Staff Site Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta

Main Points

_{Reference and Denotation} _Connotation

_{Sense Relation}

_{Lexical and Grammatical Meanings} _Morphemes

_{Homonymy and Polysemy} _{Lexical Ambiguity}

1. Reference and

Denotation

_{… a language consists of a large number of}

words and each of these words has a direct correlation with something outside of

language, which is its meaning. And since, if we communicate with one another through language, it must be that we all have the

same ‘idea’ or ‘concept’ associated with each word…….. A mentalistic theory about

concept

association reference

Word object

_{Concept …… a mental picture of what the}

word represents.

_{Reference … the relation between a}

language expression and whatever the

expression pertains to in a particular situation of language use including what a speaker may imagine or it is the way speakers and hearers use an expression successfully.

_{Denotation … the knowledge they have that}

Some considerations

_{Meaning is more than denotation.}

_{People not only talk and write to describe}

2. Connotation

_{Connotation …. the affective or emotional}

associations elicited by a word, which clearly need to be the same for all people who know and use the word.

_{A denotation identifies the central aspect of word}

meaning which every body generally agrees about.

_{Connotation refers to the personal aspect of}

meaning, the emotional associations that the word arouses.

_{Connotation ….the degree of formality, the style}

3. Sense Relations

_{The meaning that a lexeme has because of its}

relationships with other lexemes they are associated with in an utterance is the sense of that lexeme.

_{E.g : 1. A window broke.}

Tom broke window.

2. A happy child, a happy family…. Who enjoys

A happy accident, a happy experience….. That produces

Sense Relation

_{Syntagmatic…the relation of the lexeme}

with other lexemes with which it occurs in the same phrases or sencences.

_{Syntagmatic ---the mutual association of two}

or more words in a sequence so that the

meanings contribute to the meaning of the larger unit, the phrase, or sentence.

4.

Lexical and Grammatical

Meanings

_{A referring Expression…. A piece of language that}

is used as if it is linked to something outside

language, some living or dead entity or concept or group of entities or concepts. The entity is called

referent.

_{Grammatical Meanings are expressed by}

bound morphemes, by function words, and by arrangement of forms in a sentence.

_{Referring expressions and predicates have}

5. Morphemes

_{Morpheme …. A minimal meaningful part.} _{Free morphemes … which can occur by}

themselves.

_{Bound Morphemes… the ones which are}

always attached to something else.

_{The minimal form that can have reference or}

6. Homonymy and

Polysemy

_{Homonyms …two or more forms that are}

identical in speech (pronunciation and spelling) but have different meanings…. different lexeme.

_{Homographs …. forms identical in writing}

(spelling) but not in speech (different pronunciation) nor in meaning and also different lexemes.

_{A polysemous lexeme has several}

7. Lexical Ambiguity

_{When homonyms can occur in the same}

position in utterances, the results is lexical ambiguity.

_{E.g : I was on my way to the bank.}

Ambiguity occurs also because a longer

8. Sentence Meaning

_{What sentence meaning is?}

_{First, the meaning of a sentence derives from}

the meanings of its constituent lexemes and from the grammatical meanings it contains.

Second, at least if the sentence is a

statement, if you know the meaning of the sentence, you know what conditions are

_{In semantics, we are not interested in}

intuitions or hints but we are interested in the instances when the language of the message

implicates some additional meaning that accounts for our inference.

_{Truth-conditional semantics is the study of}

meaning through a consideration of the