WORD FORMATION PROCESS ON SLANG WORDS USED BY TEENAGERS IN BLACKBERRY MESSENGER.

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WORD FORMATION PROCESS ON SLANG WORDS

USED BY TEENAGERS IN BLACKBERRY MESSENGER

A THESIS

Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel

Surabaya

By:

Putri Okta Marantari Reg. Number : A33212088

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL

SURABAYA

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i ABSTRACT

Marantari, Putri Okta. 2016.Word Formaiion Process On Slang Words Used By

Teeneger In Blackberry Messenger. Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Letter and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Advisor:

Endratno Pilih Swasono.

Key Words: Word Formation, Slang Words, Teeneger, BlackBerry Messenger. This research analyzes about word formation process. A Word ford formation process is the linguistics process making new words or term. So, the researcher interest to know about words formation process on slang words used by teenager in BlackBerry Messenger.The researcher used the study of George Yule (2006) as the reference of kinds of word formation processes.

In this research, the researcher uses descriptive qualitative method because the researcher take documentation in collecting data and textual analysis in analyzing data.The researcher finds ten kinds of word formation: those are coinage, borrowing, compounding, blending, clipping, backformation, conversion, acronym, derivation, and multiple process. There were 32 slang words found, there were four types of word formation process, namely blending (6,52%) , clipping (3,12%) , borrowing (9,38%) , multiple process (81,25%).Although the multiple process take a crucial part in forming slang words used by teenager in BlackBerry Messenger. It was the process of borrowing dominantly occurred in the multiple process.

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INTISARI

Marantari, Putri Okta. 2016.Word Formaiion Process On Slang Words Used By

Teeneger In Blackberry Messenger. Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Letter and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya. Advisor:

Endratno Pilih Swasono.

Kata Kunci: Word Formation, Slang Words, Teeneger, BlackBerry Messenger. Penelitian ini menganalisis tentang proses pembentukan kata. Sebuah proses pembentukan kata adalah proses linguistik membuat kata-kata baru atau istilah. Jadi, peneliti tertarik untuk mengetahui tentang proses pembentukan kata-kata slang yang digunakan oleh remaja di BlackBerry Messenger. Peneliti menggunakan studi George Yule (2006) sebagai acuan jenis proses pembentukan kata.

Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif karena peneliti mengambil dokumentasi dalam mengumpulkan data dan analisis tekstual dalam menganalisis data. Peneliti menemukan sepuluh jenis pembentukan kata: mereka adalah penciptaan, pinjaman, peracikan, pencampuran, kliping, backformation, konversi, singkatan, derivasi, dan proses campuran. Ada 32 kata-kata slang ditemukan, ada empat jenis proses pembentukan kata-kata, yaitu pencampuran (6,52%), kliping (3,12%), pinjaman (9,38%), beberapa proses (81,25%). Proses campuran mengambil bagian penting dalam membentuk kata-kata slang yang digunakan oleh remaja di BlackBerry Messenger. Jadi, pinjaman yang dominan terjadi dalam proses campuran.

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TABLE OF CONTENT

INSIDE COVER PAGE ... i

INSIDE TITLE PAGE ... ii

DECLARATION PAGE ... iii

MOTTO ... iv

DEDICATION PAGE ... v

THESIS ADVISOR’S APPROVAL PAGE ... vii

THESIS EXAMINER’S APPROVAL PAGE ... viii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... ix

TABLE OF CONTENT ... x

ABSTRACT ... xiii

INTISARI ... xiv

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study ... 1

1.2 Research problems ... 5

1.3 Research objectives ... 5

1.4 Significance of the study... 6

1.5 Scope and limitation ... 6

1.6 Definition of the key terms ... 7

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2.2 Morpheme ... 9

2.3 Root, stem, and base ... 11

2.4 Word formation process... 12

2.4.1 Coinage ... 13

2.4.2 Borrowing ... 14

2.4.3 Compounding ... 14

2.4.4 Blending ... 15

2.4.5 Clipping ... 16

2.4.6 Back formation ... 16

2.4.7 Conversion ... 17

2.4.8 Acronym ... 17

2.4.9 Derivation ... 18

2.4.10 Multiple process ... 19

2.5 Slang ... 20

2.6 Previous study ... 21

CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research design ... 25

3.2 Subject of the research ... 25

3.3 Research instrument ... 26

3.4 Data and data source ... 26

3.5 Data collection ... 26

3.6 Data analysis ... 27

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4.1 Findings ... 28 4.1.1 The types of word formation process on slang words used by teenager found in

BlackBerry Messenger ... 29 4.1.2 The meaning of slang word used by teenager in BlackBerry Messenger ... 43 4.2 Discussion ... 48

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion ... 49 5.2 Suggestion ... 50

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

This part describes the background of the study, research problems, research purpose, significance of study, scope and limitation of the study, and definiton of key terms.

1.1Background of Study

Communication is an important thing in human’s life. Everytime and everywhere people do it toget their needs. They use language as the main tool in this process of communication. Accordingto O’Grady and friends (1996: 1), language is many things – a system of communication, amedium for thought, a vehicle for literary expression, a social institution, a matter for politicalcontroversy, a catalist for nation building. Although there are a lot of languages in the world,they have the same main use, that is to express ideas in the main of human being so that they canreach their wants.

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sometimes don’t think about how a language isformed. There are millions words now used by people. Everytime people get more and morenew words unless they know the way it happens. In this research, the writer tries to find themechanisms or processes of word formation and finally can be used in human’s life. Besides,word form has deep relation with meaning. The meaning of the new word form is influenced bythe process of forming a word. This process is usually called word formation process.

Slang allows a person to become creative in the use of language. Some people use slang in order to communicate with each other informally. Similarly, people using slang are able to identify other members of their subculture easily. One of the reasons slang is around is that people believe that by using slang they will be able to set themselves apart from others and be unique. So, the researcher choose this topic because the researcher excited with the type of word formation process on slang words and the meaning of slang words used in BlacBerry Messenger.

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she found that coinage is the mostly occurs in the data. Coinage as a process when a new word is needed but there are noappropriate borrowed word and native word to express it.Other processes that appear are compounding, clipping, conversion, blending, abbreviation and derivation. There are totally 96 slang terms appear in the data.

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Verawati BR Sitio (2011) her research is entitled “The word formation process and domain analysis of slang in Anak Kos DodolKumatLagi”. Besides finding out kinds of word formation and explaining the woord formation process of slang, the writer also describes the domain factors of slang. In classifying and explaining the word formation process the writer used theory from O’Grady and Guzman, Hatch and Brown, and Kridalaksana. In describing the domain factors of slang, she used theory from Fishman (1970:20). In the result of this research the writer conclude that there are nine kinds of word formation occur in the data, they are borrowing, blending, compounding, clipping, abbreviation, backformation, coinage, onomatopoeia and derivation. From those kinds of word formation, borrowing becomes the most one found in this novel. In addition, in this research, by the domain analysis, the writer found two kinds of domain; they are friendship and family domain. In the analysis step, it also can be seen that three main factors namely participant, setting and topic take an important role of classifying the domain group.

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influenced by the process of forming a word. This process is usually called word formation process. In this research, the researcher tries to analyze word formation process of slang words used by teeneger in BlackBerry Messenger.

1.2Statement of the Problems

Based on the background of the research, the researcher tries to get the answer of the following question :

1. What are the types of word formation process on slang words used by teenager in BlackBerry Messenger?

2. What are the meaning of slang words used by teenager in BlackBerry Messenger ?

1.3 The Objectives of the Study

1) To describe the types of word formation process on slang words used by teenager in BlackBerry Messenger.

2) To describe the meaning of slang words used by teenager in BlackBerry Messenger.

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Basically, the significance of this research is to increase the study about linguistics especially about slang which is include into non standart language. Also to understand types and meaning of slang language by teenager in BlackBerry Messaging. By knowing the theory of the slang, it will help the readers to increase knowledge particulary in understanding slang language by teenager in BlackBerry Messenger.

1.5Scope Of The Study

In this research, the researcher focusses on slang words, especially in word formation processes by teeneger in BlackBerry Messenger. Teeneger themself about 16 until 18 years old in 10 Senior High School of Surabaya.

1.6Definition of key term

Word-formation as a process of creating new words on the basis of already existing words, including the addition and subtraction of phonetic (or orthographic) material. word-formation simply as "the production of complex forms".

Slang is the social variation which is secretly and specific. It means, this variation is used by certain community and it has a limitation. So that way, the words of slang always change. Slang is temporal, it generally used by teenager.

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the United States, teenagers from the ages 13-14 go to middle school while teenagers from the ages of 14-18 typically go to high school. In the United Kingdom (UK); teenagers and non-teens are mixed in secondary school. Teenagers attending secondary school (high school in the US) generally graduate at the age of 17 or 18.

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8 CHAPTER II

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

This chapter presesnted some related theories that could support the topic of

this research. As the basis of the study, the researcher use related theories and the

related studies on Indonesian slang words. contains some theories about Morphology,

Root, Stem, and base, Morpheme, Lexeme and Word, Word Formation Process, and

slang. Those theories are relevant for analyzing and discussing the data collected

from this study. Previous research about slang is also figured out in this chapter.

2.1Morphology

Morphology as a part of linguistic study has a lot of definitions from some

experts..According to Yule ( 2006:67) “Morphology is study basic form of language”.

According to Katamba, morphology is the study of the internal structure of words

(1993:2).While Indonesian linguist, Ramlan, defines morphology as another level of

studying or analyzing the expression system of language which is concerned with the

identification of morphemes and the ways in which they are distributed or combined

into longer utterances (1992: 110).

From explanation above, morphology is the part of deals with the study of

words, their internal structure and partially their meanings. It is also interesting in

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2.2Morpheme

According to Bauer (1983:25), “morpheme is conceived of as a unit of form

and meaning”. Katamba (1993:24) stated “the morpheme is the smallest difference in

the shape of a word that correlates with the smallest difference in word or sentence

meaning or in grammatical structure”. Furthermore, Yule (2006:66) says that

morpheme is “a minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function”. Units of

grammatical function include forms which is used to indicate past tense or plural”.

Example: the word reopened consists of three morphemes. One minimal unit of

meaning is open, another minimal unit of meaning is re- (meaning “again”) and a

minimal unit of grammatical function is –ed (indicating past tense).

From several explanation above we can conclude that morpheme is smallest

meaningful unit of morphology which have a meaning and shape of a word where

one or more morpheme can form lexeme in a grammatical structure.

2.2.1 Free Morpheme

Free morpheme is the smallest unit of a word that has meaning without the

other morpheme. Yule’s (2010:68) statement “morphemes can stand by themselves

as single words “. for example open and tour. Free morphemes can be subdivided

into two categories; lexical morphemes and inflectional morphemes.

Lexical morphemes are words which have some meaning – verbs, adjectives

and nouns for example print, house, pretty, fire, go, girl. This word is not problem in

adding new entities to this group of words because it is used as open class of word

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prepositions, pronouns and auxiliary which have the function in grammatical but

don’t have any meaning on their own.

2.2.2 Bound Morpheme

Bound morpheme, it is the smallest unit of a word that don’t have perfect

meaning without the other morpheme. Therefore, bound morpheme must be attached

to the word. Those are prefix, suffix and infixes such as include and exclude.

According to Yule ( 2010:68), bound morpheme is “forms that cannot normally

stand alone and are typically attached to another form, exemplified as re, ist, ed,

-s”.Bound morphemes which is divided into two categories. The first derivational

morpheme and the second inflectional morphemes.

The first is derivational morphemes,it is producing new words, or changing

the function of a word. We use these bound morphemes to make new words or to

make words of a different grammatical category from the stem. For example, the

addition of the derivational morpheme -ness changes the adjective “good” to the noun

goodness. The noun “care” can become the adjectives “careful or careless” by the

addition of the derivational morphemes -fulor -less. A list of derivational morphemes

will include suffixes such as the -ish in foolish, -ly in quickly, and the -mentin

payment. The list will also include prefixes such as re-, pre-, ex-, mis-, co-, un and

many more

The second is Inflectional morphemes. These are not used to produce new

words in the language, but rather to indicate aspects of the grammatical function of a

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past tense or not, and if it is a comparative or possessive form example s, ed, ing.

Beside that morphology has several processes which will be able to create new word

in each language.

2.3Root, Stem, and base

As we know, morphology is the study of word, it is necessary to know the

internal structures of them. To create the structure, there are some elements used.

They are root, stem, and base.

Roots is the core of the word. According to Katamba( 1993:41) root is “the

irreducible core of a word, with absolutely nothing else attached to it”. The word

would not have any meaning without the root. Therefore, root is the important part in

all lexeme forms and root can be in various structure. The root can add affixes either

before or after although affixes do not have a lexical meaning on their own. For

example, walk is a root. It appears in the set of word-forms that is instantiating the

lexeme walk such as walk, walks, walking and walked

Further, the stem is “that part of a word that is in existence before any

inflectional affixes have been added. Examples: Noun stem Plural cat –s and worker

–s. In the word-form cats, the plural inflectional suffix -s is attached to the simple

stem cat, which is a bare root. In workers the same inflectional -s suffix comes after a

slightly more complex stem consisting of the root work plus the suffix -erwhich is

used to form nouns from verbs. Here work is the root, but worker is the stem to which

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The last base, Bases are similar to stems but they have no lexical meaning.

According to Katamba (1993:45), base is “any unit whatsoever to which affixes of

any kind can be added”. “Walk” is also a base, because it can have inflections

(walking) and can be turned into different words (walker is a noun). Walker is also a

base, because you can modify it inflectionally

From explanation above. We can recognize that all roots are bases but

not all bases are roots though, because sometimes the root+ inflection or root+

derivation goes on to take additional changes. (Walker is a base, but the root is

still walk). Bases are called stems only in the context of inflectional morphology

(-ed, -ing, -s, etc.).

2.4Word Formation Process

The reason why the researcher choose Yule’s theory as the theory of Word

Formation Processes is Yule has the same concept as the writer that the process in

creating a new word needs more than one process and language is not limited only in

their rules, but language can develop from Yule’s statement (2006), “it is possible to

trace the operation of more than one process at work in the creation of particular

word” (p. 60).

The researcher used Yule’s theory as the main theory because the word

formation processes originally come from Yule, and Ahmad’s theory is used to

support Yule’s theory. The word formation processes according to Yule consist of

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acronyms, derivation, prefixes / suffixes, infixes and multiple processes (2006, p

53-60).

2.4.1 Coinage

Coinage is the invention of total new term. The most typical source are

invented trade name for company product, which become general term ( without

initial capital letter) for any version of that product. Example aspirin , nylon, Kleenex

(Yule, 2006:53-54). This is a very rare and uncommon method to create new words,

but in the media, people try to outdo each other with more and better words to name

their products.

Coinage is also derived from taking the name of individual, for example:

Scientific terms, such as: watt, ohm, Celsius (the inventors or discoverers). New

words based on the name of a person or a place are called eponyms. Common

eponyms are sandwich (from the eighteenth-century Earl of Sandwich who first

insisted on having his bread andmeat together while gambling) and jeans (from the

Italian city of Genoa where the type of cloth was first made). Some eponyms are

technical terms, based on the names of those who first discovered or invented things,

such as Fahrenheit (from the German, Gabriel Fahrenheit), volt (from the Italian,

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2.4.2 Borrowing

Borrowing is taking over of word from other language (Yule 2006:54). It

means borrowing is word formation processes which involves taking lexical items

from one language to other language. English language has adopted a great number of

loan word from other language. Example alcohol(Arabic), boss (Dutch), croissant

(France) and piano (Italian). Other language also borrow term from English such as in

Japanese use of suupaamaaketto (supermarket) and taipuraitaa(typewriter)

2.4.3 Compounding

According to Yule( 2006: 55), Compounding is a process of joining two

separate words to produce a single form. It is mean that the combination of two or

more word in word formation processes. Compounding is very common in languages

like German and English, but less common in languages like French and Spanish.

Bookcase, wallpaper, textbook, wastebasket are a few examples of compounding in

English. There are many types compounding such as :

2.4.3.1 Noun compound consist of noun with the same verb or other

classes for example:

Verb+noun (VN) : playtime, drophammer and swearword

Noun+noun(NN): butterfly net, hairnet and hair restorer

Adjective+noun (AN): blackboard, full-time and greenhouse

Preposition+noun (PN) :in-group, outpost and overcoat

2.4.3.2 Verb compound

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Noun+verb(NV) :hand-wash, air-condition, and steam clean

Adjective+verb (AV) :dry clean and whitewash

Preposition+verb (PV):underestimate, outrun and overcook

2.4.3.3 Adjective compound

Example: Noun+adjective (NA) : sky-high and oil-rich

Adjective+adjective (AA) : grey-green and red-hot

Preposition+adjective (PA) : overactive and underfull

Komposisi(Compounding) is process of combining basic morpheme with

basic morpheme, free or lexical mormpheme. So, can formed a constuction that have

a new lexical identity (Ahmad, 2013, p :65). Example: “lalulintas” (traffic)

,“rumahsakit” (hospital) , Blackboard, greenhous.

2.4.4 Blending

To combining of two separate forms to produce a single new term is also

called blending. However, blending is typically accomplished by taking only the first

syllable of one word and joining it to the end of the other word. In some parts of the

United State, there is product that is used like gasoline, but it is made from alcohol.

The blended term for referring this product is gasohol. Other example are smog

(smoke+fog), brunch (breakfast+lunch) and infotainment (information+

entertainment), Yule (2006:55)

2.4.5 Clipping

Yule (2006:56) says hat clipping is shortening or reduction some element in a

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, usually beginning in casual speech. The term gasoline is still used, but most people

talk about gas, using the clipped form. Other common examples are ad

(advertisement), bra (brassiere), cab (cabriolet), condo (condominium), fan (fanatic),

flu (influenza), perm (permanent wave), phone, plane and pub (public house). English

speakers also like to clip each other’s names, as in Al, Ed, Liz, Mike, Ron, Sam, Sue

and Tom.

Yule (2006:56) mentioned the term hypocorism which mean particular types

of deletion produce from technically, usually occurred in Australia and British

English. In this process, a longer word is reduced to a single syllable, then –y or –ieis

added to the end. Perhaps the most familiar versions of this process are the word

movie from moving picture, Aussie from Australian, and tellyfromtellevisio.

Penggalan(Clipping) is an abbreviation process that reduces syllable in a

word. Example :Lab = Laboratorium, Dok = Dokter, Perpus =

Perpustakaan(Ahmad, 2013, p:68-69).

2.4.6 Back Formation

Backformation is “very specialized type of reduction process”. It is occurs

when a word of one type (usually a noun) is reduced to form other word in a different

type (usually a verb). Therefore, backformation is created the new word which

formed by removing an affix in a word. It can change the word class. For instance,

the television (noun) first come into use and then televise (verb) was created from it.

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donation (noun), babysit (verb)from baby sister, emote (verb)from emotion (noun),

etc. (Yule, 2006:56)

2.4.7 Conversion

A change in the function of word, when a noun comes to be used as a verb

(without any reduction), is generally known as conversion. Other labels for this very

common process are category change and functional shift. A number of nouns can be

changed into verb such as paper in “he is papering the bedroom walls ”bottle in “we

bottle some milk. conversion can involves verb becoming noun: guess become a

guess, must become a must spy become a spy. Verb also become adjective such as

stand up become a stand-up comedian. Adjective become verb, empty become to

empty and clean become to clean and so on. phrasal verb become noun such as to

take over become takeover and so on (Yule, 2006:57).

2.4.8 Acronyms

Yule (2006:58) stated that Acronyms are the process of word formation in

which word are formed from the initial letters of phrase that produce a new word.

These can remain essentially ‘alphabetizes’ where the pronunciation consists of the

set of letters, such as, CD (Compact Disk), or VCR (Video Cassette Recorder). Other

typical of acronyms are a word that keeps a vowel letter that pronounces as new

single word, for example: NATO, NASA, or UNESCO but many acronyms lose their

capital to become every day terms such as radar (radio detecting and ranging), scuba

(Self-contained under water breathing apparatus), or zip (zone improvement plan),

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Akronim(Acronym) is the results of the words that has shorted, it can be

pronounced as a word and , to taking the first letters from each words.

Example : ABRI = AngkatanBersenjataRepublik Indonesia. (Ahmad, 2013, p: 69)

2.4.9 Derivation

According to Yule (2006:58),Derivation is accomplished by means of a large

number of small ‘bits’ of the English language which are not usually given separate

listing in dictionaries. These small ‘bits’ are called affixes. Some affixes have to be

added to the beginning of a word, which are called prefixes. The simple definition,

derivation is word formation process by adding affixes which create a new form, new

meaning and can be changing the word class. There are three of affixes from

derivation:

2.4.9.1Prefix

Prefix is an affix attached before a root or stem or base like re-, un-, -miss, -

pre and in-. For example: re-make, in-decent, un- (unhappy), mis-

(misunderstanding), pre- (prejudge), etc. And in Indonesian : mem- , di- , ber- , ke- ,

ter- , se- , pem- , andpe-/per-. (Ahmad, 2013, p:63)

2.4.9.2Suffix

Suffix is an affix forms are attached to the end of the stem or word. For

instance, -ful(joyful), -less (careless), -ness (happiness), etc. And in Indonesian :-kan,

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2.4.9.3Infixes

Infix is a third type of affix, not normally used in English, but found in some

other languages. This is called an infix and, as the term suggests, it is an affix that is

incorporated inside another word. It is possible to see the general principle at work in

certain expressions, occasionally used in fortuitous or aggravating circumstances by

emotionally aroused English speakers: Hallebloodylujah!, Absogoddamlutely!,

unfuckinbelievable!.

Infiks(Infixes) is affix placed in the basic form. In Indonesian there are three

infixes : -el , -em- , and -er- . (Ahmad, 2013, p : 63)

2.4.10 Multiple processes

There are cases when words do not only undergo one type of word formation

process called multiple processes. It is possible to us to use more than one process at

work in the creation of a particulars word. For example, Deli, first in this borrowing

from German delicatessen, and then clipping that borrowed form. If you ever heard

someone said “problems with the project have snowballed”, the snowballed here is a

compounding between snow and ball, and then it change the word class from noun to

verb or it is called conversion. Forms that begin as acronyms can also go through

other processes, as in the use of lase as a verb, the result of backformation from laser.

In the expression waspish attitudes, the acronym WASP (“white Anglo-Saxon

Protestant”) has lost its capital letters and gained a suffix (-ish) in the derivation

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2.5Slang

First time, slang appeared in the middle of century used by writers. They used

some dialect’s pronounciations from different regions. In the 16 century, there was

slang called cant that is used by criminals. This language came from Romanian

language and had relation with France. Over time, people didn’t think that slang is

criminal language again.

As Holmes (1992) states that people in a society may speak some varieties of

language in accordance to different social climates they meet. It is true that people

should know whether they are in informal or formal situation. When people speak,

they should understand well about situation around. It is important in choosing

appropriate language that will be used, formal style or non formal one. The use of

slang language can be effected by some social factors such as age, gender, status, etc.

Slang is another area of vocabulary which reflect a person’s age (Holmes, 2001: 167).

While according to Claire (1990:4) slang is term that is used by people in

social situation where they feel comfortable with their friends. Slang is usually used

in non formal situation. It can make a conversation becomes more intimate. Slang

term is used in almost all oral language and usually used to express people’s feelings

and creativities. Kridalaksana in linguistic dictionary (2000:20) defines slang as non

formal style that is used by young people or particular social class to communicate

internally as an effort in order to make other people do not understand, both of by

adding new vocabularies or changing existing words. According to Spolsky

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Furthermore, according to Spolsky (1998: 35) there are some characteristics

of slang language:

1. Slang is a kind of jargon marked by its rejection of formal rules. It is comparative

freshness and its common ephemerality and its marked use to claim solidarity.

2. Slang regularly transgresses other social norms, making free use of taboo

exspression.

3. Slang arises as vocabulary which is used by a particular social group with specific

purpose, for example as a device for familiarizing a conversation.

4. Slang comes in the form of new words with new meaning or old words with new

meaning.

2.6Previous Study

This reserach is not the only one that analize morphology in slang terms.

There are some previous researches that concern in this topic; they are Christina

Helen Wydiasari (2011), Noor Citra Ayunani (2011), TrinugraheniKristyaniPutri

(2006), and Verawati BR Sitio (2011).

Christina Helen Wydiasari (2011) her study is entitle“Word formation

analysis on slang words in the Indonesia Teenager’s novel”. It is a case study of

Indonesian slang words used in Lupus novels, the edition of 2000 to 2003. In her

reserach, she used SimakBebasLibatCakap (SLBC) technique by Arikunto in

collecting the data and Agih method by Sudaryanto in analyzing the data. While as

the main theory, she took ten categories of word formation processes by Hatch and

(32)

₂₂

From her research she found that there are eight strategies of word formation process,

which are undergone by Indonesian slang words used in Lupus novels. They are

borrowing, coinage, compounding, initialization and acronym, blending, clipping,

inflection, and derivation. Based on the findings, there are 125 slang words that are

used in Lupus novels, the edition of 2000 to 2003. She found that the process of

borrowing is the most common process that is used.It is easy to see this in the

mutation of Indonesian words borrowed by other languages. It takes 76% of total

slang words or 95 from 125 slang worsds.This study just focus on borrowing process,

because it can show that the word has combined with the other language. So, the

reader of this study will know more about slang words with borrowing process.

Noor Citra Ayunani (2011) her study is entitled “Word formation process

in slang langua conversation of EN WIE beauty salon employees in Semarang”.

The writer classified the terms of slang from the EN WIE beauty salon employees’

conversation in Semarang and described the processes of forming them. After

conducting the reserach and analizing the data, the writer concludes some points, they

are:

1. Word formation process of slang words in conversation of EN WIE beauty salon

employees’ are mostly formed by affixation process.

2. Loan-words that taken from Javanese language must have the consonant and vowel

at the first or second syllable which is almost the same as the slang term generated.

3. To produce slang terms which are consists of more that one word, compounding

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₂₃

4. There are five slang terms that are categorized into reduplication. Four terms are

classified into full reduplication and one term classified into dwilingga reduplication

of lexeme.

5. There are no slang terms in this thesis which can be classified into coinage, back

formation, conversion and onomatopoeia process.

TrinugraheniKristyaniPutri (2006) her research is entitled “Analisis proses

pembentukan slang padalagu 50cent dalam album Get Rich or Die Trying”. In

her research she tried to classify and describe slang words appear in 50cent song in

album of “Get Rich or Die Trying”. It is a kind of descriptive qualitative research.

She used eight kinds of word formation process from Fromkin and Rodman

(1998:82), Katamba (1993:47-54), Yule (1985:52-55), O’Grady and Guzman

(1996:143-163), Quirck, Greenbaum, Leech and Syartvik (1985:1567-1583). After

analizing the data, she found that coinage is the mostly occurs in the data. Coinage as

a process when a new word is needed but there are noappropriate borrowed word and

native word to express it.Other processes that appear are compounding, clipping,

conversion, blending, abbreviation and derivation. There are totally 96 slang terms

appear in the data.

Verawati BR Sitio (2011) her research is entitled “The word formation

process and domain analysis of slang in Anak Kos DodolKumatLagi”. Besides

finding out kinds of word formation and explaining the woord formation process of

slang, the writer also describes the domain factors of slang. In classifying and

(34)

₂₄

Guzman, Hatch and Brown, and Kridalaksana. In describing the domain factors of

slang, she used theory from Fishman (1970:20). In the result of this research the

writer conclude that there are nine kinds of word formation occur in the data, they are

borrowing, blending, compounding, clipping, abbreviation, backformation, coinage,

onomatopoeia and derivation. From those kinds of word formation, borrowing

becomes the most one found in this novel. In addition, in this research, by the domain

analysis, the writer found two kinds of domain; they are friendship and family

domain. In the analysis step, it also can be seen that three main factors namely

participant, setting and topic take an important role of classifying the domain group.

Therefore, the researcher is interested in studying about the slang words used

by teeneger and the meaning of slang words by BlackBerry teeneger user. Moreover,

the researcher focuses on the word formation process and the meaning of slang

(35)

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHOD

In this part, discusses the method used in study which includes research design, instruments, data and data source and the last data collection.

3.1Research Design

In conducting this study the researcher used qualitative research because the researcher described each type of word formation process on slang words used by teenager in BlackBerry Messenger. The study applied the descriptive qualitative research because the data are in form words or phrases rather than numbers, the writer result of the research contain quotation from the data illustrate substantiate presentation. The first, the researcher collected the data, then the writer explained the data are taken and analyze that.

3.2Instrument

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26

3.3Data and Data Source

The data of this study was message from BlackBerry Messenger used by teenager from May 2016. The researcher captured the message and broadcast from BlackBerry Messenger used by teeneger in 10 Vocational High School of Surabaya, it was the famous one of Senior High School in Surabaya city. And they often used slang words in their message and their often promote their friend’s pin with slang words by broadcast from BlackBerry Messeger (BBM).

3.4Data collection

The researcher collected the data as below:

1. The researcher collected the message and broadcast from BlackBerry Messenger (BBM) by teenager of 10 Vocational High School of Surabaya in three weeks at May 2016.

2. The researcher read the message to observed the words, because the researcher must took the slang words used by teenager in message and broadcast from BlackBerry Messenger (BBM).

3. The researcher transcribed the message and broadcast BBM by teenager in 10 Vocational High School of Surabaya to collected the data used to analyzed the word formation process on slang words.

3.6 Data Analysis

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27

Vocational High School Of Surbaya. The second steps was analyzed every words from the message. After that, give bold marks in every words to find out what the type of slang words were used. The last step was findout the meaning of slang words that used by teeneger in BlackBerry Messenger.

In analyzed, the researcher clasified the data with make a mark in every part to easly in study. It represen numberal of data whitin the page which line side.

After found the total of data , the researcher add up all the data to know the frequance. The way is

N x 100 T

N : Total data every types.

T : Total data found from all types.

No. Word Formation Process Total data found Frequency

1.

2.

3.

4.

(38)

28 CHAPTER IV

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

In this chapter, findings and discusiion of the research data will be

presented. As mentioned before, the researcher analyzes the word formation

processs on slang words used by teenager in BlackBerry Messenger.

4.1 FINDINGS

The researcher found four words formation processes on slang words used

by teenager in BlackBerry Messenger, there are Blending, Borrowing, Clipping

and multiple Process.

Table 1. the summary kind of word formation

No Word formation processes Frequency Precentage

1. Blending 2 6,25%

2. Clpping 1 3,12%

3. Borrowing 3 9,38%

4. Multiple process

Borrowing Clipping 4 12,5%

Clipping Blending 2 6,25%

Borrowing Clipping Blending 2 6,25%

(39)

Clipping Hypocorism

Total

4.1.1 The types of word formation process on slang words used by teenager

found in BlackBerry Messenger.

The table above showed that all kind of word formation process found in

BlackBerry messenger used by teeneger. Then the analysis of

process would be explained in this section.

4.1.1.1Blending

called blending. However, blending is typically accomplished by taking only the

first syllable of one word and joini

p:55). In the process of forming slang word in BlackBerry Mess

researcher found 6,25

Data 1 :

This is broadcast message that function is promotion message.

message is promotion by the sender to promote his friend

mention the kindness from someone who

Clipping Hypocorism 2 6,25%

32 100%

The types of word formation process on slang words used by teenager

found in BlackBerry Messenger.

BlackBerry messenger used by teeneger. Then the analysis of

process would be explained in this section.

first syllable of one word and joining it to the end of the other word. (Yule ,2010,

p:55). In the process of forming slang word in BlackBerry Mess

researcher found 6,25 % , undergoing this process as seen in the following :

message is promotion by the sender to promote his friend, exactly the sender

mention the kindness from someone who promoted.

29

6,25%

100%

The types of word formation process on slang words used by teenager

BlackBerry messenger used by teeneger. Then the analysis of word formation

ng it to the end of the other word. (Yule ,2010,

p:55). In the process of forming slang word in BlackBerry Messanger the

% , undergoing this process as seen in the following :

This is broadcast message that function is promotion message. This

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The slang word “

The word cogan comes

cogan is taking the first syllable from the first word (

syllable from the second word (

blending.

Data 2 :

The slang word “

word cecan comes from

taking the first syllable from the first word (

from the second word (

4.1.2 Clipping

Yule (2006:56) says hat clipping is shortening or reduction some element

in a word. This occurs when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a The slang word “cogan” which mean cowok ganteng (handsome boy).

comes from two words, co-wok + gan-teng.

is taking the first syllable from the first word (co) and also taking the first

syllable from the second word (gan). The word cogan purely takes from process

The slang word “cecan” which mean cewek cantik(beautiful girl

from two words, ce-wek + can-tik. The process of

taking the first syllable from the first word (ce) and also taking the first syllable

from the second word (can). The word cecan purely takes from proce

Clipping

:56) says hat clipping is shortening or reduction some element

in a word. This occurs when a word of more than one syllable is reduced to a 30

(handsome boy).

The process of

) and also taking the first

purely takes from process

ly the sender just

beautiful girl). The

. The process of cecan is

) and also taking the first syllable

purely takes from process blending.

:56) says hat clipping is shortening or reduction some element

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shorter form , usually beginning in casual speech.

process is taking the first l

Data 5

The slang word

comes from the word ‘

PDKT, the process is taking the first letter of each syllable an

of the words. From this data, the pattern of clipping process in forming

taking the first letters

4.1.3 Borrowing

means borrowing is word formation processes which involves taking lexical items

from one language to other language. English language has adopted a great

number of loan word from other language.

shorter form , usually beginning in casual speech. The pattern purely clippin

process is taking the first letters of each syllable which can seen below :

Data 5:

The slang word PDKT , which means pendekatan (approach).

comes from the word ‘Pen-de-ka-tan’ that has four syllables. For getting the word

the process is taking the first letter of each syllable and dropping the rest

of the words. From this data, the pattern of clipping process in forming

taking the first letters ‘p’,’d’,’k’,’t’ of each syllable.

Borrowing

borrowing is word formation processes which involves taking lexical items

number of loan word from other language. In the findings, there is one slang word 31

The pattern purely clipping

tters of each syllable which can seen below :

ly the sender just

(approach). PDKT

that has four syllables. For getting the word

d dropping the rest

of the words. From this data, the pattern of clipping process in forming PDKT is

borrowing is word formation processes which involves taking lexical items

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mention the kindness from someon

The slang word

English.

Data 4:

This message is broadcast. The sender has promotion her merchandise (the

graduation doll) with broadcast message. Because this promotion (with

BlackBerry Messenger) more simple and easy to promote some things and many

people used promotion with broadcast message.

Blackberry Messenger found (9,38%). undergoing this process as seen in the

The slang word Cute which mean imut (sweets), is borrowed from

Messenger) more simple and easy to promote some things and many

32

undergoing this process as seen in the

ly the sender just

(sweets), is borrowed from

(43)

This word is borrowed from English (Check). The next process is deleting

the letter ‘H’ and ‘C’ to adjust to the Indonesian spelling system.

4.1.4 Multiple Process

Multiple processes are the way of using more than one process in forming

new word especially Indonesian slang words (Yule, 2006, p :59). There are found

in Blackberry Messenger as shown below:

4.1.4.1 Borrowing

The findings revealed the multiple processes types consisting of borrowing

– clipping as seen in the following :

Data 6 :

the letter ‘H’ and ‘C’ to adjust to the Indonesian spelling system.

Multiple Process

in Blackberry Messenger as shown below:

4.1.4.1 Borrowing – Clipping

revealed the multiple processes types consisting of borrowing

clipping as seen in the following :

33

revealed the multiple processes types consisting of borrowing

(44)

There was combination between clipping and blending as shown in

the following :

Data 7 :

This chat from someone who asked to the receiver that the message

confirmed her appointment for a meeting in the library and the receiver's reply

and asked the meeting, because if the afternoon he could not.

The slang word “

jamber comes from two

word (Jam) and taking the first syllable from the

letter (r) from second syllable of the second word (

process blending the three elements, ‘

Intro borrowed from English (Introduction). The next process

is clipping taking the first two syllable from the word In-tro

dropping the others syllable.

Clipping - Blending

the meeting, because if the afternoon he could not.

The slang word “jamber” which mean jam berapa(what time

wo words, jam + be-ra-pa. Using clipping by taking the first

) and taking the first syllable from the second word (

) from second syllable of the second word (Be-ra-pa), then the next

process blending the three elements, ‘Jam + be + r’

34

borrowed from English (Introduction). The next process

tro-duc-tion and

what time). The word

. Using clipping by taking the first

second word (be) and the first

(45)

Data 8 :

The message above is talking about the sender asked to the receiver “are

you invite Putra to join us ? because I have but

“yes, I have message.. yes, he join”

The slang word “

jamkot comes from t

word (Jam) and taking the first syllable from the second word

letter (t) from second syllable of the second word (

blending the three elements, ‘

.4.1.4.3 Borrowing

The finding revealed multiple processes types consisting of

Clipping – Blending as seen in the following :

you invite Putra to join us ? because I have but jamkot.” And the receiver reply

yes, I have message.. yes, he join” .

The slang word “jamkot” which mean jam kotak (square watch). Th

two words, Jam + Ko-tak. Using clipping by taking the first

) and taking the first syllable from the second word (

) from second syllable of the second word (ko-tak), then the next process

blending the three elements, ‘Jam’ + ‘ko’ +’t’.

4.1.4.3 Borrowing – Clipping – Blending

Blending as seen in the following :

35

And the receiver reply

(square watch). The word

Using clipping by taking the first

(ko) and the first

), then the next process

(46)

Data 9 :

This Indonesian word comes two words

nggak is borrowed from Javanese language. After borrowing process “

takes clipping process. The process of clipping is by taking the second syllable of

the first word (ga) by dropping the first syllable

syllable ‘pe’ from second word and the last one first letter from second syllable

of the second word (pe

‘ga’ + ‘pe’ + ‘l’.

Data 10 :

This Indonesian word comes two words nggak pelit, whereas t

is borrowed from Javanese language. After borrowing process “

by dropping the first syllable ‘ng’and ‘k’, and taking the first

from second word and the last one first letter from second syllable

of the second word (pe-lit). the the finally process is blending the three elements 36

ly the sender just

whereas the word

is borrowed from Javanese language. After borrowing process “gapel”

and taking the first

from second word and the last one first letter from second syllable ‘l’

(47)

This Indonesian word comes two words

word nggak is borrowed from Javanese language. After borrowing process

“gasom” takes clipping process. The process of clipping is by taking the second

syllable of the first word

the first syllable ‘som’

blending the three elements

4.1.4.4 Borrowing

Acronym as seen in the following :

Data 11 :

The slang word “R”, which means

“R” is comes from the word Read that has one syllable. The process of clipping is

taking the first latter of syllable and dropping the rest of the word. From this data,

the pattern of clipping process in forming R is taki

This Indonesian word comes two words nggak sombong,

is borrowed from Javanese language. After borrowing process

takes clipping process. The process of clipping is by taking the second

syllable of the first word (ga) by dropping the first syllable ‘ng’and

‘som’ from second word (som-bong). the the finally process is

blending the three elements ‘ga’ + ‘som’ .

4.1.4.4 Borrowing - Acronym

as seen in the following :

The slang word “R”, which means Baca (Read), is borrowed from English,

the pattern of clipping process in forming R is taking the first latter (

37

ly the sender just

nggak sombong, whereas the

is borrowed from Javanese language. After borrowing process

takes clipping process. The process of clipping is by taking the second

and ‘k’, and taking

). the the finally process is

The finding revealed multiple processes types consisting of Borrowing –

(Read), is borrowed from English,

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meaning of R is Read , it is symbol from BlackBerry Messenger which means that

the message has been read by receiver of the message.

Data 12 :

The slang word “D”, which means

from English, “D” is comes from the word Delivered that has one syllable. The

process of clipping is taking the first latter of syllable and dropping the rest of the

word. From this data, the pattern of clipping process in forming D is taking the

first latter (Delivered).The meaning of D is Delivered , it is symbol from

BlackBerry Messenger which means that the message has been delivered for

receiver of the message.

Data 13:

This is just broadcast message. The sender only send simple message, it is

only to check the contact of BlackBerry Messenger active or not.

the message has been read by receiver of the message.

The slang word “D”, which means dikirimkan (Delivered), is borrowed

, “D” is comes from the word Delivered that has one syllable. The

ed).The meaning of D is Delivered , it is symbol from

receiver of the message.

This is just broadcast message. The sender only send simple message, it is

contact of BlackBerry Messenger active or not.

38

(Delivered), is borrowed

, “D” is comes from the word Delivered that has one syllable. The

ed).The meaning of D is Delivered , it is symbol from

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The slang word

English, “SBC” is comes from the word Sor

syllables. The process of clipping is taking the first latter of syllable and dropping

the rest of the word. From this data, the pattern of clipping process in forming

SBC is taking the first letter

letter from second syllable from the first word.The meaning of

Broadcast, means that the sender forgives to the receiver of the message for

broadcast message that the sender send.

Data 14 :

This message is talking about the sender confirmed to the study. And the

receiver apologize to the reply’s late and she confirmed to the study.

The slang word “

reply), Sorry is borrowed from English , “

Ba-ru Ba-las that has six syllables. The process of clipping is taking the first letter

of syllable and dropping the rest of the word. From this data, the pattern of

clipping process in forming

The slang word “SBC”, which means Sorry broadcast, is borrowed from

is comes from the word Sor-ry + Broad-Cast that has four

is taking the first letter ‘S’,’B’, and ’C’ of each syllable and dropping first

letter from second syllable from the first word.The meaning of

broadcast message that the sender send.

apologize to the reply’s late and she confirmed to the study.

The slang word “SBB”, which means Sorry Baru Balas

reply), Sorry is borrowed from English , “SBB” is comes from the word

that has six syllables. The process of clipping is taking the first letter

clipping process in forming SBB is taking the first letters ‘S’,’B’, and

39

”, which means Sorry broadcast, is borrowed from

Cast that has four

of each syllable and dropping first

letter from second syllable from the first word.The meaning of SBC is Sorry

apologize to the reply’s late and she confirmed to the study.

Sorry Baru Balas (sorry already

” is comes from the word Sor-ry

that has six syllables. The process of clipping is taking the first letter

(50)

word.The meaning of

that he/she already to reply the message.

Data 15 :

graduation doll) wi

The slang word “

English, “PM” is comes from the word Pri

syllables. The process of clipping is taking the first letter of syllable and dropping

is taking the first letter

Message. From the data above PM means that the sender wants to the receiver

send the message by private (private chat).

word.The meaning of SBB is Sorry already reply, means that the sender forgive

that he/she already to reply the message.

The slang word “PM”, which means Private Message, is borrowed from

” is comes from the word Pri-vate + Mes-sage that has four

is taking the first letters ‘P’, and ’M’ of each word.The meaning of PM is Private

Message. From the data above PM means that the sender wants to the receiver

send the message by private (private chat).

40

is Sorry already reply, means that the sender forgive

th broadcast message. Because this promotion (with

”, which means Private Message, is borrowed from

sage that has four

the rest of the word. From this data, the pattern of clipping process in forming PM

’ of each word.The meaning of PM is Private