Biogas Desulfurizer Made from Waste of Aluminium Chips.

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InEmational

Journal

of

Materials,

Mechanics

and

Manufacturing

(UMMM)

Yol.2,

No.

3,

August

2014

ISSl.,l: 1793:8198

Chief Editor:

Prof.

K. M. Gupta

IFIGS

WWW

IACSIT,ORG

rrsmmumari \s*-.ciarion

of Computer

Science and

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Editor in Chief

Prof.

K.

M. Gupta

Motilal

Nehru

National

Institute

of

Technology, India

Editorial

Board

Prof. Razvan Raducanu,

Al.

L

Cuza

University,

Romania

Prof.

Salamat

Ali,

Govt.

College UniversitY, Pakistan

Dr,

Andrea

Amalia

Minda,

SIAM, Romania

Dzhangir

Ya.

Rakhmatullin,

lJfa Science Center,

RAS

(IMCC

USC

RAS),

Russia

Prof.

Razvan

Raducanu,

Dept.

of

Mathematics

of

"Al.

I.

Cuza"

University,

Romania

Dr.

Yu

Zhang,

North China

UniversitY

of

Water

Conservancy

and

Electric

Power,

China

Dr. W.

Ritha,

Holy

Cross

College

,

India

Dr.

Udom Tipparach,

Department

of

PhYsics

Ubon

Raj

atha

nee U

n

iversitY,

Tha i la n

d

Prof,

Sid-Ali

Ouadfeul,

lJniversity of

Sciences

and

Technology,

Algeria

Prof. Kazuo Hayashi,

Ehime UniversitY,

JaPan

Dr,

Mabrouk Benhamou,

Sciences

FacuttY

Ben M'sik

of

Casablanca, Morocco

Dr.

Bensafi Abd-El-Hamid,

Depaftment

of

Physics

and

Chemistry,

Abou Bekr

Belkaid

UniversitY of

Tlemcen, Algeria

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Journal

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ter)lalionLll .lou'nal oJ'l,laterials,

l.techctnics and,\,{arugactut.itt.e.

tr'al

?,

}o

-3.

August 20}4

--

-

-'sas

Desulfunzar Made

from

Waste

of

Aluminium

Chips

-:.

lde

Tina Nindhia, I

WayanSurata,

I Ketut Adi Atmil{a,

Dewa Ngakan

Ketut

Putra

Negara.

and

Gung

Putu

Adhika

Laksmana

Pfira, Memher, IACSIT

-

::,rgen sulfide

(FI2S) is

found in the biogas

as an

re

errstence

of

hydrogen

sulfide

in the

biogas

)n'

rremiric

for

using biogas as

a

fuel

since

it

ryill

ltttrrur

.u:rrl'n

of

the

lubricant of

the

engine, Hydrogen

, r

" ---tire

gas

that

can

corrodes

the

steel

tank

of

nilrilr.ilund-

t}rher

serious problem

concerning I{2S is, this

pu

r r

tarmful gas

that

should be avoided, This

rryork lr0!5 ix lFrFDique

to utilize aluminium

chips waste

that

is

rilir

-1,m irrnufacturing

process"

To

make

aluminium

rn*rurrrn

r

-.

H:S. the ion Al3- should be releaserl

from

the

r,,

!r

i anic

couplingwith iron

in

saltwater.

The iron

M

flnril rfirT"J-i€

also come

from

the

iron

chips waste,

It

is

fi

lil

u,,nr

iJdition of iron

chips

in to

the rnixture

of

-

'-

n

the more

reactive

the aluminium

ts

desulfurizer

r,vas

introduced

by Cosoli

et

al. l5l.

Zeolite

is

a

rnining product

witli

reasonable

price but not available

every

w'here.

Only

in ceftain region we can

find zeolite

sources

iion.r

mining.

Cost

to delivery

zeolite

from mining

location

to

the

place

of

biogas

installation could

be another

problem.

Recently

the research

on promoting metal chips

waste

as

desulfurizer

was conducted by

Nindhia

et

al.

16l.

By

utitizing

steel chips waste, the regenerative type

of

desulfurizer

can be

developed.

This

rype

of

desulfurizer can be

use

reperitively

and already

successful

as

a

component

for

conversion

of

gasoline

to

biogas

fueled

single

cylinder of

fotu

stroke engine

olelectric

generator that was invsnted by

Nindhia

et

al.

l7l.

In manufacturing industry,

the metal waste

rot

only in

the

iorm of

steel

or

iron but

other

f,pe

such as

alurninium

chips

waste are much exist since many componerrt

of

the engine

are

nrade

from aluminium.

Aluminium

is not reactive

to H,S

even

though

in

the

form

of

aluminium

oxide

as

iron oxide in

the

case

of iron.

lt

is

the purpose of

this

research

to

use

the waste

of aluminium

chips

as

desulfurizer

by using

galvanic coupling

method. Galvanic

coupling

is

a

potential

diffelence

that

usually

erists

between

two

dissimilar

metals

rvhen

they are

immersed

in

conductive

solution.

This

potential

difference

produce elech'on

flow

between

them

[B] and metal ron

will

be

released

from

one

of the coupling. The metal

ion

is

herpping

will

react

with H:S

so

that process

of desulfurizatiou

to occur.

Fig,

I

Waste of aluminiuln

(Al)

chips,

Il.

Ex,i,RlivlENTAL

The

waste

of

aluminium

(Al)

chips was

obtained from

metal manuf,acturirg rndustr-v such

as fiom

turning or

milling

processes

as

depicted

in

Fig.

l.

The

particle

size was

ignoled.

In

order galvanic coupling

to

occur, the aluminium

chips

were

rrixed

with iron

chips. The

iron

chips were also obtained

",:"''rl-\luminium,

lriiu th:i: 1.

desulfurizer, galvanic

coupling.

I

ix|nooucltoru

,

-

:lce

(H2S) has

to

be

removed

befbre

::3\ent

environmental

problem

caused

brv

- -

rg)

compound,

for

reason

of toxicity,

and

:'-

-

:::lent

[1].

Foam

formation

was

introduce

in

,

tbr the

removal

of

H2S

ftom the

gas

--

_---.:s

technique was

not

attract

the

customer

{

*r -::j-:.

olsimplicity,

especially for

the consumer

:

-_. aountry.

:--:

.frer

Lee

et

al.

12) introduce method

of

-:

.icidithiobacillystlrioo*rOont

AZll

for

- :

l:is

technique also not much attract affention

- _:

--:.rr

because

it

was

not

easv

to

handle

the

:- :

:lOCeSS.

"

rrr'::'

-:

idea

by

utilizing

waste

was

introduced

by

t

,-

:.-:..s2

[3].

The

waste

that

was used come

liom

-

-.. .:J

metal sludge

of various corrpositions"

But

.

":

r<.omes not appropriate from

econornic

point

-

--:-

ihe sludge

should

be

pyrolysed

at

quite high

>

.i:ilar

with work of

Yuan

and Bandosz [3],

-

.,, f,ste

for desulfurizer,

Seredych

[4]

also using

..:.

ior

desulfurizer. But this

technique become

, :.;e

pyrolyses

process

is

needed

at

higher

- _-'

.'c).

.

-

using

natural

product such

as

zeeilite

as

.

:,

;d November

j.

2013; revise February

l7.2Al4

:' nitll

the

Department

ol

Mechanical Engineenng,

.

Udayana IJniversity Jimtraran. Bali- lndonesia. 80i61

::lOO COlll'l

[image:6.595.315.541.494.717.2]

(7)

Internati.onal

Journol

of

l,{aterials, Mechanics ond fu[anufactu.ing,

L/ol.

2,

No.

3,.

ugust

2.i

from

waste

of

metal rnanufacturing

industrl'

as

can be seen in

Fig.2.It

was prepaled

4 composition of mixtures

(iu

wt.

%)

Namely:

100%

A1,

75% Al+25%

Fe, 50%

Al+50%

Fe.

and

100%

Fe.

The mixtures then

are

put

inside water-salt solution

(

250

gram salt

in

2

liters

of

water)

for

2

days

so that

galvanic

corrosion to occur.

After

2

days

in

salt water the

desulfurizer

was

taken out and installed

as

desuifurizer

in

the

system

of

biogas

pipe line.

It

should be noted that galvanic corrosion

will

not

occur

for

the

mixture

of

100%

Al

and

100% Fe since

only

single metal that exist

but

indeed

oxidation

occur

and

will

yield

aluminium oxide

for

aluminium

and

iron

oxide for

iron.

flowed

to

the

H2S gas

sensol'6.

If the:--_r'

well,

then

the

H2S

contents in the

biog:-a. ',.

be measuredby

closing valve 8

and

ope,--

=:

the

biogas

to

H2S

gas

sensor

10. T-;.:

:

desulfurizerthen

can be calculated

by,us-:t-

:;

result

will

be presented

in

graft

and

anahz=-H.Sbefore desulfurizer

-

H,S after

desu-:rel

H,S before desulfuri zer

Laser-induced

breakdown

spectros!-",:-,

utilized to proof

that

there

is

a

residue

of

s-

=m- :u

of

aluminium

and

iron during

use as

des.",..r,s.

III,

REStjLT AND

DISCUSS, -,.,

The result

is

presented in the Fig. 4.

It is :;,-ui"r.

100o/o

of

aluminium

chips

the performanc:

:,

almost zero

which

is

mean

that the alumi-r--.n-

r

water

will

produce

aluminium oxide (Al.C"

reactive

to

H2S and cannot

act

as

desullu:-_s

S

indication

is

found

when sma[l amount

of

L-c,r

(75%

Al+25o/a

Fe),

the

performance

incr:.r<

which

is above 5070

in reducing

amount

of

I:_!

E

*

100%Al

100 90 80

7A

€

-t-6

@

c

G

c ts

d

o

tr

-l .e

U

+

75%A !.

:51-+

509:Ai - 5Ca

-+25';

Ar- 75\ ;E

-&-

10{%Fe

T

10

Fig.

3

Schematic of experiment for desulfurizer test performaltce:

I

Biogas

container.2 Valve,3,Flowrate

indicator,4

Valve, 5. r,alve,6. H2S gas sensor. 7. Desulfurizer, 8. Valve. 9 valve, 10, HzS gas sensor

It

was

prepared

about 500 gram

of

each

mixture

as

desulfurizer

and

installed in the

biogas

pipe line

system. The

system was arranged

with flow

rate about 3

liters/minute.

The

perfomance

of

desulfurizer

was evaluated

by

measuring the

H2S

contents

in

the

biogas before and

after

passing

the

desulfurizer as can be

seen

in

Fig,3.

The

performance

of

desulfurizer

vr'as

measured

for

every

5

liters

of

biogas

that

passed the

desulfurizer

and

was stopped

until

reaeh

50

liter.

The biogas was let

flow

from

gas

container

1 and

the

flow

rate was controlled

by

using valve

2.

The flow

rate

was

checked

by

using

flow

rate indicator 3. To

measure

the

H2S

contents in the biogas before entering desulfurizer, the valve 4

was closed and the

valve

5

was opened and

let the

biogas

90++{

01020304C

Volume of desulfurized biog6 flile{

Fig. 4- Perfomrarce of alumrnium as desultirrizer incre=:<

of iron (Fe), Galvanic coupling occur and malie

aluminiun

=r:n:

Ii?s.

Biogas

1.4.t'--

lHrS

+

Al:Sj.i+

6H-

.,i-Fig-

5

Schematic reaction of ion

Alr-

rvitli II2S

fron

biogas.Th: ,.rr relea-se from suriace of aluminiurn due lo galvanic coupling ,,i -_r

Fig

2. Waste of iron (Fe) chips

,,f\

I

[image:7.595.129.579.22.822.2]

(8)

*ier

bvafu€

{

ri-r

-l !

U

(LBffir

Efofu

EE

d$nffi

t'

I,

if

FE

h)

ffitotu

E-

-{

rcfiF

to

E

Ls.

+t

tll

I2l

t3I t4l t5l

i6l

tll

I{

il'

rm-

=;

llar

a

mi\-ture

of -{l-Fe

is

lEcrftJre

'r

put

ir

electrol-rte

of

salt u-ater.

flfl,ril

-*r.:

ealranic

coupling

to

occur

and

te

irrc

-\lj-

as

can

be

explained

in

Fig.

m

lEtE"rE

--r

H.S

as can

be

explain

in

the

cu-

:

l:li=

reaction

uill

eliminate

the

H2S {ftmF (

the salt

\rater

as

electrollte.

ACKNOWT,EDGMENT

The authors wish

to

thanks the

Ministry of

National

and

Culture the

Republic

oflndonesia for

financial suppoft

under

second phase

of

national strategic

scheme tesearch

grant

(hibahpenelitianskim

strategisnasional)

under

conffact

number:

175A"12iLrNI4.2/PNL.01.03.0012013

granted

through UdayanaUniversity,

Jimbaran,

B

ali,

lndone

s

ia

REFERENCES

W. E. Kleinjan, C. L. Marcelis,

A

D. Keizer, A.

J

H

Janssen, and M.

A C

Stuart. "Foam forn-ration

in

biotechnological process

for

the

removal ofhydrogen sulfide from gas streams," Colloids and Surface

A : P hysic o chern E ng. Aspe c ts, v ol. 27 5, pp.3 6-44. Novernber 2005 E. Y. Lee, N. Y. Lee, K. S. Cho. arid H,

W

Ryu, "Removal of hydrogen

sulfide by

sulfate-resistant,"

Journal

of

Bioscience

and

Bioengineering,

vol.I01,

no. 4, pp. 309-314, January 2006.

W- Yuanand and T. J. Bandosa, "Removal of hydrogen sulfide

liom

biogas on sludge-derived adsorbents."

Fuel, vol.

86,

pp

2736-2746,

April

2007.

M.

Seredych,

C.

dom,

and

T

J.

Bandosz,

"Effect

of

fly

ash

addition on the removal ofhydrogen sulfide

from

biogas and air on sewage-based composites

adsorbents,"

te management,

vol.

28,

pp" 1983-1992. November 2007

P

Cosoli, M. Ferrone ,

S

Pricl, and M. Femreglia, "Hydrogen Sulphide

removal

fiom

biogas

by

zeolite adsorption," Chemical

e

ertng Journal, vol. 145, pp. 86-92, July 2008.

T.G.T.Nindhial

M.Sucipta,

IW

Surata,

IK

A.Atmika,D.N K.P

Negar4

and

K.

M T

Negara, "Processing

of

steel chips waste

tbr

regenerative type

of

biogas desulftirizer,"

International Journal

of

Reney,able Energt Research, vol. 3,

no

l,

pp. g4-&7.2013. T. G.

T

Nindhia, I W. Surata,

I

K

A- Atmika, and D. N. K.

P

Negara, and A. Wardan4 "Method on conversion of gasoline to biogas fueled

single cylinder of four stroke engine of

electric

gerrcratot."Internnational

Joutnal

of

Environnrental Science and

Derelopment,vol

4, no. 3, pp. 300-303, lune 2013

M. C. Fontan4 Corrosion Engineering,McGrat't-Hill Book Company.

ch

3,pp.41-42.

Tjokorda Gde

Tirta

Nindhia

rvas

bom

in

Diripasar,

Bali,

I-ndonesia on January 76h, 1972-He

received his doctor degree in mechanical engineenng

from

Gadjah Mada

Universi$ (UGM)

Yogvakarta. lndonesia on August 2003, rvith major

field

of study was material engineering

FIe participated

in

various international research

collaboration

such as

lvith

Muroran ]:rstitute of

Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia. His research interest covering subjects such as,

biomaterial, lvaste recycle. failure analyses, ceramic, metallurgy, composite' renewable energy, and environmental friendly manufacturing

Prof.

Nindhia is

a member

of JICA Alumni, ASEA-UNINET

alumni, Intemational Association of Computer Science and Information Technology

0ACSIT), Asia-Pacifi c Chemical, Biological

&

Environmental Engineerin g

Society (APCBEES)

and also

a

member

of

association

of

Indonesian

Nanotechnology Prof. N indhia received best rasearcher award

in

I 997 and

in 201 3 from U dayana LJnivers ity the place where he is working and again in 2012 received

both

Best researcher award

from

Engineering Faculty

of

Udayana University . In 20

i3

Prof. Nindhia awarded as

l5

best perfotmance Indonesian lecturers from

Ministry

of Education and Culture The Republic of Indonesia.

I

\Yayan Surata was born in Nusa Penida, Bali, Indonesia on July 5, 1958,

who reeeived the doctor degree

in the field of ergonotlic fiom

Udayana

- :; ataGffi t59 l#

rrwir-ljl

in the micture of 7syoFe+zsyo

Al. lt

was

$rthn +,t:ce

proof

the ability of the aluminium to react

u

.ryrrgric couplig to occur with iron (Fe)

E 5* 5$? t*

rffie KE

w,tfr

rtich

proof

that the reaction of Fe(OH): with HuS

*as

also occurred

:o

discuses here

that

ifthe

iron

contents

are

50% Fe and

similarly

happen

with

7

5YoFe,

of

desulfurizer

increase

very

much

and

*auue

of

100% Fe.

This condition

is

achieved

E

tr,l'o

reaction of desulfurization to occur

l. e tfirmm

,ljr-(proofed

in

Fig.

6

from

LIBS

result)

and

rfur

:nen

oxide (Fe(OH)r). As

mixture

of

AI+Fe

is

Iffic

prLt

*ater

in

order

galYanic

coupling

to

occur.

h,rder

reaction occur i.e.

rcactiot

of iron

and

salt

ftrm

iron oxide

Fe(OH)3

(proofed

in Fig. 7

from

.

-lris

iron Oxide

is

very

reactive

to

H2S 16),

U)

m

ie

(2) bellow:

l:.{

OH)3

+

3H2S -+Fe2S3

+

6 H2O

(2)

CoNCLUSIoN

ifllnrr

rc

roncluded that the

waste

of

aluminium chips

is

ir

-

used

as desulfurizer.

The

aluminium

chips

r

-

red

with ilon in

order the galvanic coupling

to

Lr:

;.

-:.3ase ion

A13't.

The

ion

Al3*

is

reactive

to

H2S.

-

:

coupling

between

Aluminium

and

iron

can be

il

U

t8l

.+

I

5-The

imcrf

lit_tg

xtth

irm

fl

-

',:ng

the aluminium and

iron

continued

by put

in

(9)

lnternational Jom'nal

of A:rateriars,

Mechanics

_and

rtarufhcturing,

_r,,or.

2,

No. 3,

Augttst

20/4

University in 201

l.

I{is

research jnterest very

nlrch

process

of

manufacture,

He is

currently rvorking as

a researcher

and

lecturer at

Department

of

_{Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty,} Udayana

University, .Iimbaran, Bali, Indonesia.

I

Ketut

Adi Atmika

rvas born in Negara, Bali, _{Indonesia on}May l g, I 969.

He received _{his- master degree}

in

_{mechanical engiueering}

lion

lnstitute

Technology

of

_{Sepuluh Novernber,}_surabaya.

Ind-onesia.'

He is

currentry

lvorking

as

a

researcher

and lectur:r at

the

Departmelt

of Mechanical

Engineering, Engineering Facutty, Udayana

Uni'e.rii,u,

Jirnbarar, Bali.

lndonesia.

Dewa Ngakan Ketut

Putra \egara

rvas born in

payangal

:1

on June 13,

l97l.lie

received hisM.Sc lrom t.lniversity of

Sr,

2001in manufacturitlg sysLents engineering and

rllurug.,r"n,.

_{__}

rvorking as

a

researcher and lecturer

at

thc

Dcpa;tmem

r:

Engiueering, Engineering

Faculty,

Udayana Uuiversity, J

lndonesia.

Gung Putu

Adhika

Laksmana putt.a was an undergrarjuate stu

ivlecharrical Engi _{neering Departnrent. Udayana}_{Un ivers}

i ty, Jinth

lndonesia aud graduated in 2012