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ADDRESS FORMS IN THE FILM ENTITLED CRASH

(A Sociolinguistics Approach)

THESIS

Submitted As a Partial Fulfillment of Requirement For the Sarjana Sastra Degree at English Department

Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University

By:

HESTI TRI WULANDARI C0305034

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY

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ADDRESS FORMS IN THE FILM ENTITLED

CRASH

(A Sociolinguistics Approach)

By:

HESTI TRI WULANDARI C0305034

Approved to be examined before the Board of Examiners Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts

Sebelas Maret University

Thesis Consultant

Drs. Sri Marmanto, M.Hum NIP. 195009011986011001

The Head of English Department

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ADDRESS FORMS IN THE FILM ENTITLED

CRASH

(A Sociolinguistics Approach)

By:

HESTI TRI WULANDARI C0305034

Accepted and approved by the Board of Examiners Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts

Sebelas Maret University On January 12, 2010

Chairman Drs. S. Budi Waskita, M. Pd ( ) NIP. 195211081983031001

Secretary Dr. Djatmika, M. A ( ) NIP. 196707261993021001

First examiner Drs. Sri Marmanto, M. Hum ( ) NIP. 195009011986011001

Second examiner Dr. Tri Wiratno, M. A ( ) NIP. 196109141987031001

Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University

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PRONOUNCEMENT

Name : Hesti Tri Wulandari NIM : C0305034

In the name of God, I state whole-heartedly that the thesis entitled

Address Forms in the Film Entitled Crash is originally made by the researcher. It is neither a plagiarism, nor made by others. The things related to other people’s work are written in quotation and included within bibliography.

If it is then proved that the researcher cheats, the researcher is ready to take the responsibility.

Surakarta, January 5, 2010

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MOTTO

O you who believe! If you help (in the cause of) Allah, He will help you and

make your foothold firm

(Q.S. Muhammad: 7)

So verily, with the hardship, there is relief

Verily, with the hardship, there is relief…

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DEDICATION

Allah Almighty…

My beloved Mom and Dad,

My Friends,

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Alhamdulillahirabbil'alamin…I finally can finish the thesis. There are

many parties who are involved in finishing the thesis. Therefore, I would like to

say a deepest gratitude to:

1. Allah Subhanahu Wa Ta’ala and His messenger, Rasulullah SAW, who never

let me down.

2. The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts, Drs. Sudarno, M.A.

3. The Head of English Department, Dr. Djatmika, M.A.

4. My thesis consultant, Drs. Sri Marmanto, M. Hum. A big thank you for your

time, kindness, and of course, your patience in assisting me to finish my

thesis.

5. M. Taufiq Al Makmun, S.S as my academic advisor. Thank you for the

assistance during my academic period.

6. My dearest lecturers of English Department Sebelas Maret University. Thank

you for knowledge you have shared.

7. My beloved family; Mom and Dad. Thank you for always love and support

me. Feel so miraculous of having mom and dad like you!

8. My big family; Mbah Putri, Lek Andri, Lek Agus, Lek Endro, Lek Kris, Lek

Ati, and tante.. Thank you for supporting me to finish my study. Hope

everyone feels benefit of having me.

9. My beloved friends; Irena, a nice friend who always help me every time; Lilis,

for always making me laugh and happy; Mulyani, no matter how difficult

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struggling my life; Yogi, always has a spirit and firm attitude in facing her life,

inspiring me to be like her; Fitria; always becomes a nice friend. And the

others who belong to D’ Kampret Geng: Woro ‘Rupert’, Nunik, Nurin, Ima,

Kiki, and Puspa. Thank you for being my beloved friends for these four years.

What a nice life to know you girls! Hopefully, it will be an endless friendship.

10.My friends in ED 2005; Sonny “Semangat”, Eva, Winda, Elis, Dini, Sari,

Intan, Arif, Novia, Maya, Navis, Fera, Vian, Ismi, Yuni, Astri, Arum, Hemy,

Dian, Rizky Adi, Alwi, Galih, Adwin, Ratih Wulan, Leoni, Dida, Anggi, Us,

Ratih Dwi, Lambang, Udin, Lia, Ebsi, Ongko, Andhika, Fauzi, Febri, Arih,

Jotika and also an unforgettable friend, Maria. Thank you for having a

wonderful four years struggling with you guys!

11.Mbak Lesti ILC and to all librarians of Faculty of Letters and Fine arts as well

as of University Library, thank you for the helps so that I easily found the

needed references and books required.

12.Last but not least, to Mbak Minuk, Mas Andis and Mas Arif, Thank you for

always help me when I got such problem with my computer.

I believe that this thesis is far from being perfect, thus constructive

criticism and suggestion are open-handedly accepted. Hopefully this thesis will be

beneficial as it purposively written. Thank you.

Surakarta, January 2010

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE ………...i

APPROVAL BY THE SUPERVISOR ………...ii

APPROVAL BY THE BOARD OF EXAMINER ………....iii

PRONOUNCEMENT ………iv

MOTTO ………...v

DEDICATION ………...vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ………vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ……….. ix

LIST OF TABLES ………....xii

ABSTRACT ……….xiii

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION A. Research Background ………1

B. Problem Limitation ………5

C. Problem Statements ………...5

D. Research Objectives ………..6

E. Research Benefits ………..6

F. Research Methodology ………..6

G. Thesis Organization ………...7

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW A. Sociolinguistics ………..9

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2. The Scope of Sociolinguistics………..10

B. Ethnography of Communication ………..12

1. The Definition of Ethnography of Communication………..12

2. Fundamental Concepts in Ethnography of Communication…….13

3. Components of Speech………..15

C. Social Dimension of Communication ………..19

D. Style of Speech ……….22

E. Address Forms ……….23

F. Domain of Language Use ……….27

G. Synopsis of Film ………..28

H. Review Related Research………..29

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY a. Type of Research ……….31

b. Data and Source of Data ………...31

c. Sample and Technique of Sampling ………...32

d. Instruments of the Research ……….32

e. Technique of Collecting Data ………..33

f. Data Coding ……….33

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CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS

A. The Classification of The Types of Address Forms Used by The

Characters in The Film Entitled Crash ………36

B. The Interpretation of The Use of Address Forms and The Reason of

The Use of Address Forms in The Film Entitled Crash…………...37

C. Discussion……….85

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion ………....100

B. Suggestion ………103

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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LIST OF TABLE

Table 1. Title address form …………...………85

Table 2. Title plus Last Name address forms …………...……….88

Table 3. Title plus First Name address forms………89

Table 4. First Name address forms …………...……….91

Table 5. Multiple Name address forms ……….94

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ABSTRACT

HESTI TRI WULANDARI. C0305034. 2010. Address Forms in the Film Entitled Crash. (A Sociolinguistics Approach). Thesis: English Department of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts. Sebelas Maret University.

The research was conducted to describe the kinds of addresses used by the characters in the film entitled Crash, to describe how the characters in the film used the addresses and to find out the reason of the use of addresses by the characters in the film entitled Crash.

This research used sociolinguistics approach. The research also employed some supporting theories related to the matter discussed namely, Sociolinguistics, Ethnography of Communication, Style of Speech, Social Dimension of Communication, and Address Forms.

This research is a descriptive qualitative method. The source of data is the film entitled Crash. The data are the dialogs containing address forms employed by the characters in the film. The researcher used total sampling technique in taking the data.

The results of this research are as follows: First, there are eight types of addresses used by the characters in the film entitled Crash, namely title (T), title plus last name (TLN), title plus first name (T+FN), last name (LN), first name (FN), multiple name (MN), you plus multiple name (You+MN), and name (N).

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intimacy); high tone of voice with angry/annoyance expression on the face (when it is used to show feeling). ‘Name’ address form is used in low tone of voice showing a facial expression of happiness.

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

A. Research Background

As social creature, human being cannot live alone. Human being live

together in a community called as society. In the daily interaction among the

member of society, they need a means to communicate each other that is called as

language. Language becomes an important medium of communication. Through

language, people express their feeling, ideas, and thoughts easily. Language can

also be used to fulfill their needs and desires. By using language, people can

express his thought to each other in the form of ideas, information, or opinion,

either concrete or abstract for the past and future (Effendi, 1990:11).

Language and society have very close relationship. Chaika explains that

language and society are intertwined, so it is impossible to understand one without

the other (1994:6). It can be said that language cannot be separated from society

and vice versa. Therefore, there is a branch of linguistics which studies the

relationship between language and society which is called as Sociolinguistics.

Dell Hymes defines sociolinguistic as a scientific knowledge that refers to

correlation between language and society, and between particular linguistic and

social phenomena (1974: VII).

In society there are many social phenomena concerning with language

used such as addressing. Addressing is a way people call the other person during a

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speakers use to designate the person they are talking to while they are talking to

them (1990:1). There are some address forms that are usually used in the society

such as Title (For example: “Sir”, “Miss”, “Mr.”, etc), Title plus Last Name (For

example: “Mr. Thayer”, “Mrs. Smith”, “Dr. Johnson”, etc), First Name (“Jean”,

“Dirk”, “David”, etc), Multiple Name (They can be nickname or other name such

as: “Osama”, “Young man”, “Sweetie”, “Honey”, etc). The status of addressee in

society brings the variation of the use of addresses. It can be said that the use of

addresses depends on the relationship between the addresser and addressee, the

social status of the participants involved in conversation, the purpose of

conversation and the situation when the conversation happens. Fasold explains the

main goal of addressing is to maintain social relationship between addresser and

addressee in a society (Fasold, 1990:1).

The researcher uses a film entitled Crash as the source of data. Film Crash

has American life background. The film tells about the racial discrimination that

exists in America. The racial discrimination among the ethnic groups in America

is reflected in the film clearly. In the film, the researcher finds that the characters

in the film use various kinds of addresses. The way the characters in the film

address someone can be figured out the kind of relationship they share whether

they are close or not. Here, the researcher provides examples of the address usage

in the film below:

1. The dialog happens in the police station (in Dixon’s room). The participants

involved in the dialog are Lieutenant Joe Dixon and Officer Hansen. Lieutenant

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has higher status than Hansen. The topic of the dialog is about Hansen who wants

a new partner. Since the setting is in police station so it makes the dialog run in

the formal way.

HANSEN : I don’t wanna cause any problems, Lieutenant. I just want a new partner.

DIXON : I understand. Your partner’s a racist prick. But you don’t wanna stir up any bad feelings with him.

Hansen asks Dixon to have a new partner. Meanwhile, Dixon needs a good

reason from Hansen if he wants a new partner. Dixon cannot accept Hansen’s

reason saying that his partner is a racist man. It makes the conversation lead to the

serious situation. There is an address form that is used by the addresser in the

dialog above namely Title form “Lieutenant”. The address term above is the

formal address that is usually used in military rank. The addresser uses this kind

of address since he wants to show honor or respect. It can be seen that Dixon has

higher status than Hansen. Hansen addresses Dixon politely and respectfully. He

utters it in a serious and respectful tone. It can be seen that the position between

addresser and addressee is unequal since the addresser has lower status than the

addressee. It is a power relationship between lower police rank toward higher one.

Thus, the reason of the use of address terms above is to show honor or respect

toward addressee.

2. This dialog happens in counter. The participants of the dialog are Dirk, Farhad

and Dorry. Dirk is the seller while Farhad is the buyer. Dorry is Farhad’s

daughter. Dirk is a white man while Farhad and Dorri are Persian. Since Farhad

and Dirk have never met before, they do not know each other. The topic of the

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Farhad to choose free box of bullets for his gun. Meanwhile, Farhad and Dorry are

busy to debate it themselves in Farsian language that Dirk does not understand.

Dirk feels annoyed of that situation.

DIRK : You get one free box of ammunition. What kind do you want? FARHAD : (in Farsi) What did he say “Ammunition”?

DORRI : (in Farsi) He asked what kinds of bullets you want. FARHAD : (in Farsi)The kind that fit in the gun.

DORRY : (in Farsi)There is more than one type.

FARHAD : (in Farsi) How do I know? I don’t know anything about bullets. DORRY : (in Farsi)Which is really good reason not to be buying a gun. FARHAD : (in Farsi) You don’t use that tone of voice with me.

DIRK : Yo, Osama! Plan a Jihad on your own time. What do you want? FARHAD : (in Farsi) What is he saying about “Jihad”?

(to DIRK, in English) Are you making insults at me?

DIRK : Am I making insults at you? Is that the closest you get to English? FARHAD : Yes, I speak English! I am American citizen.

DIRK : Oh God, here we go.

The conversation runs in an informal way. The address form that is used

by Dirk toward Farhad is a Multiple Name “Osama”. Dirk looks annoyed to

Farhad since Farhad speaks to Dorry in Farsian (Persian) language. Dirk does not

understand what his two buyers discuss about. Thus, Dirk addresses Farhad in a

high tone of voice. Dirk is angry because Farhad and Dorry ignore him. The

reasons of the use of address “Osama” by Dirk are to get Farhad’s attention and to

show Dirk’s anger since Farhad and Dorry ignore him as the owner of the shop. It

can be seen that Dirk uttered it in a resentful and high tone with anger expression

in his face. Dirk uses the Multiple Name “Osama” since he does not know the

buyer’s name. Therefore, he uses name “Osama”(Osama bin Laden), a man

coming from Middle East who is famous for his “Jihad”, since Dirk sees Farhad

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message toward the addressee. Dirk humiliates Farhad. He has a prejudice that

Farhad is similar to Osama.

Based on the phenomena above, it is interesting to analyze the style of

speech especially addressing in the film entitled Crash related to the characters

with different ethnic, social status, situation, topic and setting. Therefore, the

researcher conducts a research entitled ADDRESS FORMS IN THE FILM

ENTITLED CRASH.

B. Problem Limitation

Considering many kinds of address forms in the film, the researcher only

focuses on the style of addresses used for calling the second person participant

occurring in the dialogs in the film entitled Crash. Since the address form “You”

has no special meaning or various usages in English, it will be excluded in the

analysis.

C. Problem Statements

Based on the research background above, the problem statements are as

follow:

1. What kinds of addresses are used by the characters in the film Crash?

2. How are the addresses used by the characters in the film Crash?

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D. Research Objectives

Based on the formulation of problem statements above, the objectives of

the research are as follow:

1. To describe the kinds of addresses used by the characters in the film

Crash.

2. To describe the use of addresses in the film Crash.

3. To find out the reasons of the use of addresses by the characters in the film

Crash.

E. Research Benefits

The researcher expects that this research will be beneficial to:

1. Lectures and students of English Department:

This research is expected to give some input and knowledge about style of

speech especially concerning with address forms.

2. Other Researchers in the related areas:

This research can be used as reference for the other research related to the

study especially in sociolinguistic field.

F. Research Methodology

This research belongs to descriptive research. In descriptive research, the

researcher only collected data, classified them then analyzed them and finally

draw conclusion about the data and not necessarily draw a general conclusion

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Taylor in Moleong states that qualitative method refers to the research procedure

which brings about descriptive data in the form of written or spoken words and

behavior available to be examined (2007:6).

The data of this research are all address forms spoken by the characters in

the film entitled Crash. The data are analyzed through sociolinguistic approach

that is by using ethnography of communication point of view, addressing theory,

and the other related aspects of Sociolinguistics. The researcher also uses internet

to enrich information about the data. The research methodology will be explained

clearly in Chapter III.

G. Thesis Organization

The organization of this research is based on the following arrangement:

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION. It consists of Research Background, Problem

Limitation, Problem Statements, Research Objectives, Research

Benefits, Research Methodology and Thesis Organization.

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW. Sociolinguistics, Ethnography of

Communication, Social Dimensions of Communication, Style of

Speech, Address Forms, Domain of Language Use, Synopsis of the

Film and Review of the Related Research.

CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. It consists of The Types of

Research, Data and Source of Data, Sample and Technique of

Sampling, Instrument of the Research, Technique of Analyzing

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CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS. It consists of The Types of Addresses used

by the Characters in the Film Crash, The Interpretation of The Use

of Address Forms in the Film Crash and The Reason of The Use of

Address Forms in The Film Crash, and Discussion Analysis.

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

Reviews of some related literature are needed to solve the problems of the

research. This chapter contains some theories related to the topic of the research

which covers the Definition of Sociolinguistics, The Scope of Sociolinguistics,

Ethnography of Communications, Fundamental Concepts in Ethnography of

Communication, Components of Speech, Social Dimension of Communication,

Style of Speech, Address Forms, Synopsis of the Film and Related Research.

Thus, this chapter will discuss all of those theories.

A. Sociolinguistics

1. The Definition of Sociolinguistics

Sociolinguistics is a branch of linguistics which studies the relationship

between language and society. There are some sociolinguists who give their

definition of Sociolinguistics as follows:

Chaika states that sociolinguistics is the study of the way people use

language in social interactions of all kinds (1982:2). Sociolinguistics examines

how language works in any kind of situation. Similarly, Wardaugh also states that

Sociolinguistics concerns with investigating the relationship between language

and society with the goal of being better understanding of the structure of

language and of how languages function in communication (1998:12). It means

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interact to each other. It can be seen that what the language patterns are and how

they are applied in any situation of communication. Sociolinguistics studies how

people choose an appropriate language in their everyday interaction, for instance,

how the language is used when they talk with their friends and their enemies.

Hudson defines sociolinguistics as the study of language in relation to the

society (1996:1). It is also confirmed by Dell Hymes. He states that

sociolinguistics refers to correlation between language and societies, and between

particular linguistics and social phenomena (1974: VII). The statement above

shows the close relationship between language and society. They are inter-related

each other. Thus, none of them exists without the other’s presence.

Holmes defines that sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship

between language and society. Sociolinguists are interested to explain why people

speak differently in the different social context and they are concerned with

identifying the social functions of language and the ways it is used to convey

social meaning (1992:1). It can be said that sociolinguistics does not only describe

the relationship between language and society, but also the social function and the

way people use language in the different social context and speech community.

From those definitions above, it can be concluded that sociolinguistics is

the study of language which focuses on the relation between language and its

social factors within a society.

2. The Scope of Sociolinguistics

Based on Fishman’s (1972) point of view, Sociolinguistics can be divided

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a. Macro Sociolinguistics

Macro sociolinguistics is a term used to cover secular linguistics, the

sociology of language and other areas involving the study of relative large group

of speakers (Trudgill, 1992: 51). It emphasizes its study on the society that is in

relatively large group of people or speakers of such language. Macro

sociolinguistics is the study on sociolinguistics that takes account of the language

history and development in the scope of society in general (Fishman, 1972). Thus,

it can be concluded that macro sociolinguistics concerns with the use of a

language and language varieties involving a large group of speakers rather than

individual. In other word, macro sociolinguistics is the study of language which

aimed to understand the society.

b. Micro Sociolinguistics

Micro sociolinguistics is a term that covers the study of face to face

interaction, discourse analysis, conversation analysis, and other areas of

sociolinguistics involving the study of relatively small group of speakers

(Trudgill, 1992:52). Fishman (1972) states that micro sociolinguistics is the study

of language in specific communities with the scope of discussion such as the

behavior toward language style of speech, domains of language use, register and

speech act.

Since the focus of the discussion is style of speech concerning with the use

of Address forms, the researcher takes micro sociolinguistics as the frame of

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B. Ethnography of Communication

1. The Definition of Ethnography Communication

In order to know how the speakers of a particular language in a particular

community organize their social relationship, it is necessary to know the

ethnography of communication. The approach to the sociolinguistics of language

in which the use of language in general related to the social culture is called the

ethnography of communication (Fasold, 1996:39).

Hymes in Foundations in Sociolinguistics (1974:4) gives further

explanations of his theory of Ethnography of Communication as follows:

“As the scope: One cannot simply take separate results from linguistics, psychology, sociology, ethnology, as given, and seek to correlate them, however partially useful such work maybe, if one is to have a theory of language (not just a theory of grammar). One needs fresh kinds of data, one need to investigate directly the use of language in context of situation, so as to discern patterns proper to speech activity, patterns that escape separate studies of grammar, of personality, of social structure, religion, and the like, each abstracting from the patterning of speech activity into some other frame reference.

As to basis: One cannot take linguistic form, a given code, or even speech itself, as a limiting frame of reference. One must take as context a community, or network of persons, investigating its communicative activities as a whole, so that any use of channel and codes takes its place as part of resources upon which the members draw.”(p.IV)

From the definition above, it can be seen that the Ethnography of

Communication is concerned with the situations and uses, the patterns and

function of speaking as an activity in its own right (Hymes in Fasold, 1996:39).

Ethnography of communication is the study of the organization of speaking as an

activity in human society. In Ethnography of communication, we cannot simply

take a part of the linguistics result as the source of investigation but we should

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that go along with it, and then analyze together with the context of condition and

context of situation.

Therefore, ethnography of communication seeks to account not only for

what can be said, but also for when, where, by whom, to whom, in what manner

and what particular circumstances. It deals with the factors relating to the use of

language varieties including the norms and rules used in a certain community.

2. Fundamental Concepts in Ethnography of Communication

In order to get more comprehensive of what ethnography of

communication is all about, we should know some fundamental concepts of

ethnography of communication, that is, speech community, speech situation,

speech event and speech act.

a. Speech Community

The term speech community is usually used by sociolinguist to refer to a

community based on language. Dell Hymes defines the term of speech community

as a community sharing knowledge of rules for conduct and interpretation of

speech, rules for interpretation of at least one language variety (1974:51).

Similarly, Coulthard also states that a speech community is any group which

shares both linguistics resources and rules for interaction and interpretation

(1998:35). It can be said that a speech community is a group of people who speak

the same language and share the same norms of language.

Peter Trudgill explains speech community as a community of speakers

who share the verbal repertoire and who also share the same norms for linguistics

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speech community if they speak the same language and use the same norms of

interaction and interpretation.

Moreover, Fishman states that a speech community is one, all whose

members share at least a single variety and norms for its appropriate use

(1972:22). From the definition, a speech community is not simply a group of

people that use the same language, but it must have the same judgment towards

the prevailed rules in using language.

From all of definition above, it can be concluded that speech community is

a group of people who share a set of norms, rules for interaction and interpretation

regarding to the use of language. It means there must be a mutual intelligibility

among them. Each of them has to know how to use that language appropriately in

the society in which they live, when and to whom it is used as they communicate

and interact with others.

b. Speech Situation

Hymes (1974:51) describes speech situation as situations associated with

or marked by the absence of speech. He gives the examples of speech situation

such as ceremonies, fights, hunts, love making and etc. He also explains that

speech situations are not purely communicative. They may be composed of both

communicative and other kinds of events. Speech situations are not themselves

subject to rules of speaking, but can be referred to by rules of speaking as contexts

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c. Speech Event

Hymes explains that the term speech event will be restricted to activities,

or aspects of activities, that are directly governed by rules or norms for the use of

speech (1974:52). Speech event takes place within a speech situation. Speech

situation is composed by one or more speech events. It can be seen in the

example: a request might be a speech act that is part of a conversation (speech

event) which takes place at a dinner (speech situation).

d. Speech act

Hymes explains that speech act is to be distinguished from the sentence

and is not to be identified with any unit at any level of grammar (In Fasold,

1990:43). A speech act gets its status from the social context as well as

grammatical form and intonation. “The level of speech acts mediates immediately

between the usual levels of grammar and the rest of a speech event or situation in

that it implicates both linguistics form and social norms” (ibid, 1990:43).

Speech is a very essential concept that is strongly related to the concept of

Hymes’ ethnography of communication. It is clear that speech act occurs in social

communication in which social and situational context, function and topics is the

determiner of the speech meaning.

3. Component of Speech

Hymes suggests that there are eight components of speech that the

ethnographer should look for. Those are situation, participants, ends, act sequence,

key, instrumentalities, norms and genres. All of them are known with one of

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a. Situation

The situation (S) consists of setting and scene that describe the

conversation occurs. The setting refers to time and place or the concrete physical

circumstances in which a speech takes place. The scene refers to the abstract

psychological setting or cultural definition of an occasion as formal or informal,

serious or festive (ibid: p.44).

b. Participants

Participant (P) is a person or individual involving in a speech event. The

participants consist of speaker-listener, addresser-addressee, or sender-receiver. It

deals with who is speaking and who is a speaker speaking to. A speaker, addresser

and sender mean people who deliver a message. A listener, addressee and receiver

mean people to whom the message is delivered (ibid, p.44).

c. Ends

Ends (E) mean the purpose of an event. It can be divided outcomes (the

purpose of the event from social/ cultural point of view) and goals (the purpose of

the individual participant). Outcomes that enter into the definition of speech event

can be described as the purpose of speech base on the cultural point of view, e.g.

trade, marriage contract, interview, etc. while the goal of a speech is a purpose of

each participant during communication. In other words, it can be seen as a

negotiation among participants to make an agreement toward the topic discussed.

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d. Act sequence

Acts sequence (A) refers to the message of a conversation. It consists of

message form (how something is said) and message content (what is said) (ibid,

p.44). Both message form and message content involve communicative skills that

vary from one culture to another. Speakers have to know how to formulate speech

event and speech act in ways that their culture values and also how to recognize

what is being talked about, when a topic changes, and how to manage changes in

the topic.

e. Key

Key (K) refers to the tone, manner, or spirit in which a speech is carried

out, whether it is mock or serious, perfunctory or painstaking. In addition, key

also refers to the feeling, atmosphere, and attitude. Key seems to be one of the

most important social factors affecting one’s uses of language. For better

understanding of the term “key”, the definition of “key” in details is given as

follows:

· Tone: the general spirit of the scene, such as brave, fierce, and fearful

· Manner: the participant’s way of behavior toward others, whether it is

polite, impolite, intimate, distant, formal, informal, tense, relaxed, serious,

mocking, respectful.

· Feeling: the emotions indicating happiness, terror, excitability, anxiety,

shock, desperation, anger, neutrality, irony, uncertainty, frustration, etc.

· Atmosphere: the feeling that affects the mind in a place o condition, for

(32)

· Attitude: the participant’s ways of thinking and behaving toward a

situation whether it is sympathetic, optimistic, pessimistic, resolute,

serious, mocking, resentful, bitter, etc.

f. Instrumentalities

Instrumentalities are derived from the word “instrument” that means the

way the message of a conversation is transmitted. Instrumentalities (I) include

both channel and form of speech. Hymes describes channel as the way in which a

message travels from one person to another. The most commonly used channels

are oral and written, but message can also be transmitted by such means of

telegraph, smoke signals, semaphore, etc. Whereas, form of speech according to

Hymes deals with language and their subdivisions such as dialects, codes,

varieties, and register (ibid, p.43).

Related to the discussion of this research, the researcher takes speech style

as counterpart to register for it can be considered as form of speech in accordance

with aspects of person, situation and genres (Hymes, 1974: 59).

g. Norms

Norms (N) refer to the rules used within a conversation and interaction.

There are two kinds of norm namely norm of interaction and norm of

interpretation. Both of them are determined by cultural aspects of certain

community. Norms of interaction refer to a set of non-linguistic rules which

govern when, how, and how often speech occurs, while norms of interpretation

involve trying to understand what is being conveyed beyond what is the actual

(33)

h. Genres

Genres refer to the categories of the speech. It can be a poem, myths, tale,

proverb, riddle, curse, prayer, oration, lecturer, commercial, form letter, editorial,

etc (Hymes, 1974:61). They often coincide with speech events, but may occur in

more than one different event (Hymes in Fasold, 1990:46).

C. Social Dimension of Communication

Holmes (1992:376) states that there are four dimensions reflected during

the process of communication, namely: social distance scale, status scale,

formality scale, and function scale.

a. A Social distance scale concerned with participants relationships

The solidarity – Social distance scale

Intimate/ close Distant

High solidarity Low solidarity

Dimension of social distance is a solidarity dimension taking account for

pattern of linguistic interaction. The discussion of this dimension always connects

with participant’s relationship. It is useful in emphasizing that how well the

participants know each other is one of the most important factors in affecting the

pattern of communication. How close and far the participant’s relationship is

shown by this scale. Language of solidarity based on Holmes (1992:378) is

in-group language that identifies certain in-group difference, existence, or solidarity

(34)

b. A Status scale concerned with participants relationship

The social status scale

Superior High status

Subordinate Lower status

Other name of the dimension of status scale is the dimension of power

scale of participants. Dimension of status or power scale is the dimension that

accounts for a variety of linguistic differences in the way people speak (ibid, 378).

People communicate in such a way signal their status or power in a society. When

people of lower status address to the higher status, they will use “sir”, “madam”,

etc.

c. A Formality scale relating to the setting or type of interaction

The Formality scale

Formal High formality

Low Low formality

The formality dimension is the dimension that accounts for speech

variation in different settings or contexts. This scale is useful in assessing the

influence of the social setting or types of interaction on the language choices.

People will choose a certain variety of linguistic choices in accordance with the

context of setting when the communication takes place whether a formal or

informal occasion. For example, in a law court, a very formal setting will

influence the language used regardless of the personal relationship between the

speakers. For everyday friendly conversation, people usually use casual language

(35)

d. Two Function scale relating to the purpose or topic of interaction

The Referential and affective function scale

Referential

High Low

Information information

Content Content

Affective

Low High

Affective Affective

Content Content

The function of an interaction can also be an important influence on its

linguistic form. The function dimension here covers referential meaning and

affective social meaning. The linguistic features of a certain interaction with

referential meaning are strongly influenced by the information they need to

convey and it can express how someone is feeling. Many everyday interactions

serve both an affective (or social) function and referential (informative) function.

The weather forecast tends to put emphasis on information or the referential

function. On the contrary, the interactions which are concerned with expressing

feeling often have a little space in the way of new information to communicate.

Talk between neighbors over the fence at the weekend about the weather, for

instance, is more likely to be mainly affective in function and intended to convey

(36)

D. Style of Speech

Dell Hymes (1974 in Coulthard, 1998:40) explains that style of speech is

used in the neutral sense of ‘a way or mode’. He gives the definition of speech

style as follow:

“The concept of style may seem very close to that of register but there is a crucial difference: registers are mainly defined and recognized by topic and context-specific lexis – the register of sermons is the language used in giving sermons; style, however, as the rules of alternations emphasize, are not mechanically connected to particular situations – speakers may choose among styles and their choices have social meaning” (p.40).

From that definition above, it can be seen clearly that the use of certain

style of speech constitutes social meaning conveyed and emphasized in

interaction. The speech style is not only connected with the situation in which the

communication takes place, but it also has social meaning such as the intimacy of

participants, formality, mood of communication and other social dimensions of

communication.

Chaika in Language as the Social Mirror states that speech, like a dress, varies with the situation, different situation calling for different styles (1994: 81).

Style also controls social interaction. More interestingly, style gives its own

messages that are not supposed to be given via linguistic system proper. A

communication with a typical setting, participants, topic requires a specific

language variety whether varieties in one language or in the variation in other

languages. It depends on the situation when the communication occurs and the

social dimension of the communication. Thus, it can be said that a different

situation and different social dimension of communication will require a different

(37)

Chaika also defines that style forms a communication system in its own

right, one that determines how a social interaction will proceed or it will not

proceed at all. Style of speech tells whether a communication goes formally or

informally. Style also tells the listeners how to take what is being said, whether

seriously, ironically, humorously, angrily, lovingly or dubiously (1994:81).

Style is also related to the care that the speaker takes with his expression in

a certain situation. The more formal situation is the more formal people pay

attention to their language. In the less formal situation, people can talk informally

and produce language variety freely. Moreover, the use of language varieties is

depend on the social status of the interaction involve in a conversation.

From those definitions above, it can be said that style constitutes the use of

varieties in one language that has some specific social meaning related to the

speaker’s intention in conducting of communication. The choice of style is related

to the situation when the communication occurs and the social dimension of the

communication. Thus, a person may choose different styles in relation to the

situation and social dimension of communication that occur during the process of

communication. The style of speech also deals with the participants, topics and

setting that always determine the situation when the conversation occurs.

E. Address Forms

Fasold in The Sociolinguistics of Language states that address forms are

the words speakers use to designate the person they are talking to while they are

(38)

Spolsky (1998:21) states that there are four kinds of address forms used in

a society, namely: Title alone (“Sir”, “Your Majesty”, “Madam”, “Mr”, “Mrs”,

“Miss”), Title plus Last Name (“Mr. Jones”, “Dr. Smith”, “Lord Clark”, “Miss

Jones”, “Mrs. Jones”), First Name (“Orlando”, “David”, “Tom”), and Multiple

Name (including nicknames: “Young man”, “Son”, “Dear”, “Sweetheart”,

“Honey”).

Brown and Ford (1964, in Fasold, 1990: 8) divide the address forms into

two forms, namely major and variant. Major forms of address include term of first

name (FN), and term of title plus last name (TLN). The variant forms of address

consists of term of title alone (T), last name (LN) and multiple name (MN).

Among the kinds of addresses, it can be seen that Title alone (T) is the most

formal address forms. Last name (LN) is less formal than Title plus Last Name

(TLN), but not so intimate as First Name (FM). Multiple Name (MN) is the most

intimate address forms.

Brown and Gilman propose the further study of address forms and the

social relationship (in Fasold, 1990:3). They use the first letter from Latin vos (V)

and familiar pronoun tu (T). The V form is sometimes described as the ‘polite’

form and the T form as the ‘familiar’ one. Furthermore, they propose that pronoun

usage is governed by two semantics, which they called power and solidarity. The

power semantic, like the power relationship, is non reciprocal. The less powerful

person says V to the more powerful one, and he receives T from the more

powerful person. Solidarity implies a sharing between people, a degree of

(39)

semantic comes into play only where it does not interfere with the power

semantic, in other word, it is between power equals. If two people are equally

powerful but not ‘solidarity’, they do not share anything significant. They will

exchange the mutual V. But if power equals are ‘solidarity’, they will exchange

mutual T. The system is illustrated by Brown and Gilman as in figure below:

Superior Equal and solidarity

T

Equal and not solidarity V

Inferior

Based on Brown and Ford’s study (in Fasold, 1990:8)), the principle’s

choices in American English are between First Name (FN) and Title Last Name

(TLN), with FN roughly analogous to tu and TLN to vos. The principle’s choices

in American English address forms based on Brown and Ford are: (1) Title alone,

the most formal address forms; (2) last name alone (LN), less formal than title

plus last name (TLN) but not so intimate as first name (FN), and (3) multiple

name (MN),the most intimate address form. Moreover, according to them, there

are several patterns of FN forms: full FN (Thomas), shortened (Tom), diminutive

(Tommy).

The terms of address above have its own social and situational factors in

use. The ordinary factors that influence the choice of address forms are power and

solidarity. If someone addresses the interlocutor by using “formal term” non

reciprocal, we will know that his or her relationship is not intimate or distant

(40)

addresses his interlocutor by using “informal term” reciprocally, we can see that

their relationship is intimate or close because solidarity.

Ervin-Trip conducts another study of American English address. She

presents the address form system as a series of choices. It actually represents the

thought processes a speaker goes though in deciding address forms (in Fasold,

1990:12).The flow chart below is a representation of one American address form

system (ibid, p.13).

The diamond-shaped junctures are to be taken as decision point. The “E”

beside the juncture labeled ‘adult’ marks the entry point, the point where you

begin the process. There are two exits from each decision point depending on

whether the indicated condition is met (+) or (-). To work out the correct address

form to use, you simply follow the appropriate path through the chart. For

example, a faculty member (F) who wants to address the Dean (D) who recognize

(41)

formal faculty meeting with parliamentary procedures in effect). If not, whether or

not F knows D’s name would be checked (almost certainly F would), then

whether or not D is a relative (presumably not). Next, F decides if D is a friend or

colleague (D is a colleague, at least), then if D is of higher rank (D is), then if F

has a ‘dispensation’ to address D by his first name. Dispensation simply means

that D has made it clear, explicitly o tacitly, that it is acceptable for F to call him

or her by D’s first name. If F has a dispensation, then F addresses D by D’s first

name. If not, F then has to decide if there is an ‘identity set’ of occupational or

courtesy titles like ‘Senator’, or ‘Doctor’ that applies. In this case, presumably

there is an applicable title or this kind, namely ‘Dean’. As a result, F addresses

him as ‘Dean’+ LN in the absence of a dispensation (Ervin-Trip in Fasold,

1990:12).

F.Domain of Language Use

It is important to look at domains of language use if we talk about the

choice of certain variety in accordance to the social dimensions of

communication. Domains of language use are the term to point at typical settings,

typical topics, and typical participants. Holmes (1992) states that the certain social

factors – whom you are talking to, the social context of the text, the function and

topic of discussion turn out to be important in accounting for language choice in

many different kinds of speech community (p.23).

Spolsky (1998) proposes that a useful way of classifying social situations

(42)

topic. These make up a set of typical domains. The domains are named usually for

a place or activity in it. It means that the term of domain refers to a kind of place

or activity where certain communication takes place in a specific occasion and

combined with social and situational context.

From the definitions above, then, sociolinguists determine kinds of

domains such as: family, friendship, religion, employment, and education. The

progress of sociolinguistics study brings wider and more specific divisions of

kinds of domain; among them are home, school, office, neighborhood, etc.

G. Synopsis of Film

Crash is a movie that brings out racial stereotypes. The film is interesting

to analyze since there are many characters in the film coming from different

cultural background. Beside that, there are many address forms used by the

characters in the film.

The movie is set in Los Angeles, a city with a cultural mix of every

nationality. The story begins when several people are involved in a multi-car

accident. From that point, we are taken back to the day before the crash, seeing

the lives of several characters, and their problems encounters during that day. An

LAPD cop John Ryan tries to get medical help for his father, but he has a

problems with a black HMO clerk, Shaniqua, who does not want to give his father

permission to see another doctor. He in turn takes out his frustration on a black

couple during a traffic stop. The black couple is Cameron and Christine. Cameron

(43)

(Christine Thayer). A district Attorney Rick Cabot and his wife (Jean Cabot) are

carjacked at gunpoint by two black teenagers (Anthony and Peter). Jean takes out

her anger on a Mexican locksmith who is changing the door locks to their home.

Later that night, the locksmith is again robbed of his dignity by a Persian

store-owner.

Many of the characters switch from being bad-person-to-hero and vice

versa. Ryan later puts his own life on the line to save Christine, the woman whom

he molested earlier, from certain death in a fiery car wreck. Farhad (a Persian

store owner) who is humiliated by Dirk (a white man who own a gun store) before

becomes a racist who dislike Hispanics. Towards the end of the movie, Anthony

steals a van which - unknown to him at the time - was full of trafficked people

from South East Asia. He refers to these immigrants disparagingly as Chinamen,

but when the owner of the chop shop offers him $500 per head for the immigrants

with the intention of selling them on, Anthony refuses. Instead, in the closing

scenes of the movie, he lets the immigrants out into the Asian district of LA and

gives them money (http://www.imdb.com/Crash/plot).

H. Related Research

In this chapter, the researcher includes some related studies on the address

system. By this, then, the researcher considers them as counterparts and source of

insight to this research. Those related studies are as follows:

Firstly, a research entitled An Analysis on the Use of Second Person

(44)

Rahmayanti on 2007. She describes the variety of second person addresses in the

film, the communicative functions and the social meaning of the addresses. She

focuses her research on the use of addresses based on classification of social status

and social communication. She analyzes the address forms used by the characters

related to the kingdom background of the film.

Secondly, a research entitled An Analysis of Second Person Addresses in

the Film Entitled “King Arthur” that was done by Pungki Wulandari on 2008. She

describes the variety of second person addresses in the film and the social

meaning of the addresses. She specifies the use of second person addresses based

on “intimacy, solidarity, power, formality, respect, and feeling expression.” She

also analyzes the data based on the social status of the characters related to the

religion and military background of the film.

Finally, the researcher also conducts a research about address forms. This

research describes the types of address forms employed by the characters in the

film entitled Crash, the use of addresses and also the reason of the use of address

forms in the film. This research is different from the previous research since this

researcher tries to describe how the addresses are used and to find out the reason

of the use of the address forms in the film. Moreover, the researcher also analyzes

the address forms used by the characters related to the social status or background

of the film. In this film, the social background is complex since the society is

composed by many different races, for example: white, black, Hispanics, Korean,

(45)

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Type of Research

This research is a qualitative research. Bodgan and Taylor states that

qualitative research is a research procedure which brings about descriptive data in

the form of written or spoken words and behavior available to be examined (in

Moleong, 2007:4). Moleong defines that qualitative research is a type of research

that does not include any calculation or numeration (2007:3).

This research employs a descriptive method. The objective is to describe

phenomenon from the data analysis out of which a research conclusion will be

drawn. Surakhmad states that descriptive method is a kind of research method

using technique of searching, collecting, classifying, analyzing the data,

interpreting them and finally drawing conclusion (2004: 139). Furthermore, in this

research, the conclusion only applies for the collected data, not for general

conclusion.

B. Data and Source of Data

In a research, the source of data refers to the subject from which the data

are obtained (Arikunto, 1998: 114). The data may appear in the form of discourse,

sentence, clause, phrase, word, or even morpheme (Soebroto: 1992).

In conducting this research, the researcher employs a film entitled Crash

(46)

provides many data related to the topic of the research that is address forms.

Meanwhile, the researcher also uses the transcript of the film found from internet

as the supporting source of data. It is done in order to support the researcher in

analyzing the data. Thus, if there is a difference between the dialogs in the film

and the transcript of the film found from internet, the researcher uses the main

source of data that is the film entitled Crash. The data of this research are all

address forms spoken by the characters in the film entitled Crash.

C. Sample and Technique of Sampling

In a qualitative research, sample is not taken from the population since the

selection is not intended to take generalizations of the population but to gain the

depth information of the field of study (Sutopo, 2002:55). Sample is a part or

representation of the data being observed (Arikunto, 1998: 92) whereas technique

of sampling is a technique of choosing samples out of the data (Hadi, 1983: 75).

In this research, the researcher uses total sampling technique. Surakhmad

states that total sampling is a technique where the whole data becomes the sample

(2004:100). Thus, the researcher analyzes all address forms used by the characters

in the film entitled Crash.

D. Instrument of Research

In a qualitative research, the most important research instrument is the

researcher herself with or without the help of the other people (Moleong, 2007:9).

(47)

conducting this research, the researcher is supported by some equipment such as

VCD of film, a set of VCD player, television, and internet.

E. Technique of Collecting Data

The data of this research are collected by doing the following steps:

1. Replying the film entitled Crash for several times.

2. Focusing on the dialogs containing second person address forms in the

film.

3. Finding the transcript of the film from the internet

(http://www.awesome.com)

4. Comparing the dialogs of the film containing second person address forms

and the transcript of the film from internet.

5. Giving marks to each dialog containing second person address forms.

6. Classifying the data based on the kinds of address forms used by the

characters, namely Title (T), Title plus Last Name (TLN), Title plus First

Name (T+FN), Last Name (LN), First Name (FN), Multiple Name (MN)

You plus Multiple Name (You +MN) and Name (N).

7. Coding the data.

F. Data Coding

In this research, the researcher gives some codes in the data to make easier

the classification and analysis of the data of the research. The data coding is based

(48)

forms used by the character. The examples of the data coding in this research are

as follow:

C/01/ T

C/03/ MN

C : Refer to the title of film

01, 03 : Refer to number of data

T, MN : Refer to the type of address forms

T, TLN, T+FN, LN, FN, MN, You +MN, and N are the types of address forms

found in the film.

G. Technique of Analyzing Data

In this research, the technique of analyzing data is conducted in several

stages, as follows:

1. Classifying the data based on the kinds of address forms used by the

characters in the film, based on the theory of Brown and Ford (cited in

Fasold, 1990:8):

1. Title (T)

2. Title plus Last Name (TLN)

3. Title plus First Name (T+FN)

4. Last Name (LN)

5. First Name (FN)

6. Multiple Name (MN)

(49)

8. Name (N)

2. Describing the use of address forms by the characters based on Dell

Hymes’s SPEAKING theory.

3. Finding the reason of the use of address forms by the characters in the film

“Crash” by using the Ethnography of Communication and Social

Dimension of Communication.

(50)

CHAPTER IV

DATA ANALYSIS

Data analysis aims at answering the problem statements as follows: first,

what kinds of addresses are employed by the characters in the film Crash?,

second, how are the addresses used by the characters in the film Crash?, and third,

why are addresses used by the characters in the film Crash?.

This chapter is divided into three sub-chapters. The first sub-chapter is the

classification of the type of addresses found in the data. The classification is done

by classifying the collected data based on the type of addresses. The second is the

interpretation of the use of address forms and the reason of the use of address

forms in the film. The third sub chapter is the discussion.

In analyzing the data, the researcher uses ethnography of communication

by applying SPEAKING formula as the guiding line of the research with

sociolinguistics as the field of study.

A. The Classification of the Type of Address Forms Used by the Characters in the Film Entitled Crash

From the collected data, the researcher finds that there are eight kinds of

address forms used by the characters in the film “Crash”, namely Title (T), Title

plus Last Name (TLN), Title plus First Name (T+FN), Last Name (LN), First

(51)

Name (N). The classification of address forms used in the dialogs based on the

types of address forms are as follows:

I. Title (T) : 12 data

II. Title plus Last Name (TLN) : 4 data

III. Title plus First Name (T+FN) : 2 data

IV. Last Name (LN) : 1 data

V. First Name (FN) : 11 data

VI. Multiple Name (MN) : 21 data

VII. You plus Multiple Name (You +MN) : 6 data

VIII. Name (NM) : 1 data

Total : 58 data

B. The Interpretation of the Use of Address Forms and the Reason of the Use of Address Forms in the Film Entitled Crash.

The type of address used by the characters determines the participant’s

social status background and the relationship between the participants. The sub

chapter analyzes the data by determining the use of each address form used by the

characters in the film through style of speech that differentiates the type of

addresses in the film. Since there are so many data and the similarities among the

data, the researcher only takes one or two data to be analyzed as the representation

(52)

1. Title

There are twelve data containing Title address form that can be found in

the movie. They are: C/01/T, C/02/T, C/03/T, C/04/T, C/05/T, C/06/T, C/07/T,

and C/08/T, C/09/T, C/10/T, C/11/T and C/12/T.

There are some data with similar characteristics, for example the data with

code numbers C/01/T, C/02/T, C/04/T, C/05/T, C/06/T and C/11/T. The addresses

used in the data above are to show formality. Meanwhile the data with code

numbers C/03/T, C/07/T, C/08/T, C/09/T, C/10/T and C/12/T are used to show

respect. Since there are similarities among the data, the researcher only takes two

data as the representation of the other similar data.

1.1. Formality

Formality is a formal procedure in a particular social situation. In this film,

there are six data containing Title address form that is influenced by formality

aspect. They are data with code numbers C/01/T, C/02/T, C/04/T, C/05/T, C/06/T

and C/11/T. Since there are some characteristics among the data, the researcher

only takes two data as the representation the other similar data. Thus, the data

with code numbers C/01/T and C/04/T are presented to give clear description as

follow:

C/01/T

a. Data Description

The dialog takes place in Fairfax Avenue. The participants involved are a

motorcycle cop, Ria and Kim Lee. The motorcycle cop is a black man. Ria is a

(53)

a crash accident in Fairfax Avenue. The topic of the dialog is about crash. In the

conversation, a Korean woman judges Ria as a guilty person in the traffic

accident. However, Ria does not want to be blamed because it is not her fault. The

conversation happens in order to clarify the information that the traffic accident is

not caused by Ria.

b. Dialog

Motorcycle cop: Calm down, ma'am. Kim Lee : I am calm!

Motorcycle cop: I need to see your registration and insurance. Kim Lee : Why? It's not my fault! It's her fault! She do this! Ria : (approaching) My fault?

Motorcycle cop: Ma'am, you really need to wait in your vehicle. c. Data Interpretation

The dialog runs in a formal way. The address form that exists in the dialog

is Title address form ‘Ma’am’. The address form Title ‘Ma’am’ is uttered by

Motorcycle cop toward the women. In this dialog, the Motorcycle cop tries to

calm down the two women who involve in a quarrel. He uses a kind of the address

term, namely Title “Ma’am”. The participants do not know each other before.

Thus, they have a distant relationship. Kim Lee judges Ria to become the guilty

person who makes crash happen. On the other hand, Ria has the opposite opinion

that the accident is not caused by Ria. She only followed the direction when she

saw many cars stopped in front of her car, she stopped directly.

The motorcycle cop gets difficulties to calm the two women. He tries to

behave explicitly but still respectfully to them. He uses the kind of address namely

Title “ma’am”. He utters it in a respectful and explicit tone of voice, but he looks

Gambar

Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4  First Name address forms
+3

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