Key Terms:
Etruscans- Early people in Northern Italy
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Did not descend from Indo-Europeans-
Most powerful region-
12 powerful city-states led by kings and warriors-
Most powerful militia wise-
Traded with GreekAeneas - Story of Troy leaving and finds the city of Rome
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Proves that stories then were for morality and not fact-
Romulus and Remus- Story of two twins that found RomePatricians/Plebs - Society in Rome was divided into Patricians and Plebs
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Patricians (Aristocrats) - The more wealthy-
Plebeians (Lower Class) - Merchants and Farmers-
Difference between the two is the Patricians established first Twelve Tables - Law Code devised around 450 BCE-
Collection of laws binding upon everyone in the community-
Addressed things like-
Rules of trials-
Debt and property-
Rights of a Roman father over family members-
CrimeTribunes - Represent the Plebeians (Ordinary people)
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Had veto power over Roman affairsConsul - A pair of men that led had the power to go to war and carrying out law (Imperium)
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Held position for only 1 year, to avoid corruption-
Aristocrats put them in power after overthrowing kingSenate - Men from the oldest, most well-established and most distinguished Roman families
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After consul you become the senate-
Held position for life-
Never actually passed anything just gave POWERFUL advice Paterfamilias- The head of large family units-
Were generally the senior males (grandfather, uncle)-
Represented the household’s beliefsPatron/Client - A system was created to help people that lacked family or membership
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Patron- Helped out client with gifts, land, and money-
Client- A person in which got help from the Patron-
This cooperation helped strengthen relationship between the poor and rich Punic Wars – Series of three wars fought between Rome and Carthage. Rome won. - 1. Navy- 2. Italian country
- Hannibal attacked with elephants - 3. Destruction of Carthage
- Sow fields with salt
Optimates/Populares – political divisions - Optimates – wealthy
Marius – Spanish soldier who was a part of the Optimates - Blue blooded
- Successful consul
- Served as consul more than once - Reformed Roman military
- Soldiers were called ‘Marius Mules’ Sulla – Rival of Marius
- Soldiers fought Marius’s soldiers - Won the rivalry and became dictator Pompey – One of first triumvirate - Ally of Sulla
Crassus – Commander from Pompey - Fireman
First Triumvirate – Three people who pulled the strings in Roman politics. Crassus, Pompey, and Caesar Julius Caesar – Declared himself dictator of life
- Died on the steps of the Senate - Victory in Gaul, general, tactician - Died on steps of Senate (stabbed) - Defeats Pompey, takes Rome
- Good leader, cuts tax, dictator, public works Cicero – Lawyer
- Consul, philosopher - Latin
- Concordia (harmony) - Course packet letter to son* - Didn’t like Caesar
Second Triumvirate – Second alliance consists of Marcus Antonius, Octavian, and Lepidus Octavian/Augustus – First emperor of Rome
Princeps/Principate – Another title given to Augustus - First citizen, first among equal
- Head citizen
Virgil (Aeneid) – poet
- Wrote Aeneid, Aeneid settled Rome after being exiled from Troy Horace – Ode writer
- Wrote about toiling on a farm, laboring, praising country estates - Wrote about glorification of Cleopatra
Livy – Roman historian who wrote 142 books - Only ten survived
Pax Romana – Roman Peace Coliseum – Flavian Amphitheatre - Gladiator fights and sporting events
Five Good Emperors – Nerva, Trajan, Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, Marcus Aurelius - Not tyrants
Trajan
- Trajan’s Column tells the story of Trajan’s conquests (victory propaganda) Romanitas - Romanness
Diaspora – Jews scattered
Prophets – wrote about Messiah returning Messiah – great king/leader who returned Synagogue – Worship place for Jewish
Jesus of Nazareth – teacher, rabbi, prophet
Apostles – 12 apostles were sent forth to spread the message - Persecution and death
Paul of Tarsus – Greek apostle who spread the word of Christ Gnostics – Secret knowledge
Bishops – Overseer, anchor - Trained priests
- Took part in rituals
Edward Gibbon – Historian who wrote “Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire” “Barracks Emperors” – Came to power through battles
- Most successful recruited barbarians
Diocletian – Barracks Emperor who divided Rome into East and West side. Tetrarchy – Rule by four
Prefecture/Diocese – Broke the empire down even further. - Broke into Prefectures which were then broke into dioceses Constantine – First Christian emperor
- Led to the conversion of Rome to Christianity - Kind of a political move
Federates -
Huns – Raiders from central Asia
- Nomadic, no homes, traveled by horse, very fierce Attila – Leader of Huns, gothic word for ‘Daddy’
Visigoths – Fled to Rome to escape the Huns, Rome refused them Alaric – Leader of Visigoths
- Defeated Romans at Adrianople
Council (Nicea, Chalcedon) – debates over Christianity, Trinity Saints – people who did important things (martyrs)
Edict of Milan – Allowed Christianity to exist in the Roman Empire
Monks – Men who lived in temples and wrote illustrated books and copied scriptures - Small community
Jerrome – Translated the script in Latin Patriarch – Highest ranking bishops Vulgate – Common Latin
Augustine of Hippo – Teacher, philosopher who was a pagan Hagiography- Saint Cults, relics
Sibling cultures- East and West Roman Empire, different, but the same Byzantium/ Byzantine- Eastern Roman Empire became this
Justinian - Converted Eastern empire (Byzantines) into Christianity - Wanted to reunite Roman empire
- Archbishop’s Palace, Ravenna – Jesus wearing Roman general outfit - Halo meant he was a Saint (called a Nimbus)
Body of Civil Law (Corpus Iuris Civilis) – Justinian, established himself legally Hagia Sophia – Church of patriarch of Constantinople
- Burned in rebellion - Replaced in 537
- Converted into museum
Themes – Military regions/district Strategoi – General
Haram – Polytheism and peace Ka’Ba - Shrine
Muhammad – Foundation of Islam, had visions Qur’an - Recitation
Islam – The religion of Muhammad
Hadith – Sayings and remembrances of Muhammad Hijra – Migration from Mecca to Medina in 622 AD Caliph – New leader, a successor
Sunnis – Broad, traditional, would accept a lack of bloodline Shi’as - Small and strict
Ummayads – Rule like Byzantine, Romanish, Damascus Abbasids – Five Pillars; sharia and hadith
Anglos/Saxons – From Germany, invaded Britian Sutton Hoo – Kings burial ground
Staffordshire Hoard – large collection of anglo-saxon gold/silver/garnet -Dated to 7th century
Franks – Barbaric and polytheistic people from France Clovis – Starter of the Franks
Counts – Roman imperial administration Dukes – Military Leaders
St. Denis – Patron saints who was a missionary around 400
-Preached in Paris, was beheaded, picked up head and kept preaching Rule of St. Benedict – Rules for Monks
Gregory the Great – Died in 604 -Sponsored missionary trips
Franks’ Casket – Made of whalebones, looks like ducks kneeling at alter -Blend of pagan and Christianity
-3 wise men in Roman armor standing on Norse runes
Codex – Collection of decrees of previous Roman Empires (500 years) party of body of civil law Mayors of the Palace – in charge when the king was away
-Charles Martel and Pippin the Short
Charles Martel – Missionaries were sent to pagan places by him -Martel means hammer
Pippin the Short – Son of Charles Martel, Father of Charlemagne -Sent ambassadors to bishops to Rome to question his right to rule Charles the Great – Charlemagne
-771-814
Aachen – One of Charlemagne’s capitals
Capitularies – Tells you what to do with Saxon property. -Chapter heading in the new law
Missi Dominici – Lords ambassadors
-Traveled and discussed with upstanding citizens the laws and swear oaths to the kings -Try to assert law, just not enough
Carolingian Minuscule – Script they came up with to writing
Treaty of Verdun – Charlemagne’s sons split up his land with this treaty Vikings - North men
-Raid by river system -Violent/Plunder -Commercial -Not dumb
Lord/Lordship – Person in kingdom with servants/slaves/knights and army Vassal – Loyal volunteer,
Fief – Various rights and lands -Sustains vassal
Homage – Public ritual where vassal offers himself to lord Knight – Military servant
-Did bidding -Fighting/training -Brutal
-Rode horses
Chivalry – Word comes from the word ‘horse’ -Horsiness
Cluny – community of monks -Elects their own abbot -Liberty
-910
Peace/Truce of God
Gregory VII – Led the movement as pope for liberty in the Roman church -Restart celibacy
-Teach the way you feel, not by authority Curia/Camera
-Curia – Court, product of bishop trying to govern clergy -Appeals over church matter
-Camera – Office of treasury/finance -Collect tithes/taxes
-More money = more sophisticated way to track it Courtliness – Manners in front of the king
-Refined, virtuous, character
Crusade – Pilgrimage to sacrifice yourself to religion and holiness -Solemn Vows and Oaths
