This soul prayeth not for victory, but for loss. This body kneeleth not in vain, but in blood. These eyes seeth not nil, but truth.
These words are spoken not by me, but through.
Be now by my side,
O spirits that serve the Lord of the Bloody Scythe.
Guide my steps towards Your Kingdom,
And enlighten me with death's Blackened Light.
For Thee,
Love, and The Cult.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First and Foremost, I would like to give my deepest gratitude to my
supervisors, Dr. Fr.B. Alip, M.Pd.,M.A., for his patience, immense knowledge,
and motivation. Thank you for the support and suggestions. I am inspired of this
undergraduate thesis and finally make it presentable. I am indebted to my co -
advisor, Anna Fitriati, S.Pd., M.Hum., for her guidance in writing this
undergraduate thesis, and the suggestions and corrections for the improvement of
this undergraduate thesis. I also want to express my sincere gratitude to my fellow
music, especially to my band Exhumation. Thank you Grave and Bones for
sharing the same passion, dedication, and devotion through death music. Thank
you for being there and helping me regain some sort of beautiful art in Death
music. I also own endless gratitude to Iannoh, Dedhy, Matias, TJ, Tataa, Aryo
Jungs, Deris, Mutia, Icha, Bayu Putrasangfajar, and Nikko. Last but not least, I
would like to give my best regards to my dearest Yunior family. I thank my father
and mother for supporting me throughout my studies at Sanata Dharma
University. Thank you for helping me focus on my ideas. None of this would have
been possible without your love and patience.
ABSTRACT
YOGA GHOTAMA.A Study of Semantic Change: Pejoration Analysis in
American History X Movie. Yogyakarta. Department of English Letters, Faculty
of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.
This undergraduate thesis concerns primarily in the pejoration of semantic change in American History X movie. The movie scripts provide a substantial number of offensive words that play an important role in the movie.
The problems revealed for this undergraduate thesis are related to two matters as follows: (1) the identification of pejorative expression in the movie and (2) the analysis of pejorative expression as part of pejoration.
In conducting the research on the subject matter, the researcher collected data by reading the dialogues on the script writing of the movie from David McKenna which provides 19040 words and 203 pages. The analysis of pejorative expression used two instruments, namely Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary 3rd Edition (2008) and Merriam-Webster's 11th Collegiate Dictionary (2003). The theory of pejorative by Richard Nordquist also supports the analysis of the first problem. The analysis of the pejorative expression is given on random technique. In order to analyze the second problem, the researcher used the theory of pejoration from Michel Breal (2001).
There are several results of this research. (1) 29 pejorative expressions were found in the movie. (2) There are 16 pejorative expressions that used as part of pejoration expression in the movie. Therefore, not all of the pejorative expressions were used as pejoration expressions in the movie.
ABSTRAK
YOGA GHOTAMA.A Study of Semantic Change: Pejoration Analysis in
American History X Movie. Yogyakarta. Department of English Letters, Faculty
of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.
Skripsi ini pertama-tama berkonsentrasi pada masalah perubahan semantik pejorasi dalam film American History X. Naskah film tersebut menyajikan kata-kata offensif dalam jumlah yang banyak dan memainkan peran pentingnya di dalam film tersebut.
Masalah yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini berkaitan dengan dua perumusan masalah, yaitu: (1) Penemuan ekspresi merendahkan di dalam film (2) Analysis ekspresi merendahkan sebagai bagian dari peyorasi.
Dalam melakukan penelitian ini, penulis mencari dan mengumpulkan data dengan membaca seluruh dialog draf naskah film dari David McKenna yang menyajikan 19.040 kata dan 203 halaman. Analisis ekspresi pejoratif dipilih dengan menggunakan dua instrumen yaitu Kamus Cambridge Advanced Learner's 3rd Edition (2008) dan Kamus Merriam-Webster's 11th Collegiate (2003). Teori pejoratif dari Richard Nordquist juga mendukung untuk analisa materi pertama. Analisa ekspresi pejoratif dikumpulkan dengan metode acak. Untuk menganalisis materi kedua, penulis menggunakan teori pejorasi dari Michel Breal (2001).
Hasil dari penelitian ini mencakup beberapa kesimpulan. (1) Terdapat 29 ekspresi pejoratif di dalam film. (2) Terdapat 16 ekspresi pejoratif yang digunakan sebagai ekspresi pejorasi di dalam film. Oleh karena itu, tidak semua ekspresi pejoratif merupakan bagian dari ekspresi pejorasi di dalam film.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Movies have been an important part of the cultural aesthetic for many
years and it continues until today. It is an art form which widely acceptable for all
over the world. Movies also become the new innovation of the entertainment
world. It is also grown as valuable source where people able to gain inspiration
and information from movies. On the other hand, linguistics is the study of
language and it works on human language and how they communicate with an
individual or even a group. Linguistics also focuses on the elements such as
grammar, phonology and syntax in order to help people to understand the barriers
of language.
In some cases, they are both connected since language can determine the
quality of a film based on its dialogue on the movie script. Nowadays, movie
scripts play an important role in the movie. The words of the movie scripts, good
or bad, they are appearing in order to show the connection of the dialogue and the
image of the movie.
American History X is a powerful movie in recent years. The direction of
the movie creates an atmosphere of a strong performance of white supremacy in
The movie also provides some provocative thoughts which turn out to be
worth a story and offer a wide range of speakers from diverse social classes and
therefore shows explicitly their distinctive usage of language. To sum up
American History X provides plenty interesting discussion about racism words
which build the tension among the audience. It is not a surprise that American
History X shows a lot of dialogues that reflect the bad situation that happened.
There are also so many offensive words, a form of racist language they
demonstrate how language may function to set some actions in the movie. As for
the example, the offensive speech in the movie is intended to ridicule, poses a
threat, and belittle a person because of the cultural, racial origin, religious
practice, political beliefs, and sexual orientation.
Movies and linguistics are important for this research. It is important to
understand the connection between them. Of course, the purpose of this research
is to understand the linguistics used in the movie. Semantics as part of linguistic
studies is the best way to approach the description and explanation of the word
meaning in several scopes. In this research, semantics is the tool to generate the
analysis of word meaning in movie script. It is also the foundation that language
expression not only able to determine the quality of movie script but they have a
meaning.
Language expression is developed every day and the semantic
representation of words is absolutely developed, by becoming broader or
narrower, or by shifting. The new meanings which are developed by these cases
There are a number of ways in which semantic change can occur; for
example the use of words can be narrowed down: 'acorn' used to mean ‘fruit’ in
Early Modern English, but today it has narrowed down to a specific fruit, namely
that of the oak tree (Denham and Lobeck, 2013: 309). For example, there is a use
of the word to be widened and increased its range of meaning, 'salary' which
originally meant ‘wages for soldiers’ but has come to mean ‘wages’ in general. As
word may have more than one meaning, each word development able to be the
bridge to create the semantic link between a new sense and the original.
Since the research dealing with meaning change, there are classifications
which are suggested for semantic change. The suggestion that meaning change
may follow. Michel Bréal attempts some notions related to word changes or
meaning changes in the 19th century. Those notions become the first reference
and knowledge of this research. To sum up Bréal mentions the classification of
semantic change into some types; pejoration, amelioration, restriction,
generalization, metaphor, and contagion (Bréal, 2001: 52).
Those classifications are the contribution of this research in order to show
how things be divided into types of semantic change in any further explanatory
progress. Therefore, it is possible to approach the language expression in the
movie, also it is very important to have a method to approach this research from
those points. Those classifications used in order to understand what the speakers
say about others in the movie and how the speakers justify their personal attitudes
There are a lot of violence, dark, and terrible scenes in American History
X, because the matter of different culture and race which caused bad effect of
communication. This is an example that is taken from one of the movie script:
‘Well... look at our country. It's a haven for criminals. Black... brown... yellow... whatever.
The words 'black, brown, and yellow' are offensive words because 'the
actor' stated those words to describe someone's figure. In this case the actor
intends to describe 'black' as the reference for identical race, economic status,
parenthood, and etc. Those words being downgraded into something less
favorable and refers to a specific group of people with particular experiences
which is labeled as bad black people in the movie. The word 'black' in the movie
considered to be offensive when the word is intended as the suggestive word of
the colored people.
On the other hand, pejoration takes a worsening place in English standard
language; it is the process in which the word meaning becomes negative or
showing lack of good sense. A lot of expressive dialogue which labeled as
pejorative that discovered through this American History X movie. Pejorative are
derogatory terms that are used to convey hatred and disdain. Words like ‘nigger,
faggot, spinster, kike (as applied to Jews) or chink (for Chinese people)’ are but a
few examples in a huge variety of expressions of hatred and contempt.
The main reason why a pejorative word is used, because the basic problem
of stereotypes, unfamiliarity, selfishness, and family education are often
happening in the script writing. In order to show there are cases of pejorative
words which happened in the movie, these are the example:
(a) “Who runs the place? The monkeys or the wetbacks?”
(b) “F**k you, Cameron. You're a f**king chicken hawk...praying on kids.”
The actor stated ‘monkey and chicken’ as the original meaning of
‘animals’ in English language, in order to use it as reference to offend someone, to
treat them as animals. Those offensive words are pejoratives and have been
downgraded to make the dialogue sound interesting and more applicable to each
scene. However, this downgrading process called pejoration.
Every pejorative and pejoration contributes in each dialogue to be more
interesting. This phenomenon encourages the author to analyze how the pejorative
B. Problem Formulation
This study has been designed to solve the problems which are formulated
as follows:
1. What pejorative expressions are found in the movie American History X?
2. What are the pejoratives which are used as part of pejoration?
C. Objectives of the Study
The objectives of the study of the pejoration analysis in the movie are
mainly to answer the problems which are:
1. To find out the pejorative expressions found in the movie
2. To identify the use of pejorative as part of pejoration in the movie
By doing so, the author will understand the finding of the regular pattern of
pejorative expressions in the movie that's taking a role as part of pejoration
expressions.
D. Definition of Terms
In the definition of terms, it is conceptually to define of a better
understanding for reader, and to avoid the misunderstanding of certain terms.
Thus, it is not necessary to define a term which is generally understood.
Semantics: Semantics (as the study of meaning) is central to the study of communication and as communication becomes more and more a crucial factor in
social organization, the need to understand it becomes more and more pressing.
cognition, conceptualization - all these are intricately bound up with the way in
which we classify and convey our experience of the world through language.
Because it is, in these two ways, a focal point in a man's study of man, semantics
have been the meeting place of various cross-currents of thinking and various
disciplines of study. Philosophy, psychology, and linguistics all claim a deep
interest in the subject. (Leech, 1990: 9).
Semantic Change: Semantic change in the context of words describes the gradual shift in the conventional meaning of words, as people use them in new types of
context and this usage become normal. Often in the course of semantic change, a
word shifts its meaning to the point that the modern meaning is radically different
from the original usage. A semantic change is a change in one of the meanings of
a word. Every word has a variety of senses and connotations which can be added,
removed or altered over time, often to the extent that cognates across space and
time have very different messages (Blank,1999: 61). This change in meaning
involves the altering, removing, and adding on meanings behind a word by
following its classification. See the classification by Michel Bréal above (Page 3).
Pejoration: It is a simple the concept of semantic changes in which a word's meaning worsens or degenerates and coming to represent something less
favorable than it originally did. In pejoration, a word takes on a derogatory
meaning. (Riemer and Bréal, 2010: 374). For instance, it is the process of a
lexeme to develop a negative sense and when a word acquires more negative
Pejorative: Pejoratives are the class of expressions that is meant to insult or disparage. They include swear words and slurs. These words allow speakers to
convey emotional states beyond the truth-conditional contents that they are
normally taken to encode (Hom, 2010: 164-185). In addition, pejorative are
consist of words and phrases that hurt, insult, or disparage someone or something.
The label pejorative (or derogatory) are sometimes used in dictionaries and
glossaries to identify expressions that offend or belittle a subject. Nonetheless, a
word that's regarded as pejorative in one context may have a non-pejorative
CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
1. Old Words, New Meanings: A Survey of Semantic Change amongst
Yoruba-English Bilingual Undergraduates by Anjola A. Robbin.
In the following study, she concentrates in the extended meaning in
semantic change. She views that the semantic changes are a common phenomenon
amongst Yoruba-English bilingual undergraduates. She also adds some point that
semantics change can help the broadening process of the vocabulary by giving
new meaning to old words in the English language.
Also, she realizes that the semantics change is motivated by socio cultural
background, psychological background, even more encyclopedia forces. Along
with the conclusion of her study, it is true that semantic changes can broad the
progress of vocabulary and giving it words new meaning. Pejoration as one of the
semantic changes terms, also tries to help some words change the new meaning
though they concern on worsening them into negative meaning.
This study and Pejoration analysis in American History X movie
associated on the same terms which work in the cases of how meaning word can
affect the attitude toward social relationship between two groups or more. Also,
2. Language Analysis of the Movie American History X by Jessica Weber, Fabian Rätzer.
In the following study, they concentrate on the differences of Standard
American English and Black English, placing particular emphasis on phonological
and grammatical distinctions as well as the specific usage of terms. Besides, it is
also elaborate on the different social accents that plays a significant role in our
determination of the traits of special accents of American English.
Along with this introduction, there is an important point between the
pejoration analysis and their study. It is obviously clear that both of the studies
using the same object, American History X movie, which is offering the widest
range of language using.
This study is more about the discussion between the use of standard
American English language and Black English and what roles they have in the
movie and as there is particular language which can affect and help to create a
new meaning in English language. Also, this study is concerned with some
examples which reflect the difficulties in understanding Black English speakers.
Even native speakers have problems to follow their speech and to figure out some
individual words.
It is more obviously clear to see that the pejoration study is different with
their study, though both of them is dealing with the same approach of semantic
field, but they are concerned with their each tendency, each of the study is dealing
3. The Analysis of Pejoration and Amelioration in Alice Walkers The Color
Purple by Yunawati
In the following study the author wanted to know what words that
experienced the pejoration and the amelioration process, and to describe what the
process that makes the meaning change. Yunawati also found that history, society
and people influence the shaping of the meaning changes, which is pejoration and
amelioration process.
Throughout this finding analysis, there are many words that experienced
pejoration and amelioration in the novel The Color Purple. The pejoration and the
amelioration processes happen because of several factors, there are society,
history and people. The origin of the words that experienced the pejoration and
the amelioration also gives contribution in shaping the new meaning of those
words.
The finding helps the reader of the Color Purple understand to the word
that experienced the pejoration and the amelioration process, so that the reader
will not take a wrong meaning while reading the novel. Along this brief
explanation and conclusion, there is a relation between Yunawati’s study and
pejoration analysis of this study. Both of them are dealing with the same approach
semantics change pejoration. Though Yunawati is aiming to know the changes of
words either it is degenerating or elevating meaning. People somehow confuse as
a reader, so the author hopes that her finding may help the reader understand the
B. Review of Related Theories
This study belongs to a semantic study. Therefore, there will be semantics
reviews in general which followed by detailed data reviews on pejoration.
1. Semantics
There are several definitions about semantics, which are very relevant to
this study:
There are several definitions of semantics which offer the formulation to start on
the study of meaning. Kreidler stated that linguistics semantics is the study of how
languages organize and express meaning (Kreidler, 1998: 1) and Löbner pointed
out that semantics also the part of linguistics that is concerned with the meaning
(Löbner, 2002: 1). In very general terms, semantics is the knowledge that study all
the aspects of meaning. It is a particular theory to understand the essence of
meaning. The basic of this approach allows some speaker to communicate facts,
feelings, intentions, and products of imaginations to the other speakers and to
understand what they communicate to him or her.
2. Semantic Change
Semantic change in the context of words describes the gradual shift in the
conventional meaning of words, as people use them in new types of context and
this usage become normal. Often in the course of semantic change, a word shifts
its meaning to the point that the modern meaning is radically different from the
Semantic change is a change in one of the meanings of a word. Every
word has a variety of senses and connotations which can be added, removed or
altered over time, often to the extent that cognates across space and time have
very different messages (Blank, 1999: 61).
In addition to the general mechanisms like analogy, Bréal stated several
‘laws’. As a result, these are the types of semantic change and some example by
Bréal, as follows:
a. Pejoration
The tendency to semanticize the more negative connotations of a word: for
example, Old English 'boy' becomes Modern English 'knave' someone dishonest.
Bréal also sees it as the result of euphemism, the tendency to veil disagreeable
ideas, and to disguise such ideas with new terms that they later take on the taboo
meanings they were meant to mask. It means that pejoration leads the process in
avoiding some taboo word that speakers may use an alternative which in time
acquires the meaning of the original and itself falls out of use (Bréal 2001: 55).
Here are examples of English words that have undergone in amelioration process:
Word Old Meaning Degraded Meaning silly happy foolish
criticize appraise find fault with
lust pleasure sexual desire
villain worker at a villa wicked person cunning skillful sly
b. Amelioration
The tendency to semanticize the more positive connotations of a word. It
is a process of semantic change in which there is an upward shift in the meaning
of the word: for example, kawaii 'cute' and its 'lovable' similarly develop from
earlier meanings 'pitiful' and 'pathetic,' respectively (Bréal 2001: 55). In addition,
amelioration is the process by which a word's meaning improves or becomes
elevated, coming to represent something more favorable than it is originally
referred to. Here are examples of English words that have undergone in
amelioration process:
Word Old Meaning Upgrading Meaning angel messenger messenger of god knight servant rank below baronet
earl man count
governor pilot head of state
fond foolish affectionate
minister servant head of ministry
c. Restriction/Narrowing of meaning
The change from subordinate level of subordinate level. Sometimes the
narrowing may take place in only one part of speech: for example, 'erection',
which was used of buildings and parts of the body from the sixteenth century on,
is not now usually used for a building, although the verb erects still is, and
children get 'erector' sets as presents (Bréal 2001: 56). In addition, It is a process
In other words, a word which used to have a more general sense becomes
restricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present day. Here are
examples of English words that have undergone in restriction process:
Word Old Meaning Narrowing Meaning
liquor liquid alcoholic drink
meat food flesh of animals
disease discomfort illness
poison drink poisonous drink
wife woman a married woman
accident event unfortunate event girl young person of either sex female young person
d. Expansion/Generalization/Broadening of meaning
The change from subordinate level to superordinate level. Sometimes the
same root may undergo broadening in one language and narrowing in another: for
example, 'ejaculate' was originally (in the sixteenth century) used for ejecting
fluids from the body, and only later came to be used for 'locutionary acts' (Bréal
2001: 56). In addition, It is a process by which a word which originally had a
specialized meaning has now become generalized. In other words, the term has
extended to cover a broader and often less definite concept. Here are examples of
English words that have undergone in generalization process:
e. Metaphor
The mapping of one concept onto another. For Bréal metaphor is
associated with images, and languages are full of metaphors: for example, Yakuza
'good-for-nothing (person)' becomes 'gangster' originally referred to the worst
possible hand in a traditional game of playing cards. In addition, a metaphor is a
trope, or figurative , in which a word or phrase is shifted from its normal uses to a
context where it is evokes a new meanings. It is based on similarity and it
originates from the Greek word which carrying from one place to another (Bréal
2001: 57).
f. Metonym
The association of one word with another: for example, A ’steering wheel’
would be a good metonym for ‘driving’, a ‘violin’ a good metonym for a
‘classical orchestra’, ‘bread’ a good metonym for a ‘baker's shop’, a ‘file folder’ a
good metonym for ‘organizing documents in a computer’ (Bréal 2001: 57).
Therefore, there are factors which facilitate the meaning change. These
factors motivate the semantic change in English language development which is
not static but growing every day. Bréal (1964 - 1900) and supported by Palmer’s
theory (Palmer, 2001: 160) mention some characteristics for such factors which
i. Discontinuance of Language
Language is handed down in a discontinuous way from one generation to
another.
ii. Vagueness in Meaning
The generic nature of words, the multiplicity of their aspects, the lack of
familiarity and the absence of clear cut boundaries facilitate shifts in usage.
iii. Lost Motivation
Some links of words, such as root of language are severed, so that, the sense
may move far from its original meaning.
iv. Taboo
The meaning of a word is changing when it is used as a taboo word.
v. Polysemy
A word may acquire a new sense or scores of new senses without losing its
original meaning.
vi. External Factors such as cultural changes
Due to the respect to 'laws' of semantic change, Bréal suggests that
pejoration dominates over the other types of change mentioned above. With
respect to the factors of semantic change, Bréal considers that pejoration pays
attention to a certain role regarded by some semantic change. This opinion
became the major motivation for the author to move further and predict the
significant pejoration analysis in the movie. Below is the further explanation of
3. Concepts of Pejoration
Bréal argued pejoration is the tendency to semanticize the more negative
connotations of a word. In addition a pejoration also simply involves shifting from
higher to lower value (Bréal 2001: 55)
Blank also mentioned in his book and further pointed out that pejoration is
the process whereby word meaning being worsens or degenerates and coming to
represent something less favorable that it originally did. The word 'knave' is one
of the numerous examples of this phenomenon in English. In modern English, the
word knave means a 'dishonest man'. In old English, this word did not have an
elevated meaning either, but it did not have at that time the pejorative
connotations that it has these days (Blank, 1999:75).
Pejoration develops through narrowing of meaning which happens when
the item in question begins to co-occur in steadily more restricted environments
— in terms of lexical grammar, when it becomes primed to occur with a more
specialized set of items or, put another way, when the variety of its semantic
preferences becomes smaller.
Thus, pejoration is a set of semantic preferences, which consolidates its
role as the conveyor of negative connotation departure of the word. It also
functions as a process whereby the positive connotations of a word fall into
Another notion that support the theory claims that the process of
pejoration begins with the reflection of the derivation pejorative meanings which
are sometimes straightly-forward. For example, ‘son of a bitch’ appears in written
form in 1833 and refers to the offspring of a lewd woman (Farmer, 1965: 202).
This term is at the same time an example of a dead metaphor since we often hear
it in contemporary usage in situations which are not necessarily pejorative in
context. To summarize this, based on Bréal theory; the characteristics of
pejoration are summarized as follows: pejoration = change from appreciative to
pejorative from positive to negative from important to unimportant from neutral to
negative. And it is basically derived from pejorative meanings.
C. Theoretical Framework
All the contribution of the theories and reviews are explained to support
the progress and development of this study. It is to make exact predictions and
make the accurate conclusion, it is also helping the author to finding the new
meaning of words and to analyze the relationship between the source and the
meaning change by using these theories. Each point and standpoint become an
attempt to solve the problems which formulated in this study.
The suggestion of the types of semantic change from the ‘Regularity in
Semantic Change, Elizabeth Closs and Traugott, Richard B. Dasher, 2001’
enables the author to differentiate the classification of the semantic change and
In order to answer the problem formulation which formulated as the
finding of pejorative expression, the author will use the theory of pejorative by
Richard Nordquist.
This theory will contribute to cognition on the finding of words that is
hurt, insult, or offensive to someone or something in the script writing. The
pejorative deals with the finding of pejoration expression which associates to the
first problem formulation. Moreover, pejorative theory will allow the use of
primal source to covers the validity of pejorative words.
In order to answer the problem formulation which formulated as the
finding of the use pejorative as part of pejoration, the author will use the theories
of pejoration of Michel Breal in the book ‘Regularity in Semantic Change’.
This theory will contribute a knowledgeable understanding on the issue
dealing with the process of downgrading of a word's meaning as when a word
with a positive connotation develops into the negative one. This theory later will
operate in the investigation on certain words, which are previously predicted as
pejorative words.
This theory also will work on the role of pejoration regarding to the
pejorative use in certain development. Pejoration later will contribute to
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The main object of this study is American History X movie. According to
IMDb, American History X is an American crime/drama film which was named
by Empire magazine in 2008 as one of the greatest movie of all the time and
involved in the top 250 movies all of all the time. This film was distributed by
New Line Cinema. It is the first debut in 1998. The 2 hours movie got a big
number in cross revenue, $23,875,127. American History X showing 10
nominations at Academy Awards, USA 1999 Nominated Oscar. This movie
contribute as the most watching list and truly one of the film back then in 1998.
Also, the movie was a corporation of many talented people such as: Tony Kaye
(the versatile director who won a Grammy Award), the movie script was written
by David McKenna; John Morrissey is the producer, music by Anne Dudley.
However, the movie received an “R” or great rated because of many
violent scenes with fighting, bad language (such as: f**k, what the hell, bullshit,
and etc during the film). The background of it is Venice Beach in Los Angeles,
California, USA with a strong actor force. Throughout the movie, the past and
The movie told a story with two main characters: Derek and Danny
Vinyard. Derek was frustrated about black communication because of his past.
Therefore, he joined the D.O.C, a Neo-Nazi gang.
Derek was the leader of that group. He used to lead his group to destroy
and demolish a shop in the town. Derek also won a game with black group at the
local basketball court to own the play place. One night, two black teens try to steal
a Derek’s truck (which is given by his father). Derek used a gun to shoot them and
killed one of them. Danny looked at the terrible sense. Derek was sentenced to
imprisonment of 3 years. At this time, he met and made friend with a black inmate
in the laundry room. And, he realized what he had done were absolutely wrong.
He changed his mind and accepted black people. Danny tries to follow
Derek’s mistakes. Danny joined the Neo-Nazi group. After backing him, Derek
tried to pull his younger brother out of the dark marsh (the Neo-Nazi group). After
existing of the Neo-Nazi group, the two brothers backed home and threw away all
the D.O.C stuffs. At the end of the movie, Danny was killed by a black student
before giving his assignment (the assignment is about Derek’s incarceration) at
the restroom of Danny’s school.
B. Approach of the Study
The main approach in this study is semantic change; pejoration as the
source of the theory of its comprehensive values in term of definition of semantic
This is the best way to approach and also to find out the way of meaning
change which less elevated or degenerated from the original one in English
language.
C. Method of the Study 1. Data Collection
The process of data collection in this undergraduate thesis employs a
random selection method. The selection process covers the criteria that the
offensive or pejorative words found in the movie script by using the description of
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary 3rd Edition (2008) (CAL) and
Merriam-Webster's 11th Collegiate Dictionary (2003) (MWC).
2. Data Analysis
This following process will take several steps. The first step is identifying
the pejorative expression, as follows:
a. Reading all the dialogues on the script writing and work in text.
b. Scanning the offensive words, and start describing the function, authentic
meaning dialogue per dialogue by using CAL and MWC in the movie
c. Collect all the pejorative words and making description by using CAL and
MWC in every pejorative word.
a. Scanning the pejorative words in the movie, and start describing the
function and authentic meaning using CAL and MWC.
b. Classifying the original meaning and meaning change of the pejorative
words.
c. Finding the pejoratives which are pejoration by looking up the etymology
and the development of the pejorative words using CAL and MWC.
On the last session of this following process, all the pejoration expression will
CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS RESULTS
This part of undergraduate thesis writing aims to attain the analysis on the
two problem formulations mentioned above of the finding pejorative expressions
in American History X movie and the identifying pejorative expression as part of
pejoration.
The movie scripts of American History X contains 19040 words and 203
pages and it is written by from David McKenna (February 6, 1997) and all the
data will take from this script writing. Two instruments for this analysis are
Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary 3rd Edition (2008) and
Merriam-Webster's 11th Collegiate Dictionary (2003), in order to collect all the valid data
focus on the pejorative words as characterized as a word or phrase that hurts and
insults to someone.
There are 29 pejorative words from the analysis evaluated by the present
researcher. The following part will present the answer for the first problem
A. Pejorative expression in the movie
Table 1: pejorative expression in the movie
13. Fucking Adjective Offensive
used to 14. Motherfucker Noun Offensive an
No Word Function CAL MWC
19. Negroid Adjective Offensive
Based on the pejorative finding listed above, the used of CAL and MWC
is suggested in order to know the authentic meaning of pejorative words that is
defined as offensive words. Those standards are the instruments to identify the
expression that is offending and labeled as pejorative. In American History X, the
pejorative expressions appear in noun (25 numbers) and adjective (4 numbers)
functions, as well as in numerous combinations through its functional shift. The
descriptive element that is identified by using CAL and MWC contributes to the
meaning in every dialogue of the sentences in which pejorative appears in order to
negate the words that the speaker intends to convey and also contribute the
expressive value of negative attitudes that every dialogue in the movie intends to
convey.
The use of pejorative often appear in order to dispose some speaker in a
particular direction toward one's own viewpoint and against that of others. The
use of pejorative also not more accidental, but rather than emotional language to
express the negative attitude toward others in the fact that the speaker know the
mutual original meaning and against the opposing viewpoints. Below are the
example of the pejorative words which found in the movie;
Seth: Where are you, you free motherfucker? Davina: He's on the phone, asshole!
The word ‘asshole’ here is a noun and become as pejorative because the
speaker used it as a vulgarity, and it's generally to describe people who are viewed
Pejorative term can explain how the word 'asshole' which literally means '
vulgarism to describe the ‘anus' refer to the extra - linguistics object as a stupid
person. The speaker used the word 'asshole' as the explanatory progress of word to
connect it to an action in order to convey his negative meaning toward another
speaker. Here is another one the pejorative word that identified as ‘vulgar’ in
authentic meaning and also a noun.
Seth: Well...you can think of me drinkin' 'em then when you're studying with.
fuckin'... White Trash in there. Davina scoffs and Seth looks up her shirt.
Seth: Where is the fucker, by the way!? He's hiding from us.
‘Fucker’ is an offensive word and also often used as a term of abuse. The
word 'fucker' originally come from the modern language and represent as a stupid
person. This is currently used in a sense when the speaker wants to express the
negative value about somebody's attitude who act like a stupid person. In short,
pejorative 'fucker' is similar to 'asshole'.
Danny: What about OJ, bitch!?
Black Woman: They've done it to us again.
‘Bitch’ is also a noun and it means ‘female dog’ in authentic meaning, but
in a particular way this word is able to direct some speaker to use it as a pejorative
word. It is often the word ‘bitch’ become offensive, when the speaker used it
It is also vulgarism and suggested as high sexual desire if the word is
addressed it to a woman, compared to a dog in a heat.
Stacey: Fucking pervert, Dan!
Danny: There's a black guy outside Der...breaking into your car.
‘Fucking’ is an adjective and provides an offensive statement on pejorative
word. In dictionary meaning ‘fucking’ means 'to emphasize a statement,
especially an angry one'. In a particular way, the word 'fucking' is used and
functioned to express the expressive element in the dialogue to being spoken
powerfully, because pejorative often appear and directly to be perceived when the
words are being spoken with powerful voice and tone.
Further point out, the pejorative word can be described as a tendency of
language by the reference of offensive words and it is easy to find when the
speaker used it to describe someone's figure in a negative way. The pejorative,
often appear when the speaker understands the under the circumstances that they
are might be proved as in anger, guilt, innocent, or etc. Pejorative also often
appears in an expressive way, usually they are being spoken in raising or anger
tone in order to make it intense.
Seth: You're an idiot if you ask me. Derek: I'm not asking you.
Seth: I'll take this Negro down.
Above is another dialogue from the movie that is supporting the research
that pejorative is being spoken in anger tone, the word like ‘shut up!’.
Another pejorative characteristic as a noun can be found on the word
‘black’. The pejorative ‘black’ as a noun also acceptable to be perceived as
offensive word rather than it become an adjective. For example:
That man is a ‘black’ That man is ‘black’
Using black as a noun ‘that man is a black’ rather than an adjective ‘that
man is black’ is often acceptable, because the description of the ‘black’ as a noun
is more specific than using the description of the 'black' as an adjective. In another
way, the word 'black' as a noun can imply a primary characteristic which 'black' is
no longer described as a 'color' but it is referred as a figure of black people that
African-American has. 'black' also generally described as a colored person who
natively in American culture, it used to be racist word and considered as an
offensive word. Here is the example of the pejorative ‘black’ from the dialogue of
the movie:
Danny: I hate the fact that it's cool to be black these days. Seth: Good.
The word 'black' here become pejorative because the speaker used to refer
to race or skin color of black people. Black people considered to be offensive in
that movie because of the fact of white supremacy and white power who argued
Pejorative words has been appeared and advanced in the next explanatory
progress as follow as pejoration process. Here, for the reason of semantic change
and meaning change, the author is able to work with the interaction between
pejorative and pejoration. The author aims to understand whether pejorative as
part of pejoration or not regardless they are derived from the same pattern,
offensive words. In the next problem formulation, the author will be more focus
on the pejoration process and there will be also a table which offers a
classification about pejorative which experienced in pejoration process.
B. What are pejorative used as part of pejoration
The following page on this study also aims to analyze the pejorative in
pejoration process, in order to know what pejorative that used as part of pejoration
and what pejorative are not used as part of pejoration.
In the problem formulation (A) the words represent that pejorative appears
in the position of offensive words to the fact that the words are described as
derogatory meaning in authentic uses or dictionary meaning. Also pejorative are
rather a simple expression of derogatory terms that are used to convey the
offensive words in the fact that pejorative is only linguistics substitutes for
offensive words and they are not meant to be processed, whereby words are being
It means that not all of the pejorative are considered to be a pejoration
expression. In order to answer the development of pejorative on the pejoration
expression found the movie, it needs to look to the new use of the pejorative word
that may be intercourse in the dialogue. As for example, the pejorative word ‘ass’
here that is taken from one of the dialogue in American History X:
Danny: I knew it was you.
Sweeney: Shut up and get your ass in here!
It is considered that English 'ass' was derived from Latin word that is
analyzed by using CAL and described as 'old use of donkey' in authentic meaning,
where the word did not carry any negative meaning. Later the word 'ass' become
pejorative, as it in turn 'ass' developed into negative meaning or downgraded to be
considered as ‘a stupid person’ and considered to be a pejorative word as ‘a stupid
person’.
In this case, pejoration occurs when a lexeme ‘ass’ lose its positive sense
and/or acquires negative one. It is used to express the vulgar intensive word to
someone. The role of ‘ass’ here to make Sweeney to enable express her negative
feelings toward Danny. The role of pejoration as the conveyer of negative
connotation will attribute or enable the speaker toward the word what they meant
Pejoration also takes a role as a tool to cover up the previous meaning or
original meaning which described as positive meaning and may become devalued
to the negative meaning with new terms or new meaning through the pejorative
application and the speaker also taking part as the main reference to help the
pejoration occurs and become the conveyer of its word.
There are 16 words of pejorative application in pejoration expression
which taking a different role in every dialogue in the movie, as pejoration occurs
in a different function and context. On the next page there will be pejorative
Table 2: pejorative expression which are pejoration
No. Words Function Original
meaning/etymology
and difficult to deal with
10. Monkey Noun Animal Someone
who appear as stupid 11. Dumb Adjective Silent Stupid
14. Bastard Noun Child Unpleasant person
The data listed above reflect that some of the pejorative words in the
dialogues can alter the pejoration process, 16 pejorative are used as a part of
pejoration process and 13 pejorative are not used as a part of pejoration process.
Below is the explanatory progress of pejorative which are involved in the
pejoration process.
Davina: You're a pig.
Doris: I don't like him in this house.
‘Pig’ as a noun and it is derived from the Middle English ‘pigge’ and
described as ‘black farm animal’. ‘Pig’ is originally attributed as positive meaning
and do not carry any negative meaning, but the latter ‘ pig’ is downgraded by
people and described as ‘a person who is unpleasant and difficult to deal with’.
The new meaning which added as negative charge from the original meaning will
add a new position and also emotive charge. Pejoration occurs when a lexeme
‘pigs’ lose its positive sense and/or acquires negative one. It is used to express the
vulgar intensive word to someone. The role of ‘pigs’ here to conveys Davina’s
disparaging feeling to Derek that he is a bad person. Another example from the
dialogue:
Lawrence: Name your price, Cracker.
Derek: No money...for the court. We win, you grab your shit and find a different place to run.
‘Cracker’ is a noun and it is originally derived from Middle English and
described as ‘biscuit’ and also do not carry negative meaning, but later in
As ‘a poor usually Southern white’ which means the pejorative ‘cracker’ is
downgraded from the positive meaning into negative meaning. Nowadays, the
word ‘cracker’ often applies to described someone as a poor person.
Pejoration occurs when a lexeme ‘cracker’ loses its positive sense and/or
acquires negative one. It is used to express the vulgar intensive word to someone.
The role of ‘cracker’ is here to make Lawrence to express his racial feelings that
‘cracker’ is a bad person for him. Another example from the dialogue:
Cammeron: How was it in there with all those fucking monkeys, man? You're lucky they didn't kill you.
Derek: I agree.
‘Monkey’ is a noun and originally from German language whose original
meaning as ' a nonhuman primate mammal' and is obviously in a positive meaning
rather than negative meaning. Nowadays, the word 'monkey' can be used in a
more negative sense as 'someone who appear as stupid'. The word 'monkey' is
frequently described as animals, however, this can be used to refer to people
negatively as when someone is called 'monkey' who act silly and funny.
Pejoration occurs when a lexeme ‘monkeys’ loses its positive sense and/or
acquires negative one. It is used to express the vulgar intensive word to someone.
The role of ‘balls’ is here to make Cammeron to convey his disparaging feeling to
someone who appears as a stupid person. Another similar words to pejoration
monkey is ‘chicken’. Below is the example of the dialogue:
Derek: Fuck you, Cameron. You're a fucking chicken hawk...praying on kids.
‘Chicken’ is an adjective and it refers to the same meaning as ‘monkey’.
Both of them are animal while ‘chicken’ is originally mean ‘type of bird’.
Nowadays, people can refer to other speaker as ‘coward’ by using this word.
Pejoration occurs when a lexeme ‘chicken’ loses its positive sense and/or
acquires negative one. It is used to express the vulgar intensive word to someone.
The role of ‘chicken’ is here to make Derek to enable express his anger feelings
toward Cammeron. The word ‘chicken’ here conveys a downgrading meaning
becomes ‘coward’.
Finally, there is a notion to explain pejorative as a part of pejoration
expression. Pejorative as a part of pejoration process begins with a metaphorical
departure from the original and authentic meaning sense by which the pejoration it
is occur to improve the negative connotation reference and it is influenced by the
character those who find it is low quality in order to enable to express contempt or
less respectable meaning.
Danny: What about OJ, bitch!?
Black Woman: They've done it to us again
The origin of word 'bitch' in English language is related to female of the
species, particularly dog. The metaphor produces a new concept of the main
meaning which means the word 'bitch' is experienced the extending meaning
Through this metaphor, the new meaning appears when the speaker ignore
the feature which distinguish human and nonhuman beings in order to express this
similarity in sexual behavior, and latter with the progression, the word 'bitch' now
associated with the meaning of 'unpleasant woman'.
On the other hand, pejorative are not used as pejoration process because
the words do not process or develop into something. Some pejorative already
stand with its own vocabulary and do not add something new meaning whether
they are changed into positive meaning or negative meaning. Those 16 words of
dialogue one simply offensives words in which already exist in authentic meaning
and stands in their own, as vocabulary items.
Danny: What're you doin'?!
Derek: Your brother's a piece of shit!
Based on the description of CAL, ‘shit’ carries an offensive or vulgar
expression of meaning. It is used to express the nonsense word toward another
character in the movie. The word 'shit' is not the process of pejoration, because it
is not change into negative meaning or add new meaning, and ‘shit’ is appearing
as it is.
Apart from that, pejoration appears to enable the speaker in every dialogue
willing to express and address the offensive word to the other reader or listener.
The negative direction which is valued through pejoration expression
Every dialogue in the movie conveys the intensity of each dialogue in
negative connotation meaning. The use of this negative connotation makes every
dialogue more interesting than using English standard language.
For the overall cases, not all of the pejorative word are used as a part of
pejoration expression in the fact that pejorative is the fundamental element of
pejoration expression, and they contribute better understanding to readers
meaning. Some pejorative words already exist with their own vocabulary, they do
not have to develop into something new but they already have a meaning which
can be used in certain dialogue.
On the other hand, sometimes pejorative can alter the pejoration process.
The notion of pejorative as part of pejoration expression often happens when the
word begins with the substitution of new meaning from the older one. In addition,
pejorative are used as a part of pejoration when some characters need to convey
their offensive feeling toward another character and also when they have a
contrast change and involving new meaning from an old meaning in order to carry
the development of a less favorable meaning. Pejorative are not used as a part of
pejoration when the particular word does not associate with the old feature of the
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION
Based on the researches on this thesis writing, the conclusions of
pejoration analysis in the movie American History X have been discovered. There
are many words that experienced pejorative and pejoration in the movie. Those
happen because of several factors: the background of the movie, history, and
purpose of the movie. On the other hand, pejorative and pejoration also
contributes to the development of the English language.
The first problem presents pejorative expression found in the movie. Two
instuments, CAL and MWC, have been utilized in order to collect data and make
an excellent finding in the sense that it provides the accurate data for the reader.
Based on the analysis, 29 pejoratives were identified.
The second problem was the use of pejorative as part of pejoration
process, whether they were always experienced in pejoration process or not. It
was found that not all of the pejorative are experienced in pejoration process since
pejorative has its own vocabulary and not associated with their old utterance
meaning in semantic change terms. Further point out, the use of pejoration in the
movie is to help the movie reach its climax in every dialogue in the fact that
sometimes the characters need to raise their tone and use some non-English
As the last line of this analysis, it is very necessary to observe and capture
the concepts of pejorative in pejoration process to know the interesting part of
those combination form in English language. There is an obvious approach to
pejorative as the pejoration is being used to allow some speaker to convey their
act with offensive words toward the speaker. The pejorative and pejorativon
tendencies are also leading the audience and the reader understand meaning
change in the English language as they are appearing to facilitate communication,
and reach the intended meaning of many vocabularies and expressions in English
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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C.S. Lewis. Studies in Words. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Study in Words Online. (http://books.google.co.id/books/about/Studies in_Words.html?id=SiemFffHcC&redir_esc=y). March 11, 2014.
Denham, Kristin and Anne Lobeck. Linguistics for Everyone: An Introduction.
Boston: Michael Rosenberg, 2009.
Hom, Christopher. "Pejoratives". Philosophy Compass.n.p. 2014. (http://philpapers.org/rec/HOMP). November 1, 2014.
Kemmer, Suzanne. "Words in English". Meaning of a Word.np. 2003. (www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words04/meaning). May 13, 2014.
McIntosh, Colin. “Cambridge Advanced learner's Dictionaries - 3rd Edition. Electronic Version”. Cambridge: University Press.
Merriam-Webster's 11th Collegiate Dictionary “3rd Edition Electronic Version”.
Merriam Webster Inc: July 30, 2003.
Nordquist, Richard. "Pejoration". Our Grammar and Composition Expert.n.p. 2014. (www.grammar.about.com/od/pq/g/pejorterm.htm). February 11, 2014.
Palmer, F. R. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, Quick Randolf, 1985.
Riemer, Nick. Introducing Semantics (Cambridge Introductions to Language and Linguistics. New York: Cambridge, 2010.
Weber, Jessica and Fabian Rätzer."Language Analysis of the Movie American History X". Undergraduate Thesis. Tampere: University of Tampere, 2007.
Yunawati. "The Analysis of Pejoration and Amelioration in Alice Walkers The Color Purple". Undergraduate Thesis. Depok: Gunadarma University, 2011.
Online Resources:
www.urbandictionary.com www.thesaurus.com
APPENDIX
Pejorative Expression Exchanges
In these pages of undergraduate thesis, the lists of dialogues are managed
in the list designs for the precise analysis. The words which are italicized are the
pejorative. These are the dialogues of pejorative in the movie.
(1) Stacey: Fucking pervert, Dan!
Danny: There's a black guy outside Der...breaking into your car.
(2) Danny: I knew it was you.
Sweeney: Shut up and get your ass in here!
(3) Danny: There's dick for waves.
Chris: I don't care. I just wanna get wet.
(4) Chris: Why do you think we fuckin' quit?
Danny: I hear you.
Jason: Daryl Dawson's a pussy faggot.
(5) Derek: What is it, Danny?
Danny: You got pigs outside.
(6) Seth: Drop the t.v., nigger.
Black Man: Fuck you!
(7) Derek: Look at the shit. Immigration...welfare...AIDS...they're all the
problems of
the non-white. Look at the statistics.
(8) Derek: Millions of white Europeans came to this country and flourished within
a generation! A generation! So what the fuck is wrong with these people?!
Reporter: What does any of this have to do with your father?
(9) Murray (O.S.): I do not have a problem with him as an individual, alright!?
Sweeney (O.S.): Oh shit Murray sure you do. You hate this kid.
(10) Sweeney: Great writing. I can't correct it though. It wreaks too much of shit.
Danny: Come on, man! I followed directions and wrote an "A" paper.
(11) Danny: What about OJ, bitch!?
Black Woman: They've done it to us again.
(12) Danny: I hate the fact that it's cool to be black these days.
Seth: Good.
(13) Davina: You're a pig.
Doris: I don't like him in this house.
(14) Derek: What the fuck, Curtis? You fuckin' nigger? Want some crack?
Curtis: No!
(15) Derek: Pull your fucking stupid head out of your ass then.
Curtis: Okay. Jesus.
(16) Seth: Lucky piece of shit! I'm through "Monkeying" around with your ass!
Lawrence spins around and challenges Seth.
Lawrence: Fat, pasty, pale, pastrami eating, cracker, motherfucker. A hundred
bucks says I make you my bitch.
(17) Seth:When I want your fucking opinion I'll ask for it, fuckhead.
Help me cover here, guys.
Cammeron: You got a big fucking mouth, fat kid.
(18) Seth: I'll take this Negro down.
(19) Lawrence: Name your price, Cracker.
Derek: No money...for the court. We win, you grab your shit and find a
different
place to run
(20) Lawrence: You got a lot of fucking balls, man. Bring it. Right now.
Derek: Oke!
(21) Jason: Cammeron dropped us off a copy. Dope fucking shit, man. It's all
about reclaiming the country. I'll let you read it when I'm done.
Danny: Fuck that. I just read Mein Kampf.
(22) Derek: There's a redhead out there looking for you. Go talk to her.
Cammeron: Fuck! You go with.
(23) Cammeron: How was it in there with all those fucking monkeys, man?
You're lucky they didn't kill you.
Derek: I agree.
(24) Chris: Little Henry the negroid?
Danny: Everyday there's something over there, man.
(25) Davina: What do you want!?
Seth: Open up, bitch!
(26) Seth: Where are you, you free motherfucker?
Davina: He's on the phone, asshole!
(27) Seth: Come in here and I'll show you, maggot.
Danny: Fuck off. When'd you start carryin'?
(28) Seth: Nigger lovin' Jew media calling the shots. Watch cartoons. It's the only
t.v. that's safe nowadays.
(29) Seth: Listen to you. You callin' me a blimp, you fucking Democrat?!
Davina: Yes! I am!
(30) Seth: Well...you can think of me drinkin' 'em then when you're studying with
fuckin'... White Trash in there. Davina scoffs and Seth looks up her shirt.
Seth: Where is the fucker, by the way!? He's hiding from us.
(31) Derek: Get a clue, you dumbshit. Hey! Look at me! Don't be a dickhead.
Sweeney cares about you.
Seth: Sweeney does? Since when?
(32) Cammeron: Who runs the place? The monkeys or the wetbacks?
Derek: The Mexicans.
(33) Derek: Fuck you, Cameron. You're a fucking chicken hawk...praying on kids.
Cammeron: I don't pray on fucking anyone.
(34) Lamont: Oh man! You sick fucking bastard! You sick pig!
Derek: And you don't!? Shut up!
(35) Derek: Stupid?! You have anything else to say, you little pussy! Hunh?!
Stevie: Fuckyou!
(36) Seth: Sweeney's a fuckin' nigger on a power trip, Vinyard. That's what he
was like when we were there and that's how he is now. It'll never change
either. A nigger is a nigger.
Derek: Fuck!
(37) Stacey: I hope you kill that fucker. Derek looks back at her and straight to
Cameron.
Cammeron: He might have a gun.
(38) Stacey: I hate that fucking Korean. I hope you smash his face in.
(39) Cammeron: Ebony and Ivory back there! Almost all of those orange kid
Relationships are black man and white women and I'm fucking sick of seein'
it! I wouldn't mind so much if it were more even.
Seth: Huge dicks, Cam. That's all it is.
(40) Seth: You're an idiot if you ask me.
Derek: I'm not asking you.
(41) Derek: We're here tonight cause we got immigration problems spiraling out
of control. We got Asians up the ass...taking over our land with their fucking
Yen. Mexicans...flocking into this place like some giant fuckin Pinata was
shattered.
All: Yeah!
(42) Seth:Wheto's your fucking green card, asshole?
Derek: Can't hide from me, motherfucker!
(43) Derek: If he did though! If that shithead killed Dan...you would have
believed the beating to be justified and so would everybody else. But since he
didn't hit anyone...it's "Hands Across America" for the son of a bitch.
Stacey: I'm with you, honey. All the way.
(44) Stacey: You callin' me a liar, Rosen Kike?
Murray: Hey goddammit! You talk to me with respect or!
(45) Murray: I never said she was a liar.
Derek: Weasel like that again Murray...you fuckin' ponytail, pussy, bagel
eating, teacher, faggot...and I'll cut your shylock nose off. Make no mistake.
(46) Murray: He's not a kid, Doris. We were kids. We didn't call people kike.
Doris: It's just gonna take some time with him. What can I do?
