bï e À ãþ a óݪ bî ïÜbà–óï¾bÉÜa@óïàþ a óÉàb§a ‡Ý1a 7 L †‡ÉÜa 2 L 5á î† 10 20 ã
szjÛa@òîvèäßë@émüb©
éîÏ
@
Thematic Interpretation of the Qur’Én: Its Scopes & Methodology
TafsÊr MauÌË‘Ê: Aspek-aspek dan Metodologi Kajian
@
‡¼c@óÉ»@æi@ðznÐ
!" #$% !&'( ) * +, - % . / ,0 1 2'" 34) % 20 567 80 9' * 6: !,!%; < $%/ = !, 1 / > 1 !? @/ 1A =6B . ", D(!/ #$% EF F/ 0;G #$% H 1. 1 !?I@, J ! J ) 1 . EF BF K #$% L M@N EI@, #$% O P Q R D S 134) % = T / UVW X 3 Y J ) EF 80 #$% O Z F [ !?I@, J 0 ! \ ?]^ [ _` 1 a` b%(* . S 4c D #$% !&'( . d0e0 f@g? 1 F G 34) % - / h / \ 5@; 1 D$ !&'( , * @+ ) S #$%0 7i 2 D \ G EF jk P ! Q d/ + = &'( / N F l` #) % ' % * . D(!/ S #) % *@) '( #$%0 ! Q ;m 4c . ! : 80 .67 J n ' ?F o0 ep O ONq YBF <@ O EI@,0 (T!r E N EF 80 ( "@ [ ,) \@s% F F : j N 80 *@s% *@g( h@:Q . : EI@, 1 1 1 1 t'( . AbstractThis article is an attempt to address the issue of the scopes and research methodology
1 uF v O/ $ " " ,4 !,$0 1 w @^i T @* (0B F 1 * ! x 1 (0*y !? l F ! ! 6 i z 1{/ x *|! .
in the thematic commentary of the Holy Qur’Én. It could be considered as an introductory work for students and researchers who are interested in this field of research which will help them develop a good understanding of the meanings and teachings of the Qur’Én and its application to the real life. It may also help them undertake case studies and research in the field of thematic commentary of the Qur’Én. It has been explained in the article that the scope of the thematic commentary of the Qur’Én includes four areas; i.e. the concept, the topic, the central themes and the thematic unity of the SËrah/Chapter. The article gives a special emphasis on the study of the Qur’Énic central themes as it was overlooked by some researchers. It also provides a systematic investigation on the thematic unity of the SËrah/Chapter and considers it a significant area of research in the thematic commentary of the Qur’Én. The article also addresses the issue of the research methodology in the field of the thematic commentary of the Qur’Én. In this regard, the author highlights the principles, conditions and framework for undertaking research projects in this field of study and explains the major steps that should be followed in the execution of the research. These steps include freedom of choosing the research topic, freedom of benefitting from different types of tafsÊr (interpretation of the Qur’Én) works and schools and benefitting from the human heritage in different fields of knowledge, provided that the Qur’Én should have controlling power on other books and human theories.
Key Words: The Qur’Én, TafsÊr, Thematic, Scopes, Methodology.
Abstrak
Artikel ini ialah satu percubaan menangani isu skop dan metodologi penyelidikan dalam tafsiran Al-Qur’Én Holy mengikut tema. Ia boleh dianggap sebagai satu kajian permulaan untuk pelajar-pelajar dan sarjana-sarjana yang meminati bidang ini penyelidikan yang akan membantu mereka merangka satu pemahaman yang baik tentang makna-makna dan ajaran-ajaran Qur’Én dan perlaksanaannya dalam kehidupan sebenar. Ia mungkin juga dapat membantu mereka menjalankan kajian kes dalam bidang penyelidikan tafsiran Al-Qur’Én mengikut tema. Artikel ini akan menjelaskan skop tafsiran Al-Qur’Én mengikut tema ini merangkumi empat bidang: konsep tafsiran mengikut tema, topiknya, tema-tema kecil dan tema umum Surah Al-Qur’Én. Artikel ini memberi satu penekanan khas pada kajian tafsiran Al-Qur’Én mengikut tema kerana ia agak kurang mendapat perhatian beberapa penyelidik. Ia juga menampilkan satu kajian sistematik pada pemahaman tema Surah dalam Al-Qur’Én dan menganggapnya satu bidang penyelidikan penting dalam kajian tafsiran Al-Qur’Én mengikut tema. Artikel juga memberikan perhatian kepada bidang metodologi penyelidikan terhadap usaha tafsiran Al-Qur’Én secara bertema. Dalam hal ini, pengkaji akan menonjolkan prinsip-prinsip, syarat-syarat dan rangka kerja untuk projek-projek projek penyelidikan dalam lapangan ini dan menerangkan langkah-langkah utama yang harus diikuti dalam pelaksanaan penyelidikan yang berkenaan. Lang-langkah ini termasuk kebebasan memilih tajuk penyelidikan, kebebasan dalam mengambil manfaat daripada jenis-jenis tafsiran Qur’Én yang berbeza serta sekolah-sekolah pemikiran yang berbeza dalam aliran tafsir serta rangka bagaimana memanfaatkan warisan tamadun manusia berlandaskan ajaran Al-Qur’Én.
|*| / B 9} , A T~ : € ! " # $ % &' $( ) * $ )+$ , " ) -. /0 1 2 345 * 3 1/$6" • ) > ( : 82 (1 9} , : € 78 /* !* 9/ : 0+ ; -.- < 7=> ?$ #@ A & BC 2 #8 DE" ,$ ,2 • ) „ : 29 (1 3%! / ;… \ A % O/ TL 80 =6 J6G 2'! ` [|? Z (0 F ... <9 " ?$ #@ & B$C 2 ) ! H/0 $IJ!K $I#J$ #@ LMBC #N -& (M / *
• ) 9$( : 44 (P / EI@, @& hYN 3T0 yF O †EF = 0 O H%…F ,
GK` M@N ‡ 9 [ )Q O )F F 1J !~ @N 20 ˆ] @} O f6 !" ‰ f!$; f!Š*|‹ .
J !) 80 @;:F M@N EI@, @& . ?F y@/F OT"
Œ @ˆ] EI@, *I @/ = 3T0 . • [ K : € ,9 -:" Q $ R !)#@ M8 S0 ,L T- " L R SU > V$J )+$ , " W Ž • ) E K@ : 30 ( / " @* ; 9% O #$% + ,* 9} Œ … : t ( @ Q (T'" @* ; EI@, @/ 9•F O ( K ',!%; T! / @ˆ] ! ? . E N* EF =@• 6" *@g(/ = T 9% )F ,!%; T' M@N EI@, (T! 2 *@g( j N O a 80 Q* \@s% 9 J !K \ *@ O (!N• !• * o0 ‘ ’ . O 6+" 1 " 0 ^ • ) “ (' ’ !" #$% !&'( E N ”T' f •@ O 9N #!c O 5@+ Œ = T < $% ,0;( E N Q J !) 0! @* ; 2 EF •]^ O . , – < $% j N / Ž>@ˆ 's ! 6 i % N F / 1 @" + 4 oG( … : 1[ ’ 34) % '• 1O*@s E@, O — < $% O . ( !_]/ 8 ( h J %B } 7 567 … : Q 5 %^ O 20 . r D$%…F , } ; * $ '• ! Q ˜ @s 3/ O EF (K !T0 !"@ 9} % ` * +~ 2! (T! B@) '• !? T0 *@g( 1 9• | A 5 B 2'" t ( 9} @* ; 1 O J !~ ™^ * r O #$% 6: . #$% w F O š! › n!Tz 9 s œ@ 1 ON 1 34) % '• D 0 : E` ?F •` J ^i ‹ • B O •@ž '"
4c ?F Ÿ o*@ #!) O *@g( !_F &'( F 4c *@g( " ` n J ) Z •F F O F EI@, $0;G O !,!%; •l F L O F M@N EI@, O J ! j $" ,!%; j? z ¡ . 1 / EF £ / 1 [ ) J O @" 80 .67 !" #$% !&'( ,!%; y O *| •` • c D $% '• @" + O *| •` * \ @ Q 1< 34) % ’ 9•F O [ @ 2B@ < )` =y6 ( [ n" = Q •` ;: [ ’ T0 #$% / ™) 134) % 3/ w6 : @} ¤0, 1 !" jk T!" œ * 1 '( G : jk @G Ÿ 1t ( 2! H+ ˆ` . #$% , Ž> ` ) @} ¥ ,(0 Ž>@ . " J ¦ l 9B H%G! T * '( @… 6 i @N 80 K 0 ‹ J K ' ?]/ * $ '• : [ … 9!…] 6 i w = 0 0 . #$% !0T N !" #$% !&'( ?F l` 1 b / !_F / E #$% !&'( K 1 !" #$% [ ‰ 2 '§ > , 34) % 80 @ * Z ( * • A @ O osN %0; * \ h •` !,!%; . E / ¦ f % !,!%; •l 8,% *@g? ( R 80 Y) 6 i @N =@$! * $ '• <@ O J O @… . " 1@ Q E B *F †E¨ W #$% O œ@b #$% * !" #$% !&'( H! S ' ? ™) © !, 34) % 20 567 80 9 © < $%/ = 1 @G~ @B 9!% 80 1J } @ < $% O •` [ ’ n•@* EF ª ,0 ON« : TL $;/Q @K / \ ) 1 Q' X Y 4 H/ Z@ [6 Y ¬ 20 8 ;G 1 Q' X Y 4 H/ \ ] ¬ œ O/ @ y Q 1 ^ )+ Q' X Y 4 H/ \ T >_ ¬ ! A H " % 1 Z@ [6 Y Q' X Y 4 H/ ¬ 2!)@ % 9!0z % 1 ) B Y `H* \ Q' X Y 4 H/ ¬ L -!s £ |b T 1 a ^ )+ > Q' X 4 H: ^ )+ b > c ¬ 9!0: *y TL 3 a 1 VJ& Q' X Y 4 H/ \ ¬ \ m ‰ % ‰6… 1 d e/ f0 g& h. Q' X Y 4 H/ .
} ,!" A E / E N !,!%; $0;G [ J F M@N EI@, F ! J ) . Q —` E N* EF • A O • [ , 9!% |–!T f ' ` @* ; *@g? !&'( j? z .
Q' X Y 4 H/ \
i j
. ?F . E 4) % [ ( < W ," 1 G : / ? F % ! A H " ? O : = #$%* \ 1d," * b J ) ';/@ P „ m [ ( * \ ® * b J ) ';/@ P ) 3/ @"F '" @7F ( {~ @g? . - / O < W S : 1|!• \F d! 1 d! % . 2 †EF 80 nT 2'Tg T" 34) % !,/ F F = K ˆ6ˆ ) : 1 ( 1 !?I@, $0;GT0 ) 2 ( 1 !?I@, T0 ) 3 ( 8T * F 1 !?I@, 0 J ) / !?I@, J 0 ! . 3 £ %* ?F E ( DW . sK ( 9+"Q O #$% OT+ * #$% / F : $0;G #$% 1M@N EI@, 1M@N EI@, #$% … , EI@, L #$% !?I@, J 0 ! J ) #$% 1hYN .2.
k+ l em Q' X Y 4 H/
EI@, T0B O T0B @ !" Ÿ \ M@N x • B O @g( w@G/ 2 % ! A H " 1 Y 4 H/ Z@ [6 Y Q' X ) @G : ˜ 1 ! 6 i @s( n*y 2 1 1411 / 1991 =( 1 „ 24 x 27 . 3 [ 4 9!% 80 @g? 20 ;G 1 Q' X Y 4 H/ \ ] ) {s : 120, 1989 =( 1 „ 23 x 29 ¬ \ m ‰ % ‰6… 1 d e/ 0 g& h. Q' X Y 4 H/ ) E T : @s(0 š} ( 1n*y 1418 / 1997 =( 1 „ 52 x 59 ¬ @ Ou@ % O/ '" 1 VU & 4 H/ L n2 ) œ *@ : 1 / % N 1413 (1 „ 66 x 69 1E F !(• 0 ¬ ^ )+ Q' X Y 4 H/ 0 gC ) a #c z < cF |B@p • * s( 1 *|! p ! ! 6 i 1998 / 1999 ( „ 1 21 x 24 .—I@, R ! f 4B F f6!0K x 4 EI@, *` f % #$% !&'( '!0 {%;* S ,0 *³ > @, r 9 s > G)i '• h GK [ %* 1 O J F 0B f@^ % f,0 Œ '!" P *³ *³ 1 ´ *@G F ´ K , ^ )F F T0N O #$%* 1 Œ K6 r ` T0N '!" @ X P *³ @^ % a f,0 Œ ,0 1w = 0 . @ / "@ K ; j ) 80 ( w = 0 0 e ´ t! ? O ' K 3%* !?I@, F F $0;G . j B 5 $…F ! ` 9… T ¦^ 1o0 ž t} ? •` #) % 9G* ,*@; Œ EI@, µ F @ 5 $…F F 1@} g( %^Q K O* M@N x j b x E !/ ) ( n 3/ d/ a O ' T0N n 9B ´ T . 5 ‹ |!!T / … •` [ ’ J ^i x f? !)F x 5 , !%; —I@, . H0;G 3/ T'(!/ 1 F [ F 'z H0;G 94 f f? !)F G* H0;G EF ¦ l R ( YG F . * EF #) % 80 j• ·2Uˆ O n% f&'( * W K F 80 4c f,!K 4c [ . . . 94 ) . $0;G O N%^ 2g ( f? !)F 20g 94 $0;G O f 4B OT+ * '" w@ i 0 %N a y| . E B E` —I@, H0;G #$% " ?¨" —I@, . #$% / K6 x @g? #) % x #$%0 f6, f 8,%* . 6 4 ( F 1EI@, ¹ 4B @N K Z H0;G E N* EF 34) % - / ˜@ s* j? • O EI@, @g? 1™^ : \ m 1 d e/ f0 g& h. Q' X Y 4 H/ 1 „ 52 E F ¬ : )+ Q' X Y 4 H/ f0 gC ^ 1 „ 25 . h F 1#$% J@} O {!!+ f*F * l` ` EI@, T0B O T0B 9B E '!" Yº T!g — 0%, G F @G #) % '!" k K J ) J@ E` ™) t'( 80 f T J 4B 0 . 5 O *| @g? .67 : 20 1 Q' X Y 4 H/ \ ] 1 „ 23 . 6 ! ` j l w6: E F 1 / 9, * —I@, H0;G #$% EF h@* l` @g? 1—I@, . #$% OT • (* ` : „ 21 x 22 . D ( P J@… O ! ³ . ( : " U_> ^ )+ \ dp * J/ i_ " \ @ T ) O*F|• (¬ " 4 H/ )+ \ [0 q/ " —I@, R ! 9* ] H0;G 80 !" |B K 1\ m ‰ % ‰6G ¬ " )+ \ K.>E emY ) (0 Pr_ K P8 P s (" \ 80 Q ¼Q 1 ¬ " . K J/ i_ E
8
.
k+ t X Q' X Y 4 H/
#) % Ÿ ˜@^ F !K E M@N EI@, O 7 x 9: * . ( !?I@, G, x l . _ 9 k S . *³ 1 @ P !?I@, *³ @g(!" P h@:Q '!" µ F 1 / 9G D @ P *³ 1 / ˜ % r h@:F ,!,$ >@, @B / ? 9¾b¿sÀ* 1 ! Á *‡@/ '!" @/ * 1 $! 80 F i • a6% … * b0 j B / @:| q ¦ l •` 1[  5 % F 5@ ( = ž #$% . p ' 0… ,p † ` 1 . 8 n? ? O h@:F Gp O *| 9•F O f :F f F (T!r E N EF 80 1 e . [ ) j B 80 .67 EF 1• A 5 N $0;G t! ? . ¤? X $ !?I@, *‡@ E N 1 ¾ Ä(Å%U !+( 1 {! ( }|•F . \F@ } —I@, . #$% EF 34) % 2g ( * #$% @'^F O . ( f ! ] @4BF . K j% E N* ¦ l • f EF •` #$% E ! !" H F Q 6Ns • ~ ! K z 1n F !? osB / 8 F EI@, \I 'Æ . 9 C+ " )@" O ) uQ . 7 \ m ) , . !%7 w F O | E N* EF '( 1 ! : #) % 80 jk \ !)6…` F * /@ /F ... 6 i @N / @+* . /i 9 ,* ?Q 1 * $ r J @ h F 1 @/ 0 [ 0B • A =6B EF … : . @g? : 1\ m d e/ 0 g& h. Q' X Y 4 H/ 1 „ 54 . 8 O J@, œ@ : @ 1 / L n2 VU & 4 H 1 „ 67 1 \ m : Q' X Y 4 H/ d e/ f0 g& h. 1 „ 54 x 55 . 9 < c [ ’ ¿D ÈÉF , 9!% 80 '+ / @B / #) % N* J 4B @G~ @B 9!4T 5 ! : " )+ \ um " \ @, o * -!s0 ¬ " ^ )+ \ Y " 3 a 9!0: *| ) / B !,!%; O J % . Q' X Y 4 H/ \ VJ& 1 „ 51 x 91 ¬ " v> w )+ \ " \ m ‰ % ‰6G ) —I@, . T0 0 ,!%; •l O J % #$% / B d e/ 0 g& h. Q' X Y 4 H/ 1 „ 177 x 236 ¬ " k ' H QT _ H ) T >_ 1T@ K "( 1 uF v O/ $ " ) a • ( #) % |ÊF J s( 1996 =( ¬ " C ] y K I K P)+ y X \ K / P^ )+ y X \ KY P^ )+ \ ] /z
.
vu A n ^ )+ > c Q' X Y 4 H/
@N EI@, L O f L 34) % O T F #) % Ÿ … , O G, F M
T0B EI@, *I @/ [ º S —I@, ¤G, F n*@s L 94 hYN f !+( +(* Z >|•F 80 'T ,!" (, !" q 9 k O Ž> (/ >@, !" k 1M , O )F w@7Q { ( fTNL x 0 w6 : 8 2Œ s x f ? f • ) K 7 j c Ë9ÉB ( E 0'(!" f* . EI@, Ê T04 ?Q f • ONq (N {,$ j … [ ’ #$% %* K $0;G 1 EF 80 j @ * f !v 'Tg ( L “ ( ’ J B ) G © 1H0; 1. J( ž © ) •` = © ! / r f ‘ @:I fŠ!^ '( t (!" f !v 'T+'* '% * '" 1M@N EI@, 0, fˆ cF ' … / . O* > T0 R = [ ’ #) % r œ@ * P 0Ns ON ( = 9Ns/ 2'% B F 2 '! ` ^F F #$% / M@N EI@, L (! O* ( F L 80 ¦ l •` . = 0 F EI@, $p ' !T ™) 0 : , EI@, … , F EI@, . r 34) % [ ( = @g? \F #$% = 2'• ` #$% OT x f %7 T0 ) ¦ l x h F œ@ ]" . / 9Ÿ p f6!0K !" n J @ I L [ ) 34) % > T0 - / > y k¨/ EI@, . 1 . {| H : @K = i \y @ @e l : H } ~ EI@, †EF 9} / F 80 [ ," ": EI@, 9B O G, / F F @*@, : 1 %( 1 1 !ri ` • A , > +, %ˆ ". 10 )+ y X \ U U w r 6• ^ )+ y X \ " ! A H " % ) o› F / B O •l ' … / Tm "Y 4 H: Z@ [6 Q' X Y "1 „ 95 x 272 .( 10 \y@ O* @e" } ~ l : H P )/ : 1n*y @s( %;0 @N 1401 / 1981 =( t 1 „ 1 179 .
2 . { U € • A ‚ : / B ) 4 H/ L n2 \ 4 | H •]/ EI@, L ," Í [ : " EF 20 ! = 0 Í O •@ž EI@, '!0 9T s* P — : 2. ƒ ]E I ' : j• B = @~ @N ‰ % 5 ( . 8 . L „ I ' : 07 % / Q R@ n • : 3," ( 3B@s h G( '! . z . € yi…. 4*9/ I ' : E !%B 1 ! ` E • º % = r` œ Q T {0: !ri G E !/ . _. € ƒ 0q. 4*9/ I ' : f ?` • A 'ˆ )F P n} K ¦0 E !/ 80 3 @&T0 f N? 13 !; . n 2' K © T!0 0G 2'!0 © > !%?Q ¤G,B Œ ^ 2' KF 2 . U. Y K. Y . 4*9/ I ' : ( (z E|! 5 ~ @s( @s~ B ". 11 20 / [ Q 9G F / = N)Q 20 œ@ E @Bl P EI@, = 0 o › œ@ , [ z 20 — 4 OT • (* \ T… e . ^i ‹ J •` œ@ * E B ?F ,*@;/ š! *@N < $% / E N %^F ,*@;/ 'sK (* N"Q . 8,%* J B Tm M@N EI@, #$% [ ) ?F N* 34) % { 80 J ,0 J ' @* ; '%* ´ ´ 0/ @ F . 3 . ƒ s A ' † : = i @,* A ' † F 0•Q EI@, [Å|?ÉF †EF : 2. !) : !) * 2'+ / E B E` 3!(ˆ ? B Z ( EQ . 8 . %K > / ?` / :]* X O ! 1 / 4 O c s% / :F O . z . W P J % ! ( %4 5 0, !) Z . _. J@:³ !? 2! ? •` 9… !" ! !B J 9!% E !/ . . ) O* %:F (* = N)]/ :F • A ) ( oK O ¤GK A O( "@ 3( {*@7 ! : % 9•Q *@'Æ (* = N)F %? @s% ." 12 11 A £ ^ \ 0 1 4 H/ L n2 \ 4 | H 1 j*@ : \ ( Î! ~ E T!0 ) / : @} s% 1 ! 6 i 1987 =( 1 „ 19 x 21 .
4 . ƒ s U e † > ‚ ' (. : } @, / /@‹ 2!N~ @B *³ 9 s 1 !? ?i ! @s = 0 80 n 67 1 š* 0* ; ) ^ O/ , DW '0 • • !% M@N EI@, > • P !0…Q … , Ï !? Ð EI@, L / @ " ‡ HY ˆ % ) 0 )2 d " ", [ : " O :³ 80 j• K š! F ] [ ! ` Ó0/ j c E³ Œ 20 (0" • !% EI@, > • P !0…Q … , 20 * EF !? Ð ?‡@, : L E : H!$G , 2!0 , ‰6…` . k 5 : R6:Q j* ´ .... 5 : … : = N)Q n*@s ... . ‰. : ' g? V ) Q ‰6… ( G, EI@, 2!g 5 / Q ! ... . Š b : 2r )F Ô G/ ] 0 2 Q %:F ¤G, ... . N_ : @s? *@s ,0 2'0 ›* 3%7 e @G ) j (* p 2!0 ... . ‰. : s% @* $ ?i V ... ( 5 : EI@, / y & i [ @ R … 80 *I E N! .. . ." 13 80 5 %* X ^ O/ -!s EF 20 * @* ( @*@$ 80 n0;* \ R ! !+ ,* j c '! ` s* E B ` J B *³ 1 9 • (N J * a ( J @* ; 0 9/ K 9!0• 9T !? T4 ¦0" * @* ; . 5 . ƒ s {_ _ Y ‹ 'E .2 : 80 0B EI@, EF \ 80 Q /F B›* / F $0;G : s 8 (0 r_ K . 9Ns $0;G †E]/ =|k
H! h @:I œ@a \F š! EI@, 9B EI@, r ) P ) ‰@^ @4BF F $0;G O . 14 12 % TL 1 )+ ( N >_ ) / : 1= 0 > !)` 1984 =( 1 „ 25 . 13 @ ; TL ^ O/ 1 0 &/ 0 / 4 H: ) š? : 1@s(0 ! ? 1984 =( 1 • 1 „ 1 39 x 41 . 14 80 Q /F \ 1 ^ )+ \ K.>E emY ) D* N : 20, 1 1971 = .(
6 . (Œ [• : ? ( *|!0Êi b0 / f/ B j B " )+ T TE > c " "
Major Themes of the Qur'an
" . BF 80 2' •` @G 3T0 • ) \ @ Q 2N l 1 ! Q EI@, L 80 |!B@ / ¦ l M@N EI@,0 £ Ts / > A 5 B R ª ,0 OT+* . Õ³ $( 80 ! Q EI@, L ) K : 2. A (God) . 8 . … / E ?i @" (Man as individual) . z . nT ’ E ?i (Man in society) . _. !%; .(Nature) A. ) J %( (Prophethood and revelation)
. . !%!b (Eschatology) . |. @s E ;!s (Satan and evil)
.
Ž .
Tz 'Æ T0
(The emergence of the Muslim community)
.
• .
N T0 T&0 Î* n (The religious condition of the
Muslim community in Mecca).
{ . ? * w6 : 5 N 9 F / E * Q . 15
(People of the Book and
different religions). EF H0G T!K > I N"F O (T+ Œ * ( jk L f,0;( E N j* ´ @* ; •` • W •F ¦^ G/ !? ?i = 0 T0 Q f! F . 7 . • w • B~ † : -!s F / \ 6! O*@s E@, O (!? T4 @: F £|b TL x A u x TN* f EI@, @N * fGK ? E B 9 U ·!¾¾ ¿ " !Š*|& " Ï M@N EI@, L O f/ B j N" 1 " ^ )+ b > c "P , [ K " : 80 * ?]/ [ , ON« J@4B !? n M@N EI@,
15Fazlur Rahman, Major Themes of the Quran, 2nd Ed. (Minneapolis, U.S.A.: Bibliotheca
Í L ". 16 Tm O < W S : 80 [ E N 1 ) A 1 , : n*@s !/@ E ! 1>|z # % 1—I@, ¤G, . 17 £|b -!s EF œ@ [6: O @'g* x A u x J@N" TNW D? B T+ 'z 9… * O / O !'T 1 \@N % J@;! O f6+" '• E B OŠ 1 / 0 F 80 \ 0G {!ˆ ON* X ?¨" EI@, *Ö/ f,!ˆ f7 % ;% @ / . 18 > b ` + ,* hYN … , EI@, L * W > T0 > I . ( E` 9/ ' T!K O ¤, (* + / '+ / ` M@N EI@, 8,%* N f* @ f@* ; f ( 9Ns • f!) ”! f EI@, L f) 5 % 8,%* N Z ( .
_.
C+ r> Q' X Y 4 H/
! J ) @*@, / … f4* ) f« K > T0 œ@ Q O J \ EI@, . O J ) J *I 3/ j ( / G l J . . 80 w@ / … 9NB EI@, F h@:Q J . 3/ j ( ´ f@g? Q J . J , 3/ d/@ j G* f? !)F H0G* f +" . E N!" J . * W K j!b f? !)F ' * • @ • J f E N* EF . [ ,* EF ¦ l [ 4 : †E` > ( J . nT ’ 2!g( 6 i EF T! . = ! EI@, *I n!v !" “@ s D > ( J j $" . J ) J . * W > T0 w6 : / G O 1 (' +*F = | f / * O f? !)F & " ¬ ”! f J !}@ J . * W H0 ,0 ! @ !&'( 5 G º ON / . Â* ," { ©*‡@ ( j!b S *I *I J *I @ * P J 0 ! . (* K 8 c EF ©4 16 £ |b TL 1 ^ )+ b > c ) J@ , : 1> " J $G ˜ 4 1 1994 =( 1 „ 20 . 17 HC ‰ Y 1 „ 23 x 24 . 18 £ |b -!s j B , '( @B / ¤× ¦ l / T!K f% B " Q' X 4 H: a ^ )+ > ".i @N F , š! ¦ l •` 6 . K * Õ] OÆ #) % †EF @ F @ ©!?I@, J 0 ' (T+ P = N)Q F N"Q œ *@ f @ J d/ @ O #$% A @ O osN „ b E f f 0 e J . T0N 3/ . y@"F , "6 : / G > T0 3/ • •` 34) % †EF 2'+ / ) #$% @N?F ) '©%^ ˆF ! J . 19 , 80 @ 34) % - / • '%s ) #$% J@N G ? J 0 ! G : / !?I@, J 20 "¨/ F . 21 w @ \@g( @ ? p ¼ & ` n ; •l T(/ ! J ) [ ) ,!% / = K \ @&~ J 3 a EF F *‡F % L #$ J !?I@, ' … / O fT' . %* 4) % > T0 F \@N( 80 2 E !?I@, J ! J ) @ / ) / K O* > T0 [ KF ! J 22 B O @g( w@G/ F 2 ,%7 2• ˆ c =F 2' . K @4N* J Ø7 s = i [ K Z % ] 23 EF Ge0 J ) J •i 8 ©) œ@a •` w ´ J ) !+K E N '" * +K T' E` '!? 1 G 4 E ( › J . [ K : " !+K y ? 3( › J J 4B ÙE 80 D0T ^ E` 1J ) ." 24 %* > › > I J , O7 EF £ T0 > ," OTN* d > T0 %B O 2• B ,} 2´ K ` Q 08 I > @, 0 / Z@T EI@, * 1 ( ' 1 ` 0… " !?I@, J 0 ! J ) / @Ki \F@ • . " J ) #$% 0 ! @, J " l EI@, !%7 OTN* !?I !/ 0* T! ¦ l E . 19 [ 4 9!% 80 @g? : ! 1 Q' X Y 4 H/ Z@ [6 Y „ 1 24 x 25 . 20 4c E F 94 ^ )+ Q' X Y 4 H/ 0 gC „ 1 22 x 24 . 21 94 : / B 3 a VJ& Q' X Y 4 H/ \ “ „ 1 95 x 121 . 22 \@s‘| \ / !( @N/ ¼F 94 ,% O* E @/ ¼@ O/ @N/ ¼F \y @ O* @e" . 23 R $ ` /F Ø7 s 1 Y ) / : 1¼@ @N ˜ 2 1 1395 / 1975 =( 1 • 3 1 „ 412 x 420 ) 80 =6N O J@s 4 4 ] |*| 5 N [ Q 9! .( 24 HC > mY „ 1 416 .
/ F } M@N EI@, EF E (ˆ o0 Ÿ J@s n J . V " J " $" EI@, 80 20 j . ^ O/ [ K : " EI@, *I © O (! ;, !T EI@, $0;G O J ( 3B@s ™) 5@ ( !T ¦0 D ^ 2' ". 25 , V @N EI@, © ( K ! @ @s f T f @ J : 1 . € I,*Dy+ J‚ '$_" 5M (M ”r> #. :q C $' S‹ ' & -BC - M •}$0> Q $I/$&,* )#@
,* )#@ ! " ) _ (M hR Sn $I/$& • ) J@,% : 23 (. 2 . € ! " !)#@ ;–y#B$J/$T" #[,R I#J#. ,,R Q #. $IJ,—M&: ˜r> T $I#J$ ' L-B&: ) 2 ) , & " > 9$ 0
) > 9$ : - 7z# $ • ) / : 64 (. 3 . € $IJ$& #L$ !e " ,$ ,2 ?C Wq/$T" T> ‰ U ! ™#. & + ) 2 ˜r> T $š #BC,2 + W#@ (0 ' " ‰- $(, C C$> W , R • ) / : 86 (. 4 . € ,2 … W#@ $:_ | $I, ›0 2 ,L ,0 (- $IJ$& ˜r> T $š #BC SU & + (09!" - q 3C œ#@ AW ) w$/$ 0 $IU 3C œ#@ $IJ$:_ B * #@ 3 $ #> $IJ$:_ B 7ˆ - I#J#. ,,R Q (09!" - 2 $I#Jž $ #> S‹ ) * $IU : • ) / : 124 x 125 (. 5 . € Ÿ n , mC" -I, ” ] 2 $(M $I,* 0 [U •¡$K. S‹ #@ $IJ•$K. g-C ˜r> T $š #BC,2 … W#@
7ƒ$ R $IJ-C q#. IJ. ,,R ! " ) J H0 !i • ) / : 127 (. 6 . € $I/&,* )#@ ! " ) _ (M $I/$K e/$T" #( '$_" 5M ”r> #. :q [,R A / " ) , ,0 $ƒ 2
hR_ n • ) š? * : 38 (. 7 . € ) _ (M $I/$K e/$T" #( '$_" ” 0 /H 5M •> T # $wK#. :q [,R A / " ) , ,0 $ƒ 2 hR_ n $I/&,* )#@ ! " • ) : 13 (. 8 . € BC 2 U &$X U & BC 2 ˜r> T ) !* 9: $I, !K! ” &M. ” 0+ …J &
• ) ( : 1 (. 9 . € $0 2> ,L / " J *,W ˜ $ › ˜r> T $š #BC,2 + W#¢ ˜r> T $š MBC i$ & + (09!" ,L ,0 š #. ,,R Q (09!" $IJ S‹ $ q $ " ( $ ' MQw$~ " gC ?$ #@ ) ,g&0 7ˆ - $I#J
• ) TL : 20 .( 25 ^ O/ 1 4 H: 0 &/ 0 / •1 1 1 „ 84 .
r @g( / *³ V T n% " J "F " " !³ {} ,~ osN? : 2. O T O E N EI@, EF o0 ž !Ge^ J 9N h@:Q O 1 @'g* • K : € 5M (M ”r> #. :q … • • K 1 : € ... ”r> #. :q [,R 5M … • • K 1 : € ... 5M •> T # $wK#. :q [,R .. . • . 8 . / ]* EF 80 5@ 0 EI@, \ W @ F @, J ) J € ... :q ”r> #. 5M ... • TB EI@, @GKF EF = ©0 9T s @G( @ˆ N @G J *I <6ˆ 80 '( 9B . 5@ |& K '• O 5@ |& EF £ %* \ $ l O i K6 ´ *I 9K E` EI@, 94 J / E ! ,©!ˆ ) . p J 0 ! J . 0 [ L ?F ¦ l 8 ?i O o ›* EF 5@ > b0/ O E B E` ™) E †;, =6N @… ( — n \F f f6© B f… : " J ." nK \ $ r 7 GK . F G," 8 O \ $ • J GK •F ' . " |& O ˆ ) . l J / E ! i *I <6 ) J GK J \F ( 7 K =6B ?F 0 |& . F [ 7 8 • O \ $ †EF ' ?i . > (% n F [ E J 9N^ . N * ; ™) M@N EI@, Ê O J 4N *³ l 0 1 G 0; J $ 1 ( ' ,* [ Â nK 5 % F '!" P ( ) ' … / fJ 0, . \ W J / \ $ 5@ ( ® , 8T = 0 2 / \ $ DK . 9, . — l *I J " . z . ž K J EF J B *³ O H+ * ) f @a = . 80 |N @ F f ) K @'g* 2´ ;: y@/` 3," ( H+" 94 • : € 9‡ ' L-B&: )2 ) &Y > IJ T ,,R \ #. $IJ,—M&: ˜r> $I#J#. ... • ) / : 64 (. Ï / D!Ï 2r $ " E ," ( J > • K 2' . @'g* +*F • K : € T> ‰ U € . & + )2 ˜r> T $š BC˜2 W@ .. . • ) / : 86 (1 %0; * A / E «i ' T" O n '• . K +*F @'g* • : € ... *,W ˜ $ › ˜r> T š B$C,2 W¢ ,L / J ... • ) TL : 20 (. N J " T )i / ´ *I D … P J $ '" 1[ T ) > ? / s = \F 1= N @ ´ T0B D ( E` ™) @ 80 ´ D . ) ® @'g* TB ©! J 0 B ( J © / 9T 5 ©• . K ´ *I n J © • A T© ´
,0 = N)Q Œ . !?I@, J 0 ! J ) EF ( H+ * fl` EI@, BF @ F M@N V n% [6: O H TB " J " —I@, R ! . ! O ?F ©%* EF 0 [ KF - / {% •` o! F > T ] @N E @Bl E ,/ . *@ J o*@ / F %(" ‰ n 8^ T * f . ^ O/ [ K – A u x : " ;K J 1„ G‘ 2 / J T 1E b * * • * %/ (! EI@, O *I <6ˆ 80 9T s Ü= œ@a @4B]" ¦0 *I — !0 |N @ J1 F O Ý^ ? 5 % % ( — O !0 9T s !+ , O F [  ." 26 TB EF o©*@ O H EI@, x © \F J x N0" ) G, F ) . \F Þ= œ@a r J ¦0 ©*I — © . ,*@7 80 o©*@ a !… ^ O/ 5 …F K …Q " 3! ? f • o©*@ > & f. ) O f6+" .  2 , TB !?I@, *³ #$% / ] = * ©$ / % TB !?I@, J 0 {!K { 1 5 B '(T+ P O š% KF EF F & q gK I % T y A – A u ¤ *|* ] f) . ,0" m @*@, > T0 [ KF ¤ ) J ," fb!0/ fG!e0 !?I@, J 0 ! [ : * @:Ö/ F ]/ @:I {0 * ) =6B '" * +K T' J E` § 8 @ 0T •` ) œ@a TB ) !+, - %/ '+ / 9Tz {0 J. ?` a ' ® g? 2 2 J O !v @g( > ! ' !+, > |•F @Bl O ®a TB . 27 @% y O J ) ] O ) @… 9Ns/ !?I@, J ! *@g©? " } + F o} Æ (* N E ?i [ ) !• *| j; , [ : 2$ 0 ) — J ( TB > + Q 2$ 0 ?i 2 • E : ;K 9B 3%" ´ • ˜ / 0* TB T' ?F O , E Tg K " O 9G ( %^ • T' ^ O N !W t} j4B O TŒ d s* TB ¦% G Q R @ 3* @s / E + O 5 ‹ J 0v \@ * 0B ¦ l > © 26 HC > mY . 27 y A % TL 1 I gK q & ) D* N : 20, 1 . . (1 „ 159 .
a ' T© \ › 3 f… : f @ z :]* TB ) f K 2 œ@a > F 80 0T§ E * f : n ) * + } Æ w6 . 28 *F $G f6!…] [ K y: " B EI@, [ 7F ¦!0 ' @ ? J O f 4 R …F J '^ YBF Ý^ \]" @4BF e — T0 f v F 0 @4B f!: @ 2!&( /F f Ê 9* . J ¦0 v P J@,% +/ D !" ) *I P} 3? Ð f T Ê 3? Ð f !? r |? 5 % F O (! ` 9… fT D? B ' Ê 3/ @ n 3( . 29 Z]/ J@,% J © = g? J ©) @ E B K / . 30 ®ˆF ©," !0 3 a } K 6 : " %+ K / 0T y , d 1" 31 -!s 8 ] £|b -!s / y ®ˆF !0 [ ," f+*F : +K @4B E` J . J ) / J * ^ * ( D!( , * L -!s / ¦ l D! ] A % T [ ( ( y ,% J J@ . F [ 7 J M@N EI@, . ? 0 J ) K / '( 9 &" !+? J. 32 ) K !s £ |b -T' – O [ ’ @ EF " 80 w@ @:I r F [ ( r ! Á J … 2 [ º '0B J [ ( * '0B s P ! m d/ @ ‹ F 9 G @:I @:³ f !'• r r Q f,* ." 33 K 9© " / B ¦ l ^ )+ > Q' X 4 H: a £|b -!s [ ) #!) n!v J M@N EI@, J1 W J / Ž> / ( J ™) 1Z !" ¤m f|• f . l` ¤!e0 ( ) ? {% : O !?I@, J †EF B› n% [6 V 0 ( M@N EI@, J •F Ê > T0 J ) * a r L . p G ‘ E N K 28 HC > mY 1 „ 155 . 29 HC > mY „ 1 157 x 158 . 30 HC > mY „ 1 163 x 211 . 31 3 a 1 ^ )+ Q' X Y 4 H/ \ fVJ& 1 „ 11 . 32 £ |b TL 1 ^ )+ > Q' X 4 H: a ) J@ , : 1R @s 1998 = (1 „ 5 . 33 HC > mY .
) r © ,©!ˆ d/ '(!/ ON 0 ‘ F J OT+ K ´ *I ^ ¦0" 0, J !Ge . r – 80 Ÿ EF #) % F @ © EI@, © O J @ * f f! > ^ 2 ! P #$% !&'( f,) ')@ . F h •@) 4) % o0 Ÿ EF F E ) J 0 ) . * W [ ) E @ J. A " Õ›* • s* O 6B 2'" 9+" > • 80 2} K T ˜ @s ©, {" ' / / w6 : 0 '( . % @ ˆ H!$G t N?` •` J © F f š! > @ . J ) / [ , J. #c O f6+" -!s y ! J ) J@,% J £|b -!s O [ 9N 9KQ 80 04 F Í 5@+/ = | n f M@N EI@, #$% ! ³ [ T Q {% •` o!+? : 1 . (%) Ou@ % N — ! 1 X r ] \ ) “R H r> “T . : t ) 5 B (. 34 2 . : *y 3 a TL 9!0 1 ] Y r f e: T >_ Vp r> T \ ' X . 35 3 . … \ m ‰ % ‰6 1 C+ R r> Q' X 4 H: : T “ † r> . 36
4 H/ \
fVJ&
Q' X Y
b / !_F . #$% N* . T0 @ F #$% EQ EF jk ;: T0 t'( 80 = ,* . F #) % 80 b%(!" t'( ¦ / =| 0* E m ¦0 O f6+" ; !,0m G / !†0W J @ !T0 T0 #$% '%0; * P #$% … : M@N EI@,0 . 34 — ! -!s !" [ ) 5 B O J % x A u x ˜ %( ! J ) B E K@ J @/ K J [6: O M@N EI@, @/ . @g? : 1— ! N(%) Ou@ % r ] \ ) R H r> T . : t X ) {s : 1n*y @s( %;0 20, 1412 / 1992 = .( 35 ) #$%0 ,!%; •l O J % ! J . @g? : 3 a P &J / \ V 4 H Q' X Y 1 „ 141 x 169 . 36 J % #$% ! J ) #$%0 ,!%; •l O / B O >|• 1 : h. Q' X Y 4 H/ e/ 0 g& d „ 1 239 x 294 .@Æ ( L 34) % !&'( ] *‡@/ •@Ÿ N $ A @ O osN #$% @^ %* 0 ‹ 0 F H0;G [6: O > ! J ) F —I@, F . ©!?I@, J . Tb hÄ| À* K œ 4) % w6 : •` &'( 3 ;: d% m O f6+" #$% d0 l t'(T0 !,!%; ;m ©!&'( F t'( 3/ . 4) % o0© : TB ™) E š ( !T > s . , [ 4 9!% 0 " ‰@… ! A H " } K 6 " : ? t'©( / Î *@; P ;m F , , ' % b%(* 0 h G * Oq Œ ! "... . 37 F Q E ( / f/ B j B ," " \ T >_ Q' X Y 4 H/ ^ )+ "P " $ O < % J 0 ! J ) #$ - / —I@, . ! / 9Ns/ #$% ;: d =. 38 L F 3 a 9G h@:Q '" •` h / 0; !&'( H! #$% ;: B E ( EF O 2a@ 80 / J& \ fV Q' X Y 4 H/ . W ," [ 4 9!% 0 < 3 a (T+ P !&'( * +, O ' 5 B G " T> Y fC+ " '&0 ^ ,? œ@ J ) E !/ 4* ~ ! OT '• ` O 9 a EI@, J ) #$% !&'( #$% EI@, ! . 39 ," {% T f6+" : #) % nK ^ 3/ |©!« 20" H &'( d0 ˜ @ " @ @ 94 — N / 20 [  nK 5 % F x K Ï 8 % g)6p J :Q Ÿ Š!% x !%; ;m 3/ !, 4 #$% #$% E ( ! : 9 ¦ l •` . 40 r a 5 % Q D+ K !&'( #$% !%7 2! , 3T K •` #$% : , / {0 * 2 K !&'( !&'( * ©+K !" ¡ ? © '( / d/ . / {0 * 2 K H! n 0 !,!%; ;m $% # , P ')@^ = . 37 ! 1 Q' X Y 4 H/ Z@ [6 Y „ 1 56 . 38 @g? : Q 1 T >_ ^ )+ Q' X Y 4 H/ \ „ 1 21 x 23 . 39 3 a 1 ^ )+ Q' X Y 4 H/ \ fVJ& 1 „ 21 x 49 . 40 HC > mY 1 „ 35 x 49 .
1
.
fVJ&Y
Y
K
Y Z E : –@ * EF jk ( 3/ #) % R t' F #$% !&'( ,*@7 #$% . E` ( t' : ( {0;(* P *@g( G ! Q , #) % ' / 0 EI@,0 @ À/ !b F H0;G #$% [6: O • A @ O osN !?I@, J F —I@, F . Ó%G(* > • / #) % ' &'( 7i ( 94 : \ t' '( F \F@ / F ˆ] / ©!v Œ F ¦ l •` E , t . F ,*@; '" = | ' % / #) % = ©,* P Tg ( !,!%; ;m ©4c > (ˆF Œ : \ t'( 7` . ,*@; " #) % |&(* Œ P ! !0!G ;m / {0 F {,º 0T " . Y C 5 : EF Z ( 34) % - / \ \@N G 90: “ ( ?F o0 ep \ <@ O ®b* . !B] / )6…` jk ];: % ( * 80 EF " ®b* 9!TN 9/ O /F '• +(* •` 2 • J , ' ". 41 9/ E` • d% @ / • F • / . B›* G *‡@ ,/ : 9+"F [ Q = , " l` 3 ‹ !0+"Q ® š! © ‹ / ‹ [ % %? @:I / :Q f!0B Š*|& " ` ` ( f6* / EQ ‹ •` ‹ % ( / = Q •` J ;: † ` š! Š*|& •` . 42 5 5 Y : / (T0 l` E] [ !ˆ ?F • A =6B { d/ +/ =| 0* @ ˜ @s/ oG * EF Ù Š(!) #) % 80 j&!" ! / ˜ % 0 T0 #$% d/ 0TÊ P 0* T!" ' : “ * EF [ …]/ T0 @ E N , / 0G = 0 0 B EI@ > @, 2 ( ß ( -[ …F -[  5 % F @" !/@ b†0 !) , ¦ l à ' . “ * EF #) % 80 jk @$ *@N {} j(& * 9,( d%+ R G 5 G h … : ,% N"Q |!$ Og !0, . 41 |b £ 1 ^ )+ > Q' X 4 H: a „ 1 6 . 42 TL G @K / 1 C+ T> Y ) *: 1 %;T0 w 1409 ( „ 1 41 . ) w@G / ( .“ 0$ * EF #) % 80 jk !/ Q &s / 8 w@G/ {~ / @'z G* O O @g( R ~ ) 20Æ 94TB s N ,!, 376 . “ 0G = 0 [ …F - %/ = i = O*@… 34) % V)6* [6:i F / @4BF F '( J ) / . % O f,} E N©* EF jk #$ E B OT" O " o(G F 'T0 * P ] n• 0 F 5 z &!" 2r › / > © @B [ , O ?Q 3,/ > T0 •` . •@ / F ] j N ' F •` . •@ / ( [ ,* † F H!$G t' 20 * € _ ¥,H " m " ‰$ - " !)#@ 7I ' #. ? Š$ ¦ : i 3i ¥$ $&' ) * ?—S“ ,2 §[,* • ) > @ i : 36 (. † F jk f+*F 8,%* *Q w N = F \ EF !0 " ¦l 20 j0;* †EQ @'g* TB Ø B @ F 20 / 20 K • : € & T$> 2 …
) $K: i I/$&,* )#@ #*<9 " [$U 2 , q$T™ $I#J$ #@ ;Q] ›C 3i #> !i#@ ? $ R ( • ) 9$( : 43 (. . Y K : ? '• h GK [ %* EF #) % 80 jk § . ?F n!T G 43 P #$% 80 *I E N EF 80 M@N EI@, 9G! 2N~ Z . ‰ 80 f :F f F . • [ K : € 8 / " ?$ #@ …& BC 2 < 3RM m Md ™#. $‰#-/: i ! " LBC 2 … #. IJ&$. I, $]™ $ ' 3& $J #8 / " ( $0 0 ($. Md " ( =Dy… - ' $IUDy+ $U 2 … ¨ ) J } : 48 (. , E N* EF jk G #) % 9 J 4c . [ ) J@" 0 T0 %,* 6" Š!^ 9 ` f 9! 20 / † . &! A =6©B . ;* 0 GGe h )` = ' F *@g? F < $% h )` J J@N" n f," © !$… šN f+*F H . !&'( ;,( h@* 3 a ?F * EF jk EI@, O š! E B 9: \F 9: * \F ,*@7 \]/ ¤? h *³ ! Q @… ( 9!Ns „ G? EF ® * . T0 $!$G ©* %( ( T0 3 / / $G [ KF © O > !%*@& = 0 < cF ' ?]/ ! 6 i *@N ! @s 2 © / ?i !? H0G* ¦ l •` * . [ K #!) : 43 9: * G l : ' ?]/ ) \F@ / ˆ] / ( ! 0: w6 : / 1 1O*@ ¦ B < cQ ) 80 ! * !) !? ?i = 0 < cF *@N !?I@, ¦ l •` > .
!,) 80 j4B O w@ ? F l` , %(* . EI@, oK O @©!a 9©: ? EF b [ © @ #©* )]B ©!0N! #$©% ©(/ 9Ns P @… ( ) 20 !0 A 80… ( [ KF / $G 3 / … O 2 / O F 0 O @4BF 6!G 8; [ KF O ¦ l a F Q > T M@N EI@, oK ... #$% E N* EF ?@ˆI M@N EI@, 80 @G , j $" .... 44 ! ` j l "6: h F Î?` 3 a • * ?F Y \F T0 94 •` ‰ (&0 !• > ³ . E` 9/ ( oK … : #$% / @+* q 5 G0 j? &' ,* K "I O {!+* 0 O 9 ? [ ©º !_F / . . • [ K : F ... *<9 " ?$ #@ & B$C 2 $I#J$ #@ LMBC #N -& (M / ) ! H/0 $IJ!K • ) 9$( : 44 (. • [ K : € ) -. /0 1 2 345 * 3 1/$6" ! " # $ % &' $( ) * $ )+$ , " * UDy… W#@ # 2 #($DE" (M 7$ 2 $I
#$&/$ 0 (09!" K $IJ$& # $DE" Q $ ,2 S‹ #@ #L T- " ‹ #@ A ›_> $ #. ' W 2 Ÿ$ " $IJ$& C ,e
!i#@ ) e$-w " I/$K -: i / $]> $I, $ ' ! " ,[$• i$ ©31 R • ) > ( : 82 x 83 (. – ™) \F fK @ f? N *@s * %( ( 9 W J@… !?I@, #c EI@, * +, 0!0W . % ) 80 , % †E¨" 9T EI@, j? • •` ( !0N J G O* N f! F f G ' … / TB M@N EI@, *³ 9* ] 9!0$ !0T F EI@, * +, 9* ] 9!0$ 0 !&'( J Q 9!bs > s?` 9)@ fT' f \–› •F ,0 $!$G #* )Q >@, / = ,? EF n!; ? [ 4 9!% 80 6 i <@ 9} F ! [ ’ / * +, 2!, '} j @? S '(!/ nTÊ a \ G K F T • M@N EI@, Œ > • P . O %B / ? | ( E¨" ¦ l O f6+" " w … Q " 3) P • @ g * +, 9* ] O @ !/ ((N• !?I@, w … Q •` w + . 45 l¨" !0 †EF B] \F O 80ž #) / ( 3 / / $G [ KF $!$G ˜ @^ 2 F ©)]/ 9·:F ?Q ©0G/ •` D« 4c E¨" > T0 @B . O f6+" †E¨" (} T0 ( – F … : O*@ (© ) J 44 3 a 1 ^ )+ Q' X Y 4 H/ \ fVJ& 1 „ 32 44 . 45 &! , % — 1 " ! 20 9* ] "P KY 1T@ j 1 ) ( 3 1 15 1 o*@: 1418 / 1997 =( „ 73 x 74 ) . w@G / (.
! ' !Æ 2 @G w = 0 2Œ 2'… G : [ . • 9 ^ O/ K6 [ , 9G * ' ?]/ = 0 [ ," / : / F 80 EI@, / = 0 K6 E` j @ : Z E : '(T+ = 0 , R6:Q j* ´ 2 Q > !%?Q %:]B EI@, n*@s , % !/@ [ …Q a6 . 5C : *| = 0 – TN~ B T0 @ ) 0 ( : Š!r K 0e „ . 5 5 : 94 J *› > • F '! ` ^F = 0 : ,%7 20 {;( j; œ Q . K“. : 0 r ©K6 = !• 4! " ! @•| B •6;% ` / 0 B : 80 3 •Q ` 2 , œ @ . 46 : P „ G( = 0 EF 3% * N P 9 ` EI@, / r ©K6 : 80 3 • N F •6;% !/ TB †6 '( ^ O/ . †B›* G ? ,!,~ †EF ' @N 5 ‹ ˆF j * — ?i . ?F @ 9T !%7 * ©W [ ©," " : O . 80 @g? |B@* @N 5 ‹ ˆF j * ©!? N F ©! T • F * } , J ©!~ O . ¦l [ ) — ?i {©!%; K [ 0) O — © ?i @N K 9B s á@" ˜ ,? O ©0Š F O Ÿ ". 47 s* % , P !T0 !" ,4 !; †EF •` / !0T !( J G n(… “ s !%; — ?i !,s/ • Œ n" * 0)@ O • @m > @, b†0 = 0 '!" = e P \ b†0 9!0$ ¤$ . O / !%( + !%0 B s E N K ) J … 2 !/ k` E N K B s EF •` '^ s ) !; . 48 b Y : T0 !Ÿ 5 & @ <@ E]/ (T0 l` s ! Ž> @ˆ 9N ( [ N^i " 0 4* \ &' 0T #) % F %* O*F O ( O 9 â K n ?i 5 & J !~ , O =F !? K O =F âEI@ O =F ânK •` EI@, O S EI@, •` n 46 ^ O/ 1 0 &/ 0 / 4 H: • 1 1 1 „ 45 ) . ©/ @ , .( 47 Y > m HC 1 „ 34 . 48 , % 1 " T I ' [0 q/ 4 H/ : >_ + ƒ JHY \ T QT 4~/Y k "1 „ 49 .
, •` nK O S nK •` EI@, âEI@ , †BF G †EF ‹ * ? ) EI@, •` > ' ? nK O R6; . †EQ 2 •` *@s% /@& —I@, 9 ] i 2' ( t (* H!$G —I@, 6 nT ’ = !, * @+ T!0 !? /@ 2! / . 49 ,* [ G " : fl` F %* EQ J !~ nK n EI@, 2$ 0* K O ' (* n s 2!, … / EI@, •` h @g? T©! > 80 W /@ ?i nK ‹ !0 E N EF b%(* @7F !? — ". 50 [ ) K 3 a O R6;? †EF B]" J@N O {0;? l` K n s > y@ * EI@, ‹ >. ‹ EI@, O {0;? l` (* nK o©sN t > (% . T 3 ,*@; • ( +'( 3 ~ 's + \ . !/ S R6;? jk ?F *F O šN š! nK •` EI@, O " [ , " : 9T N •` R6;? / † ` J@g( Ž> / J ©!~ M@N EI@, O ." 51 %* 9Ns EF £ !%; j ( &'( EF © , E N ‹ S M@N EI@, O R6;? J EI@©, •` . •@ S nK •` M@N . N* N 6;? E ( | * $!$… %0… J K O R G 2! / #) % ' T©! O [ * o(G* E ,* @N * @g(!" J ©!~ nK •` [Â* S ©!?I@, oK 3 *‡@ / © * S : ) ©! Q ©!?I@, ©*‡@ ©! K ©*‡@ ( ©* • O EI@, •` @, 80 T' @ !" *‡@/ •@Ÿ EI (T©! '©!" 80& $ j N O a 80 EI@, *@g( "Q ! N© ¦0 1 !? © ?i 5 & 2 ! *‡@ . 0* ( O #) % {0;(* EF % @ t' & !" nK •` © * S EI@, © N n©K •` ¦! . +Ÿ 6" *@s% 5 & 0 EI@, n h EI@,0 !? ?i 5 & n+Ÿ EF jk 9/ '+) S O •6;/ © " E !%/ ` r %,/ ` '©!" EI@, 2N) . T_ Y : %0; ©4c . ©!%;/ f! E N* EF #) % 80 jk . / †EQ @ © / j0; -) F *@s ; 9 Ÿ 9 0 F \ /@ 49 > mY HC 1 „ 34 . 50 HC > mY 1 „ 35 . 51 3 a 1 ^ )+ Q' X Y 4 H/ \ fVJ& 1 „ 31 .
'ˆ )Q . 4 Q 80 0 4B @B ? J M@W . 'z . '( /@ @Tm —I@, ¤G, . O •` • © º *³ #) % n+!" &'( R ! O j ( • N +(* . 9N f !+( (, f6 N f t ( E N* ™) . Y K. : • '• E]/ f! E N* EF #) % 80 jk E N* K \@s/ ' @ ,( F J *| F j* ' 0 F -,( F !v ' 1 †EQ > T©0 ( n%s* A =6B 4B O {0Ÿ J@ @ } & ' ( % . * 0T O, * EF #) % 80 j&!" !0 H ’ M , @* ; 0 [ @G 9B .
Q' X Y 4 H/ \
e6
!&'( ;m 80 #$% |B@( #$% 3/ B@s H0;G . , !?I@, J —I@ . !" ;m ¤e0? 0* T : 3i 2 : 4 H/ t X 0 ª : 4c . !: *@~ #) %0 . 52 Ÿ EF \F F f L F f F $0;G (* J ?³ !&'( , {" / r @B P d;e0 f % * • f,) ')@^ . 0 * W †E]/ T !K f * W . * f, 7)i 80 f 4B !• #) % 80 9' * %? • n!v O / ,/ O | ! . •` . ( * EF b%(* !` w +* F M@N EI@, . C : t X QR /‚i { ~« ¬KY (' : T0N . • ¨/ ¦l !" * •` ˆ64 '0…F !? O #$% S 4 J 's b†0 2• ' 2& 9 0 ~« Š ¼Q 3 ~ uF *@By O/ Z " O/ ) 595 ( 2& 1 8 K ) O/ =@N O/ TL O* [v 9+ ¼Q g( ) 711 ( F n©•@ 1 1 @G: K g( O/ EQ ¦l › ,/ 2• -~ }09 \@ yã I c ! O/ Ž m \@ &0 r J „ * O/ 0J& 4B O/ . 52 94 34) % - / n+* \ m ‰ % ‰6… 1 E]B #$% . ! : f7 @^ !(• 0 . E N* e " O !~ " ! ` • W F Q . F \@g? EI@, 9B E !) J@} O {!!+ 1 !) h@:F ! / • * Y {!!+ 1#$% !) ? O !) ? O > @4/ @+* \@:F ,"F O {!+* . @g? : E F 1 0 gC Q' X Y 4 H/ ^ )+ „ 1 25 ¬ m \ 1 0 g& h. Q' X Y 4 H/ d e/ „ 1 54 .•@ b%(* / È©!% ™ j N •` . — O 4 !?I@, µ Q T0N 9 )+ ® H 2 _ H — ' …Q ja @0 ) 495 (1 /* > K/ 8 0 ¦ O/ $! =6 \@G% 1 ' 8 /* ® H E Ÿ ‚2 4 H: \ ® Hp r Ø0~ 3T 0 ) 756 (1 2& " " N Î! ~ 5 *F > ,% ¼Q \ ) 1094 (1 Y )+ ® H E N JHY IVK ^ K % % ›" T 1 ^ )+ ® H 2 IVK nT O G ©!/@ b†0 @Gp . 35 : 0• ‰¯ t X ° K/Y : *³ n!v nTk EF #) % 80 r P 4c . p K6 D? B > K6 K6 l . * T0N EF ® p J@^ % !" J@ Æ ´ K , ^ F ' * h )¨/ F '0…]/ ` ' K6 F #!c J@^ % a l *³ 9Ns/ Z . * +K - / H! 80 @Bl K E N* EF E [ N^Q O !" )@… . ' . 80 T * † F #) % 80 jk M@N EI@, µ Q @' 2• EF !0 jk 9/ j $" F@,* EI@, E B @:I •` F O (/ R * ™) @ J !? osN * 6) . 3K. > : 0+ 2 ' ± 0• 4 H: (' r> “ : YBF O ONq ' ?]/ j B 1 F ( j B \F [ ( 1 !s F | F Tz > \F@ / =F ˆ] / O D? B F < cQ 80 .67 ©*@N !?I@, ?i <@ Z . [ ) — . TB ~ g,! y6 jk @W \ 5 G Z % K {!ˆ F 9,( ( … : K . 3“ 6 : f. : ‹ ' JK“0| : JH &m: ' ± r_ Y t X Y [ “ U : )@ / 0 – F %* . [ ) Äj¾ÉB *³ * b†0 — nv 0)@ @ / ' !(G Z . T0 0 e — •@e 9•F O T’ J @g( @ !0…Q * +, @* f!,;( f!T0 f !(G * +, @ n T'(!/ K6 ! @ d/@ J 9 N = ©Ÿ 9Ns/ !?I@, — !? © ?i *@N * b†0 — 3/ ,;( @ ‰ . . ‰ @/ fa %G 9T '© = n/ ; E ©N* EF 80 @:I > s/ š©! EI@,0 .
T T_ 3: . /* : , / N/ #) % F %* –!%* #$% !" O \ . ' ! : 5 % F : 4c !&'( " F ? T+ 1 #$% ;: . %* S j? ©z / F p {0 \ b†0 1 53 / @ !" †K P * b†0 — 80 |!B@ n — / K6 r @, !?I . / 80 *³ @N . T0 = 7i ¥ ,( / #) % [ ( * s/ 0T $0;G . ( ©%*@, $0;G . 80 0 @^ % 9N ¦ l •` . {" n/ * S 4$% ';% P ;m . ¤e0* • m j N* S !" * +, •` '!" s!" #$% t} ? ' « P '^ ,? O ONT * X P [ E N EF ON 9%, 9, #c . ,!,) •` ( J ^i ‹ †EF /@& O J , #) / 9B •@) O*@:³ O o0 Ÿ 9Ns/ œ@ . %* 94 34) % 3/ š" ( l Z (0 •@:` O ) #$% E , ` .
6
“
²
†EQ !?I@, J@ g Q j …F O E` – & EI@, > ; j+(* (* T4/ ;!º EF v F h @" 34) %0 ON« 3 . T" r !" #$% !&'( † ` '• . / ,0 * +, - % ‰ “ > ;:Q H!$G M , !T( / j0G* s* K L n d! / r 6 ¤} ,( . #$% t} ? ¤!e0 = , ! O 0 . " #$% 80 > + D;0 ,0 †EF D(!%" #$% / F ! J ) . H0;G #$% !?I@, J . †EF BF K = T / UVW X #$% O S 34) % 80 ( Y0 Q t&~ R D !?I@, J 0 ! J ) EF ‡ b ` F ( 9" b jk \ #$% O Z F [ . S 4c D d0e0 f@g? #$% !&'( . F 5@; – KF EF D0+" G 34) % - / h / \ 2 . 34$% •` : [ Q #$% 53 O J #) % : l` %* EF !0 " f! f ' !T #!) O J o*@ / F / '" F ! Q L F L 3%* S r |? nK 5 % F G : .= &'( \ G 7i !" 2 F EF D ) K !&'( , / {0 * #$% ;: 'N0" EF jk P ! Q d/ + . TB @T / J@ ) n% , ¦0 E N EF jk E lF 34) % 20 . F ! O 0 #$%0 ! Q ;m !" D$ ," — 4 #$% *@) … : '( - % / B 4c . ! : #) % YBF 80 .67 <@ O J n ' ?F o0 ep O ONq [ ,) \@s% 80 ( "@ f :F f F EI@,0 (T!r E N EF . f " ? f * • f6T D F K E BF EF • F f :F †0 [ / = T O *|T0 f|" ) E N* . L (!%? 80 A 80… I 80 T 20 %$… . A 20 F .
