The optimum of Fly Ash and Manure on Produdtivity
Soil in Post Minning Land of Coal, Growth and Maize Yield .
Wiskandar*, Amrizal Saidi, Yulnafatmawita dan Aprisal**
*Dosen Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Jambi** Dosen Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Andalas
Telp. 08116608869. email:
wiskandarjk@yahoo.co.id
Abstract,
Coal fly ash and manure as ameliorant on the soil from the coal mine is ultilized to improve chemical properties ofthe soil in post-minning of coal and growth of the plant. It is also an attemp to control the environmental polution as a result from the coal burning process as an energy source. A research to investigate the dosses of fly ash and manure to chemical properties of the soil in post-minning of coal and also the growth and production of maize have been implemented to the coal mine land, which is belong to PT. Nan Riang at Muara Tembesi district in Batang Hari regency. The purpose of this research are to ascertain the dose and best possible combination from the dose of fly ash and organic materials to chemical properties of the coal mine soil and also the growth and production of maize in the coal mine soil.
This research was conducted in the glasshouse by using 15 kg-size experimental pot with coal fly ash in 6 different levels; 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75 tonnes per hectare and 2 levels of cow manure as organic materials; 0% and 5% based on soil weight by using maize plant as an indicator. The results suggests that the level of 75 tonnes per hektare fly ash and cow manure as organic matters based on soil weight can improve pH H2O, Phosfor, Kalium, Ca, Mg, capasity exchengable cation, decrease Al-dd, and
provides significant effect on the growth and production of maize, however the applied of 45 tonnes fly ash per hectare shows no significant difference in the growth production of maize nor the chemical properties of the againt the applied of 75 tonnes per hectare
Keyword: fly ash, Organic Matter, Zea Mays, Mine Soils
I. INTRODUCTION
Coal is an unrenewable resource that is found underneath the surface of the earth to the depth up to ± 40 meters. As a mining product and energy source, coal has to be extracted from under the surface (mined) to be processed to ecome energy source. In Indonesia, most of coal mining are done by using opened put mining method. Similar case in Jambi province, the total area of coal mining is around 42.447 ha bringing the potential to 1.59 billion tonnes which is equal to 2.75% of national’s potential (57.8 billion tonnes), opened pit mining is chosen to be the method due to the geologicala structure, the charateristic of top layer’s rock, and the coal’s condition that is unable to hold the layer that is sat on top of it.
The soil degradation and the degradation of soil quality due to the opened pit mining method combined with soil backfilling system; which is the process of filling up the mining site after extracted all the soil on top of the coal before mining, thus easing the excavation process beside the clean finish after the excavation. This method cause the soil degradation, such as the change in soil morphology and degradation in physical, chemitry and biology quality of th soil. According to reference [1 of backfilling soil become degraded due to the top layer of soil that is mixed or even buried under the deeper layer (fertile top soil is substituted with the lower ones that less fertile), same goes with soil biological livings on the top soil will be buried down and destroyed or cannot function as it supposed to be and the
lower the supports produced from the top soil to the plant growth.
The chosen of amelioran substance to revitalise the soil chemical property is highly dependent to the ability, availability and the easiness to obtain the amelioran substance. One of amelioran substance that has the ability to repair soil chemistry quality and surplus availability is the waste of coal usage as energy; that is coal fly ash and organic matter from home-made fertilizer. The amount of coal fly ash produced from burning coal as energy source from researches reported to around 7-10% of overall us. Meanwhile, the domestical needs of coal in 2014, according to the government is up to 95.550.000 tonnes according to reference [2 solid waste of coal fly ash is up to 6.688.500 tonnes.
PT. Permata Prima Elektrindo, Jambi produced coal fly ash up to 350 tonnes per month. This coal fly ash is wasted at the end-point dump sites or piled up in industrial area which can create problems to th environment. Coal fly ash is a problematic-wastage around the world. But coal fly ash is a beneficial amelioran substance that can repair the physical, chemistry, and biological charateristic of soil. according to reference [3].
Mg. The potential of neutralizing from coal fly ash is equivalent to 20-30% CaCO3 according to reference [4].
Meanwhile, solid waste of coal fly ash from coal burnout that is not utilised optimally will be a serious problem to environment in the location around the burnout area. The ashes is easily get flown over and breathed in by human and animals, that is if accumulated inside human body to a certain concertration will give bad impact to the heatlh. Thus, the return of the coal fly ash to the opened pit coal mining site, will reclamate the area that is used to be the mining site due to its ability to repair and recover the physical and chemical property of soil, that is also become a treatment to solid waste management at electrical energy generator, cement industry and all other industries that use coal as energy source.
II. METHODS
This research was carried out in glasshouse using composite soil from the opened pit coal mining site, which is obtained from new artificial landscape at the used opened-pit coal mining site PT. Nan Riang at Desa Jebak Kecamatan Muara Tembesi Kabupaten Batang Hari to the depth of 0-20 cm. Coal fly ash is a solid waste from the coal burning as energy source for the generator of PT. Permatta Prima Elektrindo, at Kabupaten Sarolagun, Jambi and the organic matters are cow manure with maize as plaant indicator.
Materials used in this research include seeds of maize ‘Varietas Sukma Raga’ from Balai Benih Induk Sebapo, Jambi, Urea (45%N), TSP (46% P2O5), KCl (50%
K2O), Dithane M-45. Meanwhile, equipments used in this
research include trial pot from plolybag in size of 15 kg, PVC pipe in sze of ¾ inch, hoe, sample ring, gembor, machetes, meter, plastic bags and buckets.
The method Complete Randomized Design (RAL) factorial design, consisting of two factors is used in this research. The first factor is the fly ash at a dose of 6 levels (0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75 tonnes per ha) with ‘A’ symbol treatment and organic materials with a dose of 2 levels (0 and 5% of the weight of the soil) with symbols treatment of ‘O’. Each treatment was repeated 3 times so that there are 36 units of the experiment. Soil parameters that was observed in this research are pH of H2O, Al-dd, N-total, P-Available,
K-Total, exchangeable Katian Bases,Exchangeable Acid Cation. The plant growth was observed based on their growth and production.
III.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results of soil chemical analysis indicates that the mined land in the study had very low organic carbon content (0.29%), exchangeable aluminum (Al-dd; 2.65 cmol/kg) with a relatively highly acidic soil reaction (pH H2O : 4,21 ),
available low potassium (K2O ; 15,96 ppm), P-available is
very low (P2O5 ; 2,40 ppm), N total is very low (0.09%),
cation exchange capacity (KTK ; 2,70 cmol/kg) fell on a category of very low. Fly ash from the power plant PT. Permata Prima Elektrikindo contains (P2O5: 10.92 % low),
and (K2O: 0.15% is very low), CaO and MgO (respectively
4.53 % and 2.22 %) as well as other elements are also low. The pH value of the H2O of fly ash used in this research
10.92 or has alkaline nature. While the analysis of the elements contained in cow manure according BPT (2005), visible content of C-organic (8.86%) is low, total nitrogen (0.46%) is very low , P2O5 (0.50%) is very low and K2O
(0.32 %) is very low
1 .pH of H2O and Exchangeable Aluminum (Al-dd)
Results of analysis of variance showed interactions of the fly ash and manure significantly affect the pH increase and decrease in Al-dd. The average pH and Al-dd soil from application of fly ash and manure are presented in Table.1.
TABLE 1
EFFECT OF FLY ASH AND MANURE, FOR PH H2O
AND EXCHANGEABLE ALUMINIUM (AL - DD) OF POST-MINING LAND IN THE GREENHOUSE.
Organics Fly ash (tonnes ha-1)
Matters (%) 0 15 30 45 60 75 pH H2O
0 4,49 e 4,55 e 4,57 e 4,81 de 5,93 b 6,13 b
5 4,64 e 4,70 e 5,92 c 5,99 b 6,21 b 6,52 a Al-dd
0 2,27 a 2,08 b 2,00 b 1,80 b 1,73 c 0,80 f
5 2,03 b 1,87 b 1,33 d 1,10 e 0,80 f 0,67 f Note: Mean values with the same letter in the same row and
column are not significantly different according to DMRT (Level α = 5 %)
The interaction effect of the dosses of fly ash and manure give very significant effect on the increase in value of soil pH H2O. starting in the fly ash treatment dose of 30
tons per hectare and organic matter 5 % of the weight of the soil ( soil pH value of 5.92 ) . Increasing the value of pH H2O ( Table 1 ) , the best result from fly ash dose of 75 tons
per hectare combined with organic matter 5 % of the weight of the soil .
H2O achieving the highest increase in the pH value
( pH H2O 6.52 )due to the interaction effect of the treatment
of fly ash and 75 tonnes per hectare of organic matter ; 5 % of the weight of the soil makes the soil pH of greenhouse experiments to enter the category of neutral pH according to [5]. This is because the provision of fly ash that one of the elements in it are elements of CaO and MgO will be able to increase the pH of the soil used. This is supported by [6], the lime in the fly ash reacts with the acidity components of soil nutrients such as S, B and Mo in the form of the number of beneficial to plants. The initial increase in soil pH after the addition of fly ash due to the release of nutrients Ca, Na, Al and OH ions according to reference [7].
Increasing the pH in this experiment, according to reference [8], that the addition of ameliorant (lime) will increase the base cations namely Ca and Mg. The reaction of fly ash containing alkaline cations that plants need, such as calcium with water, can be described as follows:
CaCO3 + H2O --- Ca2+ + HCO3- + OH-
From this hydrolysis reaction, OH- ions will be
organic acid , such as humic acid . The cation exchange reaction can be described as follows:
H-Misel-H + CaCO3 === Ca-misel + H2O + CO2
Due to the adsorption of calcium, then a percentage of base saturation of the adsorption complex will rise. Thus the pH of the soil solution will also increase. This is because the bases of fly ash has reacted with H+ which is a source of
soil acidity. This is consistent with the proposed according to reference [5], that this pH change will be noticeable if given enough ameliorant so that all adsorbed ions H+ can be
replaced by alkali cations, mainly by Ca2+.
The use of fly ash in the soil to raise the pH of acid soils according to reference [6]. The administration of fly ash with optimum doses can raise soil pH so that nutrients are required for plant growth become available. As disclosed by according to reference [9], giving the fly ash can raise soil pH, can also improve soil properties by increasing the availability of elements of macro and micro ground as P , K , Ca , Mg , Zn , Cu and Co.
This agreed with according to reference [10] stating that an increase in the pH value occurred because the number of dissolved H+, neutralized by the ions OH- derived
from the hydrolysis of cations bases contained in fly ash, especially calcium and some H+ which can be exchanged
ionized to restore balance, The number of H+ exchanged will
be reduced slowly so that dissolved H+ will decrease and pH
will increase slowly
Interchangeable aluminum content (Table 1), that the treatment of fly ash and organic matter interaction gives highly significant effect in reducing the content of exchangeable aluminum in the soil, from 2.27 cmol/kg to 0.67 cmol/kg. The interaction effect of the provision of fly ash and organic material is achieved at a dose of 15 tonnes of fly ash per hectare and organic matter; 5% of the weight of the soil. The higher the dosage of fly ash in combination with the same dose of organic matter (5% of the weight of the soil) showed decreased content of exchangeable aluminum in the soil. Based on the decrease in the content of Al-dd, when associated with a range of doses administered; visible results achieved in the optimization of the interaction effect A4O2 (60 tonnes per hectare of fly ash
and 5% organic matter) with an average content of Al-dd cmol 0.8/kg), even though the content of al-dd achieved at the lowest possible A5O2 treatment (75 tonnes per hectare of
fly ash and 5% organic matter). This optimization statement on A4O2 treatment because there is no difference in treatment
effect A5O2.
From Table 1 we can see that the more we give the fly ash and organic matter to the soil at former mining land the lower value of exchangeable aluminum in soil at former mining areas. An increase in the pH of the soil will affect the concentration of Al-dd, with an increase in soil pH will reduce the concentration of Al-dd in the ground. This gave the effect on soil chemical properties and availability of the elements needed by plants. A decrease in the concentration of Al-dd proven highest place during the administration of fly ash as much as 75 tons per hectare and manure as much as 5% of the weight of the soil. One reason is the Ca content as much as 4.53% in the fly ash, which is isomorphic
According to reference [11], with the provision of coal fly ash, Ca and Mg content of elements increases, and decrease Al toxicity and Mn , as well as other heavy metals , in planting due to neutralizing soil acidity . according to reference [12] suggests that the reaction of lime in the soil simply as follows :
3 CaCO3 + 3 H2O--- 3 Ca++ + 3HCO3- + 3 OH
-Al3+ + 3 OH- ---. Al (OH)
3 (Settle)
Al3+ derived from the soil solution will react with
OH from the reaction of lime to form a precipitate Al (OH)3.
Thus giving lime, resulting in the deposition of Al in the form of Al (OH)3 and at the same time the pH will increase.
Thus Al toxicity can be resolved so that the growth of plant roots will be good.
The use of fly ash as ameliorant in this research is to increase the pH of the soil, associated with the content of CaO and MgO (equivalent lime). Increased soil pH by liming, decreasing the availability of heavy metals according to reference [13]. As described by according to reference [14], with the rise of pH, metal cations form changed into forms hydroxide or oxide. This happens because of rising soil pH and increasing negative charge of clay mineral surfaces, which has not fixed charge. The increase in the pH of the metal ions transform into compounds which settles.
It is reported that the addition of organic matter to the soil acidic, among others inceptisol , ultisol and Andisol able to increase the pH of the soil and able to degrade exhangeable soil Al according to reference [15], [16] and [17].
From Table 1 it can be said that with a dose of 0, 15, 30 , 45 , 60 , 75 ton / ha, there was a slight increase in the pH value and decreasing exchangeable Al. An increase in pH occurs because of coal ash containing CaO and MgO , where CaO and MgO can neutralize the ions H + originating from the soil thus the higher the amounts of coal ash is given, the greater the amount of CaO and MgO is given into the ground , so that neutralization of H + ions originating from the soil is also growing.
Fly ash is alkaline ( having a pH 10-13 ) and containing cations , which are required by crops such as Ca , Mg , Zn , K , and P , and do not contain heavy metals that are harmful to the soil and plants. Thus, it can be used as ameliorant to improve soil chemical proprties. Fly ash can change the pH of the soil,increase yield , and as an addition to the micro nutrient elements such as Fe , Zn , Cu , Mo , B , and as well as to others macro elements such as K , P , Ca , etc. other according to reference [18].
2. Contents of C-organic, Nitrogen Total, Phosphor-available dan Potassium-Phosphor-available
Results of analysis of Corganic, soil’s Ntotal, P -available and Potassium – was -available due to the provision of fly ash and organic material in the greenhouse is presented in Tables 2 and 3 below.
EFFECT OF FLY ASH AND ORGANIC MATERIAL TO C-ORGANIC AND N TOTAL POST-MINING LAND IN
THE GREENHOUSE
Note: Mean values with the same letter in the same row and column are not significantly different, according to DMRT (Level α = 5 %)
TABLE 3
EFFECT OF FLY ASH AND ORGANIC MATTER TO
THE SOIL P2O5 AND K2O POST-MINING LAND IN THE Note: Mean values with the same letter in the same row and
column are not significantly different , according to DMRT (Level α = 5 %)
The interaction effect of the provision of fly ash and organic material to organic C and nitrogen content are shown in Table 2 have not shown any real effect , but the effect of a single administration of fly ash and organic material has shown real influence . This is because the fly ash has a very small nitrogen content is because the oxidized form of gas during combustion , and in addition to the nitrogen contained in the manure that is given as the organic matter 0,46 % ( very low ) from manure analysis .
Similar to carbon , fly ash does not contribute much N to the ground , because the content of total N coal will disappear when experiencing burning coal , so the N content owned by fly ash are very few in number even negligible . The addition of coal ash and organic matter into the soil may speed up the process of mineralization of organic matter according to reference [19], thus increasing the availability of nitrogen.
Results of analysis of P available in the soil due to the provision of treatment of fly ash and organic matter in soil mined land, adding demonstrate the real effect which the granting of fly ash as much as 75 tons ha-1 and the organic matter 5% of the weight of the soil has the highest value which is 103 ppm if compared with a control that is 3 ppm. An increase in available P in the soil with fly ash increased dose of 3.00 ppm (control) to 103.00 ppm (fly ash and 75 tonnes per hectare of organic matter 5% by weight), but the effect of treatment of fly ash are given as much 60 tonnes
per hectare and organic matter 5% of the weight has not shown the difference with the treatment of fly ash and 75 tonnes per hectare of organic matter 5% by weight, although the highest value of P is available on the treatment of 75 tons per hectare. Thus, the provision of treatment optimization achieved in the treatment of fly ash at a dose of 60 tonnes per hectare.
According to reference [20] reported that the coal ash soil, which was given the number 120 t ha-1 in South
Korea may lead to an increase of P in the soil because soil pH caused the increase. According to reference [21], that the availability of soil P is strongly influenced by the pH of the soil, the soil P availability masksimum mostly found in a pH range between 5.5 to 7, the availability of P will decrease if the soil pH is lower than 5.5 or higher than 7.0.
One source of nutrients in the soil is derived from the materials that we give into the ground, in this case fly ash and manure. Results decomposition of manure will also produce the elements mentioned above in addition to organic acids that binds Al so will reduce the influence of Al on the availability of other elements. Increased humic acid and high acid fulvik which will also envelop Fe/Al thereby reducing P sorption according to reference [22]. Finally the result of manure will increase the available P and K - dd.
Table 3 indicates P2O5 content increased with
increasing doses of fly ash as well as an increase in organic matter. This is because the content of P2O5 contained in fly
ash and the organic material itself as well as due to the increase in pH so that the availability of P2O5 more available
to plants. According to reference [23], said that the addition of organic matter have direct effect because the organic material is a source of P and S which are available in the soil.
Results of measurement of K available in the soil after treated with fly ash and organic materials are presented in Table 3 shows that the effect of interaction between the administration of fly ash and organic matter to the K-available (K2O) showed a significant influence. The highest
content of K 2O ( Table 2 ) is reached at the interaction
between the treatment of 75 tons per hectare of fly ash and 5 % by weight of soil organic matter ( average value K is available 91 ppm ) . The influence of the interaction between the treatment of fly ash and organic materials begin to occur at a dose of 15 tonnes of fly ash per hectare, 5 % of the weight of soil organic matter. The higher the dosage of fly ash and 5 % organic matter causes K available in the soil increased. Optimization of the interaction of these two treatments occurred in the treatment A4O2 (60 tonnes per
hectare of fly ash and 5 % by weight of soil organic matter) with an average value K is available 85.00 ppm.
Provision of fly ash as much as 75 tons of manure per hectare and as much as 5 % of the weight of the soil gives the increase in the amount of P2O5 and K2O
concentration of land used for this study. The increase was due to the addition of compounds as much as 4.53 % P2O5
and K2O as much as 0.15 % of the existing content in the fly
P2O5 and K2O ground. This is explained by some of the
results of research which states that the provision of lime and organic matter will cause an increase of P and K in the soi .
3. Exchangeable Magnesium Content
TABLE 4
EFFECT OF FLY ASH AND ORGANIC MATERIAL AGAINST CA- DD , MG - DD AND KTK POST-MINING
LAND IN THE GREENHOUSE
Organic Fly ash (ton ha-1)
Matters
(%) 0 15 30 45 60 75
Ca-dd (cmol kg-1)
0 0,20 g 0,80 f 1,28 d 1,15 d 3,69 ab 3,65 b
5 1,04 de 1,31 cd 1,79 c 3,69 ab 3,83 a 3,99 a
Mg-dd (cmol kg-1)
0 0,37 h 0,71 fg 0,37 h 0,47 h 0,57 gh 0,78 de
5 0,26 h 0,77 ef 0,86 bc 0,82 cd 1,06 a 1,05 a
Kation Exchangeable Rate (cmol kg-1)
0 15 30 45 60 75
0 2,29 d 2,33 cd 2,42 c 2,44 c 2,30 d 3,19 a
5 2,54 c 2,48 c 2,56 bc 2,91 ab 2,70 b 2,68 b
Note: Mean values with the same letter in the same row and column are not significantly different, according to DMRT (Level α = 5 %)
Results of measurement of exchangeable magnesium from the soil that had been treated with fly ash and organic matter in greenhouse experiments are presented in Table 3. It showed highly significant interaction effect exchangeable Mg (Mg - dd ) . The highest content of Mg -dd (Table 4) occurs due to the influence of interaction can be seen as a result of the influence of fly ash by 60 tons per hectare and organic matter equal to 5 % of the weight has an average value of 1.06 cmol kg-1 (criterion very high
according to reference [5], but not significantly different with 75 tons of fly ash per hectare and 45 tonnes per hectare with 5 % organic matter. This increase was caused by the fly ash contains the elements; Mg 2.2 %, 0.03 % Na and other element.
The effect of the interaction of provisioning commission of fly ash and organic matter to be exchangeable magnesium , as shown in the notation in Table 4 beginning on fly ash treatment of 15 tons per hectare and organic matter 5 % of the weight of the soil . Optimization of interaction of treatment effect of fly ash and organic matter occurred in the treatment of fly ash and 60 tonnes per hectare of organic matter 5 % by weight (Mg - dd cmol 1.06 kg-1). This is because the interaction effect of the provision
of fly ash and 75 tonnes per hectare of organic matter 5 % points lower Mg - dd (1.05 cmol kg-1) than the combined
treatment of 60 tons per hectare.
Testing of variance of the interaction effects as seen in the notation in Table 4 have a significant effect on the value of the soil cation exchange capacity when compared to the control treatment. Treatment interaction effect of fly ash and organic materials that significantly increase the value of the cation exchange capacity of the soil began to occur in the treatment of fly ash and 15 tonnes per hectare of organic matter 5 % , although there is no linearity effects of increasing doses to increase soil capasity exchengable cation (KTK) . Interaction effects of treatment were the highest to the improvement of soil KTK occurred on fly ash treatment of 75 tons per hectare (KTK; 3.19 cmol kg-1). Optimization
of interaction effects of treatment can be achieved at a dose of 45 tonnes per hectare and 5 % by weight of soil organic matter (KTK; cmol 2.91 kg-1).
With the provision of fly ash and manure will increase the number of base cations in the soil derived from fly ash and also the result of decomposition of organic matter. Besides, also with the administration of fly ash and manure will improve soil KTK. Where the factors that influence the soil KTK is soil pH, soil texture, type of clay mineral, liming, organic matter and fertilizer. It can be seen from some of the opinions of the organic matter to the soil KTK according reference [24] manure can improve soil KTK. Increased KTK will increase the ability of soil to bind K, so K will be protected from leaching. According to reference [25] soil plus organic material capable of suppressing the rate of decline in the value of soil KTK compared to land that is not received additional organic material. Organic matter in soil in addition to donating a portion KTK also absorb heavy metals in the form of complex according to reference [13].
Cation exchange capacity is a picture of the ability of the surface of the soil colloids to adopt various cations of the washing process. High and low KTK is determined by the type of clay content of the soil and organic matter decayed completely. Improved soil KTK will increase the value of soil fertility, as well as to the response of fertilization. In other words, the higher the efficiency of fertilization on soil that has a high KTK. Chemically give advantage to add nutrients, especially NPK and improve the KTK as well as biology can enhance the activity of soil microorganisms according to reference [26].
Fly ash known to have a number of base cations such as calcium ( Ca ) , magnesium ( Mg ) , potassium ( K ) , and sodium ( Na ) is high . Ca is a cation contained in fly ash in the highest number compared to the three other base cations. according to reference [4] . The existence of Ca also affects the activity of soil microbes and soil pH as well as the development of plant tissue. Similarly, the Mg is an alkali cation with the second highest number after Ca. The high Mg contained by the soil also depend on the type of fly ash C and F with high content of Ca and Mg in the coal, it is not necessary anymore liming in the activities of agriculture as a cation bases Ca and Mg in the soil can reduce the saturation of ions of Al and Fe on soil solution. Potassium is also a base cations which implies high enough after Ca and Mg in the fly ash.
Plant growth is determined by the condition of the soil as a growing medium to provide nutrients and physical properties that make the plant roots develop properly. Plant height is one of the parameters portrait of plant growth is affected by soil chemistry. Corn plant height measurement results in greenhouse experiments are presented in Table 5 below.
TABLE 5
Effect of fly ash and organic material to the height
of the corn and corn seed weight per head in the
greenhouse
Organic Fly Ash (ton ha-1)
Matter 0 15 30 45 60 75
(%) Maize plant height (cm)
0 103,33 e 104,33 de 113,00 cd 118,00 b 122,33 b 128,67 a 5 118,00 bc 126,67 ab 129,67 a 132,33 a 124,67 b 132,67 a
Weight of corn seed (g pot-1)
0 80,00 c 83,00 c 87,00 c 85,67 c 91,00 c 89,00 c 5 80,33 c 83,67 c 88,93 c 92,67 b 95,70 a 94,57 a Note : Mean values with the same letter in the same row and
column are not significantly different, according to DMRT (Level α = 5 %)
Testing of variance to the average value of the corn plant height measurements showed that highly significant interaction effect on plant height. The highest measurement result of the high average value of the corn crop occurred because of the influence of fly ash and 75 tonnes per hectare of organic matter 5 % by weight of soil (plant height; 132.67 cm). There is no difference between the effects of each dose of 75 tons, 45 tons and 30 tons per hectare with organic matter 5 %, but the average value of plant height increased with increasing doses of the treatment. Interaction effect is evident in increased plant height between the treatment of fly ash and organic materials without the carrying out (control).
Table 5 shows the provision of fly ash and organic materials show significant effect on the weight of shelled seeds per head. Giving fly ash 60 tonnes / ha and organic matter 5 % of the weight by disclosing a real difference to the treatment of fly ash 45 tonnes / ha and organic matter 5 % by weight , but the treatment of fly ash 60 tons / ha with the treatment of fly ash 75 tonnes / ha have not shown a noticeable difference neighbor . Treatment of fly ash for 60 tonnes / ha and 5 % organic matter weight of shelled corn is the highest (95.70 g hump -)
Increased plant growth in plant height and weight of shelled corn due to increased amount of nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium absorbed by corn plants. According to reference [27] plant growth cannot be separated from the availability of nutrients available in the soil, nutrient availability will greatly determines the production of severe dry of plants residue is the result of three processes, namely the process of stacking assimilates through photosynthesis , decreased assimilate through respiration and decreased assimilate due to suspension and the storage gets accumulated . In this phase the plant is in desperate need of P sufficient supply. Phosphorus is one element that serves to accelerate flowering and ripening seeds and fruit . So with a low P availability will affect the weight of the fruit produced.
The addition of coal ash by 60 t ha - 1 and the organic matter 5 % of the weight of the soil is able to increase plant height increased plant height. But when doses
of coal ash are added to the soil to make the increase in plant height was not significant. Increased plant growth due to an increase in the amount of nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium absorbed by corn plants. The addition of coal ash and organic matter into the soil may speed up the process of mineralization of organic matter according to reference [19], so that the increasing availability of nitrogen. According to reference [20] reported that the land given to the amount of coal ash 120 t ha - 1 in south korea may lead to an increase of P in the soil because soil pH caused the increase . Further research reported to reference [28] in rice and peanuts showed that administration of coal ash in rice and peanuts can increase the uptake of N, P and K by 106-149 %.
With the higher dose of fly ash are given the supply of nutrients to the plant will be more and more. In addition, other causes thought to be related to the level of tolerance of the plants to the level of soil acidity. Provision of fly ash with optimum dose can raise the pH of the soil so that the nutrients necessary for plant growth becomes available. As explained according to reference [9], the provision of fly ash can raise soil pH also can improve soil properties by increasing the availability of the elements of the macro and micro ground such as P, K , Ca , Mg , Zn , Cu and Co.
According to reference [29] and [30], the utilization of fly ash can be good for plant growth and soil properties. In the acidic soil, granting coal fly ash can increase the yield of alfalfa, and improve soil pH and decrease the availability of Mo. It is supported by the opinion reference [31], with the provision that serves as the fly ash ameliorant can improve the physical, chemical and biological properties of soil, where the fly ash has been able to make peat lands into productive by increasing the pH and availability of nutrients in the peat soil .
Besides the role of Ca and Mg can reduce the negative influence of Al and Fe, Ca and Mg are also useful for cell division, as well as the formation of clorofil and form an enzyme activator in plants according to reference [32] and [33]. According to reference (21) stated that the elements Mg , not only as a mineral constituent of chlorophyll can also be found in the seeds of plants in considerable amounts .
IV.Conclusion
The interaction effect of administration of fly ash and manure as ameliorant for post-minning land in the greenhouse have not shown significant effect on changes in chemical properties of soil organic C and N – total, however had given significant impact on increasing the pH H2O ( 4 ,
49-6.52 ) , phosphorus- available ( 3 ppm - 103 ppm ) , potassium- available ( 41 ppm - 91 ppm ) , exchangeable calcium 0.20 cmol kg-1 to 3.99 kg , exchangeable
Magnesium ( 0.37 cmol kg-1 to 1.06 cmol kg-1 ) , the soil
cation exchange capacity and can degraded Al - dd ( 2.27 to 0.67 cmol kg-1 ) .
Adding of fly ash to 60 tonnes/ha which is combined with organic matter originated from cow manure as much as 5% of the soil weight is the best option to the growth and production of the maize plant, with the weight of the corn’s shelled of 95.70 g pot-1, meanwhile the pot that
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