PROSIDING
SEMINAR NASIONAL BAHASA DAN BUDAYA IV
KONTESTASI DAN NEGOSIASIDALAM HUBUNGAN LINTAS AGAMA DAN BUDAYA
Penyunting Ahli
Dr. Dra. Maria Matildis Banda, M.S.
Penyunting Pelaksana Drs. I Wayan Teguh, M. Hum.
DENPASAR, 16 - 17 OKTOBER 2019
FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA UNIVERSITAS UDAYANA
DENPASAR 2019
KATA PENGANTAR
Puji syukur kami haturkan kepada Ida Sang Hyang Widhi atas berkat-Nyalah kegiatan ini dapat diselenggarakan sesuai dengan harapan. Pada kesempatan ini kami menghaturkan terima kasih kepada pembicara kunci, yakni Bapak Dr. Agus Mulyana, M.Hum., Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia Bandung. Selain itu, ucapan terima kasih yang tulus kepada kedua pembicara utama, yaitu Bapak Dr. I Wayan Tagel Eddy, M.S., dari Prodi Sejarah FIB Universitas Udayana, dan Ibu Dr. Dra. Ni Made Dhanawaty, M.Hum dari Prodi Sastra Indonesia FIB Universitas Udayana yang telah bersedia menyampaikan ide-ide dan gagasannya untuk memperkuat isi SNBB IV ini. Terima kasih pula kami ucapkan kepada para pemakalah pendamping, peserta, dan mahasiswa yang sudah berupaya menjadikan SNBB IV sangat berarti. Partisipasi Bapak Ibu sekalian sebagai pemakalah dan sebagai peserta sangat memotivasi bagi kami demi keberlangsungan SNBB IV ini maupun SNBB pada tahun-tahun berikutnya dan sudah tentu dengan tema dan materi yang berbeda.
Kami juga mengucapkan terima kasih atas semua fasilitas yang diberikan oleh Ibu Dr. Made Sri Satyawati, S.S., M.Hum selaku Dekan FIB beserta staf, serta para koordinator Program Studi di lingkungan FIB, Bapak/Ibu dosen, mahasiswa dan segenap civitas Akademika FIB Unud, yang telah memperlancar kegiatan SNBB IV ini. Terima kasih kami ucapkan kepada seluruh panitia SNBB IV atas dukungan dan kerja samanya yang baik dan juga tidak kenal lelah. Harapan, tujuan, semangat, dan kerja sama yang dilandasi dengan komitmen baik telah menjadikan seminar ini berjalan dengan suasana akademik yang kondusif.
Oleh karena itu, segala kritik dan saran yang sifatnya konstruktif sangat kami harapkan demi terlaksananya SNBB yang lebih berkualitas di masa mendatang. Kami mohon maaf jika ada hal-hal yang tidak berkenan di hati Bapak/Ibu selama acara ini berlangsung. Terima kasih.
Panitia Seminar Nasional Bahasa dan Budaya IV Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Udayana Ketua,
SAMBUTAN
Puji syukur kami panjatkan kehadapan Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa/ Tuhan Yang Maha Esa karena atas asung kerta wara nugraha-Nya maka Buku Kumpulan Abstrak untuk Seminar Nasional Bahasa dan Budaya IV (SNBB IV) yang mengusung tema ‗Kontestasi Dan Negosiasi Dalam Hubungan Lintas Agama Dan Budaya‟ dapat diselesaikan tepat pada waktunya. Tema ini menjadi sangat penting karena kita dapat memahami hubungan yang sangat erat antara bahasa dan budaya karena keduanya merupakan hal yang tidak dapat dipisahkan. Melalui karya bahasa, sastra, dan budaya diharapkan dapat meningkatkan minat masyarakat terhadap sastra dan budaya.
Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Universitas Udayana mengembangkan ilmu-ilmu Sastra dan Budaya. Dengan mengungkap hasil karya sastra yang berisikan kandungan budaya diharapkan dapat membangun karakter masyarakat dan bangsa Indonesia dalam menghadapi era globalisasi yang penuh tantangan dapat terwujud dengan baik. SNBB IV dilaksanakan untuk mendiskusikan dan menginterpretasikan hubungan yang erat antara bahasa dan budaya sehingga muncul pemahaman dan apresiasi terhadap keanekaragaman dan persamaan budaya untuk mewujudkan multikulturalisme.
Melalui kesempatan ini, kami menyampaikan ucapan terima kasih kepada: 1. Para Koordinator Program Studi di lingkungan Fakultas Ilmu Budaya,
Universitas Udayana atas kerjasama yang baik sehingga SNBB IV bisa dilaksanakan secara berkesinambungan.
2. Bapak Dr. Agus Mulyana, M.Hum dari Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia, Bandung sebagai pembicara kunci, pemakalah utama yakni Bapak Dr. I Wayan Tagel Eddy, M.S dari Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Udayana, dan Ibu Dr. Dra. Ni Made Dhanawaty, M.Hum dari Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Udayana, serta para pemakalah pendamping lainnya yang terdiri atas dosen bahasa, pengamat sastra, budayawan, dll.
3. Peserta SNBB IV, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Universitas Udayana yang terdiri atas, peneliti dan/atau dosen bahasa, sastra, dan budaya, guru, mahasiswa, pekerja dan pengamat media, sastra dan budaya, yang terlalu panjang bila disebutkan semuanya.
4. Panitia SNBB IV Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Universitas Udayana yang telah bekerja keras mempersiapkan segala sesuatu yang terkait dengan penyelenggaraan seminar ini dengan sebaik-baiknya.
Semoga SNBB IV yang diselenggarakan atas kerjasama semua Program Studi di lingkungan Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Udayana dapat memberikan pencerahan tentang hubungan yang tidak dapat dipisahkan antara Bahasa dan Budaya, dan diharapkan bermuara pada penyatuan Visi Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Unud yaitu memiliki keunggulan dan kemandirian dalam bidang
pendidikan, penelitian, dan pengabdian kepada masyarakat dengan aplikasi keilmuan yang berlandaskan kebudayaan.
Melalui kesempatan ini sekali lagi kami mengucapkan terima kasih yang sebesar-besarnya kepada semua pihak yang telah membantu kelancaran pelaksanaan SNBB IV, dengan harapan semoga Tuhan YME memberikan imbalan yang setimpal dengan pengorbanan Bapak/Ibu sekalian. Kami juga tidak lupa mohon maaf apabila ada hal-hal yang kurang berkenan dan semoga Buku ini bermanfaat untuk kita semua.
Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Udayana Dekan,
DAFTAR ISI HALAMAN JUDUL ... i KATA PENGANTAR ... ii SAMBUTAN ... iii DAFTAR ISI ... v PEMAKALAH UTAMA KONTESTASI ELIT DAN MARGINALISASI PENDUDUK LOKAL DI LOKASI GALIAN C DESA SEBUDI-KARANGASEM I Wayan Tagel Eddy ... 1
PEMAKALAH PENDAMPING TINJAUAN GRAFOLOGI PADA JARAK ANTAR SUKU KATA DALAM PRASASTI BWAHAN A Aditya Iqbal Pratama, I Kadek Agus Juniantara ... 12
PERKEMBANGAN SENI PATUNG GARUDA DI DUSUN PAKUDUI GIANYAR Anak Agung Inten Asmariati ... 18
TOLERANSI BERAGAMA PADA MASA MATARAM KUNA Andry Hikari Damai ... 24
PRAKTIK KUASA OTORITAS MEDIS RUMAH SAKIT JIWA TERHADAP PASIEN PSIKIATRIK DENGAN STIGMA Bambang Dharwiyanto Putro ... 29
POLA ASUH ANAK KELUARGA MUSLIM MELAYU DALAM BALUTAN KEARIFAN LOKAL DI KELURAHAN LOLOAN TIMUR, KABUPATEN JEMBRANA Bambang Dharwiyanto Putro, I Ketut Kaler ... 34
EKSPLIKASI VERBA-VERBA BAHASA JEPANG BERNOSI PERGI I Gede Oeinada ... 40
BURUNG GARUDA DALAM MITOLOGI HINDU I Gusti Ayu Gde Sosiowati ... 47
PENGGUNAAN TEKNIK MENYANYI PADA PELATIHAN BAHASA INGGRISSISWA KELAS 4 SEKOLAH DASAR I Gst Ayu P. Jesika Sita Devi N,Ni Putu Mas Lita,Saraswati, Ni Made Ayu Widiastuti ... 54
ANALISIS TERJEMAHAN GERUND DAN IDIOM DARI
BAHASA INGGRIS KE INDONESIA YANG TERDAPAT DALAM SEBUAH SERIAL TELEVISI BERJUDUL RIVERDALE (Season 2)
I Gusti Ayu Trisha Yunita Agung, Ni Made Ayu Widiastuti ... 60 BAHASA DAN PIKIRAN :Kajian Psikolinguistik
I Gusti Ngurah Ketut Putrayasa ... 66 EKOLOGI BAHASA, SASTRA, DAN KEBUDAYAAN
DALAM PENDIDIKAN INKLUSI DAN PEMBENTUKAN KARAKTER
I Ketut Darma Laksana ... 75 FUNGSI RITUAL BARONG IDER BUMI DALAM KEHIDUPAN
SOSIO-KULTURAL MASYARAKAT DESA KEMIREN,
KABUPATEN BANYUWANGI, JAWA TIMUR
I Ketut Darmana ... 83 KALIMAT TIDAK EFEKTIF DALAM KARANGAN DESKRIPSI
SISWA SMAN 2 MENGWI, KECAMATAN MENGWI,
KABUPATEN BADUNG
I Ketut Nama, I Gusti Ngurah Ketut Putrayasa, Sri Jumadiah ... 95 SRIWIJAYA DAN INFORMASI
ARKEOLOGI DARI KOTA PALEMBANG
I Ketut Setiawan ... 104 TRADISI PENGLUKATAN DI PURA BEJI WARINGIN PITU,
DESA KAPAL, KABUPATEN BADUNG
I Made Suastika ... 111 LOCATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS:
Evidence from English, Marathi, Polish, Balinese
I Nyoman Aryawibawa ... 115 SASTRA SEBAGAI MEDIA KOMUNIKASI LINTAS BUDAYA:
Tinjauan Bumi Manusia Karya Pramoedya Ananta Toer
I Nyoman Suaka ... 121 MERAJUT KEBINEKAAN MELALUI PROGRAM
―SADHAR NAMA‖ DI SEKOLAH
I Nyoman Tingkat ... 129 MARITIM, INTERAKSI BUDAYA, DAN ISLAM BALI
I Putu Gede Suwitha ... 136 CARA MELAYUNE: Makna Teks dan Konteks
I Wayan Cika ... 143 MIKROFONOLOGI DAN MAKROFONOLOGI:Apa pula itu?
GRANT FUNDING PHENOMENON AND PRESERVERANCE OF CULTURAL HERITAGE IN BADUNG REGENCY
I Wayan Srijaya, Kadek Dedy Prawirajaya R ... 158 HINDU-ISLAMIC SYNCRETISM IN PAN BONGKLING‘S
GEGURITAN TEXT
I Wayan Suardiana ... 165 LATAR BELAKANG PENGHAPUSAN KEARIFAN LOKAL MENGENAI ATURAN ADAT ULAH PATI DI BALI:Suatu Studi Pendahuluan
I Wayan Suwena ... 172 KAJIAN SINGKATKATA YEN DALAM BAHASA BALI
I Wayan Teguh ... 178 PERAN GENDER DALAM KUSU BUE DI KAMPUNG DONA, DESA
NARUWOLO, KECAMATAN JEREBU‘U, NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR
Ida Ayu Putu Kartika Dewi, Ni Made Wiasti, Aliffiati ... 185 MEMAHAMI PERUBAHAN GENDER DALAM BUDAYA PATRILINEAL MASYARAKAT BALI DEWASA INI
Ida Ayu Putu Mahyuni ... 195
PIS BOLONG, SEBUAH BUKTI PERSEBARAN UNSUR BUDAYA
Ida Ayu Wirasmini Sidemen ... 204 BALI UTARA MENUJU KOTA KOLONIAL SEBAGAI DAYA TARIK
WISATA BUDAYA
Ida Bagus Sapta Jaya ... 212 WUJUD KEARIFAN LOKAL RUMAH TRADISIONIL DESA SENARU
SEBAGAI PENGEMBANGAN PARIWISATA BUDAYA
DI KECAMATAN BAYAN LOMBOK UTARA,NUSA TENGGARA BARAT Industri Ginting Suka ... 218 THE CONCEPT OF GOD IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS AT PUSEH SUMERTA TEMPLE, DENPASAR
Kadek Dedy Prawirajaya R , I Wayan Srijaya , Heri Purwanto ... 223 TRADISI KLACI SEBAGAI PERSEMBAHAN BABI BALI PEMBAYARAN MAHAR PERKAWINAN DI DESA SIDAN KAWAN, KABUPATEN
BADUNG
Luh Putu Puspawati ... 230 POTENSI PERAN PEREMPUAN DALAM MEWUJUDKAN
MODERASI BERAGAMA DI INDONESIA
REPRESENTASI BUDAYA PATRIARKI PADA KOMUNITAS GEREJA KRISTEN PROTESTAN DI BALI (GKPB)
Made Narawati ... 249 TRANSPORTASI BENDI SALAH SATU IKON PARIWISATA
DI KOTA SOLOK
Mila Yefriza, Anak Agung Ayu Rai Wahyuni ... 264 EKSISTENSI RUMAH ADAT BUGIS KAMPUNG BUGIS SERANGAN
KOTA DENPASAR
Muhamad Satok Yusuf , Rochtri Agung Bawono ... 271 PRASASTI TIMAH SEBAGAI SALAH SATU HARTA KARUN
KADATUAN SRIWIJAYA
Ni Ketut Puji Astiti Laksmi... 277 SYMBOLIC INTERACTIONISM TOWARD MILLENIAL TOURISM
INDUSTRY 4.0
Ni Desak Made Santi Diwyarthi... 284 Uang Dapur: TRADISI DALAM PERNIKAHAN KOMUNITAS DIASPORA MUSLIM LOLOAN TIMUR JEMBRANA BALI DALAM PERSPEKTIF GENDER
Ni Made Wiasti, Ida Bagus Putra Yadnya, Ni Luh Nyoman Seri Malini,
Ni Made Dhanawaty ... 296 KEYAKINAN MELAUT MASYARAKAT LAMALERA
DALAM NOVEL SUARA SAMUDRAKARYA MARIA MATILDIS BANDA Ni Putu N. Widarsini ... 303 SEJARAH KEBERADAAN MASYARAKAT TAWANI TOLOTANG
SEBAGAI BENTUK KEBERTAHAAN KEBUDAYAAN DI SULAWESI SELATAN
Ni Wayan Sri Rahayu ... 312 DIKSI JUDUL Cerkak PADA MAJALAH BERBAHASA JAWA TAHUN 1970 s.d. 1980 an
Rahmat, Tya Resta, Nirbito Hanggoro Pribadi ... 318 REFLEKSI KONSEP UCHI-SOTO PADA JUJUHYÕGEN
DALAM NOVEL ‗NORWEY NO MORI‘ KARYA HARUKI MURAKAMI Renny Anggraeny ... 324 KAJIAN ETNOLINGUISTIK PROSES RITUAL MERARIQ PADA TRADISI BUDAYA ADAT SASAK DI DESA PENGEMBUR KECAMATAN PUJUT KAB. LOMBOK TENGAH
KONTESTASI DAN NEGOSIASI ISLAM PADA KELUARGA ISTANA DI KERAJAAN MAJAPAHIT
Rochtri Agung Bawono ... 372 PENGGUNAAN BAHASA JAWA PERTENGAHAN PADA Piagěm
KESULTANAN PALEMBANGAN
Rohhimah Nuf Fadhilah, Ni Ketut Puji Astiti Laksmi ... 380 PERANAN SANGGAR WATU BO DALAM PRODUKSI TENUN IKAT
TRADISIONAL DI DESA KAJOWAIR, KECAMATAN HEWOKLOANG, KABUPATEN SIKKA, PROVINSI NUSA TENGGARA TIMUR
Sisilia Marlini, A.A. Ayu Murniasih, I Ketut Kaler ... 389 MULTIKULTURALISME DALAM PERSPEKTIF SEJARAH:
Mengenal Perjuangan dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo ( 1883-1943 )
Sulandjari ... 396 KAJIAN STRUKTUR DAN NILAI TEKS GEGURITAN CILINAYA
LOCATIVE CONSTRUCTIONS:
Evidence from English, Marathi, Polish, Balinese I Nyoman Aryawibawa
Udayana University [email protected]
ABSTRACT
It has been claimed by several scholars that concepts of containment and
support are universal in describing locative constructions across languages. This
paper is to review the use of locative concepts in explaining locative relations in English, Marathi, Polish, and Balinese. The review indicates that the concepts
containment and support are confirmed in the first three languages. The support
concept explains that as far as the support relation between a located object and a reference object is present (e.g. The book is on the table) a particular preposition (e.g. on in English) is used. The containment concept requires that the located object has to be within the containment of the reference object. In this context, a different preposition is applied (e.g. in in English). The fact, nevertheless, is not validated in Balinese. Specifically, while English, Marathi, and Polish share the two concepts, Balinese shares the concept of expectedness. The expectedness idea entails that the relation between the located object and the reference object has to be natural, hence expected. Given the evidence, it seems that the proposal that the concepts support and containment are universal is not confirmed.
Keywords: support, containment, expectedness, locative constructions. 1. INTRODUCTION
It has long been argued that there are universal concepts in describing locative relations between a located object (LO) and a reference object (RO) cross-linguistically. By locative relation it means that the relation between the two objects (i.e. LO and RO) does not need a perspective. More specifically, when interlocutors have to describe a book that is horizontally supported by a table, they will agree that they will say The book is on the table, irrespective of the position of the interlocutors. The same is true for a situation where water is within the containment of a container. The sentence The water is in the glass will be used to describe the relation between the two objects. Given the two examples, the concept support is relevant to describe the locative relation between the book and the table in the first sentence, while the concept containment is acceptable to express the latter sentence. The examples are classical and becomes fundamental
116 Seminar Nasional Bahasa dan Budaya IV Denpasar, 16 – 17 Oktober 2019
in claiming that the two concepts are shared in all languages. Nevertheless, that seems not to be the case because there are many other languages (e.g. Balinese, Rongga, Indonesian) that do not apply the two concepts (Aryawibawa, 2010).
2. OBJECTIVES
This paper is mainly aimed at reviewing previous studies on locative relations in English, Marathi, Polish, and Balinese. The final objective is to point out if the concepts support and containment are indeed universal cross-linguistically.
3. LOCATIVE RELATIONS IN ENGLISH, MARATHI, POLISH, BALINESE
One classical and comprehensive study on locative construction in English is conducted by Herskovits (1982). One crucial proposal by Herskovits is that the concepts support ad containment are highly relevant in describing locative relations in English. The concept support requires that when a LO is horizontally supported by a RO the preposition on is used as in The book is on the table, The
picture is on the TV, etc. Please note that when a LO is supported vertically the
preposition on is also applied as in The cloth is on the line (Aryawibawa, 2008). For the containment, the concept explains that when a LO is within containment of a container the preposition in is practiced as in The water is in the glass, The
money is in my pocket, etc. One note should be given here. The containment idea
is not necessarily including full containment. Imagine that fruits are placed in a bowl, English speakers will describe such a locative relation by saying The fruits
are in the bowl.
Marathi, like English, seems to share the same locative concepts of locative relations. To describe that The book is on the table, the sentence PustUk
teblaWur aHe is used. In the sentence, the suffix -Wur ‗on‘ is a locative case in
the language. To describe a containment relation between objects the suffix -t is practiced as in PustUk pis‘wit aHe ‗The book is in the bag‘. The suffix -t is also a locative case to express the containment. Even though the two languages use different grammatical markers in describing their locative constructions (i.e.
Seminar Nasional Bahasa dan Budaya IV 117 Denpasar, 16 - 17 Oktober 2019
English uses prepositions and Marathi applies locative cases), conceptually they employ the same locative concepts (Aryawibawa, 2018).
Cienki (1989) did a systematic study of locative relations in English, Polish, and Russian. For the containment, English and Polish share the same concept. To make it more specific, when an object is being contained by a reference object (e.g. The water is in the glass, The book is in the bag), w + L (Locative case) is employed in Polish (Aryawibawa, 2008). To describe the support idea, however, the two languages behaves rather differently. In Polish, there are three different kinds of flat areas. The first type is a flat area with clear boundaries (e.g. a backyard with boundaries surrounding it), the second one is a vast flat area with no clear boundaries, and an area where the boundaries are between the first type and the second one. To specify an object lying in the first area, w ‗in‘ is applied. For a located object in the second flat area, na ‗on‘ is practiced. For the area where the border is between the first and the second areas, either w ‗in‘ or na ‗on‘ can be used. For a more comprehensive discussion, please refer to Cienki (1989) and Aryawibawa (2008).
Interestingly, the two locative concepts are not practiced in Balinese. In Balinese, what seems to be more crucial in describing the locative relations are the idea of expectedness. The basic idea of this concept is that as far as the relation between located and reference objects is natural, the relation is considered normal, hence expected. To make it more specific, imagine that money is put in a wallet or a book is placed in a bag. In these relations there is a normal or expected relation between the two objects. To specify the locative relations, the preposition di ‗at‘ is used. If for example, a brick is placed in a bag or a stone is kept in a wallet, the locative relation between the objects now becomes unnatural or unexpected. In Balinese, the complex preposition di tengah ‗inside‘ is applied to describe the case that the brick is placed in a bag. In cases where there is a support relation between the located object and reference object (e.g. Gelase ento di mejae ‗The glass is on the dining table‘), the relation is considered normal or expected and the preposition di ‗at‘ is used to describe the locative relation. Imagine again if a pair of shoes is put on the dining table now, the relation between the objects becomes unexpected. To describe the locative relation, the complex preposition di duur
118 Seminar Nasional Bahasa dan Budaya IV Denpasar, 16 – 17 Oktober 2019 ‗above‘ is used (e.g. Sepatue di duur meja makane ―The shoes is on the dining table‘).
Referring to the evidence, English, Marathi, Polish, and Balinese share different concepts in specifying the locative relations between the located and reference objects. In other words, the claim that the support and containment concepts are universal is not confirmed.
4. EVIDENCE FROM SPATIAL LANGUAGE ACQUISITION
Following the evidence in section 3, it might be the case that the difference in describing the locative relations in the four languages is just superficial. To confirm it, Aryawibawa (2010) did a systematic study on how adults and children acquired the locative concepts in Balinese. In his study, he employed scaling and production tasks. For the scaling tasks, four adults (undergraduate students) were presented 18 color pictures depicting locative relations with Balinese sentences below each picture describing the expected relations (e.g. Cangkir nto di lepeke ‗The cup is on the saucer‘) and unexpected relations (e.g. Bonekae ento di duur
cangkire ‗The bunny is on the saucer‘). The participants had to scale the
sentences. The scales ranged from 1 (the least appropriate) to 4 (the most appropriate). The results showed that the expected preposition di ‗on‘ was used higher in the expected contexts, while the unexpected prepositions (i.e. the complex prepositions di duur ‗above‘, di tengah ‗inside‘) were used higher in the unexpected contexts. The evidence seems to confirm that the expectedness is crucial in Balinese locative relations.
For the production tasks, there were 18 children participated. Eight of them were 3;0-5;0 years old and the other ten children aged 5;1-11;0 years old. They were recruited from Rama Childcare in Denpasar, Bali. To start the experiment, the experimenter created ice breaking talks in the hope that the children were able to produce the targeted sentences. When this was achieved, the experimenter proceeded with the real experiments. The experimenter pointed to an object (e.g. a watch) and asked the participant to name the object. The experimenter then pointed to another object (e.g. hand) and again asked the participant to name it. The watch was then placed on hand (as normally worn) and
Seminar Nasional Bahasa dan Budaya IV 119 Denpasar, 16 - 17 Oktober 2019
asked the participant ‗Where is the watch?‘. The participant provided an answer, ‗Jame di limee ‗The watch is on his hand‘. The watch was then placed on top of a hand and asked the participant to describe the location of the watch. The participant said, Jame di duur lime ‗The watch is above his hand‘. The results showed that for the younger subjects (3;0-5;0), it seemed that they were not able to separate the expected relations from the unexpected ones. For the older participants (5;0-11;0), nevertheless, they were able to differentiate the two relations well. In other words, the older participants used the expected preposition
di ‗at‘ in the expected contexts, while the unexpected prepositions di duur
‗above‘, di tengah ‗inside‘were used in the unexpected contexts.
What we can learn from the evidence is that there is a learning process needed by the younger subjects to be able to understand and produce the expected and unexpected prepositions properly. More importantly, the evidence confirms that the difference in using grammatical markers in describing topological relations across languages is not just a matter of superficial differences as evidenced from the acquisition of locative relations in Balinese.
5. CONCLUSION
The locative relations in English, Marathi, Polish, and Balinese provide interesting findings that languages mark their locative relations distinctively. While English, Marathi, and Polish share the same concepts of support and containment in their marking of locative relations, subtle differences can still be observed. Polish separates the use of locative case for three different flat areas. Such separation, however, is absent in English and Marathi. More interestingly, Balinese is quite different in marking its locative relations. Instead of applying the concepts of support and containment, Balinese relies more on the concept of expectedness.
REFERENCES
Aryawibawa, I. N. 2008. ‗Semantic Typology: Semantics of Locative Relations in Rongga’. M.A. Thesis. The University of Kansas.
---2010. ‗Spatial Reference in Rongga, Balinese, and Indonesian‘. Ph.D. Thesis. The University of Kansas.
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---2017. Grammatical Relations in Marathi. Konferensi Linguistik Tahunan. Unika Atmajaya.
---2018. Marathi Locative Constructions: A Preliminary Study. The 1st International Conference on Local Languages. Universitas Udayana.
Cienki, Allan J. 1989. Spatial Cognition and the Semantics of Prepositions in English,Polish, and Russian. Munchen: Verlag Otto Sagner. Herskovitz, Annette1982. Space and the Prepositions in English: regularities and
and irregularities in a complex domain. Ann Arbor Michigan: University Microfilms international.
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