, “David”, “Tom”), and Multiple
Name (including nicknames: “Young man”, “Son”, “Dear”, “Sweetheart”,
“Honey”).
Brown and Ford (1964, in Fasold, 1990: 8) divide the address forms into
two forms, namely major and variant. Major forms of address include term of first
name (FN), and term of title plus last name (TLN). The variant forms of address
consists of term of title alone (T), last name (LN) and multiple name (MN).
Among the kinds of addresses, it can be seen that Title alone (T) is the most
formal address forms. Last name (LN) is less formal than Title plus Last Name
(TLN), but not so intimate as First Name (FM). Multiple Name (MN) is the most
intimate address forms.
Brown and Gilman propose the further study of address forms and the
social relationship (in Fasold, 1990:3). They use the first letter from Latin vos (V)
and familiar pronoun tu (T). The V form is sometimes described as the ‘polite’
form and the T form as the ‘familiar’ one. Furthermore, they propose that pronoun
usage is governed by two semantics, which they called power and solidarity. The
power semantic, like the power relationship, is non reciprocal. The less powerful
person says V to the more powerful one, and he receives T from the more
powerful person. Solidarity implies a sharing between people, a degree of
semantic comes into play only where it does not interfere with the power
semantic, in other word, it is between power equals. If two people are equally
powerful but not ‘solidarity’, they do not share anything significant. They will
exchange the mutual V. But if power equals are ‘solidarity’, they will exchange
mutual T. The system is illustrated by Brown and Gilman as in figure below:
Superior Equal and solidarity
T
Equal and not solidarity V
Inferior
Based on Brown and Ford’s study (in Fasold, 1990:8)), the principle’s
choices in American English are between First Name (FN) and Title Last Name
(TLN), with FN roughly analogous to tu and TLN to vos. The principle’s choices
in American English address forms based on Brown and Ford are: (1) Title alone,
the most formal address forms; (2) last name alone (LN), less formal than title
plus last name (TLN) but not so intimate as first name (FN), and (3) multiple
name (MN),the most intimate address form. Moreover, according to them, there
are several patterns of FN forms: full FN (Thomas), shortened (Tom), diminutive
(Tommy).
The terms of address above have its own social and situational factors in
use. The ordinary factors that influence the choice of address forms are power and
solidarity. If someone addresses the interlocutor by using “formal term” non
reciprocal, we will know that his or her relationship is not intimate or distant
addresses his interlocutor by using “informal term” reciprocally, we can see that
their relationship is intimate or close because solidarity.
Ervin-Trip conducts another study of American English address. She
presents the address form system as a series of choices. It actually represents the
thought processes a speaker goes though in deciding address forms (in Fasold,
1990:12).The flow chart below is a representation of one American address form
system (ibid, p.13).
The diamond-shaped junctures are to be taken as decision point. The “E”
beside the juncture labeled ‘adult’ marks the entry point, the point where you
begin the process. There are two exits from each decision point depending on
whether the indicated condition is met (+) or (-). To work out the correct address
form to use, you simply follow the appropriate path through the chart. For
example, a faculty member (F) who wants to address the Dean (D) who recognize
formal faculty meeting with parliamentary procedures in effect). If not, whether or
not F knows D’s name would be checked (almost certainly F would), then
whether or not D is a relative (presumably not). Next, F decides if D is a friend or
colleague (D is a colleague, at least), then if D is of higher rank (D is), then if F
has a ‘dispensation’ to address D by his first name. Dispensation simply means
that D has made it clear, explicitly o tacitly, that it is acceptable for F to call him
or her by D’s first name. If F has a dispensation, then F addresses D by D’s first
name. If not, F then has to decide if there is an ‘identity set’ of occupational or
courtesy titles like ‘Senator’, or ‘Doctor’ that applies. In this case, presumably
there is an applicable title or this kind, namely ‘Dean’. As a result, F addresses
him as ‘Dean’+ LN in the absence of a dispensation (Ervin-Trip in Fasold,
1990:12).
F.Domain of Language Use
It is important to look at domains of language use if we talk about the
choice of certain variety in accordance to the social dimensions of
communication. Domains of language use are the term to point at typical settings,
typical topics, and typical participants. Holmes (1992) states that the certain social
factors – whom you are talking to, the social context of the text, the function and
topic of discussion turn out to be important in accounting for language choice in
many different kinds of speech community (p.23).
Spolsky (1998) proposes that a useful way of classifying social situations
topic. These make up a set of typical domains. The domains are named usually for
a place or activity in it. It means that the term of domain refers to a kind of place
or activity where certain communication takes place in a specific occasion and
combined with social and situational context.
From the definitions above, then, sociolinguists determine kinds of
domains such as: family, friendship, religion, employment, and education. The
progress of sociolinguistics study brings wider and more specific divisions of
kinds of domain; among them are home, school, office, neighborhood, etc.
G. Synopsis of Film
Crash is a movie that brings out racial stereotypes. The film is interesting
to analyze since there are many characters in the film coming from different
cultural background. Beside that, there are many address forms used by the
characters in the film.
The movie is set in Los Angeles, a city with a cultural mix of every
nationality. The story begins when several people are involved in a multi-car
accident. From that point, we are taken back to the day before the crash, seeing
the lives of several characters, and their problems encounters during that day. An
LAPD cop John Ryan tries to get medical help for his father, but he has a
problems with a black HMO clerk, Shaniqua, who does not want to give his father
permission to see another doctor. He in turn takes out his frustration on a black
couple during a traffic stop. The black couple is Cameron and Christine. Cameron
(Christine Thayer). A district Attorney Rick Cabot and his wife (Jean Cabot) are
carjacked at gunpoint by two black teenagers (Anthony and Peter). Jean takes out
her anger on a Mexican locksmith who is changing the door locks to their home.
Later that night, the locksmith is again robbed of his dignity by a Persian
store-owner.
Many of the characters switch from being bad-person-to-hero and vice
versa. Ryan later puts his own life on the line to save Christine, the woman whom
he molested earlier, from certain death in a fiery car wreck. Farhad (a Persian
store owner) who is humiliated by Dirk (a white man who own a gun store) before
becomes a racist who dislike Hispanics. Towards the end of the movie, Anthony
steals a van which - unknown to him at the time - was full of trafficked people
from South East Asia. He refers to these immigrants disparagingly as Chinamen,
but when the owner of the chop shop offers him $500 per head for the immigrants
with the intention of selling them on, Anthony refuses. Instead, in the closing
scenes of the movie, he lets the immigrants out into the Asian district of LA and
gives them money (http://www.imdb.com/Crash/plot).
H. Related Research
In this chapter, the researcher includes some related studies on the address
system. By this, then, the researcher considers them as counterparts and source of
insight to this research. Those related studies are as follows:
Firstly, a research entitled An Analysis on the Use of Second Person
Rahmayanti on 2007. She describes the variety of second person addresses in the
film, the communicative functions and the social meaning of the addresses. She
focuses her research on the use of addresses based on classification of social status
and social communication. She analyzes the address forms used by the characters
related to the kingdom background of the film.
Secondly, a research entitled An Analysis of Second Person Addresses in
the Film Entitled “King Arthur” that was done by Pungki Wulandari on 2008. She
describes the variety of second person addresses in the film and the social
meaning of the addresses. She specifies the use of second person addresses based
on “intimacy, solidarity, power, formality, respect, and feeling expression.” She
also analyzes the data based on the social status of the characters related to the
religion and military background of the film.
Finally, the researcher also conducts a research about address forms. This
research describes the types of address forms employed by the characters in the
film entitled Crash, the use of addresses and also the reason of the use of address
forms in the film. This research is different from the previous research since this
researcher tries to describe how the addresses are used and to find out the reason
of the use of the address forms in the film. Moreover, the researcher also analyzes
the address forms used by the characters related to the social status or background
of the film. In this film, the social background is complex since the society is
composed by many different races, for example: white, black, Hispanics, Korean,
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Type of Research
This research is a qualitative research. Bodgan and Taylor states that
qualitative research is a research procedure which brings about descriptive data in
the form of written or spoken words and behavior available to be examined (in
Moleong, 2007:4). Moleong defines that qualitative research is a type of research
that does not include any calculation or numeration (2007:3).
This research employs a descriptive method. The objective is to describe
phenomenon from the data analysis out of which a research conclusion will be
drawn. Surakhmad states that descriptive method is a kind of research method
using technique of searching, collecting, classifying, analyzing the data,
interpreting them and finally drawing conclusion (2004: 139). Furthermore, in this
research, the conclusion only applies for the collected data, not for general
conclusion.
B. Data and Source of Data
In a research, the source of data refers to the subject from which the data
are obtained (Arikunto, 1998: 114). The data may appear in the form of discourse,
sentence, clause, phrase, word, or even morpheme (Soebroto: 1992).
In conducting this research, the researcher employs a film entitled Crash
provides many data related to the topic of the research that is address forms.
Meanwhile, the researcher also uses the transcript of the film found from internet
as the supporting source of data. It is done in order to support the researcher in
analyzing the data. Thus, if there is a difference between the dialogs in the film
and the transcript of the film found from internet, the researcher uses the main
source of data that is the film entitled Crash. The data of this research are all
address forms spoken by the characters in the film entitled Crash.
C. Sample and Technique of Sampling
In a qualitative research, sample is not taken from the population since the
selection is not intended to take generalizations of the population but to gain the
depth information of the field of study (Sutopo, 2002:55). Sample is a part or
representation of the data being observed (Arikunto, 1998: 92) whereas technique
of sampling is a technique of choosing samples out of the data (Hadi, 1983: 75).
In this research, the researcher uses total sampling technique. Surakhmad
states that total sampling is a technique where the whole data becomes the sample
(2004:100). Thus, the researcher analyzes all address forms used by the characters
in the film entitled Crash.
D. Instrument of Research
In a qualitative research, the most important research instrument is the
researcher herself with or without the help of the other people (Moleong, 2007:9).
conducting this research, the researcher is supported by some equipment such as
VCD of film, a set of VCD player, television, and internet.
E. Technique of Collecting Data
The data of this research are collected by doing the following steps:
1. Replying the film entitled Crash for several times.
2. Focusing on the dialogs containing second person address forms in the
film.
3. Finding the transcript of the film from the internet
(http://www.awesome.com)
4. Comparing the dialogs of the film containing second person address forms
and the transcript of the film from internet.
5. Giving marks to each dialog containing second person address forms.
6. Classifying the data based on the kinds of address forms used by the
characters, namely Title (T), Title plus Last Name (TLN), Title plus First
Name (T+FN), Last Name (LN), First Name (FN), Multiple Name (MN)
You plus Multiple Name (You +MN) and Name (N).
7. Coding the data.
F. Data Coding
In this research, the researcher gives some codes in the data to make easier
the classification and analysis of the data of the research. The data coding is based
forms used by the character. The examples of the data coding in this research are
as follow:
C/01/ T
C/03/ MN
C : Refer to the title of film
01, 03 : Refer to number of data
T, MN : Refer to the type of address forms
T, TLN, T+FN, LN, FN, MN, You +MN, and N are the types of address forms
found in the film.
G. Technique of Analyzing Data
In this research, the technique of analyzing data is conducted in several
stages, as follows:
1. Classifying the data based on the kinds of address forms used by the
characters in the film, based on the theory of Brown and Ford (cited in
Fasold, 1990:8):
1. Title (T)
2. Title plus Last Name (TLN)
3. Title plus First Name (T+FN)
4. Last Name (LN)
5. First Name (FN)
6. Multiple Name (MN)
8. Name (N)
2. Describing the use of address forms by the characters based on Dell
Hymes’s SPEAKING theory.
3. Finding the reason of the use of address forms by the characters in the film
“Crash” by using the Ethnography of Communication and Social
Dimension of Communication.
CHAPTER IV
DATA ANALYSIS
Data analysis aims at answering the problem statements as follows: first,
what kinds of addresses are employed by the characters in the film Crash?,
second, how are the addresses used by the characters in the film Crash?, and third,
why are addresses used by the characters in the film Crash?.
This chapter is divided into three sub-chapters. The first sub-chapter is the
classification of the type of addresses found in the data. The classification is done
by classifying the collected data based on the type of addresses. The second is the
interpretation of the use of address forms and the reason of the use of address
forms in the film. The third sub chapter is the discussion.
In analyzing the data, the researcher uses ethnography of communication
by applying SPEAKING formula as the guiding line of the research with
sociolinguistics as the field of study.
A. The Classification of the Type of Address Forms Used by the Characters in the Film Entitled Crash
From the collected data, the researcher finds that there are eight kinds of
address forms used by the characters in the film “Crash”, namely Title (T), Title
plus Last Name (TLN), Title plus First Name (T+FN), Last Name (LN), First
Name (N). The classification of address forms used in the dialogs based on the
types of address forms are as follows:
I. Title (T) : 12 data
II. Title plus Last Name (TLN) : 4 data
III. Title plus First Name (T+FN) : 2 data
IV. Last Name (LN) : 1 data
V. First Name (FN) : 11 data
VI. Multiple Name (MN) : 21 data
VII. You plus Multiple Name (You +MN) : 6 data
VIII. Name (NM) : 1 data
Total : 58 data
B. The Interpretation of the Use of Address Forms and the Reason of the Use of Address Forms in the Film Entitled Crash.
The type of address used by the characters determines the participant’s
social status background and the relationship between the participants. The sub
chapter analyzes the data by determining the use of each address form used by the
characters in the film through style of speech that differentiates the type of
addresses in the film. Since there are so many data and the similarities among the
data, the researcher only takes one or two data to be analyzed as the representation
1. Title
There are twelve data containing Title address form that can be found in
the movie. They are: C/01/T, C/02/T, C/03/T, C/04/T, C/05/T, C/06/T, C/07/T,
and C/08/T, C/09/T, C/10/T, C/11/T and C/12/T.
There are some data with similar characteristics, for example the data with
code numbers C/01/T, C/02/T, C/04/T, C/05/T, C/06/T and C/11/T. The addresses
used in the data above are to show formality. Meanwhile the data with code
numbers C/03/T, C/07/T, C/08/T, C/09/T, C/10/T and C/12/T are used to show
respect. Since there are similarities among the data, the researcher only takes two
data as the representation of the other similar data.
1.1. Formality
Formality is a formal procedure in a particular social situation. In this film,
there are six data containing Title address form that is influenced by formality
aspect. They are data with code numbers C/01/T, C/02/T, C/04/T, C/05/T, C/06/T
and C/11/T. Since there are some characteristics among the data, the researcher
only takes two data as the representation the other similar data. Thus, the data
with code numbers C/01/T and C/04/T are presented to give clear description as
follow:
C/01/T
a. Data Description
The dialog takes place in Fairfax Avenue. The participants involved are a
motorcycle cop, Ria and Kim Lee. The motorcycle cop is a black man. Ria is a
a crash accident in Fairfax Avenue. The topic of the dialog is about crash. In the
conversation, a Korean woman judges Ria as a guilty person in the traffic
accident. However, Ria does not want to be blamed because it is not her fault. The
conversation happens in order to clarify the information that the traffic accident is
not caused by Ria.
b. Dialog
Motorcycle cop: Calm down, ma'am. Kim Lee : I am calm!
Motorcycle cop: I need to see your registration and insurance. Kim Lee : Why? It's not my fault! It's her fault! She do this! Ria : (approaching) My fault?
Motorcycle cop: Ma'am, you really need to wait in your vehicle. c. Data Interpretation
The dialog runs in a formal way. The address form that exists in the dialog
is Title address form ‘Ma’am’. The address form Title ‘Ma’am’ is uttered by
Motorcycle cop toward the women. In this dialog, the Motorcycle cop tries to
calm down the two women who involve in a quarrel. He uses a kind of the address
term, namely Title “Ma’am”. The participants do not know each other before.
Thus, they have a distant relationship. Kim Lee judges Ria to become the guilty
person who makes crash happen. On the other hand, Ria has the opposite opinion
that the accident is not caused by Ria. She only followed the direction when she
saw many cars stopped in front of her car, she stopped directly.
The motorcycle cop gets difficulties to calm the two women. He tries to
behave explicitly but still respectfully to them. He uses the kind of address namely
Title “ma’am”. He utters it in a respectful and explicit tone of voice, but he looks