The Road to World War I (2)

(1)

The Road to World War I

(2)

Causes of WWI

M

ilitarism

-

policy of building up a strong military to prepare for war

A

lliances – agreements between nations to provide aid and protect on another

A

ssassination – of Austrian Archduke Francis Ferdinand

I

mperialism – when one country takes over another country economically and politically.

(3)

Militarism

1910-1914 Increase in

Defense Expenditures

France

10%

Britain

13%

Russia

39%

(4)

Alliances

(5)

Alliances

(6)

(7)

Nationalism

• At the settlement of the Congress of Vienna in 1815,

the principle of nationalism was ignored in favor of preserving the peace.

• Germany and Italy were left as divided states, but

strong nationalist movements and revolutions led to the unification of Italy in 1861 and that of Germany in 1871. Another result was that France lost Alsace-Lorraine to Germany, and regaining it was a major goal of the French.

• Nationalism posed a problem for Austria-Hungary

and the Balkans, areas comprised of many conflicting national groups.

• The ardent Pan Slavism of Serbia and Russia's

(8)

Imperialism

•

Great Britain, Germany and France

needed foreign markets after the increase

in manufacturing caused by the Industrial

Revolution.

•

These countries competed for economic

expansion in Africa. Although Britain and

France resolved their differences in Africa,

several crises foreshadowing the war

involved the clash of Germany against

Britain and France in North Africa.

•

In the Middle East, the crumbling Ottoman

(9)

Assassination

Archduke Franz Ferdinand and

Duchess Sophie at Sarajevo,

(10)

Problems in the Balkans (1906 –

1912)

• Many different ethnicities

in the Balkans

• Wars to get Ottoman

Empire out of Balkans

• Conflicts over land

disputes

• Country borders do not

take in Ethnic boundaries

• Serbia wants 1) economic

independence from A.H. 2) Greater Serbian Nation

• A.H. treats minority

(11)

Sarajevo Crisis – Assassination

of

Franz Ferdinand

• June 28th, 1914

• Franz Ferdinand and wife

Sophia visit Sarajevo in

effort to better the relations with Bosnian Serbs

• Serbian Nationalist group

The Black Hand, wanted to take this opportunity to

assassinate Franz Ferdinand

• 19 yr old, Gavrilo Princip

was successful in

assassinating the archduke and his wife during an

accidental wrong turn by Ferdinand’s driver.

(12)

July Crisis 1914

• A.H. suspected Serbian government to be

behind the assassination

• A.H. knowing war is looming looked to get

(13)

July Crisis, 1914

Germany’s Blank Check

• A.H. Prime Minister Berechtold meets the Kaiser

about backing A.H. in a potential war against Serbia

• Kaiser Wilhelm gives A.H. a “BLANK CHECK” on July

5th

• Germany willing to risk war now, because afraid after

(14)

Germany’s Blank Check

(15)

July Crisis, 1914

A.H. Ultimatum to Serbia

• Sent an Ultimatum to Serbia on July 19th,

delivered July 23rd

• Serbs given 48 hours to respond

• WITH A PARTNER: Read Ultimatum, answer:

• 1) List the demands Austria has for Serbia

(16)

July Crisis, 1914

A.H. Ultimatum to Serbia

• Sent an Ultimatum to Serbia on July 19th,

delivered July 23rd

• Serbs given 48 hours to respond • Austria demands a lot from Serbia

• Serbia agrees to ALL except 1 key element:

• Serbia refused to allow the involvement of A.H. in

the investigation of the assassination within Serbia

(17)

Escalation to War

July 25th

 Austria breaks off relations with Serbia

July 28th

 A.H. declares war on Serbia

July 30th

 Czar issues mobilization order

August 1st

 Germans mobilize, declare war on Russia

August 3rd

 France declares war on Germany

 Germany invades Belgium – Schlieffen Plan

August 4th

(18)

Escalation to War

• August 1, 1914-

Germany declares war on Russia

because Russia

would not demobilize (Willy-Nicky

telegrams reading)

• August 3, 1914-

Germany declares war on France

• General Alfred von

(19)

(20)

(21)

Domino Effect

Austria blamed Serbia for Ferdinand’s death and declared war on Serbia.

Germany pledged their support for Austria -Hungary.

(22)

Domino Effect

Germany declares war on Russia.

France pledges their support for Russia.

Germany declares war on France.

Germany invades Belgium on the way to France.

(23)

WWI & Russian

Revolution

(24)

The Great, Quick, and Righteous

War

•

The war began with everyone optimistic

that the war would last only weeks

•

Each side was convinced of the rightness

of their cause and charged with national

passion

•

Many of the young felt that the war was a

(25)

Propaganda: Recruitment Posters (activity)

(26)

Western Stalemate

• Europe unprepared for the war- fought a modern

war with modern weapons as if they were fighting a 19th century war

• Trench Warfare

• Schlieffen Plan unsuccessful- Germany and

France frozen and dug into trenches for almost four years

• Trenches full of mud, rats, rotting bodies, and

disease- no access to medical care

• Wet feet led to Trench Foot and the rotting

(27)

Why was WWI a Stalemate?

• What’s a stalemate?

(28)

(29)

(30)

(31)

Western Stalemate

• Men who rushed out of the trenches were

quickly cut down by machine gun power or heavy artillery

• Tanks devised at the time to be heavy

armored vehicles to run over trenches and avoid gun fire

• Germans began to use poison gas in 1915

• Generals ordered attacks hoping to wear the

(32)

Western Stalemate

•

Russia quickly defeated by the Germans

•

Italy betrayed the Triple Alliance by

attacking Austria in May, 1915 – promised

Austrian land

•

Battle of Verdun, February, 1915- Germany

attacked Verdun (France) hoping to

devastate France out of the war –

causalities were more than a million with

300,000 dead – Britain turned to the

offense and pulled Germany out

•

1917- Russia pulls out of the war due to

(33)

What new weapons were used

in WWI?

• Machine gun

• Poison gas

• Submarine

• Airplane

• Tank

(34)

(35)

(36)

(37)

(38)

The True World War

•

The Ottoman

Empire

•

November, 1914-

Entente declares

war on Ottoman

Empire

•

Germany,

Austria, Ottoman

make up the

Central Powers

•

Italy joins

(39)

Allied Powers

Central Powers

(40)

The True World War

•

Africa

•

Allied and Central Powers fought in

Africa, taking colonies from each other

•

Lawrence of Arabia fought against the

Ottomans in Middle East in 1917;

destroyed the Ottomans by 1918

•

African troops used on the fields of North

(41)

The True World War

•

East Asia

•

Japan joined the Allies in 1914 because they

wanted German territory in Asia

•

The U.S.

•

U.S. attempted neutrality

•

1915- Naval war between Britain and

Germany led to Germany sinking the

passenger ship Lusitania, on which

(42)

The True World War

•

1917- Final straw, Germany reassumes

submarine warfare

•

Zimmerman Telegram- Germany promises

Mexico previous territory now owned by

U.S. to keep U.S. occupied

•

Entrance of the U.S. in 1917 gave a morale

(43)

The Homefront

•

Countries at war had to begin conscription

for men and to avoid bringing skilled men

into the military

•

Economic changes

• Price, wage, and rent control

• Regulation of imports and exports • Rationing of food

(44)

Food Shortages (poster activity)

(45)

The Homefront

•

Patriotism dissolved into political

discontent

• British Defense of the Realm Act allowed for the

trying of dissenters as traitors

• Censorship of newspapers and publicized

information

• In 1917, France suspended civil liberties

(46)

Propaganda

• _Zimmerman Telegraph

(47)

The Homefront

• As men went away to war, there were more jobs

available and unemployment declined

• Women also entered the workforce in large

numbers, working formerly male dominated jobs like truck driving and heavy industry – women demanded equal wages (France made strides to equalize pay)

• Women’s roles in the workforce seen as

temporary – would give up jobs when men returned

• Led to a new awareness of women in their own

(48)

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Section 3: The Russian Revolution

Russian Revolution

•

Russia was ill-equipped to fight the war

and suffered great losses – between

1914-1916 over 6 million casualties - Russia

also suffering inflation and hunger

•

Tsarist regime led by Nicholas II pulled

away from affairs – a supposed Holy Man

named Rasputin became influential to the

Tsar, which upset many in Russia – Tsar

(50)

(51)

The Russian Revolution

•

March, 1917, “Peace and Bread” protests

in Petrograd

• Soldiers meant to disperse crowd joined in

• Duma assumed responsibility and Tsar abdicated

•

New provisional government decided to

carry on war to preserve Russian pride

• Opposed by soviets who wanted to end the war –

(52)

The Russian Revolution

• The Bolsheviks

• Marxist Social Democrats led by Vladimir Lenin –

dedicated to violent revolution – Lenin was in

hiding until the provisional government came to power, then he was secretly shipped back to

begin revolution and to seize power

• Promised: end to war, redistribution of land,

(53)

The Russian Revolution

• Took control of the government on November 6,

1917 with the help of the Petrograd soviets led by Leon Trotsky

• Lenin the head of the new Council of People’s

(54)

(55)

The Russian Revolution

• Civil War in Russia

• Not everyone was happy with the new

communist government and Allies wanted Russia back in the war

• The Bolshevik Red Army fought anti-Bolshevik

forced known as the White Army – White Army defeated

• Red Army a disciplined unit while White

Army was disorganized and not unified – wanted different ends

• Red secret police, the Red Terror known as

(56)

The Russian Revolution

• “War communism” – nationalized banks

and industries, grain from peasants, and state centralization

• Against the foreign invaders of the

Japanese, French, British, and American

who were stationed in Russia – appealed to Russian patriotism

• Tsar and his family murdered and burnt down

(57)

The War Weakens

•

Germany had renewed hope of winning

when Russia left the war

•

Second Battle of Marne, July 18, 1918,

Germans were defeated and Allies

advanced towards Germany

•

September 29, 1918- German leaders

(58)

The War Weakens

•

In November, mutinies by the navy and

workers and discontent of hungry

Germans led to the abdication of Kaiser

William II

• New Socialist republic under Friedrich Ebert

•

November 11, 1918- Germany calls for an

(59)

Before and After

(60)

Before and After

(61)

Peace Making and

Peace Settlement

• Paris Peace Conference – January, 1919

• Three important men: Woodrow Wilson (U.S.), David

Lloyd George (Britain), and Georges Clemenceau

(France) [Vittorio Orlando of Italy less important] - no mutual responsibility

• Wilson wanted the peace settlement to:

• Open discussion, not secret diplomacy

• Democracy

• Freedom of nations and people, eradication of

colonies

• Reduction in arms

• France (and Britain less so) wanted to punish

(62)

(63)

Peace Making and

Peace Settlement

• League of Nations

• Purpose

• Disarmament

• Collective security

• Disputes solved by negotiation and

diplomacy

• Weaknesses

(64)

Peace Making and

Peace Settlement

• Depended on mutual agreement, which was

hard to secure from nations all with differing interests

• Weak and small France felt secure

under promise of ‘collective security” but larger countries like Britain did not like the idea of having to protect Europe

• Enforcement by economic sanction only • U.S. did not join - isolationism

(65)

Peace Making and

Peace Settlement

• A continuation of “secret diplomacy”

• Russia and France made agreements behind

Britain’s back, feeling Britain had succeeded in the war by using them

• Austria made secret negotiations with France,

(66)

Peace Making and

Peace Settlement

• The Treaty of Versailles, June 28, 1919

• Article 231- War Guilt Clause – Germany (and

Austria) to blame for the war

• Germany had to pay reparations

• Reparation amount never set, leading to

(67)

Peace Making and Peace

Settlement

• Germany had to decrease its military size

and had demilitarized zones to ‘protect’ neighboring countries

• Loss territory of Alsace Lorraine back to

(68)

(69)

Peace Making and

Peace Settlement

• End of Old Empires

• Austria-Hungary

• Broken up into states loosely based on

ethnicity

• Germany and Russia lost territory

• New states such as Finland, Latvia, Yugoslavia,

Czechoslovakia

• Ottoman Empire

• Promise kept to Arab supporters by breaking

up Ottoman Empire

• Europeans took “mandate” control over old

(70)

Casualties?

•

Total troops mobilized by all

countries in WW1

65,038,810

•

Total troops dead from all

countries in WW1

8,556,315

•

Total troops wounded from all

countries in WW1

21,219,452

•

Total missing or POWs

(71)

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