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Adang Sabarudin*, Rino Alvani Gani**, Murdani Abdullah***,
C Martin Rumende****
* Department of Internal Medicine, Mitra Keluarga Bekasi Timur Hospital, Bekasi ** Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia/Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General National Hospital, Jakarta ***Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine
Universitas Indonesia/Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General National Hospital, Jakarta **** Division of Pulmonology, Department of Internal Medicine,Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia/Dr. CiptoMangunkusumo General National Hospital, Jakarta
Corresponding author:
Rino Alvani Gani. Division of Hepatobiliary, Department of Internal Medicine, Dr. Cipto Mangunkusumo General National Hospital. Jl. Diponegoro No.71 Jakarta Indonesia. Phone: +62-21-31900924; Facsimile: +62-21-3918842. E-mail: personaly@yahoo.com
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Background: Obstructive jaundice represents the most common complication of biliary tract malignancy.
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present study was designed to determine levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and interleukin 6 (IL-6) in preprocedure of either endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) or percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) and postprocedure of them in obstructive jaundice patient caused by pancreatobiliary cancer.
Method: The study method was before-and-after case study design with consecutive sampling. Blood was
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immunosorbed assay (ELISA) was used to determine TNF-alpha and IL-6.
Results:Forty subjects were included in this study which consisted of 22 men and 18 women. The age was 55.3 (SD 13.7) years old. According to the results of imaging and endoscopy procedure, twenty-two people were diagnosed cholangicarcinoma, ten people were diagnosed ampulla vateri and eigth people were diagnosed pancreatic tumor. In preprocedure, the TNF-alpha concentration was 4.81 (SD 2.91) pg/mL, the IL-6 concentration was 7.79 (SD 1.57) pg/mL and the bilirubin concentration was 15.5 (SD 6,9)mg%. In postprocedure, the
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concentration (p = 0.52). The bilirubin concentration was 11.3 (SD 6,5) mg%.
Conclusion:7KHUHZDVDVLJQL¿FDQWLQFUHDVHLQPHDQFRQFHQWUDWLRQYDOXHRI71)DOSKDDIWHUELOLDU\GUDLQDJH
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Keywords: obstructive jaundice, pancreaticobilliary cancer, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin 6 (IL-6), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), percutaneus transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD)
ABSTRAK
Latar belakang: Ikterus obstruktif merupakan salah satu komplikasi tersering keganasan sistem bilier.
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bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar tumor necrosis faktor alfa (TNF-alfa) dan interleukin 6 (IL-6) sebelum dan sesudah endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) atau percutaneus transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) pada penderita ikterus obstruksi etiologi kanker pankreatobilier.
Metode: Desain penelitian adalah penelitian satu kelompok sebelum dan setelah dengan pemilihan sampel secara konsekutif. Sampel darah diambil sebelum dan lima hari sesudah ERCP atau PTBD. Pengukuran kadar TNF-alfa dan IL-6 dengan cara enzyme linked immunosorbed assay (ELISA).
Hasil: Terdapat 40 orang responden yang diikutsertakan dalam penelitian ini, 22 laki laki dan 18 perempuan dengan usia rata rata 55,3 (SD 13.7) tahun. Berdasarkan imaging dan endoskopi, ditegakkan diagnosis kolangiokarsinoma sebanyak 22 orang, tumor ampulla vateri 10 orang, dan tumor pankreas 8 orang. Kadar rata-rata TNF- alfa sebelum tindakan 4,81 (SD 2,91) pg/mL dan sesudah tindakan 8,05 (SD 6,7) pg/mL, terdapat peningkatan yang bermakna setelah tindakan drainase bilier (p = 0,02). Kadar rata-rata IL-6 sebelum tindakan 7,79 (SD 1,57) pg/mL dan sesudah tindakan 7,75 (SD 1,76) pg/mL, tidak terdapat perbedaan yang bermakna setelah tindakan drainase bilier (p = 0.52). Kadar rata-rata bilirubin sebelum tindakan 15,5 (SD 6,9) mg% dan sesudah tindakan 11,3 (SD 6,5) mg%.
Simpulan:Terjadi peningkatan kadar rata-rata TNF-alfa secara bermakna setelah drainase. Tidak ada penurunan yang bermakna kadar rata-rata IL-6.
Kata kunci:ikterus obstruksi, kanker pankreatobilier, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alfa), interleukin 6 (IL-6), endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), percutaneus transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD)
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of new pancreatobiliary cancer cases with mortality
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duodenum..XUQLDZDQHWDOIRXQGWKDWFDXVHV of obstructive jaundice was malignancy in patients hospitalized in Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital in
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obstructive jaundice were malignancy and carcinoma of the head of pancreas which were the most common
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Biliary tract obstruction causes decrease of bile level
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bacteria translocation occur.Bile accumulation causes impairment of Kuppfer cells and hepatocytes which
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including interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factoralpha (TNF-alpha).6
In patients suffering from obstructive jaundice
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the survival rate of malignant obstructive jaundice
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Biliary drainage procedure will decrease bilirubin level in the blood and is expected to decrease hepatocytes
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possesses the risk of trauma and infection after the procedure which can stimulate proinflammatory cytokines. TNF-alpha and IL-6 were the main
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and IL-6 levels.0HDQZKLOHVRPHRWKHUVVWDWHGWKDW biliary drainage did not decrease TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels.10
This study was aimed to understand the pathogenesis of inflammation which occur after biliary drainage in patients with obstructive jaundice due to pancreatobiliary cancer by measuring alteration in TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels before and after biliary
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understanding regarding this matter.
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This study was a prospective longitudinal
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performed in Internal Medicine Inpatient Ward Cipto
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sampling method. Samples were patients suffering from obstructive jaundice due to pancreatobiliary cancer in Internal Medicine Inpatient Ward Cipto
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Inclusion criteria included patients aged > \HDUV old with diagnosis of obstructive jaundice due to pancreatobiliary cancer. Exclusion criteria in this study were patients who had undergone PTBD or ERCP
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the study.
Independent variable in this study was biliary
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in this study were TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels. Sample examination was performed in Hepatobiliary
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Cipto mangunkusumo Hospital. Reagent kit being used were Quantukune ELISA Human IL-6 and
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levels. Data processing and analysis was performed
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ethical approval from Faculty of Medicine Universitas Indonesia and had obtained ethical approval from Cipto Mangunkusumo Hospital Jakarta with letter number
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Basic characteristics of 40 research participants
were presented in Table 1. This study included 40 obstructive jaundice patients due to pancreatobiliary
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Mean age (years old) Diagnosis
Cholangiocarcinoma Ampulla vateri tumour Pancreatic tumour
Figure 1 showed results of TNF-alpha levels before
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P=0.02 8.05 (6.7)
4.81 (2.91)
Before Drainage After Drainage Average Levels of TNF-Alpha (pg/mL)
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Average Levels of IL -6 (pg/mL)
7.79 (1.57) 7.75(1.76)
Before Drainage After Drainage
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TNF-alpha levels before and after biliary drainage
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leucocyte count before and after biliary drainage.
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3DUDPHWHU %HIRUHSURFHGXUH $IWHUSURFHGXUH Bilirubin (mg%) 15.5 (SD 6.9) 11.3 (SD 6.5) Leucocyte count/mL 11.570 (SD 6100) 11.700 (SD 5800)
There was a decrease in the average of bilirubin
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antibiotic and use of NSAIDs before and after ERCP or PTBD.
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Presence of SIRS 13 (32.5%) 15 (37.5%)
Comorbid score 2 28 (70%) 28 (70%)
Comorbid score 3 12 (30%) 12 (30%)
Antibiotic use 40 (100%) 40 (100%)
NSAIDs use 40 (100%) 40 (100%)
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There was an increased number of SIRS patients as
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and antibiotic use before and after drainage.
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diagnosis was established based on increased results of
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upper normal limits.
There was an increased level of TNF-alpha before
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IL-6 levels before and after ERCP or PTBD did not
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Highest TNF-alpha levels before drainage procedure
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procedure were similar in all types of tumour.
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Levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6 vary in healthy population. TNF-alpha and IL-6 levels are very
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in the blood.Experts agree that in the presence
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jaundice with malignancy aetiology with the average
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were males. This result was similar to the previous
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demographical data did not change considerably.
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This difference was thought to be caused by different sampling method.
The role of NSAIDs and antibiotic in this study could not be evaluated because all patients received
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PTBD (n= 6) 5.48 5.10 7.39 7.97
ERCP (n = 34) 4.87 8.93 8.49 8.02
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alpha; IL-6:interleukin 6
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Cholangiocarcinoma 22 (55) 4.80 7.64 7.86 7.71
Ampulla vateri tumour 10 (25) 6.13 12.41 7.86 7.71
Pancreatic tumour 8 (20) 3.28 5.11 7.56 7.59
increased average of TNF-alpha level accompanied
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the presence of infection after drainage needs to
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alpha and IL-6. We did not observe the other patient for the cause of SIRS because this study was not designed for that purpose. Evaluation on the presence
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administration of paracetamol and antibiotics. Biliary drainage procedure succeeds to decrease
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stated that a biliary drainage is considered successful
LIWKHUHLVDGHFUHDVHGOHYHORIELOLUXELQPRUHWKDQ PJLQGD\V4XLet al in their analysis suggested that biliary drainage was said to be successful if after
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of biliary tract was back to the normal size.14 In this
study we did not evaluate the width of biliary tract. The success rate of biliary drainage in this study
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decrease of IL-6 in obstructive jaundice with benign or malignant aetiology who underwent ERCP. This difference is possibly caused by the bilirubin level
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lead to hepatocyte impairment and will stimulate
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changes of IL-6 in obstructive jaundice patients with cholangiocarcinoma aetiology (16 individuals) and
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ERCP or PTBD. This study also obtained no changes in IL-6 level and cholangiocarcinoma as the most common aetiology. This is in accordance with the theory that cholangiocarcinoma is closely related to
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conducted by Griseldis et alin rats which created full thicknessinjury of 6 mm showed increased levels of
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injury.16)URPGD\RILQMXU\71)DOSKDVWDUWHGWR
decrease and reached the baseline level in day-14 when
complete healing was achieved. Gokhan et alin their study attained that IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels increased
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Qiu et alin their meta-analysis study concluded
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being performed.
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plays role in the presence of cholangiocarcinoma.
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will induce cell transformation and inhibit antitumour
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average of TNF-alpha level after biliary drainage. This
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PTBD procedure causes trauma in the tissue which will cause increased levels of TNF-alpha and IL-6. Grisledis et al concluded that TNF-alpha levels would increase 6 hours after tissue injury and would reach its
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due to the liver tissue had very good regeneration characteristic.0HDQZKLOH(5&3SURFHGXUHLQ
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be caused by trauma which happened during ERCP due to sphingterotomy and electric cauterisation. Biliary
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of the size of injury due to sphingterotomy in PTBD and liver impairment due to needle insertion in PTBD
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TNF-alpha level.
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to gram negative bacteria. It is found that there are
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pancreatitis accompanied with increased average
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needs to be considered. Abeed et al through an in vitro study found that lipopolysaccharide-stimulated monocyte cells from patients with obstructive jaundice with malignancy aetiology secrete lesser TNF-alpha
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concluded that they are more prone to be infected by bacteria.
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ERCP. Urographin is an ionized iodine contrast which has high osmolality and has cytotoxic effect upon mucous cells of the biliary tract. Michele and Quintavalle stated that iodine contrast medium may increase apoptosis of endothelial cells and kidney
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therefore the possibility of apoptosis in endothelial cells of biliary tract and hepatocytes could be assumed.
Excessive apoptosis may stimulate the release of
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thought to play role in the increase of TNF-alpha was
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procedure received NSAIDs (ketorolac or ketoprofen). It was found that single dose administration of NSAIDs
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TNF-alpha. TNF-alpha level will return to normal after
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