THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Letters and Humanities
UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By
Nur Shohifatul Lailiyah Reg. Number: A83210109
ENGLISH DEPARTEMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY (UIN) SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
xii ABSTRACT
Lailiyah. Nur Shohifatul 2015. An Analysis of Racial Discrimination through Ernest Hemingway’sTen Indians. Thesis. English
Department, Faculty of Letters and Humanities, The State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
The Advisor : Itsna Syahadatud Dinurriyah, MA.
This study analyzes the main character in Ernest Hemingway’s short story
Ten Indians. This analysis is viewed from the postcolonial point of view. The racial discrimination happens in theTen Indiansbetween Indians and American becomes an issue in the analysis. This analysis, presents a forms of racial discrimination happens between Indians and American. This study uses postcolonial literary criticism as the theory in analyzing the short story. In this analysis, the researcher tries to explore postcolonial idea focuses on
ambivalence showed. In the short story this idea is portrayed by the Garner’s family as ‘American people’, which is represented by Mrs. Garner. This study finds that Americans show a colonialist mindset through Indian people. In the racial discrimination happens between American people and Indians, people get some suffering, discrimination, physically and psychologically. The racial discrimination faced America people Indians through want to get freedom in Ernest Hemingway’s become focus of the analysis.
xiii INTISARI
Lailiyah, Nur Shohifatul. 2015. An Analysis of Racial Discrimination through Ernest Hemingway’s Ten Indians. Skripsi. Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Dosen Pembimbing: Itsna Syahadatud Dinurriyah, MA.
Penelitian ini, menganalisa peran utama di dalam cerita pendeknya Ernest HemingwayTen Indians. Analisa ini di lihat dari sudut pandang poskolonial. Diskriminasi rasial terjadi dalam cerita pendekTen Indiansantara India dan Amerika menjadi sebuah masalah dalam analisa. Analisa ini, menyajikan sebuah bentuk diskriminasi rasial yang terjadi antara orang India dan Amerika. Penelitian ini, mengunakan kritik sastra poskolonial sebagai teori dalam menganalisa cerita pendek. Dalam analisa ini, peneliti mencoba untuk mengeksplorasi ide poskolonial yang berfokus pada ambivalen. Dalam cerita pendek ini, ide ini digambarkan oleh keluarga Garner sebagai ‘orang Amerika’, oleh ibu Garner. Peneliti menemukan bahwa orang-orang Amerika
menunjukkan pola pikir kolonial terhadap orang-orang India. Dalam
diskriminasi rasial yang terjadi antara orang Amerika terhadap orang-orang Indian, mereka mengalami penderitaan, diskriminasi secara fisik dan batin. Diskriminasi orang-orang Amerika terhadap orang Indian yang
mengiginkan kebebasan dalam karya Ernest Hemingway menjadi fokus analisa ini.
x
Inside Cover Page... i
Declaration Page... ii
Dedication Page... iii
Motto ... iv
Advisor’s Approval Page... v
Examiner’s Approval Page... vi
Acknowledgements... vii
Table of Contents... x
Abstract... xii
Intisari ... xiii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION... 1
1.1 Background of the Study... 1
1.2 Statement of the Problem... 5
1.3 Objective of the Study... 5
1.4 Scope and Limitation of the Study... 5
1.5 Significance of the Study... 6
1.6 Method of the Study... 6
1.7 Definition of the Key Terms... 8
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW... 9
2.1 Theoretical Framework... 9
xi
2.1.4 Homi K. Babha’s Hybridity, Mimicry, and Ambivalence... 17
2.2 Review of Related Study... 20
CHAPTER III ANALYSIS... 23
3.1 The Description of Nick’s Characterization in Ernest Hemingway’sTen Indians... 24
3.2 The Form of Racial Discrimination Happened in Ernest Hemingway Ten Indian... 31
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION... 39
4.1 Conclusion... 39
WORKS CITED... 41
APPENDICES Appendix 1 Synopsis ofTen Indians... 45
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of the Study
Literature is as the expression of beautiful thoughts, feeling, and human
experience in beautiful language. Literature is an art activity that related to
imaginative or creative writing. Every person has imaginative thought in their minds.
They think about something unreal or even real things in this world. Moreover, they
can share their imaginative thinking by expressing into a form of inspiration. It can
give the depth inspiration about what that we have known in this world (Borges 18).
Thus, literature can make human life more meaningful. It also can make the readers
entertained.
In appropriate from, literary works consist of nonfiction and fiction works.
Nonfiction works are written form that relates to data and factual. It does not relate to
the imagination of the author. It consists of announcement, speech text, reports,
journals, biography, scientific articles, etc. (Gutkind 8). Fiction works relates to
imagination, invention, something unreal, and it does not happen because of real
condition and unnecessary for searching the truth. All of the events, settings, and
characters are imaginative (Nurgiyantoro 3). Fiction works consist of novel, short
story, poem, drama, fairy tale, etc (9).
The one of the literary works is short story. Short story is a form prose
short story is brief work of prose fiction, and most of the term for analyzing the
component elements, the types and the various narrative techniques of the novel are
applicable to the short story as well. It consists of some elements such as characters,
theme, plot, setting, etc. According to Edgar Allan Poe, short story is a story that is
finished to read in one sitting, revolve around between half to two hours
(Nurgiyantoro 10). So, something that would cannot be done for a novel.
The one of the short story’s title isTen Indianswhich can be found in theMen
without Womencollection. Men without Womenis the second short story collection
that written by Ernest Hemingway. It was published in 19thcenturies. Ten Indiansis
an inspiration from a real story by Ernest Hemingway (Hemingway 1).Ten Indians
takes place in one of American region while the Americans celebrate their
independence day on the fourth of July.
Ten Indianstells about the vague reality of discrimination, the relationship
between society, love and pain. This story is about relationship between Predence
Mitchell with Nick. However, Predence in this story has never appeared because she
is just an object. Predence Mitchell is a generation from Indian-American, and Nick
is inhabitant of American white people.
At the beginning of the story, Nick together with the Garner’s family on the
road to back home after celebrating the independence day of America. They are on a
big wagon which is ridden by Garner. They pass nine Indians who are drunk along
Joe’s is the American white people and he as the supporting characters in this story.
The Joe’s action that drags an Indians shows how bad the treatment towards the
Indians. Bush is a symbol that the Indians are only fit to live in a bad place. One of
their objects is an Indian girl named Prudence Mitchell who has a relation with Nick,
but Nick always avoids that has in a relationship with this girl. We can see the
expression of their disappointment against injustice and exclusion by white people
through the way the celebrate American Independence Day with drunkenness (64).
The Indians here are described as people who are not education, who can only get
drunk on the street. If they are given the opportunity to receive educated, they will
fight.
After arriving at the Garner’s residential, Nick leaves there and directly going
home to meet his father. By arriving home, Nick gets his father is sitting and reading
in the light. While Nick is getting supper, his father tells that he has met Prudence
Mitchell in Indian Camp this afternoon. Prudence was not only in the Indian Camp,
but also she was in wood with Frank Washburn. Then, Nick is getting shocked and
asks his father for few times to ensure that he was wrong at looking, but his father is
sure that he has looked them (66). However, he replies as he turns away and gives his
back, it indicates that he is lie. He doesn’t want his child establish a relationship with
Indian because Indian women in the view of white people who women who do not
deserve to make a relationship with the white man. The hypocritical character also
with Frank Washburn, but he doesn’t immediately call and ask Prudence whether it is
true or not. Nick just goes to bed and falls asleep, and he doesn’t want the
circumstances know that he has a relationship with an Indian Woman (67).
Actually, we can conclude correctly that the Indians were discriminated
against by white people. They assume that the Indians are not educated and if they are
given the opportunity to get an education, they will fight. The Indians also used as an
object only for a low view of white people toward them and never use as subject,
though these Indians are the native residents and owners of the American continent.
However, they are increasingly being pressured by the presence of white people.
Finally their existence slowly shifted to remote area. From this case, it represents
colonialist mindset action in literature; it is about the version of discrimination and
the focuses on the Indian-American society.
Here, the research focuses on discrimination toward Indians in this short story
Ten Indians. As points that most emphasized discrimination against Indians is when
Nick wants an answer from his father who said that he saw Prudence Mitchell with
Frank Washburn when he was taking a walk in the Indian camp. Nick wants the
correct answer from his father. He replied that is true that he had seen Prudence
Mitchell with Frank Washburn on the wood, near to the Indian camp this afternoon. It
1.2 Statement of the Problems
In connection to the background of this study, the study is formulation as
follow:
1.2.1 How is Nick in the short story characterized?
1.2.2 What form of racial discrimination happened in theTen Indiansshort
story?
1.3 Objective of the Study
Based on statement of the problem, the objectives of the study are formulation
as follows:
1.3.1 To describe Nick’s characterization.
1.3.2 To find the forms of racial discrimination happened in theTen Indians
short story.
1.4 Scope and Limitation
This research would discuss about a life Indians people, in the American.Ten
Indianstells about the relationship between Nick's and Prudence Mitchell. So, to
keep the discussion proper to the objective of study, there is scope and limitation in
this research. The scope in this research is the main character of this short story, he is
Nick and the limitation itself is about the side of Post Colonialism, discrimination
happened in theTen Indiansshort story. In this case, it means that the writer will only
1.5 Significance of the Study
Through this study, it is purposed for giving both theoretical and practical
contribution. Theoretically, the results of the study are expected to give contribution
to develop the study and analysis on literary study related to the study of post
colonialism on racial discrimination in a short story entitlesTen Indiansby Ernest
Hemingway. The writer expects that it can give knowledge about the way of other
side of the lives and things of white people Americans.
Practically, the writer also expects this study will give an inspiration for other
studies especially in English Letters Department of UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Thus, this study will help the readers to study more about this short story and
analyzing another aspect of “Ten Indians”in different area.
1.6 Method of the Study
Every research has a method to make clearer about the data and analysis
process. There are some methods in research field. In this case, the writer uses
descriptive method for this study. The core of descriptive analysis relates to the
processes of describing phenomena, classifying it, and seeing how the concepts
interconnect. Descriptive studies can be contrasted unfavorably with more analytical
and theoretically oriented research, as though description is a ‘low level’ activity
The data observation is library based. Therefore from library data the writer
has opportunities to have good data from books, e-books, and online resources. In
presenting the data analysis, the writer takes some steps as follows:
1. Reading and understanding the whole of short story entitled “Ten Indians”.
2. Collecting the data that relates to the statement of problems.
3. After gathering the data fromTen Indiansshort story, the writer categorizes
the data into two categories. Those are the way of form of racial
discrimination happened and the other side of the lives of white people
Americans.
4. Classifying the data based on the objectives of the study and analyzing the
data one by one.
5. Giving the conclusion from the analysis result.
1.7 Definition of Key Term
To avoid misunderstanding on the terms used in this study, the writer
gives a brief definition of each term in this study one by one as follows:
1.7.1 Discrimination: Is covers behavior and action to exclude the minority
group from accessing to certain facilities and
activities such as education, employment, housing,
1.7.2 Race : Is the human group that defines itself, and or it is
defined by other groups which are different by virtue of
innate or immutable characteristic that are in turn
assumed to be intrinsically related to moral, intellectual
and other non-physical attributes or abilities. (Berge,
1977 in Wheeler and Shaver 136).
1.7.3 Racism : Is a belief in inherited race differences, or a support of
segregation and discrimination of the races which is
often accompanied by strong prejudice and intense
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Theoretical Framework
This chapter explains about some theories that will conduct this research.
Firstly, it will present the definition of character and characterization to analyze the
character of Nick in this research. This research does not only analyze Nick’s
character, but also reveal the discrimination which happens in the story between two
social lives Indians and white American. To analyze the short story, the study chosen
character, characterization and postcolonial theory. Those theories will be explained
as follows:
2.1.1 Character
Generally, every literary work has extrinsic and intrinsic elements. Extrinsic is
the elements that influences the structure of storying a literary work, but it did not
included inside the fiction work, such as point of view, conditions, and the author’s
psychology. Beside the intrinsic is an element in fiction. It is an important part in
write a story that can be a study. Character is one of intrinsic element in fiction or
narrative work. It is an important element in narrative work or in a story that can be a
study. Character often becomes the most important discuss than other elements
a personage who typifies some definite quality. Describing character is not as
individualized personality but as an example of some vices or virtues or types (74).
Before we speak about character, we have to read book which is related to
character. Character is important because it is the medium for the readers to
understand the whole story. Character is a person who is involved in the story. In
fiction, character shows attitude and moral to what he or she does through the actions
(Nurgiyantoro 165). Moreover, Jacobs and Roberts say that character in literature
generally, and in fiction especially, is a comprehensive verbal representation of
human being, that determines thought, speech and behaviors (134).
A character is a fictional representation of a person---usually (but not
necessarily) a psychological realistic depiction. Writers may portray character
through their actions, through their reactions to situations or to situations or to other
characters, through their physical appearance, through their speech and gestures and
expressions, and even through their name. Generally speaking, characters are
developed in two ways. First, readers can be told about characters. Alternatively, a
character’s personality traits and motivation may be revealed through actions,
dialogue, or thoughts (Erlyna 8). Gilbert H. Muller John A. Williams stated that:
Based on some definitions above, the writer can conclude that character is the
explanations of personal in a fiction work that includes their actions, dialogues,
thoughts, response, etc.
Stanton states that in some sources in English literature, character is divided
into two different meanings, between character as person in the story and as attitude;
anxiety, emotional, and moral principle inside the person (17). So, the character can
be defined as character or characterization in the story.
Character is made from idea; attitude and utterance of the author in making the
fiction work, so it has naturally live like in real world. Character takes place in
strategic position to give massage, value, moral and all things that the author wants to
give to the readers (Nurgiyantoro 167-168).
For addition, characters in fiction are divided in some types. First, significance
role in developing story in main character and peripheral character. Main character is
a main person that appears in all scenes in the whole story, he or she always be told
whole sides of from his life, but peripheral character is supporting character for main
character, they just exist when they have correlation with main character (176-177).
The second types, in appearance function character, there are protagonist and
antagonist characters. Protagonist character is like a hero, this character usually
shows sympathy feeling and looking face. Antagonist is the character which caused
The third is about static and dynamic character. A static character is one who
changes little. A dynamic character, on the contrary, is one who is modified by
actions and experiences. In other word, a static character remains the same
throughout the work; it is a character that has one private quality, while a dynamic
character changes in the course of the work and gives expression of any personality,
living and identity. Usually strong characters are rounded and dynamic; they exhibit
the full range of human emotions and reactions to people and events. They have
histories and more than one possible future. They have hopes and fears (188-189).
By knowing about character widely, it helps to make easy to analyze Nick. So,
this study focuses on main character named Nick. It will help to get more knowledge
about Nick’s character in this story.
2.1.2 Characterization
Fictional life begins when an author starts to write about his work into
characters and convinces us of their reality (Masluhah: 8). Characterization is the
technique that an author uses to reveal the personality and character of imaginary
person (Holman: 72-91). According to Edgar V. Robert in:An Introduction to
Reading and Writing,to understand a character people need to know about his/her
major trait or traits. Robert says that “A trait is a typical or habitual mode of
In studying a literary character, we should try to determine the character’s
major trait or peripheral traits. As in life, character may be lazy or ambitious, anxious
or serene, aggressive or fearful, assertive or bashful, confident or self-doubting,
adventures or timid, noisy or quiet, visionary or practical, reasonable or both headed,
carful or careless, fair or partial, straightforward or underhanded, “winners” or
“loser”, and so on (135). From this statement the study wants to analyze what
character of Nick.
Furthermore that are three fundamentals of characterization in fiction, those are:
(1) The explicit presentation by author of the character through direct exposition; (2)
The presentations of the character in action; and (3) The presentation from within a
character (Holman: 81).
Besides that, there are two types of character which are very important to know
the character of Nick, those are round and flat. Round characters are usually the
major figures in a story. They have many realistic traits and they are relatively
developed by the author or it can be said hero or heroine. Flat characters are
essentially undistinguishable from their group or class, they are usually minor
character, although not all minor characters are flat (Edgar V. Robert: 135-136).
Method of characterization according to Miller, Walter James and Elizabeth
Cluley are: authorial description, description by other character, character self-image,
By using those methods we can know what the character is like, what they feel
and how other character reacts to him/her, what character thinks of him, their action,
their dialogue etc. All those theories of characterization are important for the study to
help her in analyzing the study of Nick through story in Ernest Hemingway's short
story.
2.1.3 Postcolonial
The next theory that will be used is postcolonial theory. This theory is as
supporting theory that is used for analyzingTen Indiansbecause the study wants to
show the portrait of colonist and colonizer. This story tells about the lives of Indians
who lived in the America that carried out by white American.
The Origin of word the post-colonial cannot be removed from colonialism.
Colonialism is derived from Latin theColonia, which means farm or settlement.
Etymologically, the colonial does not contain the meaning of colonialization, mastery,
demography and other exploitation connotation. The negative connotations emerge
after the interaction is not balanced between the natives who controlled migrants as
lord (Ratna: 205).
Postcolonial studies reveal that there is no balance interaction between the
colonizers and the colonized. The study, generally differentiate the two groups with
the East and the West because of the long history of the modern colonialism in
continues today. In addition to Western colonization of the East, postcolonial also
that includes the occupation carried out the majority of the minority or a small groups
in society (Martono: 139.141).
Postcolonial started to appear from some of scientists and writers which born in
the former colonized countries such as Frantz Fanon, Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak,
and Homi Bhabha. They tried to learn something about the causes and effects of
colonization and critique of western representations of race, ethnic, culture, and
human identity after colonization.
The purposes of the postcolonial are to analyze the culture which formerly (or
currently) colonized, analyze the power struggle between cultures (the power
between colonizer and colonized people), and analyze the intersection of cultures.
The subjects of postcolonial study are study of colonizing process, study of
colonization fallout (fallout usually refers to the negative), and study colonizing
efforts.
Postcolonial is interdisciplinary study. According to Tyson, postcolonial is a
study which connected to the psychological, ideological, social, political, intellectual,
and aesthetic. In addition, postcolonial theory offers us a framework for examining
the similarities among all critical theories that deal with human oppression, such as
Marxism, feminism, gay, lesbian, and queer theories, and African American theory
Postcolonial refers to a historical phase undergone by third-world countries
after the decline of colonialism by some of the European empires. Although the term,
postcolonial, generally refers to the period after colonialism the distinction is not
always made. After the decline of imperialism, countries such as Asia, African, and
the Caribbean were left to rebuild their countries, their culture, and their government.
In the process, many third-world writers focus on both colonialism and the changes
created in a postcolonial culture. Among the challenges facing postcolonial writers
are the attempt to both resurrect their culture and to combat the preconceptions about
their culture. Edward said, for example, uses the word Orientalism to describe the
discourse about the East constructed by the West.
Resistance is to attack the domination of colonial power in political, economy,
social, and culture. The forms of resistance could be distinguished based on the
colonialism situation that dominated it (Ashcroft: 19-21). He divided the resistance
into two kinds that are radical resistance and passive resistance. Radical resistance
refers to the resistance of colonized society to the colonial power. It is done by direct
encroachment in producing text that showed the equal discourse. The second kind of
resistance is passive resistance that showed about ideological resistance. This
resistance is the shape to refuse by defending identity and the culture ownership that
related with passive resistance.
Based on the number of explanation about postcolonial theory that stated by
assumption of unbalanced relation between the West and the East. The unbalanced as
stated by Said (7) actually caused by the ideology of colonial. It was embedded by the
west to the East in colonial period. That Ideology is constantly produced in some
forms although the colonial period has ended. Postcolonial theory has a purpose to
investigate the footsteps of colonialism to the postcolonial society that printed in the
form of literature work.
2.1.4. Homi K. Babha’s Hybridity, Mimicry, and Ambivalence
This thesis only used the theory of ambivalence which included in the
postcolonial theory. The study thinks that postcolonial can support to analyzeTen
Indiansbecause the study wants to show the portrait of colonist and colonizer.
Furthermore, there are dominant groups and subordinate in which the dominant
groups do not come from native people but immigrant. The immigrants are white men.
Surprisingly, the immigrant can rule the territory and make the native people there,
become ignorant people and they cannot get their human right.
Hybridity, mimicry, and ambivalence are connected each other. If there is
hybridity there is mimicry, and mimicry rises because of ambivalence. All of these
gathered in the study of post-colonialism.
Hybridity is something or someone of mixed ancestry or derived from
heterogeneous source (Wolfreys: 51). Generally, hybridity can be defined as cultural
domains; they are racial, linguistic, literature, culture, and religion. Then those are
divided more specifically by Homi Bhabha into 3 main categories; they are linguistic,
literature, and culture.
First, Hybridity of linguistic is a phenomenon where the local society can speak
in colonizer’s language. In this situation, the local society is getting formal education.
The effect of it for the ex-colonial is the mixture language, or even the ex-colonial
uses the colonizer’s language as formal language, as we seen in English’ ex-colonial.
Second is Hybridity of literature. This category rises after he is first one
Hybridity of literature is a phenomenon where the local society starts knowing the
story, information, and writing style of the colonizer from the work of art, especially
from novel/short story.
Third is Hybridity of culture. Culture as many people say consists of art, style,
song, food, behavior, and so on. This category is defining as the cultural mixture
between local entities with west entities. So, actually this category is same with
mimicry phenomenon. It is can be understood because west culture is more superior
and modern than local culture.
Then, after talking about hybridty, for the next concept is Mimicry. Mimicry is
generally the practice, art or art of imitation, often for the purpose of ridicule
(Wolfreys: 66). In this case, the imitation of modern culture can be seen in the way of
regulation, and discipline, which ‘appropriates’ the other as it visualizes power….the
effect of mimicry on the authority of colonial discourse is profound and disturbing
(Bhabha:122-123). Homi Bhabha used the concept of mimicry to identify a form of
colonial control of its subject. The colonizer seeks to impose on the colonial subject
the forms and values of the colonial master.
Mimicry for the local society or subaltern is to get the same access as the group
who has the authority, in this case is colonizer. It happens because there is an unfair
treatment in the relation of local society and colonizer. As we know that the
colonizers will keep their domination in economic and political sector, so they can
still exploit the local society. In many cases, the mimic group, is them who have
intent contract with dominant group, they also have gone abroad to the western.
The last concept is Ambivalence. Ambivalence in this context signifies the
condition produced through the discourse of mimicry, whereby in the process of
imposing on the colonial subject the desire to render that subject that same as the
colonizer (for example, through the colonizer’s language), there is produced, says
Bhabha, a difference, slippage or excess (Wolfreys: 7).
The ambivalence comes from the feeling of love and hate toward something.
According to Bhabha, ambivalence is not only can be read as a sign of colonial
subject trauma, but also as a characteristic of the colonial authority and dynamic
2.1.4 Review of Related Study
Based on research related to theTen Indians, it can be proven that there is no
scientific work that explores about the main character and the forms of discrimination
that affect in this short story. Therefore, this research can be conducted.
The first, research comes from Siti Maisaroh is from UIN Sunan Ampel
Surabaya, this research is written in 2014, under the title “An Analysis of Human
Clash in Linda Hogan’s Mean Spirit Novel”. It is conducted to find determine the
kind of conflicts which happen between White men and Indian People and to know
the impact of conflict for Indian’s life inLinda Hogan’s Mean Spiritnovel. This
research only analyzes some factors which happen between White men and Indians
through five aspects. There are superiority, injustice, Vulnerability, Distrust and
Helplessness. This process uses Conflict Theory by Roy Eidelson and Judith Eidelson.
It also tries to find kind of conflicts through Postcolonial theory especially
Orientalism because there is hegemony domination in Watona. In this research, the
researcher used literary criticism as her research design to conduct the research.
Because literary criticism is the only research design that is directly related to the
literary works and these researchers studied are designed to obtain the information
concerning the current status of phenomenon and situation as if in the time of study.
The second, Meliska Sekar Arum (2012), is from The State University of
slave-master in Edward P. Jones the known world”. This study deals with the
experiences of an ex-slave who become a slave-master which is represented in Edwar
P. Jones’The Know World.In this study related to the main character, Henry
Townsend's who transforms himself from slave to slave-master. His part life as a
slave for William Robbins’ family (the wealthiest white man in manchaster county,
Virgina), makes him follows Robbins’ actions as the whites. Being the same with the
whites, but he hates them at the same time except Robbits, his ex-slave master. It is
because Henry will never be the same with the whites because he is born as a black
who is considered as the other. This study is a literary criticism. The approach applied
is Postcolonial, from Henry action is reflected the concept of mimicry and
ambivalence, by Homi K. Bhabha. As the result this study shows, the concepts of
otherness and binary opposition strengthen the theories of mimicry and ambivalence
in analyzing the progress, the causes and the impacts of what Henry does. His effort
of making himself equivalent or even better than the writes is never happen. Although
Henry is successfully being a rich man and a slave-master, he never gets the true
freedom because he is a black. Until Henry dies, problems come more and more
whether from his slavers and his family.
The entire researcher above generally discuss about perspective Indians society
or White men and Indians. Meliska’s work has the same theory with the writer’s
work. The difference between the writer’s and Meliska’s analysis is that she applied
writer’s work applied the theory to investigate a short storyTen Indians. Here, the
study has different discussion about Postcolonial. Actually, the writer will analyze
about a study of Postcolonial on form of racial discrimination happened in Ernest
Hemingway’sTen Indians. The discussion focuses to find form of racial
discrimination happened onTen Indiansshort story. Therefore, the writer uses theory
CHAPTER III
ANALYSIS
We can find colonialism in our daily life. In this colonialism, we do not realize
that such things it can be as colonialism. Colonialism can be found in many ways;
such as fashion, attitude and culture. Colonialism depicts in the short story by Ernest
Hemingway’s,Ten Indians,shows that the Indians people as the portrayal of
uneducated people that only can drink in the street. In the love story of Nick and
Prudence, many people say that an Indian woman is only suitable for the same Indian
communities (Hemingway: 64).
In this chapter, the research analyzes Nick inTen Indians. This chapter explains
the relevant data which refers to the problems are stated in the first chapter. The data
is revealed in the form of paragraph; direct or indirect quotation from the utterances
of the narrator, or from the conversation among the characters. The first, the
researcher explains about the characterization of Nick, how the characteristic of Nick
is explained in the short story. The first analysis relates to the second analysis. Where
the second is about the answers what are the form of racial discrimination happens in
Ten Indians. It is analyzed descriptively based on Postcolonial theory and the branch
3.1 The Description of Nick’s Characterization in Ernest Hemingway’sTen Indians.
Ten Indiansis a short story by Ernest Hemingway. Nick and Prudence Mitchell
are the main characters in this story. Nurgiyantoro states that the main character in a
short story is usually more than one, although similarity degree is not always same,
that is decided from how the influence of the character establishes the story. It is
possible that there are two main characters in this story. Although, there are two main
characters, this story is delivered using first person point of view and that is Nick, so
Nick itself is as the narrator of this story. This story tells about a relationship between
White man and Indian’s life, the relationship of love between Nick and Prudence
Mitchell. Prudence in this story never appears because she is just an object. Yet, in
this research Prudence Mitchell gives a big influence to the story until the end of the
story.
Altenbernd and Lewis state that protagonist character has a similarity with
human living; with the problems that are faced is still like the problems that human
face generally. It makes the readers feel really involved in and give empathy to that
character totally (179).So, Nick is protagonist character, because Nick is a major
character in this story, which gets the main attention from the reader.
Nick also has dynamic character and some expression of his life. While a
dynamic character changes in the course of the work and gives expression of many
emotions and reactions to people and events. They have histories and more than one
possible future. They have hopes and fears (183).
Nick is a typical of human in general, and he comes from America. Nick
appears strongly with the character of American people who believes directly without
checks it first. He does not have a bravery to say what he feels. It is difficult for
American people to communicate. It is signified that he is a typical character in this
story. Typical character is character that often appears in working quality or
nationality (191).
Nick comes from America, that is explained in this story that he is an American
citizen which after celebrate American independence days.
AFTER one Fourth of July, Nick, Driving home late from town in the big wagon …(Hemingway 64).
That statement is the prolog of the story. Nick is together with Garner’s family
on the road to back home after celebrating the independence day of American in July
mouth. He loves his nation at all, thus, he and his family are accustom to celebrate the
independence day of American nation.
Nick, driving home late from town in the big wagon with Joe Garner and his family,… (64).
From the statement above, it shows that Nick likes travelling with his family.
family by using the big wagon. They visit a town in the America. Besides that, he
also likes a togetherness with his family.
“Have you got an Indian girl, Nickie?” Joe asked. “No.”
“He has too, Pa,” Frank said. “Prudence Mitchell’s his girls.” “She’s not.”
“He goes to see her every day.”(64)
Based on the conversation above, Nick is a typical of human in general. Nick is
an arrogant person. It can be seen in the conversation above that he actually has a
special relationship with Prudence as an Indian girl. In fact, he always denies when he
is asked by Joe as his family. Joe asks to Nick,
“Have you got an Indian girl? No, Nick’s answered. (64)
Besides that, Frank says that he knows about Nick’s relationship with the
Indian girl. It based on this conversation below:
“He has too, Pa,” Frank said. “Prudence Mitchell’s his girls.” “She’s not.” (64)
Then, Nick denies Frank’s opinion about him by answering she’s not. Then,
Frank continues saying to Nick,
“He goes to see her every day.”(64)
From Frank’s opinion about Nick, it shows that actually Nick has a relationship
The Other statement:
“I don’t”. Nick answers, sitting between the two boys in the dark, felt hollow
and happy inside himself to be teased about Prudence Mitchell.”She ain’t my girl,” he
said (65).
From those statements, Nick decides that he does not want to admit his love to
Prudence although in his heart he feels empathy but happy because to be teased about
Prudence. It’s a complicated heart.
“Good-bye, Mrs. Garner,” Nick said. “Thanks for taking me.” “Oh shucks, Nickie.”
“I had a wonderful time.”
“Well, get along then. Send Carl up to the house, will you?” “All right.”
“Good night, Nickie!”
“Good night, Mrs. Garner.”(65)
The conversation above happens between Nick and Mrs. Garner. It is located
inside the kitchen exactly at Mrs. Garner’s house. Based on the conversation above, it
shows that Nick is nice and friendly person. He asks permission for leaving by saying
good bye to Mrs. Garner. Then, Mrs. Garner offers him to eat some supper but he
refuses it respectfully by saying that probably his Dad waiting for him at home.
Finally, he says a greeting to Mrs. Garner to close their conversation.
Nick went out the farmyard and down to the barn. Joe and Frank were milking. “Good night,” Nick said. “I had a swell time.”
“Good night, Nick,” Joe Garner called “Aren’t you going to stay and eat?” “No, I can’t. Will you tell Carl his mother wants him?”
The conversation above happens between Nick and Joe Garner. It locates in the
farmyard. Nick says good night to Joe Garner while he is on the way of walking.
Then, Joe also says good night and offers him to stay for a moment. The conversation
above shows that Nick character is easy to talk with each other, with his family.
“What did you do with your shoes?” “I left them in the wagon at Garner’s.” (66)
This conversation explains about the Nick’shoes which leaves in the carriage of
Garner family. It symbolizes that Nick is close to the family and often travels to the
city with them (because maybe Nick just uses hoes when going into town).
Nick walked barefooted along the path through the meadow below the barn. The path was smooth and the dew was cool on his bare feet. He climbed a fence at the end of the meadow, went down through a ravine, his feet wet in the swamp mud, and then climbed up through the dry beech woods until he saw the lights of the cottage.(65)
This statement shows that Nick uses symbols of attitude towards Indians. When
he is with Garner’s family, Nick seems embarrassed stated proximity to the Indians.
But, when he going home, he is not wearinghis shoes, he admits freely to his special
friendship with Prudence.
He climbed over the fence and walked around to the front porch. Through the window he saw his father sitting by the table, reading in the light from the big lamp. Nick opened the door and went in. (65)
Nick's father is waiting for Nick outside his home, in addition to worry about
him, it means that there is something that wanted immediately he say toNick (about
“Well, Nickie,” his father said, “was it a good day?”
“I had a swell time, Dad. It was a swell Fourth of July.” (65)
The conversation above happens when Nick’s father asks question to Nick’s
about his feeling after he goes to celebrate the independence day of American. He has
the feeling happy because the celebration of the independence day of American is the
celebration which every once in a year in Fourth of July.
“His father was not looking at him. “What were they doing?”
“I didn’t stay to find out.” “Tell me what they were doing.”
“I don’t know,” his father said. “I just heard them threshing around.” “How did you know it was them?”
“Oh, yes, I saw them.”
“Who was it with her?” Nick asked. “Frank Washburn.”
“Were they--- were they---“ “Were they what?”
“Were they happy?” “I guess so.”(66)
From the conversation above, Nick’s father tells about what he sees earlier in
the evening at the Indians camp. He sees Nick’s friend, Prudence on the woods with
Frank Washburn having quite a time.
“What were they doing?” Nick asked. (66)
He is actually angryfor knowing that bad information about Prudence. Then, he
asks his father continuously.
But Nick still forces his father to answer his question about Prudence and Frank.
He wants to know about everything that is done by Prudence and Frank. He is also
very anxious with the relationship among them.
“Tell me what they were doing.”
“I don’t know,” his father said. “I just heard them threshing around”. (66) “His father got up from the table and went out of the kitchen screen door. When he came back Nick was looking at his plate. He had been crying.”(67)
It is explained before, that this story tells about the conversation of Nick’s
father and Nick. Nick here has a characterization of jealous about what is told by his
father. He has curiosity for knowing the relationship of Prudence and Frank but he
tries to deny it. When he knows Prudence has a relation with Frank from his father, it
hurts him. However, he does not want to look for the truth by speaking with Prudence,
asking to her what actually happened. He has no a braverness to say what he feels
about Prudence. However, it is difficult to American communicate with Indians.
American cannot respect to the other people instantly even for only talking, they need
long process.
“Have some more?” His father picked up the knife to cut the pie. (67) This statement shows that Nick’s father offers some pie to entertain his son
after hearing the sad story of Frank and Prudence. A piece of the pie suggests father’s
empathy to his son Nick heartbroken.
That statement of hypocritical character also seen at Nick, he is told by his
father that Prudence is in a relationship with another man, but he does not
immediately call and ask Prudence whether it is true or not. Nick does not want the
condition know that he is in a relationship with Indian woman.
After a while he heard his father blow out the lamp and go into his own room. He heard a wind come up in the trees outside and felt it come in cool through the screen. He lay for a long time with his face in the pillow, and after a while he forgot to think about Prudence and finally he went to sleep. When he awoke in the night he heard the wind in the hemlock trees outside the cottage and the waves of the lake coming in on the shore, and he went back to sleep. In the morning there was a big wind blowing and the waves were running high up on the beach and he was awake a long time before he remembered that his heart was broken.(67)
The statement above shows that Nick often wakes up in his sleep in the
midnight. He always tries to forget all about Prudence, about his togetherness with
her. In fact, Nick always remembers the Indian girl and feels pain. It means that Nick
falls in love to Prudence.
3.2 The Form of Racial Discrimination Happened in Ernest HemingwayTen Indians
Ambivalence in this context signifies the condition produced through the
discourse of mimicry, whereby in the process of imposing on the colonial subject the
desire to render that subject that same as the colonizer (for example, through the
colonizer’s language), there is produced, says Bhabha, a difference, slippage or
In Ernest HemingwayTen Indians, racial discrimination as one of society
problems that have various forms. These forms are racial discrimination which limits
people’s right to equal treatment from society, Racial Discrimination which Limits
People’s Right to Security of Person and Protection By The State Against Violence or
Bodily Harm, Racial Discrimination in Getting Education, Racial Discrimination
which Makes The Black Got the Inhuman Treatment, and Racial Discrimination
which Makes The Black Slave Cannot Free to Determine Their Own Lives.
“Nick, driving home late from town in the big wagon with Joe Garner and his family, passed nine drunken Indians along the road.” He remembered there were nine because Joe Garner, driving along in the dusk, pulled up the horses, jumped down into the road, and dragged an Indian out of the wheel rut.(64)
We can see this statement that the expression of their disappointment against
injustice and exclusion by white people through the way they celebrate American
Independence Day with drunkenness. The Indians here are described as people who
are not educated, who can only get drunk on the street. This story shows that the
Garner’s family embodies a colonialist mindset that the Indians are drunk and lifeless,
one group vocal and dehumanizing, and the other silent and marginalized. The
symbols of nine drunken Indians are annoying the way home of Garner’s family. So
the difficult life of an Indian today increasingly isolated and marginalized.
The Indian had been asleep, face down in the sand.
That statement Joe’s action that drags an Indian shows how bad they treat the
Indians. Bush is a symbol that the Indians are only fit to live in a bad place, a place
that we can find everything bad from it.
“Them Indians,” said Mrs. Garner.
Nick was on the back seat with the two Garner boys. He was looking out from the back seat to see the Indian where Joe had dragged him alongside of the road.
“Was it Billy Tableshaw?” Carl asked. “No.”
“His pants looked mighty like Billy.” “All Indians wear the same kind of pants.”
“I didn’t see him at all,” Frank said. “Pa was down into the road and back up again before I seen a thing. I thought he was killing a snake.”
“Plenty of Indians’ll kill snakes tonight, I guess,” Joe Garner said. “Them Indians,” said Mrs. Garner. (64)
This conversation above shows about Mrs. Garner’s character. She says “Them
Indians” for a couple of times to clarify her sense of dislikes toward the Indians. Mrs.
Garner’s word indicates that the Indians just as the object of their hypocrisy, who
only judges the Indians just from the negative side and she wants to show the
environment that the Indians are people who do deserve to be given equal opportunity
as same as the white people. In addition to the word “Them Indians” that refers to
“Prudence Mitchell”, Nick’s Lover, Mrs. Garner implies that Indians woman does not
deserve to make a relationship with the white man and Indian woman is a woman
who only deserves to fellow Indians only.
“His pants looked mighty like Billy.”
The conversation above happens between Carl and Joe Garner about Indian
people. Based on the conversation above, we can know that Indian people have the
same habit as like wearing the same kind of pants.
“Right here was where Pa ran over the skunk.” “It was further on.”
“It don’t make no difference where it was,” Joe said without turning his head. “One place is just as good as another to run over a skunk.”
“I saw two skunks last night,” Nick said. “Where?”
“Down by the lake. They were looking for dead fish along the beach.” “They were coons probably,” Carl said.
“They were skunks. I guess I know skunks.”
“You ought to,” Carl said. “You got an Indian girl.” “Stop talking that way, Carl,” said Mrs. Garner. “Well, they smell about the same.”
Joe Garner laughed.(64)
This conversation shows that American people call them as “skunk”, because
American government gave Indians money where they use it and it made them lazy to
work. They just get drunk every time. Even when they have communication with
Indians, they call them as “skunk”, it’s not directly.
“Nickie can have Prudence,” Joe Garner said. “I got a good girl.”(65)
American people have an assumption about Indians people that Indian girls can
be paid, they pay and they have. It means that everybody can have a sex with them.
So, they look Indian girls as a naughty girl or they call them as a squaw.
“The Indians were all in town getting drunk.” (66)
The statement above is the dialogs of Nick’s father and Nick in the meal table.
more distant from the 'independence' of his people. When celebrating the American
independence is shown by many people who get drunk. The white Americans treat
the Indians not as the Native American, but they are treated as the people who don’t
deserve to live with the other white American. In fact, the Indians are the Native
Americans who have been lived for centuries before the white people attacked the
American continent. But the reality is the existence of the Indians is increasingly
constrained by the existence of white American who always underestimates with
them.
“I saw your friend, Prudie.” “Where was she?”
“She was in the woods with Frank Washburn. I ran on to them. They were having quite a time.”
His father was not looking at him. “What were they doing?”
“I didn’t stay to find out.” “Tell me what they were doing.”
“I don’t know,” his father said. “I just heard them threshing around.” “How did you know it was them?”
“I saw them.”
“I thought you said you didn’t see them.” “Oh, yes, I saw them.”
“Who was it with her?” Nick asked. “Frank Washburn.”
“Were they—were they—” “Were they what?” (66)
This conversation above is one of the conflict and climax points that most
emphasized discrimination against Indians are when Nick wants an answer from his
father who says that he sees Prudence Mitchell with Frank Washburn when he was
replies that is true that he has seen Prudence Mitchell with Frank Washburn in the
wood, near to the Indian camp this afternoon. He replies as he turns away and gives
his back. It indicates that he lies. He does not want his child establish a relationship
with an Indian because an Indian women in the view of white people are women who
do not deserve to make a relationship with the white man.
“Where was she?”
“She was in the woodswith Frank Washburn. I ran on to them. They were having quite a time.”
His father was not looking at him. “What were they doing?”
“I didn’t stay to find out.” “Tell me what they were doing.”
“I don’t know,” his father said.“I just heard them threshing around.”(66)
When Nick asked his parent where he goes, his father answers he wants for a
walk up by the Indian camp which located in the woods. We can imagine that Indian
had no place which called as a home. They stays in the wood without having work,
education, social and political organization, trade, visual arts, music, and modern
dance, etc. they were far from modern world. They are neglected from white
American although in fact they were the original people of American. They left
behind almost all of the life style and it because of white American.
Islam also organizes about this. It means how Islam looks Garner’s family in
the short story in her life with shows a colonialist mindset with implies that Indian
woman is a woman who only deserves to fellow Indian only. In Islam, any
discrimination is for bidden. According to al Quran Surah Al-Hujurat ayah 13:
The meaning is: “O mankind, indeed We have created you from male and female and
made you peoples and tribes that you may know one another. Indeed, the most noble
of you in the sight of Allah is the most righteous of you. Indeed, Allah is Knowing
and Acquainted”.
Islam also explains in other hadis Ahmad and Rasulullah:
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The meaning is: Has told us Isma' il has told us Sa' id al jurairi from the ashes
Nadhrah has told me a person who never heard of Rasulullah Shallallahu khutbah '
alaihi wa salam middletasyriqday, he said: “halloo all human! Rabb you one , and
the ajam over the Arabs , there is no excess skinned for the red over black people , for
the black over red skinned people except with piety”.
Of Rasulullah also have said:
ىﻮﻘﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻻا ﻰﻤﺠﻋ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻰﺑﺮﻌﻟ ﻞﻀﻓ ﻻ .ﻂﺸﻤﻟا نﺎﻨﺳﺄﻛ ﺔﯿﺳاﻮﺳ سﺎﻨﻟا
The meaning is: The man the same as the teeth of combs, there is no excess for the
Arabs, except because good fearing.
It is very clear that in perspective of Islam about the relation about racial
discrimination. From ayahal Quran in Surah Al-Hujurat ayah 13,Ahmad hadis and
Rasulullah word, explain about prohibition to someone that do discrimination degrees
of human. In this analysis between Garner’s family attitudes and Nick’s father does
not Indians people this is a wrong attitude in Islam. They assume that the Indians are
not educated, they stays in the wood without having work and they were far from
CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION
After presenting the result of analysis in the previous chapter, the conclusion is
taken in this part. The conclusion is drawn based on the formulated research
questions.
4.1 Conclusion
Ten Indiansis telling about Indian’s life in discrimination on the lives of the
Indians who live in the America that carried out by White Americans.
From the analysis, the study finds Nick's characterization based on character
analysis and uses postcolonial ambivalence theory, that to find the forms of racial
discrimination happens in the Ten Indians. As an America woman, Mrs. Garner's and
Garners family clarify her sense of dislikes towardsThe Indians. Nick has image as
an America men which the hypocritical, because it is the character of America who
believe directly without checking first. Nick did not want all know that he actually
had a relationship with a woman of India. Ambivalence postcolonial depicts the life
the white Americans treat the Indians not as the Native Americans, they are treated as
the people who do not deserve to live.
Based on the analysis, the study uses ambivalence postcolonial theory. The
Ambivalence comes from the feeling of love and hate toward something.
ambivalence postcolonial, there are three forms of happens that grow chronologically.
The first, when Mrs. Garner's character. She says "Them Indians" for a couple of
times to clarify her sense of dislikes toward the Indians. The second, when Joe's
action that drags an Indian shows how bad they treat the Indians. "Bush" is a symbol
that the Indians are only fit to live in a bad place, a place that we can find everything
bad from it. The third, when nick wants an answer from his father who said that he
saw Prudence Mitchell with Frank Washburn when he was taking a walk in the
Indian camp. Nick wants the correct answer from his father. He replied that is true he
had seen Prudence Mitchell with Frank Washburn in the wood, near to the Indian
camp this afternoon. He replies as he turns away and gives his back.
The last point, this story ends with an open ending because there is not certain
conclusion that we can find from it. Nick just goes to bed and fall asleep, he does not
try to ensure himself that his father is right or wrong. What are it is the character of
every American who believe directly without checking first and easy to believe.
Based on the analysis, the study can conclude that is correct that Indians being
discriminated by the white people. They assume that the Indians are not educated, so
they don’t need to be given the opportunity. The Indians are also used as an object
only for a low view of white people towards them and have not regarded as nationals,
though these Indians are residents and owners of the American continent. However,
they are increasingly being pressured by the presence of white people. Finally, their
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