ii
SUFFIX NOMINALIZATION OF NON-ACTUAL DERIVED
NOUNS IN DEBATING SPEECHES OF EDS SANATA DHARMA
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
SEKARTIYASA KUSUMASTUTI Student Number: 104214021
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
vii
For those who dare to dream big
viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I admit that this work is still far from perfection. However, it was born from my curiosity as an English speaker, a debater, and a student of English Letters Department. Therefore, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Allah SWT for giving me such curiosity and wonderful experiences during my college life, thus I could come up with this topic and gave my best effort to accomplish this study.
My humblest gratitude goes to Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum. for being my thesis advisor who has patiently guided me in writing this thesis, dedicated her time to improve my analysis, and motivated me to accomplish this work on time. I also would like to thank my co-advisor, Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., M.A., for his time and constructive criticisms so I can improve my grammar and diction and make this work even better.
It is nearly impossible to finish this work without my family. I would like to thank my caring mom, Sulistyo Indrani, my wise dad, Trie Marhaen Suhardono, and my lovely sister, Atyaka Laksmitarukmi for becoming my motivation. I hope that this work can make them proud in return to their support that is beyond compare.
Lastly, my gratitude goes to my dearest friends in EDS Sanata Dharma, especially for Didy, Vania, Nino, Caca, Tjia, Vaniarosa, Kezia, Tyas, Laura, Windri, and Chua who have shared their loves and spirits so I could have a great time in EDS Sanata Dharma while finishing my work. Hopefully, what we have built together in
this community can sustain and always make it rise and accelerate.
ix
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ... vi
DEDICATION PAGE ... vii
9. Theory of Hierarchical Structure of Words ... 20
10. Theory of Nomina Actionis and Nomina Essendi ... 21
x
1. Data Collection ... 30
2. Data Analysis ... 31
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 34
A. Suffixes of Non-Actual Derived Nouns ... 36
B. Non-Actual Noun Derivations Based on the Function of Suffixes ... 43
1. Nominalization with the Suffix {-ion} ... 44
2. Nominalization with the Suffix {-y} ... 46
3. Nominalization with the Suffix {-ity} ... 47
4. Nominalization with the Suffix {-ness} ... 49
5. Nominalization with the Suffix {-ment} ... 50
6. Nominalization of Nouns ... 50
C. Non-Actual Noun Derivations Based on the Phonological Constraint of Suffixes ... 53
1. Nominalization with the Suffix {-ion} ... 54
a. Allomorph {-ion} ... 54
b. Allomorph {-ation} ... 57
c. Allomorph {-action} ... 59
2. Nominalization with the Suffix {-y} ... 60
3. Nominalization with the Suffix {-ity} ... 64
4. Nominalization with the Suffix {-ness} ... 68
5. Nominalization with the Suffix {-ment} ... 68
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ... 73
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 76
APPENDICES ... 78
Appendix 1: Data Sources ... 78
Appendix 2: Noun-Actual Nouns and the Function of Suffixes ... 80
xi
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Distribution of Allomorphs of the Suffix {-ion} ... 7
Table 2. Adjective Endings of the Suffix {-ity} ... 9
Table 3. Lexical Categories ... 17
Table 4. Derivational Suffixes ... 20
Table 5. Derivational Order Notations ... 21
Table 6. Conversion in Nomina Actionis ... 23
Table 7. Data Analysis - Table of Suffixes Distribution ... 32
Table 8. Data Analysis - Table of Possible Derivation ... 32
Table 9. Data Analysis - Table of Impossible Derivation ... 32
Table 10. Data Findings ... 34
Table 11. Suffixes Distribution ... 39
Table 12. Distribution of Suffixes and Lexical Categories ... 40
Table 13 Possible Derivation ... 44, 54 Table 14 Impossible Derivation ... 44, 54 Table 15. Collective Names ... 51
Table 16. Nominalization of Nouns ... 51
Table 17. Bases of the Suffix {-cy} with the Ending -ent ... 56
Table 18. Base Endings of the Allomorph [-ation] ... 58
Table 19. Nomina Actionis with the Suffix {-y} ... 61
Table 20. Base Endings of the Suffix {-ity} ... 65
Table 21. Residual Types of Bases with the Suffix {-ity} ... 67
Table 22. Bases with the Initial Sounds en-, em-, and be- ... 69
xii ABSTRACT
KUSUMASTUTI, SEKARTIYASA. Suffix Nominalization of Non-Actual Derived Nouns in Debating Speeches of EDS Sanata Dharma. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.
English affixation is the most productive word formation and useful for expressing meanings compactly and quickly. This word formation is very common to be used by the debaters in delivering their speeches because they are required to be effective speakers and fast thinkers. As a result, there are many non-actual words produced by those debaters. Those words are derived from suffixations in Nomina Actionis and Nomina Essendi categories.
This study analyzes the formation of those non-actual derived nouns. Some of those non-actual nouns are possible words, while some others are impossible words. The suffixes which are used to derive those nouns are analyzed based on three questions that are formulated in the problem formulation of this study, which are: (1) What are suffixes used to derive non-actual nouns found in debating speeches of EDS Sanata Dharma members of 2013/2014? (2) How are those nouns formed based on the function of the suffixes? (3) How are those nouns formed based on the phonological constraint of the suffixes?
The objects of this study are the debating speeches of EDS Sanata Dharma members of academic year 2013/2014. There are nine speeches with twenty-four non-actual derived nouns. Those words are collected as the data of the study. In order to reach the analysis, the non-actual words in the data collection are compared with the actual words taken from Turnbull’s Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (eighth edition, 2010) which are derived from the same suffix. Further, the formations of those words are analyzed based on the suffixes.
xiii ABSTRAK
KUSUMASTUTI, SEKARTIYASA. Suffix Nominalization of Non-Actual Derived Nouns in Debating Speeches of EDS Sanata Dharma. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, 2014.
Afiksasi dalam Bahasa Inggris merupakan pembentukkan kata yang paling produktif dan berguna dalam menyampaikan maksud secara padat dan cepat. Pembentukan kata ini sangat umum digunakan oleh pembicara debat dalam menyampaikan pidato karena mereka dituntut untuk dapat menjadi pembicara yang efektif dan mampu berpikir cepat. Oleh karena itu, terdapat banyak kata tidak baku yang dibuat oleh para pembicara dalam pidato debat. Kata-kata tersebut diturunkan dari penambahan sufiks dalam kategori Nomina Actionis dan Nomina Essendi.
Penelitian ini menganalisis pembentukan kata benda yang tidak baku tersebut. Beberapa kata benda tersebut adalah kata yang mungkin terbentuk, sementara yang lain tidak mungkin terbentuk. Sufiks-sufiks yang membentuk kata benda tidak baku tersebut dianalisis berdasarkan tiga pertanyaan yang diformulasikan dalam rumusan masalah di penelitian ini, yaitu: (1) Sufiks apa saja yang digunakan untuk menurunkan kata benda tidak baku dalam pidato debat anggota EDS Sanata Dharma 2013/2014? (2) Bagaimana kata benda tidak baku tersebut dibentuk berdasarkan fungsi sufiks? (3) Bagaimana kata benda tidak baku tersebut dibentuk berdasarkan batasan fonologi dari sufiks?
Objek penelitian ini adalah pidato debat anggota EDS Sanata Dharma tahun ajaran 2013/2014. Terdapat sembilan pidato dengan dua puluh empat kata benda turunan yang tidak baku. Kata-kata tersebut diambil sebagai data dalam penelitian ini. Untuk mencapai analisis, kata benda yang tidak baku dalam koleksi data dikomparasikan dengan kata baku yang diturunkan dari sufiks yang sama. Kata baku ini diperoleh dari Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (edisi kedelapan, 2010) karya Turnbull. Kemudian, pembentukkan kata-kata tersebut dianalisis berdasarkan sufiksnya.
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Debating activity has become a trend in Indonesian academic society as a way to enhance critical thinking and deliver it through speeches. Debates in Indonesia adopt the parliamentary systems in the United Kingdom, Australia, and Japan, respectively are known as British, Australasian, and Asian Parliamentary System. These three systems provide slightly different challenges for debaters in terms of the case building time, the duration to deliver the speech, and the chance to throw Point of Information (POI). Firstly, to prepare the content of the speech, the debaters only have fifteen minutes case building time for British Parliamentary System and thirty minutes for Australasian and Asian Parliamentary System. Secondly, the duration to deliver the speech in British and Asian Parliamentary System is seven minutes and twenty seconds while in Australasian Parliamentary System is eight minutes and twenty seconds. Thirdly, debaters are allowed to throw POI while the opponent team is delivering the speech in British and Asian Parliamentary System in only fifteen seconds (Muhammadin, Sekarsari, Pido, Puteri, Fadillah, Denistia, Wicaksono, and Hanif, 2012: 2-5). In general, those rules share the same requirements for debaters to be fast thinkers and able to produce words which are effective and can represent the meaning that they want to deliver in the limited time.
blending, back formation, acronym, onomatopoeia, coinage, and affixation (O‟Grady,
Dobrovolsky, and Katamba, 1997: 151-156). From all of those word formations,
“affixation is the most frequent processto form words” (Bauer, 1988: 19).
Considering the necessity of debaters in producing words during their speech, affixation is the easiest way to produce words especially in a verbal communication which requires a quick word formation. Affixations only require the attachment of affixes to certain bases in order to create words with different or similar lexical categories. For instance, adjectives with the ending -ous usually can be added by the suffix {-ity} in order to create nouns as in curious curiosity and monstrous monstrosity. However, this formation does not work in the adjective prosperous. It is
because of the Word Formation Rules (WFR) that limits the attachment of every affix to certain base. Therefore, the word *prosperousity is problematic based on Word Formation Rules and does not exist in English lexicon.
This phenomenon becomes the concern of the current researcher to analyze the affixation in debating speeches of English Debate Society Sanata Dharma University (EDS Sanata Dharma). As an emerging debating community in Indonesia, EDS Sanata Dharma members conduct weekly regular trainings and intensive trainings in
preparing their participation in many competitions. In their trainings, the members deliver speeches that contain many non-actual words. Those words are useful to analyze this phenomenon.
In order to provide a specific but deep analysis instead of broad but superficial, the current researcher limits the study on the affixation in the final base functioning as the noun formation, which is further named as suffix nominalization. This research provides a descriptive qualitative analysis which is hopefully useful for the development of linguistic research in the adolescence.
B. Problem Formulation
As a guidance to develop the understanding and to limit the scope of the study, the current researcher formulates three questions as the problem formulation, which as follows:
1. What are suffixes used to derive non-actual nouns found in debating speeches of EDS Sanata Dharma members of 2013/2014?
2. How are those nouns formed based on the function of the suffixes?
C. Objectives of the Study
Based on the problem formulation, the current researcher wants to achieve three objectives at the end of this study. First of all, this study is aimed to identify the suffixes and bases which are used to derive the non-actual nouns found in debating speeches of EDS Sanata Dharma members of 2013/2014 that have been collected during the practices. Further, the current researcher can see the distribution of suffixes and the lexical category of bases in those non-actual derived nouns. This distribution is helpful to analyze the problem formulation number two and three.
The second aim is to find out the formation of those non-actual nouns based on the function of each suffix. By analyzing the function of suffixes and the lexical category of bases, the current researcher can explain the suffix nominalization of those non-actual derived nouns, whether the suffixes are utilized to be attached to the appropriate bases.
D. Definition of Terms
In order to avoid misunderstanding of terminologies, the current researcher provides these following definitions of terms that frequently appear in the research.
The term „suffix nominalization‟ consists of two key issues which are
„nominalization‟ and „suffix‟. Nominalization is deriving noun for conveying the
nomina concept (Szymanek, 1989: 135). “A suffix is an affix which follows its base” (Brown, 2004: 121). Therefore, suffix nominalization is the derivation of nouns using the attachment of suffix.
The term „non-actual derived nouns‟ consists of three key issues which are
„nouns‟, „derived words‟ and „non-actual words‟. According to Hornby‟s Oxford
Adcanced Learner’s Dicitionary (fifth edition, 1995), nouns are “words used to name or identity any of class of things, people places or ideas, or a particular one of these”.
Derived words are “the form that results from the addition of a derivational
morpheme” (Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyam, 2011: 88). Non-actual words are the
6 CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter functions to give the current researcher a deeper understanding about the field and elements that are used in this study. This chapter is divided into three parts which are the review of related studies, the review of related theories, and the theoretical framework. In the review of related studies, the current researcher reviews on some studies with the relevant topic or methodology of research which have been conducted beforehand by some previous researchers. In the review of related theories, the current researcher reviews on some theories which are relevant to the topic of this study. Those theories are used and applied to provide the analysis of this study. In the theoretical framework, the current researcher shows the significance of information and theories and how they are related to each other and helpful in answering the problem formulation.
A. Review of Related Studies
This part covers several studies that have been done previously by some researchers. The studies are about the suffixes {-ion}, {-ment}, {-ity}, and {-cy}, which are related to the study of the current researcher. In this part, the current researcher briefly explains the analysis of the previous researchers and gives some reviews on the discussion. Some of the studies are compelling enough to support the
1. The Study of the Suffix {-ion}
The study of suffix {-ion} is previously conducted by Bibit Nur Handono (2007). His study is about the allomorphs of suffix {-ion} and their distribution based on the stems. He observes the derived words with suffix {-ion} in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary (1995 edition) and Longman Dictionary of Contemporary
English (2001 edition). The result of his problem analysis is summed up in this
following table.
Allomorph Final Sound of the Base Allomorph Final Sound of the Base [-ion] fricative /s/ /z/ [-ition] fricative /z/ /ʃ/
liquid /l/ liquid /r/
stop consonant /t/ stop consonant /d/ /t/
[-ation] nasal consonant /m/ /n/ [-iation] fricative /s/
fricative /z/ /s/ liquid /l/
liquid /l/ /r/ [-cation] diphthong /aɪ/ stop consonant /p/ /t/
/k/ /d/
fricative /ʃ/
[-tion] nasal consonant /m/ /n/ [-action] stop consonant /t/
fricative /s/ diphthong /aɪ/
stop consonant /b/ /t/ [-sion] stop consonant /d/ /t/
[-ution] fricative /v/ /ʃ/ diphthong /aɪ/
Although his study has scrutinized the allomorphs of the suffix {-ion} and explained in what endings of the stems those allomorphs can be attached to, he does not analyze further the stem‟s phonological environment in which certain allomorphs can be exclusively attached to. For instance, he claims that the six allomorphs [-ion], [-ation], [-tion], [-action], [-ition], [-sion] can be attached to the stem with final ending stop consonant /t/. However, he never specifically explains in what condition a stem can obtain the allomorph [-ation] instead of [-tion] or the others. Therefore, his analysis still leaves a question, whether or not those allomorphs are in complementary distribution.
2. The Study of the Suffix {-ment}
The discussion of suffix {-ment} has been elaborated in the undergraduate thesis of R.S. Kristian Guntur Prasetya (2012). Prasetya discusses the possible stems of the suffix {-ment}. It turns out that the suffix {-ment} can only be attached to verbs. It means that the solely function of the suffix {-ment} is as deverbal nominalizer or to derive nouns from verbs.
Etymologically, the stems originate from Latin, French, Old English, and Greek. Most of the verb stems are transitive, while intransitive verbs are only limited in four words (Prasetya, 2007: 43-35). The suffix {-ment} is applicable for the verb stems which have the final sound palatal strident such as /ʃ/ in accomplish accomplishment and /dʒ/ in mismanage mismanagement (Prasetya, 2012: 74).
In his research, Prasetya (2012) does not only analyze the attachment of the suffix {-ment} but also compares two suffixes which are {-age} and {-ment}. He uses some indicators to compare these two suffixes. Firstly, he compares the possible lexical categories of the possible bases and finds out the functions of the suffixes. Secondly, he traces down the etymology of possible stems. Thirdly, he analyzes the possible endings that can obtain the attachment of these suffixes. Lastly, he provides the analysis on the morphophonemic process. These four indicators are proven useful to compare and clearly distinguish the differences and similarities of two suffixes.
3. The Study of the Suffix {-ity}
Dewi Yuliani (2005) elaborates three analyses in the suffix {-ity}. Firstly, she mentions the types of adjectives that obtain the suffix {-ity} attachment. Secondly, she analyzes the nominalization of the suffix {-ity}. The nominalization can be done through three ways which are simple affixation, insertion, and replacement. Thirdly, she finds out that the morphophonemic process occurs in two ways which are stress shifts and sound changes (Yuliani, 2005: 37-54). To sum up her findings, the current researcher displays the table below.
Ending Example Ending Example
-able,
Reviewing her study, Yuliani does not differentiate the bases which are inherently adjectives and the bases which become adjectives through suffixations. The adjectives agile, certain, and curious, for example, are simple words. They inherently possess the lexical category which is compatible with the suffix {-ity}. In those bases, the influential environment of the suffix {-ity} nominalization is the ending. In another case, the adjectives active and accessible are complex words. They obtain -ive and -ible endings through suffixation, then become adjectives. It means, the bases with attached suffixes should also be considered in analyzing the process of {-ity} nominalization. Without clearly distinguishing those cases, her analysis still remains a question, whether the suffix {-ity} can be further attached to the derived adjective advantageous to form advantageousity or not.
4. The Study of the Suffix {-cy}
Reviewing her study, Maharani gives the elaboration of not only the lexical categories of the bases which can obtain the suffix {-cy} attachment but also the final segments of the bases. Further, she traces down the origin of the bases and finds out that there are some special cases in the possible bases. In dealing with the special cases, she compares them with their counterparts. This comparison is effective to give a clear understanding of the special cases and the other actual bases.
B. Review of Related Theories 1. Theory of Derivation
The discussion of morphology is divided into two subfields, inflection and derivation. Szymanek (1989: 20) defines inflection as a morphological subfield which concerns on the production of words-forms in relation with a given lexeme. Inflection is related to morpo-syntactic categories, such as number, person, gender, aspect, tense, voice, and mood. The example of inflection is the use of the ending -s/-es to identify singular or plural nouns.
On the other hand, derivation concerns on the method of forming new lexemes from the already existing ones. The term „derivation‟ or lexical derivation is
Derivation is also extremely useful for expressing phrases more compactly. It is much more efficient, for instance, to refer to someone working in the field of science, politics, or banking as a scientist, politician, or banker than to have to repeatedly use more cumbersome phrases such as: someone who works in the
fields of…”. Derivation is a kind of shorthand system that allows us to
economize – by packing more information into shorter utterance (Fasold and Connor-linton, 2006: 74).
2. Theory of Word Formation
Words can be produced through word formations. There are at least ten types of word formations which add the inventory of lexical items. They are back-formation, compounding, word coining, deriving words from names, blending, clipping, acronyms, abbreviation, borrowing, and derivation process. Fromkin et al., (2011: 100-101) defines that back-formation is the creation of a new word by removing an affix from an old word, for example peddle from peddler. Compounding is when two or more words may be joined to form new words such as Facebook, YouTube, power nap, and carjack.
Further, Fromkin et al. (2011: 501-505) explains the definitions of the other word formations. Word coinage is coining words from brands, such as Kleenex, Kodak, and Jell-O. Deriving words from names occurs in sandwich which is the name of the fourth Earl of Sandwich. This type of formation is also called eponym. Blending is combining two words to be one word but some syllables are deleted like in information and commercial to be infomercial. Clipping is the process of shortening words, such as fax for faximile and telly for television in British word. Acronyms are words derived from the initials of several words as in radar from radio detecting and ranging. Abbreviation is shortening words by only taking the initial
PDA from Personal Digital Assistant. Borrowing occurs when one language adds a
new word or morpheme from another language to its own dictionary, for example ensemble which is borrowed from French. This kind of words is called loan words.
The last but not least, words can be produced through a derivation process which requires affixations, such as restoration from restore and the affix {-ation}.
The linguistic rules for the formation of words are also known as morphological rules which are also known as Word Formation Rules (WFR). Fromkin et al. (2011: 88) explain that by using morphological rules people can add the suffix {-cation} to *uglify and formed a noun, *uglification, as in glorification, simplification, falsification, and purification. The rules that are used are Adj + {-ify} V which
implies the meaning „to make Adjective‟ and V + {-cation} N which means „the process in making Adjective‟.
3. Theory of Morpheme
A morpheme is “the smallest unit of language that carries information about meaning or function”(O‟Grady et al., 1997: 112). A morpheme is the item in internal structure of word which constitutes the word. O‟ Grady et al. (1997: 113) elaborates that there are two types of morphemes, free morphemes and bound morphemes. Free morphemes can stand by itself as words, such as love, make, smart, and to. Bound morphemes, such as -s, -er, -ive, -ate, re-, -ly, and -ness, cannot stand by itself as words thus they should be attached to other free morphemes.
et al., 1997: 113). A word can be constituted from one or more free morphemes, for instance sunglass. This word is constituted from a free morpheme sun and glass. A word can also be constituted from one or more free morphemes and one or more bound morphemes. The first example is sunglasses which is constituted from free morphemes sun and glass, and one bound morpheme -(e)s. The second example is antidisestablishmentarianism which is constituted from one free morpheme establish
and also five bound morphemes: anti-, dis-, -ment, -(ari)an, and -ism.
4. Theory of Affixation
“Affixation is a process of adding suffix to a base to form a new word” (Bauer, 1988: 18). Affixation is one of word formations which requires the process of attaching an affix to a free morpheme in order to create a meaningful word. Bauer explains that “based on the distribution, there are three kinds of affixes: prefixes,
suffixes, and infixes” (Bauer, 1988: 19). Prefixes are affixes which are put before the bases such as {en-} in en + danger to become endanger. Suffixes are affixes put after the bases such as {-ive} in educate + ive to become educative. Infixes are affixes put either between or inside the bases such as {-o-} in speed + o + meter to become speedometer. Therefore, there are three types of affixations: prefixation, infixation, and suffixation. As addition, the words which are created through derivational affixations are called derived words.
affixation is strongly related to morphological rules. Every affix has its own rules to derive words. A random attachment, such as un + develop + ly + ness, results in an impossible word *undevelopliness. Hence, it is possible for a certain word to have both a prefix and a suffix in its formation as long as it still follows the morphological rules and results in a meaningful derived word.
5. Theory of Allomorphy
An allomorph is “a variant of a morpheme which occurs in a certain definable
environment” (Gleason, 1961: 61). It means that the occurrence of an allomorph is predictable. Examples of allomorphs are the article a and an as the identifiers of singularity in English. English speakers can determine when to use a and an like in a dog, a girl, a house and an umbrella, an orange, an apple. The definable environment
of allomorph does not depend on the spelling but on the pronunciation of words. O‟Grady et al. (2010: 118) add “which is why we say an M.A. degree and a U.S.
Dollar”.
6. Theory of Root, Stem, and Base
A root is a free morpheme without any attachment of neither free nor bound morpheme. “Root constitutes the core of the word and carries major component of its meaning” (O‟Grady et al., 2010: 119). When a root morpheme is combined with an affix, it forms a stem. A stem is “the base to which one or more affixes are attached to
create a more complex form that may be another stem or a word” (Fromkin, 2011:
594). In the other words, a stem is a word that can be combined with other bound morphemes to create another word. It can consist of either only a free morpheme or a free morpheme that has been attached to bound morpheme(s).
The definition of a stem is not that different from the definition of a base. A
base is “the form to which an affix is added” (O‟Grady et al., 2010: 119). Though these two definitions seem similar, O‟Grady et al. (2010: 131) specifically mention that stem is used to refer the base in which inflectional affix is added. Szymanek has the similar perspective that “the term base is chiefly used in derivational morphology to denote lexeme (or, sometimes, a morpheme) from which another, complex lexeme
is formed” (Szymanek, 1989: 21). In order to make it clearer, this present study uses
the term „base‟ in explaining the nominalization process in accordance with the focus of the discussion which is about derivational morphology.
7. Theory of Lexical Category
Lexical Category Example
Noun (N) puppy, boy, soup, happiness, fork, kiss, pillow, cake, cupboard Verb (V) find, run, sleep, throw, realize, see, try, want, believe
Preposition (P) up, down, across, into, from, by, with
Adjective (Adj) red, big, candid, hopeless, fair, idiotic, lucky Adverb (Adv) again, carefully, luckily, never, very, fairly
Table 3. Lexical Categories (Fromkin et al., 2011: 128)
From those lexical categories, verbs, adjectives, and nouns are the major categories which are associated with particular kinds of meanings. Verbs usually refer to actions, events, and states, such as kick, marry, and love. Adjectives refer to qualities or properties, such as lucky and old (Fromkin et al., 2011: 129).
Nouns are associated with general entities, particular individual (proper nouns), places, or other things that people give names to (Fromkin et al, 2011: 129). Quirk, Greenbaum, Leech, and Svartvik distinguish noun into two types, concrete and abstract, which are defined as “concrete nouns are broadly tangible while abstract
nouns are broadly immaterial” (Quirk et al., 1980: 60). Based on the definition, the examples of concrete noun are book, teacher, Maguwoharjo Stadium, Jane Austen, and Pepsi, while the examples of abstract noun are revitalization, deconstruction, honor, and conformity.
(O‟Grady et al., 2010: 119). Interestingly, when a word is created through derivational suffixation, its lexical category can change based on the lexical function of the suffix. For instance, the verb create becomes the adjective creative when it obtains suffix {-ive} which functions to derive adjectives from verbs. Further, this derived adjective becomes a noun creativity when it obtains suffix {-ity} which functions to derive nouns from verbs.
8. Theory of Derivational Suffix
Fromkin et al., (2011: 90) elaborate four characteristics of derivational suffixes. Firstly, derivational suffixes add the meaning of the base. Secondly, the words which are derived from suffixation may have the different lexical category from its original words. For example, when the suffix {-able} is attached to the noun desire, it becomes the derived adjective desirable. Thirdly, a new derived word which enters the dictionary may block other complex derivations. For example, when grammar + {-ian} has entered the English lexicon, it is not necessary to have grammar +{-er} or grammar + {-ist} although sometimes these formations coexist. Fourthly, some derivational suffixes may trigger subtle changes in pronunciation. For instance, the pronunciation of specific in specificity is no longer pronounced with /k/ as an impact of suffix {-ity} attachment because there is a truncation which makes /k/ deleted (/k/
“Derivation is often subject to special constraints and restrictions” (O‟Grady et al., 2010: 126). The constraint and restriction lie on two considerations which are the word origin and phonological environment. O‟Grady et al. explains that, firstly, some of morphemes came from other languages, such as Greek, Latin, and French. This origin impacts to the morphological rules that are applied in suffixation. For example, suffix {-ant} can be attached to Latin origin bases, such as assist to be assistant. However, it cannot be attached to English native origin bases such as help *helpant and fight *fightant. Secondly, some derivational suffixes can be attached
only to the bases which have particular phonological property. The example is suffix {-en} which can derive whiten, soften, madden, quicken, and liven because the bases of those words are monosyllabic and obstruent (a stop, fricative, or africative). However, this suffix is not applicable in *abstracten, *bluen, *angryen, *slowen, and *greenen because these bases are not monosyllabic and obstruent.
According to Fasold et al., (2006: 76) some derivational suffixes are very productive. It means that they can be attached to certain kind of base almost without exception. For instance, suffix {-able} is freely attached to transitive verbs (washable, faxable, analyzable). On the other hand, some suffixes are not productive. They only occur in small number of words, such as {-dom} in kingdom and boredom and {-th} in truth and width.
Suffix Lexical Category Example
-able V N bearable, washable
-al V N approval, rebuttal
-ant V N applicant, inhabitant
-ate A V activate, validate
-en A V redden, shorten
-er V A singer, gambler
-ful N A plentiful, beautiful
-ian N N magician, musician
-ify N/A V purify, beautify
-ion V N detection, discussion
-ist N/A N artist, activist
-ity A N sensitivity, portability
-ive V A oppressive, instructive
-ize N V vaporize, magnetize
-ment V N management, settlement
-ness A N happiness, fullness
-y N A watery, snowy
Table 4. Derivational Suffixes (Fasold et al., 2006: 76)
9. Theory of Hierarchical Structure of Words
a. Tree diagram
b. [[deV[[humidA]ifyV]]erN] c. deV-humidA-ifyV-erN
2 ROOT 1 3
Table 5. Derivational Order Notation (Fasold et al,. 2006: 75)
From the notations above, it is clear that the word dehumidifier undergoes three layers of affixation. Firstly, the root humid obtains suffix {-ify} to be a verb humidify. Secondly, prefix {de-} is added to derive dehumidify. This addition does
not change the lexical category. Lastly, suffix {-er} is attached to the base dehumidify, and then it finally becomes the noun dehumidifier.
10. Theory of Nomina Actionis and Nomina Essendi
Deriving words through suffixation, as Noam Chomsky named, is also known as nominalization. There are at least six categories of nominalization which are Nomina Actionis, Nomina Essendi, Subject Nominalizations consisting of agentive
N
V
V
nominalization and instrumental nominalization, and Object Nominalizations consisting of patientive nominalization and objective/resultative nominalization, Collective Names, and Female Names (Szymanek, 1989: 6-8). Above all, the most productive ones are Nomina Actionis and Nomina Essendi.
Nomina Actionis functions to convey the nominal concept „act(ion)/process of V-ing or “abstract deverbal action nouns” (Szymanek, 1989: 135). Suffixes in Nomina Actionis category are {-ation}, {-ment}, {-al}, {-age}, {-ure}, {-y}, and also {-ance/-ence}. The suffix {-ation} has some allomorphs, which variants are [-ation], [-ion], [-tion], [-ition}, [-ution], [-cation], and [-ication]. The allomorph [-ence] is the variant of the suffix {-ance}. The attachment of these allomorphs is complementary distribution, which means they never occur in the same environment.
Zero Derivation Stress Shift No Stress Shift
V N V N V N
to drive drive contrast còntrast attàck attàck
to go go decrease dècrease attèmpt attèmpt
to fall fall insùlt ìnsult defèat defèat
to jump jump permìt pèrmit declìne declìne
to knock knock survèy sùrvey suppòrt suppòrt
to launch launch transpòrt trànsport visìt visìt Table 6. Conversion in Nomina Actionis (Szymanek, 1989: 138-139)
Nomina Essendi “denotes a class of abstract deadjectival nominalizations
meaning, roughly, „quality/state of being A‟” (Szymanek, 1989: 154). Suffixes in Nomina Essendi category are {-ness}, {-ity}, {-(anc)y/-(enc)y}, {-(ac)y}, {-(it)ude}, and {-ism}. Some Nomina Essendi suffixes also have their allomorphs. The allomorph [-(enc)y] is the variant of {-(anc)y}, while the suffix {-ity} has the allomorph [-ty] and [-y].
11. Theory of Lexical Gaps
English speakers are gifted inherently with a linguistic competence in handling the lexical stock which is called creativity. This creativity comprises the word formation competence of English speakers, thus ones are capable of producing a virtually unlimited number of derived words (Szymanek, 1989: 23).
Thousands of words have been understood and used by most of English speakers. Those words are already listed in English dictionaries, namely actual words. However, some words which are created by English speakers are not listed in dictionaries. Aronoff claims that “the speaker always has the capacity to make up
C. Theoretical Framework
In this study, the current researcher wants to answer three questions in the problem formulation. In order to do so, there are four related studies and eleven theories provided as the supporting materials in conducting this study. The related studies that have been reviewed are about the study of the suffix {-ion}, the study of the suffix {-ment}, the study of the suffix {-ity}, the study of the suffix {-cy}. The reviewed theories are the theory of derivation, theory of word formation, theory of morpheme, theory of affixation, theory of allomorphy, theory of root, stem, and base, theory of lexical category, theory of derivational suffix, theory of hierarchical structure of words, theory of Nomina Actionis and Nomina Essendi, and theory of lexical gaps.
In collecting the data, the current researcher uses six theories that have been reviewed. The theory of derivation, word formation, morpheme, and affixation assist the researcher to identify which words that are created through derivation and obtains suffixation. The theory of lexical category is useful to identify which of those derived words are nouns. Further, the theory of lexical gap assists the researcher to differentiate the actual and non-actual derived nouns which exist in the data collection. On the other words, these theories contribute in giving the understanding about non-actual derived nouns.
suffix(es) of each finding, the lexical category of each root, and write them down in formal notation as in the hierarchical structure of words theory. In general, the contribution of these three theories is to separate the suffixes from the bases, thus they can be further analyzed.
Thirdly, the theory of derivational suffix, Nomina Actionis and Nomina Essendi, allomorphy, lexical gaps, and the study of suffixes {-ion}, {-ment}, {-ity}, and {-cy} are useful to answer the question number two and three. In analyzing the formation of the findings, the current researcher needs to review the characteristic of derivational suffixes, the function and phonological constraint of Nomina Actionis and Nomina Essendi suffixes, and also the distribution of allomorphs. Some parts of these three discussions have been previously discussed in the four related studies. Therefore, the contribution of the related studies is giving the references and
27
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
In this chapter, the current researcher embodies procedures as a platform to accomplish this study in a systematic way. This chapter is divided into three specific parts which are the object of the study, the approach of the study, and the method of the study. In the object of the study, the current researcher describes what kind of data that are expected to be analyzed and explains the source of data. In the approach of the study, the current researcher elaborates the approach that is used in analyzing the data and the reason in using the approach. In the method of the study, the current researcher specifies the process of collecting the data and explains the steps of analysis to answer the problem formulation.
A. Object of the Study
The sources of the object of study are debating speeches which are delivered by debaters of EDS Sanata Dharma during the practice in the even semesters of 2013 and 2014. The debaters are students of English Letters Department, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University in second, fourth, sixth, and eighth semester. In the other words, they are non-native English learners which have some linguistic competences.
As supporting material to differentiate the actual and non-actual words, a dictionary is used. Turnbull’s Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (eighth edition,
2010) is chosen because this dictionary is considered as a reliable source and often
used as the reference in many academic researches. This dictionary contains more than seven thousand and five hundreds words which are familiar to be used by English speakers. In addition, the eighth edition is the most current edition when this research is conducted.
B. Approach of the Study
“Linguists use the term morphology to refer to the part of the grammar that is concerned worth words and word formation. The study of morphology offers important insight into how language works, revealing the need for different category of words, the presence of word-internal structure, and the existence of operation that create and modify words in various ways” (O’ Grady et al., 2010: 116).
Analyzing word derivations, the study of morphology is always connected with morphophonemic process or morphophonology which is the pronunciation’s
sensitivity to morphological factors, including word’s internal structure (O’Grady et al., 2010: 143). Therefore, the understanding on phonology is also required in this study as the supporting field to complete morphological approach. Phonology is “the
component of grammar that determines the selection of speech sounds and that governs both the sound patterns and the systematic phonetic variation found in language” (O’Grady et al, 2010: 59).
In morphological analysis, Aronoff and Fudeman (2010: 12-13) introduce two complementary approaches which are analytic and synthetic approach. The analytic approach is used when linguists deal with unfamiliar words. This approach is done by breaking words down to see the inside elements of the words. The synthetic approach is used when linguists want to reconstruct the elements of the words. This approach is associated with theory of construction.
“Speakers apply morphological analysis when they read or hear a complex word they have never encountered before. In order to understand it, they pull it apart and ask themselves whether they recognize any of the pieces. Speakers use synthesis whenever they create new form pre-existing pieces” (Aronoff, et al., 2010: 13).
commonly used. In this extend, the analytic approach in applied. In the method of the study, this approach is applied when words in the data collection are broken down into pieces of morphemes in order to see the root, base, and the suffix in each word. After the words are broken down, the formation of those words is analyzed. This analysis requires the existing theories as the references. In this extent, the synthetic approach is applied. In practicality, this approach is applied when the theories of suffixes’ functions and phonological constraints are used to analyze the construction of the non-actual words.
C. Method of the Study
In this part, the current researcher explains the steps in achieving the analysis of the problem formulation. Since the steps cover the explanation of process in collecting and analyzing the data, this part is divided into two subparts which are the data collection and data analysis.
1. Data Collection
2. Data Analysis
After collecting the data, a procedure to reach data analysis was arranged. In order to answer the first problem, the current researcher chopped off the data into morphemes. Adapting the formal notation of the derivational order by Fasold et al. (2006: 74), the current researcher used these following notations to show the suffixation processes in creating those nouns.
1. institutionalization
instituteN-ionN-alA-izeV-ationN
ROOT 1 2 3 4
2. ratification ratifyV-cationN ROOT 1
The current researcher chose those notations because they conveyed significant information that were useful in answering second and third problem. These notations clearly showed the root, the attached suffix(es), and the sequences of suffix attachments. Those notations were also easier to read compared to the other two notations that also were also introduced by Fasold et al., especially in displaying many suffixations.
No. Data
Suffix Suffixation
-ion -y -ment -ity -ness Simple Complex
Table 7. Data Analysis - Table of Suffixes Distribution
In order to answer the second problem, the current researcher put the data with the same suffix or the same case in one sub-parts. Hence, there were sub-parts which explained the formation of the data based on the suffixes. The method to analyze the formation of non-actual nouns was by comparing them with the actual nouns. This method was in line with Botha and Halle’s theory which suggested that in dealing with phenomenon of affixation and in order to analyze morphemes into possible words. “There must be the list of actual words which exist in dictionaries as the sort of filter on the output of morphology” (Aronoff, 1985: 18). The actual nouns were
taken from Turnbull’s Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (eighth edition, 2010). The samples in related studies were also used as the supplementary examples of word formations. The number of the actual words used in every case depended on the availability of words with the relevant formation.
As the quantitative summary of the problem number two, the current researchers displayed the number of the possible and impossible derivation. Therefore, these following tables were used.
No. Suffix Occurrence % No. Suffix Occurrence %
TOTAL TOTAL
In answering the third problem, the current researcher consulted the existing theories on phonological constraints of the related suffixes and compared it with the attachment of those suffixes in the data collection. Since the discussion in problem three was about the morphophonology, the current researcher provided the phonetic transcriptions of the samples. However, not all examples were equipped with the phonetic transcriptions. The current researcher provided them only when they could support the elaboration of analysis. The example of phonetic transcription of the samples is as seen below.
1. institutionalization institutionalize /ˌɪnstɪˈtuːʃənəlaɪz/ 2. ratification ratify /ˈrætɪfaɪ/
34
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter provides the analysis of the problem formulation after the data have been collected. To begin with, the current researcher has examined fourteen debating transcripts which were transferred from the debating speeches recordings of EDS Sanata Dharma members of 2013 and collected twenty four non-actual derived
nouns from those transcripts. The list of data is displayed below.
No. Data Finding Actual Word No. Data Finding Actual Word 1. *automatication automation 13. *interacy interaction 2. *benefition benefit,
benefaction
14. *investation investment
3. *communicacy communication 15. *perspection perspective 4. *consequency consequence 16. *populacy population 5. *eruptcy eruption 17. *practitionality practice 6. *existency existence 18. *prisonment prison,
imprisonment
7. *guideness guidance 19. *prosperousity prosperity
8. *harmness harm 20. *provement proof
9. *harmonity harmony 21. *satisfication satisfaction 10. *heterogeneousity heterogeneity 22. *tendention tendency 11. *importaness importance 23. *tolerancy tolerance,
toleration
In the data collection, non-actual derived nouns with Subject Nominalization, such as {-er/-or}, {-ant/ent}, and {-ee}; Object Nominalization, such as {-ee}; Collective Names, such as {-(e)ry}, {-dom}, and {-age}; and Female Names {-ess}, do not appear. All of the non-actual nouns are derived from Nomina Actionis and Nomina Essendi suffixes. However, in the data collection, there is no non-actual noun which is derived from Nomina Actionis suffixes {-al}, {-age}, {-ure}, and Nomina Essendi suffixes {-ism} and {-it(ude)}.
The current researcher also finds some nouns which are quite doubtful to be categorized as actual or non-actual words, such as pureness and determent. Those words cannot be found in Oxford dictionaries, both printed and electronic media. However, they can be found in Merriam Webster dictionaries and are not considered to be foreign words in Microsoft Word‟s word detector. The current researcher, then, considers the possibility of American and British English vocabularies that are different in acknowledging words. It is true that the main source of categorizing actual and non-actual words is Turnbull‟s Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (eighth edition, 2010). In order to avoid the controversy in the data‟s validity, the current researcher does not include those nouns in the data collection. On the other words, all of the collected data are non-actual in both American and British English dictionaries.
creating actual nouns. The second sub-chapter discusses the formation of those non-actual derived nouns based on the suffixes‟ function. This part analyzes whether the suffixes have been utilized based on their lexical functions or not. The third sub-chapter elaborates the formation of the non-actual derived nouns in the phonological point of view to see whether the application of the suffixes has considered the phonological environment of the bases.
A. Suffixes of Non-Actual Derived Nouns
In order to know the suffixes which are used in deriving the non-actual nouns, those words are chopped off into roots, bases, and stems through the formal notation (Fasold et al, 2006: 74), as shown below.
13. *investation involves more than one suffix, the base is the root itself, the root plus suffix (1), the root plus suffix (2), and so on. As an example, the root of the non-actual noun *practionality is practice, while the bases are practice, *practition, and *practitional.
adjective harm. The attached suffixes of those bases are {-ion}, {-y}, and {-ness}, respectively. It is easier to identify those bases and the attached suffixes because the bases are actual words. Meanwhile, some actual nouns are derived from non-actual bases, such as *tendention. The non-actual base of *tendention is the verb tend. However, English does not acknowledge the suffix or allomorph {-ention}. As a solution, the final syllable of the noun is considered to be the suffix. By reducing the final syllable, the base of the noun is found. For instance, the noun *tendention is chopped off into *tendent + {-ion} because the final syllable of *tendention is -ion which is similar with the existing suffix, {-ion}.
One of the non-actual nouns in the data has two bases possibility. This noun is *existency. The base of *existency can be the adjective existent which obtains the suffix {-y} or the verb exist which obtains the suffix {-(enc)y}. The slightly similar problem can be found in the non-actual noun *consequency and *tolerancy. There are two possible formations of those nouns. The suffix that is attached to them are the suffix {-y} or the suffix {-(enc)y}. Since there is no way to assure which formation is used to form those words, these two possibilities are used for analysis materials. To avoid confusion in the consistency of the data number, these two possibilities are explained as one part of discussion in the later sub-chapters. The first suffixation possibility is taken into the primary data because the precedents show many occurrences of the suffix {-y} but do not show the occurrence of the suffix {-(enc)y}.
nous as suffixes, the bases are *perspect and *tendent while the suffix is {-ion}. These two bases do not have any lexical category since they are not actual bases.
The next analysis discusses the distribution of the bases‟ lexical categories and suffixes which are used to form the non-actual nouns. This analysis is expected to see the trigger of the debaters‟ creativity to produce those nouns. To begin with, most of the nouns are derived from adjectives with 10 occurrences out of 24 data (41.7%), verbs with 8 occurrences (33.3%), and nouns with 4 occurrences (16.7%), and the least is unidentified lexical category with 2 occurrences (8.3%). This following table shows the distribution in number of occurrence and its percentage.
No. Suffix Base Occurrence Percentage Sub-Total
1.
From the data above, the suffix {-ion} is the most productive one. This is related to the productivity of the suffix {-ion} in deriving actual words. Aronoff (1985) claims that {-ion} is a very widespread and productive suffix. He mentions that Walker (1936) lists about 2,000 words ending in the suffix {-ion}. This number comprises a total of approximately 4% words listed in the dictionary (Aronoff, 1985: 99). In comparison with the other Nomina Actionis suffixes in the table of distribution, which are {-y} and {-ment}, the suffix {-ion} is the most productive suffix in Nomina Actionis category. “The suffix {-ation} (which is called {-ion} in this present study) is the most productive of all the formal exponents of the category Nomina Actionis of English” (Szymanek, 1989: 40). In addition, the productivity of the suffix {-ion} in deriving non-actual nouns is in line with the productivity of this suffix in deriving actual words. Most of nouns are derived from this suffix. It creates the familiarity and finally becomes the consideration of the debaters to derive nouns with this suffix.
The second most productive suffix based on the distribution table is the suffix {-y}. Szymanek claims that this suffix is marginal in deriving nouns. It only occurs in limited nominalizations (Szymanek, 1989: 152). In fact, it becomes fairly productive in deriving the non-actual nouns. In the data, there are 7 occurrences which cover 29.2% of the whole data. Its productivity in deriving actual words cannot be the main reason of these occurrences since this suffix is limitedly found in nominalization.
derive the nouns. In Indonesian, nouns with ending -i are very familiar, for example eksistensi, erupsi, interaksi, komunikasi, konsekuensi, populasi, and toleransi. The ending -i in Indonesian is similarly pronounced /ɪ/ as -y in *existency, *eruptcy, *interacy, *communicacy, *consequency, *populacy, and *tolerancy. Not to mention,
some actual nouns with -y ending in English are also actual nouns with -i ending in Indonesian, for instance *conspiracy - konspirasi, *potency - potensi, and *tendency - tendensi. Those endings are pronounced exactly the same. In conclusion, the
productivity of the suffix {-y} in deriving the non-actual nouns is influenced by Indonesian as the first language of the debaters.
The last three suffixes are {-ity}, {-ness}, and {-ment} with one occurrence margin per each respectively. The suffixes {-ity} and {-ness} are more productive compared to the other Nomina Essendi suffixes such as {-it(ude)} and {-ism}. Szymanek (1989) claims on the suffix {-ity} that “the suffix -ity is the principal Latinate element used in English to derive Nomina Essendi” and the suffix {-ness} that “the productivity of the suffix {-ness} is much higher than that of any of its cofunctional formatives” (Szymanek, 1989: 156-157).
The suffix {-ment}, on the other hand, is a Nomina Actionis suffix which is mildly productive especially in Modern English as Szymanek quotes from Bauer that “this formative is no longer productive” (Szymanek, 1989: 144). This claim is also
suffix {-ment} is more productive. “The number of abstract deverbal nominalizations terminating in -ment is relatively large” (Szymanek, 1989: 144-145). In conclusion, the suffixes {-ity}, {-ness}, and {-ment} are relatively productive suffixes. This productivity causes the familiarity in using those suffixes to derive nouns instead of the other suffixes.
B. Non-Actual Noun Derivations Based on the Function of Suffixes
In the synthetic study, the previous researchers have identified and categorized the word class membership and the base form membership of words. In the word class membership, the discussion is about affixes deriving words into lexical categories: verbs, adjectives, nouns, adverbs. In the base form membership, the discussion is about deverbal, denominal, and deadjectival formations (Szymanek, 1989: 108). Those studies have established the function of derivational affixes which becomes the rule to govern affixation.
No. Suffix Occurrence % No. Suffix Occurrence %
1. {-ion} 2 8.3% 1. {-ion} 6 25%
2. {-y} 4 16.8% 2. {-y} 3 12.5%
3. {-ity} 3 12.5% 3. {-ity} 1 4.2%
4. {-ness} 1 4.2% 4. {-ness} 2 8.3%
5. {-ment} 1 4.2% 5. {-ment} 1 4.2%
TOTAL 11 46% TOTAL 13 54%
Table 13a. Possible Derivation Table 14a. Impossible Derivation
1. Nominalization with the Suffix {-ion}
As elaborated on the theoretical review in Chapter II, the suffix {-ion} is included in Nomina Actionis or abstract deverbal action nouns. Its function is to derive nouns from verb bases. However, there are three words in the data with the suffix {-ion} which are derived from adjective bases. These words are *potention potent, *transparention transparent, and *automatication automatic. These
bases are basically actual words; therefore the problem of the noun derivation of these words lies on the misidentification of the potential bases in which the suffix {-ion} can be attached to.
*automatication. In order to create the actual noun, the word formation should be automate automation. Comparing those two formations, the suffix {-ion} should be attached to the verb automate, not to the adjective automatic.
One of the data is constituted of an unidentified lexical category and the Nomina Actionis suffix {-ion}. The data is *tendent *tendention. The base *tendent is seemingly expected to be an adjective, considering the similar ending of the other adjectives, such as potent and transparent. Based on this consideration, the base *tendent obtains the suffix {-ion} in order to be a noun. The problem in deriving this noun is in the misidentification of the actual base. Instead of attaching the non-actual base *tendent with the suffix {-ion}, the non-actual noun should be formed by attaching the suffix {-cy} to the actual base tend. In addition, Maharani (2012) in her study of the suffix {-cy} elaborates that this suffix may be perceived in different way when it is attached to Latinate words, such as conspire conspiracy and conserve conservancy (Maharani, 2012: 43). Accordingly, the actual formation is tend tendency.
2. Nominalization with the Suffix {-y}
There are seven non-actual nouns with the suffix {-y} in the findings. Four of them are derived from verb bases, which are *communicacy, *eruptcy, *interacy, and *populacy. According to Szymanek‟s explanation in Chapter II, the suffix {-y} is a part of Nomina Actionis which functions to derive nouns from verb bases. Based on this function, the nominalization of communicate *communicacy, erupt *eruptcy, interact *interacy, and populate *populacy can be done.
The other nouns with the suffix {-y} are derived from adjective bases: *consequency, *existency, and *tolerancy. Referring to the function, the formation of consequent *consequency, existent *existency, and tolerant *tolerancy cannot be done. However, in Nomina Essendi, there are also the suffixes {-(anc)y}/ {-(enc)y} and {-(ac)y}. These Nomina Essendi suffixes can appear in their allomorph form, [-y]. As a result, the application of these suffixes is mixed up.
Consequently, it triggers the misidentification of possible bases that can obtain the suffix {-y}. In addition, the actual nouns of *consequency, *existency, and *tolerancy are consequence, existence, and tolerance/toleration respectively.
As mentioned in the previous sub-chapter, the finding *consequency and *tolerancy are possible to be derived from the adjective bases consequent and tolerant plus the suffixes {-(enc)y}/{-(anc)y}. The function of the suffixes {-(enc)y}/
{-(anc)y} is denoting a class of abstract deadjectival nominalizations (Szymanek, 1989: 154). On the other words, it derives nouns from adjective bases. Analyzing this particular possibility, the nominalization of consequent *consequency and tolerant
*tolerancy can be done. However, the same formation cannot be applied in the non-actual word *existency. It is already mentioned above that *existency is also possible to be derived from the verb base exist plus the suffix {-(enc)y}. In fact, the base exist is a verb. It supposed to obtain a Nomina Actionis suffix. It this case, the actual word of *existency is existence, as a result of nominalization of the verb exist plus the Nomina Actionis suffix {-ence}.
3. Nominalization with the Suffix {-ity}
Nevertheless, the formation of the actual word of *prosperousity, which is prosperity, does not fulfill the function of the attached suffix {-ity}. The formation of
prosper prosperity derives a verb base to a noun. This derivation, indeed, does not in line with the function of the Nomina Essendi suffix {-ity}. Therefore, the actual word prosperity is not a derived noun.
4. Nominalization with the Suffix {-ness}
There are three non-actual nouns derived from the suffix {-ness} found in the data collection. Those nouns are *guideness, *importaness, and *harmness. This part discusses only two of them, which are *guideness and *importaness because the other one is more related to the discussion in the next part.
The non-actual noun *guideness is derived from the verb base guide. The function of the suffix {-ness} is to derive nouns from adjective bases (Szymanek, 1989: 155). Referring to this function, the formation of guide *guideness cannot be done. The actual word of *guideness is guidance, which is derived from the verb base guide and obtain the Nomina Actionis suffix {-ance}. On the contrary, the base of the non-actual noun *importaness is an adjective *important. The function of the suffix {-ness} has been fulfilled by deriving important *importaness.
Nevertheless, the suffix {-ance} does not derive an adjective to noun but from a verb to noun (Szymanek, 1989: 149). Instead of deriving important importance, suffix {-ance} is possible to derive import importance. In fact, based on Turnbull‟s dictionary, the word importance is not the derivation of import. Instead, importance is the derivation of important. The similar derivation is also found in
Turnbull‟s dictionary, which is significant significance. Upon this phenomenon,
5. Nominalization with the Suffix {-ment}
In the findings, there is a noun derivation from the base prove *provement, which involves the suffix {-ment} attachment. The base prove is a verb, which means, in order to be a noun, it should obtain a Nomina Actionis suffix. Meanwhile, the suffix {-ment} is Nomina Actionis (Szymanek, 1989: 135). Prasetya (2012), in his comparative study of the suffixes {-age} and {-ment}, finds that from ninety-five words which obtain the attachment of the suffix {-ment} found in Merriam-Webster
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, one-hundred percent of them are derived from verb
bases (Prasetya, 2012: 43). Based on these two previous studies, the derivation of the verb base prove to the noun *provement can be done.
6. Nominalization of Nouns
As mentioned in the previous chapters, the term „nominalization‟ refers to the process of making nouns through derivation. Nominalization can be done by deriving verb, adjective or even noun bases. It is important to note that the correct suffixes are required to derive the words with expected lexical categories.
