ELECTRICITY SAVINGS BY IMPLEMENTING ENERGY EFFICIENCY STANDARDS AND LABELS FOR HOUSEHOLD AIR CONDITIONERS IN MALAYSIA

ELECTRICITY SAVINGS BY IMPLEMENTING ENERGY

EFFICIENCY STANDARDS AND LABELS FOR HOUSEHOLD

AIR CONDITIONERS IN MALAYSIA

Hatchell Anak Edward

Bachelor of Engineering with Honours

11<

(Mechanical

and Manufacturing Engineering)

4015

₂₀₁₀

R233

2010

UNIVER

S

ITI MALAYSIA

SARAWAK

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESIS

Judui: ELECTRICITY SAVlNGS BY IMPLEMENTING ENERGY EFF[(,II,NCY STANDARDS AND LABELS FOR HOUSEHOLD AIR CONDITIONERS IN MALAYSIA

SESI PENGAJIAN: 2009/2010

Saya RATCHELL AK EDWARD

(HURUF BESAR)

rnengaku melDbenarkan tcsis ... iIll citsimpan dl Pusat Kl)J(lmat Maklumat Akademik, Umvcrslli Malaysia Sarawak dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan sepertl berikut:

1. Tests adalah hakmih..k UmVl'l"Slti. MalaYSia Sal'awak.

2. Fusat KIHdmat Maklumat Akademik, Ul1lvcrslti Malaysia Sarawak dlbenarkan mei11buat :t:-t:tlitl<ln untuk tUJuan pengajlan sahaJa.

3. MeOlbuat pcndlgitan untuk membangunkan pangkalan Data Kanduogan Telllpatan.

4. Fusat Khidmat Maklumat Akademik, UOlVel'Sl tl Malaysia Sarawak ciIbenarkan membuat fO.alinan tesis 1111 sebagai bahan pel'tukal"an antal'a tn.stitusl pe ngaJIall t.mggl

5. **511a tandakan ( ....J )dl kotak yang berkenacm:

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SULIT (Nh:ngandllng'j makJuUl.at yang berda1]3lL keselamatan atau kepellting'an "Talaysla sopertl yang termaktub dl dalam AKTA RAHSIA R..SMI (972)

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TERHAD (MengRndungi maklumat TERHA D yang telah Jllelll ukan oleh

orgamsu,="Ji badan di.l1lana penyelidll~aJl dIJalank:,w )

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CATATAN * Tesis dlmaksudkan sebaga1 tpelS bagl Ijazah Doktor Falsafah, ~urju"a

dan Sarjana Muda,

Jika tesls rni SULIT atau TERliAD, gIla lamplrkan sural danpada plhak berl-::ua...,alol'ganisasi berkenaan de l1gan menyatnkan sekah sehab dan tpmpoh tes1S illl perlu dikelnskan sebagai SULIT atau TERHAD.

Approval Sheet

Final Year Project Report below:

Title : Electricity Savings by Implementing Energy Efficiency Standards

and Labels For Household Air Conditioners in Malaysia

Author : Ratchell ak Edward

Matric No. : 1/140

Has been read and certified by:

ELE

C

TRI

C

ITY SAVINGS BY IMPLEMENTING ENERGY

EFFICIENCY STANDARDS AND LABELS FOR

HOUSEHOLD AIR CONDITIONERS IN MALAYSIA

RATCHELL ANAK EDW

A

RD

Thesis Is Submitted To

Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaysia Sarawak In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Bachelor Degree of Engineerin

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

First and foremost, [ would like to express my most sincere thanks and gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Abu Saleh Ahmed for the tremendous amount of patience he has shown me, as well as his g'uidance and e ncouragements that helped me through my final year project. My tha nks also go to the Faculty of Engineering, Unive t'siti Malaysia Sarawak and Its staff for the facilities and support provided.

Sewnd, T would also like to say thanks to the owners of the conditioners of the au'

conditioners that T have tested on. Thank you for your time, understanding and patie nce.

T would also like to say thanks to my family, especially my mommy and daddy for

their patience and understanding when I complain about all the ha rd work and also

for their support and eucouragement throughout this proJECt.

Last but not least, I would like to say a very special thank you to all the incredIble

friends around me, for keeping me sane and of course fat' all their suppurt throughout completing this project.

ABSTRAK

Penghawa dingin kini semakin mendapat tempat di dalam J'umah dl

Malaysia. [a merupakan perkakas elektrik rumah yang menggunakan tenaga

elektrik kedua letbesar selepas peb sejuk. Oleh itu, penghawa c1ingin telah menjadi sasaran dalam usaha pe mbaikan penggunaan elektrik yang berkesan. Hingga kini,

MaLaysia masih belum menetapkan sebarang piawai dan label llntuk penggunaan tenaga bagi penghawa dingin. Objektif projek ini adalah untuk mengembangkan

satu set piawai dan labeL kecekapan tenaga llntuk unit penghawa dingin di rumah dan juga untllk mengenalpasti ke mungkinan dalam penjimatan tenaga melalui pelaksanaan set piawai tersebut. Dengan merujuk kepada piawai ujian yang ditetapkan oleh Pertubuhan Piawai Antarabangsa aSO). satu siri eksperimen teLah diplankan terhadap hma belas unit penghawa dlllgJn dengan keupayaan pendinginan dan model yang bedainan. Dengan data-data yang diperolehi melalui eksperimen, satu piawai gans dasar telah dikembangkan melalui pendekatan

statlstIk. Satu garis kecekapall tUfut dike mbangkan melalui 5% dari nilai piawai garis dasar. Tiga jenis label kccekapan tenaga telah direka dan tinjauan telah

dijalankan terhadap label-label tersebut di antara para pengguna. Da ripada keputusan tmJauan tersebut, label kecekapan telah dipJlih secara menyeluruh dan

dicadangkan di daLam projek ini. Penge nalan piawai kecekapan tenaga untuk penghawa dingm dijangka akan mengurangkan penggunaan tenaga sebanyak 251

536 li7.4 MWh bap-tiap tahun. Selain itu, isu·isu pencemaran udara di Malays;,

dijangka akan berkurangan sebanyak 5. i% sekiranya program piawai kecekapan tenaga untuk penghawa dingin dilaksanakan secara mandatori.

ABSTRACT

Room ail' conditioners are quickly becoming a major part of a

Malaysian household. It is the second largest. electricit.y cons uming appliance after the refrigerator, thus it has become a target for improvement of energy consumption. Until now, Malaysia has not set any energy efficiency standards or labeling for room air condit.ioners. The objectives of this study are to develop a set of

energy efficiency standards a nd labels for household air conditioners and also hnd

out the possible energy savings thl'Ough t.he implementation of the sta ndard and label. By referring to the ISO (International Standard Organization) Test Standards, a series of expe rimental investigations have been conducted towards

fifteen units of room air conditioners with different capacities and trademarks. From the experimental data, a baseline standard has b~I'n developed through statistlcal approach. A 5% saving line has been developed from the baseline standard. Three types of energy saving labels have been designed and a s urvey has

bee ll carried out towards these labels among the consumers. From the survey response, a comprehensive energy guide label for room air conditioners has been proposed in this project. It has been estimated that 251 536 177.4 MWh of electriclty energy could be saved per year with the introduction all implementation of energy efficiency standards for room ail' conditioners. With the mandatory implementation of energy efficiency standards for room ail' conditioners, it has been estimated that at Jeast 5.7% of pollution issues could be l'edllcod in Malaysia.

Pu~;11 Klll.101"' \1akluma! ·Uademd..

UNIVFRSITI '11\[ YSLA S!VlAWA1:

TABLE OF CON

TE

NTS

Contents Page

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1. 1 Background 1

1.1.1 Energy Efficiency Standards 2 1.1.2 Energy Efficiency Labels 3

1.2 Status of Energy Consutnp tion Scenario in 4

Malaysia

1.2.1 Energy Supply and Demand in Malaysia 4

1.2.2 Electricity 6

1.2.3 Electricity Consumption for IVlalaysia's 9 Domestic Sector

1.3 Objectives 14

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 History of Household Appliance Standards and 15

Labels

2.2 Energy Standards and Labels in the European L8 Union (EU)

2.3 Energy Standards and Labels in the United 23 States (US)

2.4 Energy Standards and Labels in Japan 26 25 Energy Standards and Labels in China 28 2.6 Energy Standards and Labels in Thailand 29 2.7 Energy Standards and Labels in Philippines 30 28 Energy Standards and Labels in Malaysia 32

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

3. 1 Steps in Developing Energy EfficIency Standards 3'1 and Labels Program

3.1. 1 Step 1: Decide Whether and How to 36 Implement Energy Labels and Standards

3 1.2 Step 2: Developing a Testing Capability 37 3.1.3 Step 3: Design and Implement a Labehng 38

Program

3. 1.4 Step 'L Analyze and Set Standards 3R

3.1.5 Step 5: Design and Implement a

40

Communication Campaign

3.1.6 Step G: Ensure ProgTam Integrity 40 3.1. 7 Step 7: Evaluate the Labeling or Standards 41

Setting Program

32 Energy Test Procedure 41

3.3 Applicability ofISa Test Procedure for Room Air 43

Conditioners in J:VlaJaysia

3.4 Project Scope 44

3.5 Experime nt Instru me nta tion 45

3.6 Experimental Procedure 45

CHAPTER 4 RESULTS, ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSIONS

4.1 Energy Consumption of Split·Type Room 47

Air Conditioner

4.2 Effect of Ambient Temperature and Humidity

51

4 3 Developmen t of Energy Efficiency Standards 53

4.4 Development of Energy Efficiency Labels

56

4.4.1 Energy Rating Label 57

4.4.2 Enel'gy Guide Label 57

4.4.3 Star Rating Label 58

4.5 En~rgy Labeling Survey 63

4.6 Proposed Malaysian Test Standards for

&

,)

'll

64

Air Conditioners

4. 7 Energy Savings 65

4.8 Greenhouse Gases EmiSSIOns Red uetion

G

7

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusion 71

5.2 Recommendations

73

5.2. 1 Recommendations for Further Works

7

3

5.2.2 Recommendations to Manufacturers 74

5.2.3 Recommendations to Consumers 74

REFERENCES 75

APPENDlXA 81

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1.1 Electricity Production and Household Consumption 9 1.2 Electricity Costs per Month in Different Types 10

of Houses

1.3 Estimate of MalaysIa Home Energy Use of 180 m' 12 Terrace House

2.1 The History of Energy Efficiency Labels and 17

Standards

2. 2 Minimum Energy Performance Standards, European 21

Union

2.3 Summary of European Labeling Program 22

2.4 Minimum Energy Performance Standards, Umted 25

States

2.5 Energy Efficiency Target Levels of the Top Runner 27

Program

3.1 ISO Test Conditions for Determilllng Cooling

43

Capacity

48 4. 1 Energy Consumption (kWh) of Split·Type Room

Ail' Conditioner

4.2 Energy Efficiency Ratio of Split·Type RoolD Air 49 Conditioner

4.3 Ambient Temperature and Humidity Level during 52

the Experiment

4.4 Proposed Energy Efficiency Standard Room Air 54

Conditioner

4 5 Room Air Conditioners Graded Data with Respect 59 to EER

4.7 Labeling Snrvey Output 63

4.8 Emission Factors of Fossil Fuels for Electricity 67

Ge neration

4.fJ Percentage of Mix Fuel in Electricity Generation 68

from 1994 to 2020

4.10 Daily Emission of Gl'eenhouse Gases dne to Mix 69

Fue1 li:nergy Generation Used by noom All' Conditioners in 2020

LIST OF FIGURES

Figures P a ge

1.1 Commercial Energy Supply in Malaysia 5

1.2 Final Energy Use by Sectors in Malaysia 6

1.3 Energy Input in Power Stations in Malaysia 8

1.4 Energy Uses in &sidential Sector Ln Malaysia 11 3. I Typical Steps in Developing Consumer Product 35

Energy Efficiency Labels and Standards

4. 1 Energy Efficiency Ratio for Room Air Conditioners

55

4.2 Energy Rating Label 60

4.3 Energy Guide Label 61

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

°C Degree Celcius

BPS Bureau of Product Standards

Btufhr British Thermal Unit per hour

CECED European Federation of Domestic Applia nce Manufacturers

CETDEM Centre fo r Environment, Technology and Development

Malaysia

CETREE Centre for Educatio n and Training In Renewable Energy and

Energy Elfieie ncy

CNIS China National Institu te of Standards

c

o

Carbon Monoxide

C0

2

Carbon DiOXIde

COP

Coefficient of Performance

DEDP Department of Energy Development and Promotion

DOE

Department of Ene"gy DSM Demand-side management

EACElVl European Association of Consumer Electronics Manu facturers

EC European Commission

EEA Energy Efficie ncy Act

EER Energy Effieie ncy Ra tio

EGAT Electricity Generating Authority Thailand

EPCA Energy Policy and ConservatIOn Act

ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific

EU European Union EUR Euro EURIkWh Eum per kilowatt-hour GDP Gross Domestic Product GEA Group of Efficient Appliance GWh Gigawatt-hour GWh/) l' Gigawa t t-h Olll" per year

hl's/yr Hours per year

lEA International Energy Agency

IE

C

Inter national Electrotechnieal Commission

IPPs Independent Power Producers

ISCE Industrial Standard Committee ­ Group E

ISO International Orgamzation for Standardization

kg

Kilogram

kg/kWh Kilogram per kilowatt-hour

ktoe Kilotonne or Kilometric Ton

kW Kilowatt

kWh Kilowatt-hour

kWh/y r Kilowatt-hour per year

kWhlm'lyr Kilowatt-hour pel' meter cube per year

MEDiS JVIalaysian Energy Database and Information System

MEPS Minimum Energy Performance Standards

MoSTE Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment

MW Megawatt

NA ECA Nntlvnal Applia nce En,_'rgy C'onsc-n-atiol1 '\ct

NEPO National Energy Policy Office

Nitrogen Oxide

SESB Sabah Electricity Sendirian Berhad

SESCo Sarawak Electricity Supply Corporation

SIRIM Standard and Indust.rial Research Instlt.ut.e of MalaysIa

Sulphur Dioxide

TCHPEA Technical Committee on Performance of Households and

Similar Electrical Appliances

TEl Thailand Environment Institut.e

TISI Thai Industrial Standards Institute

TNB Tenaga Nasional Berhad

toe Metric Ton

TREN Directorate General for Energy and Transport

UN Unit.ed Nations

US United States

W Watt

CHAPT

ER

1

INTRODUC

T

ION

1. 1 Back ground

Energy efficiency IS a practKe of reducing the amount of encq:y used for a given service such as lighting and heating without reducing the end-use benefits. More energy efficient appliance helps in electricity savings and thus reduces electricity costs. Energy efficiency standards and labels for applIances are simple and I!ffectivc strategies for providing guidance to consumers in the ir purchases. it

ens ures that consumers are aware of ene>,!!>, pe rformance of th~ products when making purchases and that manufacturers produce re latively high-d'ficiency products. Energy efficiency standards and labeling can be a primary force in the creation of stronger markets for energy-efficient goods and products. Labels and

standards increase a country's overall energy efficiency by slowly ehminating low­

cost, ll1efIicient models and by stimulating thr' de\'l'I,)pme l1\ " I" 1111)1'1' <,flin r,nt

technolo~les (UN, 2007)

1.1.1 Energy Efficiency St.andards

Energy efficiency standards are a set of procedures and regulations prescribing the energy performance of manufactured products, sometimes

prohibiting the sale of products that are less efficIent than the minimum standard,

This ens ures that manufacturers produce products that meet the minimum

efficiency le"el. Energy efficIency standards can either be in the form of mInimum allowable energy effiCIency or maximum allowable energy use. The term "standard"

commonly constit utes two possible meanings. The tlrst is a well-defined protocol or laboratory test procedure used by which to obtain a sufficie ntly accurate estimate of the energy performance of a product in a way it IS typically used, or at le;\st a relative ra nking of its energy performance compared to that of a other similar

products. The second possIble meaning is the target limits on energy performance

based on a specIfied test protocol (Wiel & McMabon, 2005).

Tbere are three types of energy efficiency standards. which are prescnptive

standards, maximum energy performance standards (lVIE PS) and class average

standards. PrescriptIve standards prescribe that a particular feature or device LO be

installed in all new products (Wiel & McMahon, 2005). MaxImum energy

rWl' lv n nance sLOlld~l1'd~ ,lIctal l' the milumull) energy t.,d'i'll"IC'LlCY ur J..naxinHIUl CIh..: l'C)"

consumptIon that manufacturers ll1ust acbieve in every product, without specifying

the technology to be adopted 01' the deSigning detaIls. In class-average standards,

the average efficiency of a product is defined such as to provide an option 10 the ma nufacturer to select the level of efficiency of each model as long as the 0\'':'l' all average is attained (lVlohanty, 20(1).

1.1.2 Energy Efficiency Labels

Energy efficiency labels are informative labels attached

to

manufactured

products describing a product's energy performance, usually m the form of energy

use, efficiency or energy cost (Wiel & McMahon, 2005). Labels prov ide the

consumers with information on the energy use and cost of appliances and

equipments, thus enabling' them to directly compare the energy lise or efficiency among different models

(lEA

2000). Labels also provide a commOl! energy efficiency benchmark making it easier for utility companies and government energy­

conservatiol! agencies to offer consumer incentives

to

buy energy efficiency product­

(Wiel & McMahon, 2005). There are ma mly three types of labels: endorse ment, comparative and information-only (AI-Molleh el al. , 2009).

Endorsement labels are essentially 'seals of appro\ "I' affixed only on models

meeting or exceeding a cc rtam efficiency leve l. They are generally based on a 'yes­ no' cutoff and offer httle additional lllformation. MinnnuUI performance criteria

may be based on

a

range

o

f

criteria and may include energy cons umption and

efficie llcy. It is set in a way such that only 10% to 40% can achieve the endorsement

to achieve maximum ma rket impact. An endorsement label may be specifically for

('n 'rgy ~ 1r.('i"I)(,)· or i1 m>lj' i>~ an ' ~:co-Iubd . EC'J labels l!lI!J(JI'SC pl'odJels thal I",,-e

low impact across a \vic1e range of environmental factor"'), with ("' llel'gy consumption levels often having a high priority (Harrington and Damnics, 200·1).

Comparative label" nllow consumers to compare the enr l'h'Y cflicien('\ and

relative ranking of similar products bearing a label. The mU$1 c!l\nmcll11y used

comparative labels employ a scale with absolutely defined energy eil.'ici(,IlCY

categories. This type of label allows a consumer to compare the efficiency of a

product in relation to an absolute scale, by means of simple numerical or ranking system. It is much easier for a consumer to remember and compare a simple ranking scale than to remember and compare energy consumption values

(Harrington and Da mnics, 2004).

Information·only labels provide da ta on the technical performance of a

product. The types of information displayed on the information·only labels are the product model, energy efficiency and the energy consumption. The labels offer no simple way to compare energy performance between products and generally not consumer·frie ndly.

1.2 Status of Energy Consumption Scenario in Malaysia

1.2.1 Energy Su pply and Demand in Malaysia

Due to rapid growth rate in the industry and variou.s sectors in Malaysia,

the commercial e nergy supply has increased to about 7.3% to 63,296 ktoe in 2007

compared to I he prc\'iolls year of 59,DUo ktoe tis shvwn II I figure 1. I (~ l

E

D

IS, 2007).

The share of commercial energy supply was highest for na tural gas at 43.2"{, followed by petroleum products such as crude 011 and others at 42%. Coal a nd coke

contributes about l4% and the other 2.4% is contributed by hydropower

(http/lmedis.ptm.org.my. 2007).

Thc final energy demand at 2007 is at 44,268 ktoe w mparecl to 40,318 ktoe in 2006. The malO energy de mand was highest from the industrial "cctor which was at 43.2%, foUowed by the transportation sector at 35.5%. Residential and commercial sector consumed about 14%, while the non e nergy sector and agriculture consumed 6.7% and 0.6% respectively. All sectors showed an upward

trend compared to the prevIous year as shown In Figure 1.2

(http/lmedis.ptmorg.my, 2007).

Figure L.l: Commercial Energy Supply in M,lIaysia (MEDiS, 2007)