TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.4 Significance of the Study ... 4
1.5 Scope of the Study ... 4
1.6 Research Methodology ... 5
1.7 Clarification of the Key Terms ... 5
1.8 Organization of the Paper ... 6
1.9 Concluding Remark ... 7
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FOUNDATION 2.1. Translation ... 8
2.1.1. Definition of Translation ... 8
2.1.2. Process of Translation ... 9
2.1.3. Translation Procedures ... 11
2.2. Formulaic Expressions: Routine Formulaic Expressions ... 16
2.3. Routine Formulaic Expressions in Comic ... 23
2.4. Dialog as an Element of Comic ... 23
2.5. Concluding Remark ... 23
CHAPTER III
3.1. Research Design... 25
3.2 Data Source ... 26
3.3 Data Collecting Technique ... 26
3.4. Data Analysis ... 27
3.5. Concluding Remark ... 29
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1 Findings... 30
4.2 Discussion ... 33
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ... 72
5.2 Suggestions ... 74
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This chapter explains the background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study, research methodology, clarification of the key terms, and also organization of the paper.
1.1 Background of the study
Translation is “rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text” (Newmark, 1988). Hence, translation is a process of conveying meaning from one language to another language in form of a text. From the statement above basically translation is a change of form. When we talk about the form of a language, we are referring to the actual words, phrases, clauses, sentences, and paragraphs, which are spoken and written.
Talking about spoken and written text,every language has many of vocabularies and the variation of words based on society experience and the development of the culture where that language grow and rise. Along with the development of the language we saw the rise of a whole new branch and mode of language. It is caused by many people who interact with others who might have different language and culture. The interaction can be both in form of contact physic or verbal interaction. Verbal interaction means they interact through the conversation. Conversation becomes a way of sharing world knowledge.
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their daily activity, comprising much expression appears used in their conversation. in the conversation not all the expression is formulated. Some of expressions appear freely, it is known as free expression.
In term of translating, some cases may face in create the good product of translating the expressions. Consequently, the method is needed. The translation of expressions in conversation can be observed based on several procedures. These procedures are used in order to control the translator work. A translator should know the suitable expressions that deal with the context of the story which can make the reader understand and interested to read. Because of that reason, the writer interested in a research topic An Analysis of Translation Procedures Found in Routine Formulaic Expressions in A Serial The Adventures of Tintin “The Calculus
Affair” Comic by Herge.
In writing this paper, the writer chooses a comic as source of data. Comic is a kind of story book that consists of dialogues between characters that is substantiated by pictures. In the translation of this comic, the writer found many of routine formulaic expressions. Through the expressions in the dialog the story is more alive. It can strengthen the characters of the story. The Adventures of Tintin comic was written by Herge and it was translated into Indonesian by Indira. Another reason is the story of this comic is very interesting and amusing, thus every reader will like this comic if the translation product can be easily to be understood by the reader.
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proposes the procedures of translating. Supported by Vinay and Darbalnet (2008) who propose literal procedure as one of translation procedures used to analyze the data. On the other hand, Coulmas (qtd. in R.E. Asher 1292) proposes four categories of Formulaic expression: (1) fixed phrases for daily use, (2) ritualistic formulaic, (3) routine formulaic, and (4) poetic formulaic. From the four types of formulaic expression above, the writer only focuses on routines formulaic expression which comprise the types of fixed expression for highly recurrent communicative as well as conversation management.
Besides, in order to conduct this study, the writer used qualitative research which could be defined as “research method based on post positivism philosophy, used to observe the object at natural setting, (experiment as the comparison) where researcher as a key instrument, data collecting technique use is triangulation, and data analysis is inductive/qualitative and the aims of qualitative research rather emphasizes to the “meaning” than “generalization”.” (Sugiyono, 2009: 9).
The writer hopes the results of this study are expected to share about routine formulaic expressions and the translating procedures which had not yet been explored widely. Afterwards, it could contribute to the field of translation and could be used to support another research which relates to this study.
1.2Research questions
This research islimited to answer the following questions:
1. What types of Routine Formulaic Expressions are found inthe translation of the Serial The Adventures of Tintin ‘The Calculus Affair’ Comic by Herge? 2. What procedures are used in translating of Routine Formulaic expressions of
4 1.3 Aims of the study
This study will be conducted to investigate the types of Routine Formulaic expressions that are found in the translation of Serial the Adventures of Tintin ‘The Calculus Affair’ Comic by Herge, beside to describing the process of translation of Routine Formulaic expressions applied in the element of the original source language (English) into Indonesian, and to find out the type of Routine Formulaic expressions and procedures that are mostly used in the translation of this comic.
1.4 Significance of the study
Through analyzing Routine Formulaic expressions in the translation of the Serial the Adventures of Tintin ‘The Calculus Affair’ Comic by Herge, the writer expects some significance both theoretically and practically. Theoretically, the writer expects this analysis to be useful for learning Routine Formulaic expressions concept between two different languages,particularly English and Indonesian, and this analysis also would be useful in translation, especially in understanding the effectiveness of the formulaic expression procedure in order to produce a good translation. Practically, the writer expects this analysis to be useful for those who are interested in analyzing Routine Formulaic expressions in translation. They may make this paper as their source and reference.
1.5 Scope of the study
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The analysis covers the type of Routine Formulaic expressions with the aim to get the result of the analysis related to the procedure.
1.6 Research methodology
Research is a way to find answer of a question made in organized and systematic form. The method that wasapplied for this research was a descriptive qualitative method. Qualitative research which can be defined as “research method based on post positivism philosophy, used to observe the object at natural setting, (experiment as the comparison) where researcher as a key instrument, data collecting technique use is triangulation, and data analysis is inductive/qualitative and the aims of qualitative research rather emphasizes to the “meaning” than “generalization” ”(Sugiyono, 2009: 9). Descriptive method is a method that involves collecting data in order to answer the question as observed. Therefore, through the qualitative method, the researcher could get depth understanding about research.
1.7 Clarification of the key terms
In this research there are several terms that need to be elaborated as follows: 1. Analysis: study of something by examining its parts (Oxford Learner’s
Pocket Dictionary, 1995).
2 Routine formulaic expressions : a highly conventionalized prepatterned expression whose occurrence is tied to more or less standardized communication situation (Coulmas, 1981)
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is being transferred and must be held constant. Only the form changes (Larson, 1984: 3).
4 Translation Procedures: a technique used in transferring the source language into target language in order to control the translator work.
5 Comic: a sequence of drawings telling a story, printed in a newspaper, etc (Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 2000).
1.8 Organization of the paper
The writer divides this paper into 5 chapters. The following is the general description of each chapter in this paper.
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
This chapter contains the introduction which elaborates the background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, significance of the study, scope of the study, research methodology, clarification of the key terms, and organization of the paper.
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL FOUNDATION
This chapter contains literature review which provides information to investigate the research problems. The theories that explain are a brief description of translation and Routine Formulaic expressions.
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter discussed the procedures and stages of the research employed by the writer. The discussions are research design method, data source, data collecting method, and data analysis method.
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This chapter provides the results of the study after conducting the research and obtaining the necessary data that is represented. The discussions are about data and data analysis, findings, and discussions.
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter contains of conclusions and some suggestions for the next researchers or those who want to get the benefit from this paper.
1.9 Concluding Remark
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The main purpose of this chapter is to discuss research methodology for the present study.
3.1. Research Design
Research is a process of collecting and analyzing data systematically in order to answer questions. The method applied in this study was descriptive qualitative research. AsSugiyono (2009: 9) states that:
Qualitative research can be defined as research method based on post positivism philosophy, used to observe the object at natural setting, (experiment as the comparison) where researcher as a key instrument, data collecting technique use is triangulation; and data analysis is inductive/qualitative and the aims of qualitative research rather emphasizes to the “meaning” than “generalization”.
In addition to the statements above, Bodgan and Biklen (1982) in Sugiyono (2009: 13) argue that “The characteristic of qualitative research is descriptive”. Based on that theory, qualitative method in this paper is applied by making a description of routine formulaic expressionsand translation procedures of routine formulaic expressions including the types of routine formulaic expressions in the translation of a serial The Adventures of Tintin ‘The Calculus Affair’ comic by Herge.
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3.2 Data Source
The data source of this study is written text, which were taken from one of the best selling comic book written by Herge, under the title ‘Calculus Affair’ in the series of The Adventure of Tintin published by Casterman, France, in 1956. This comic was translated by Indira under the title ‘Penculikancalculus’ in the series comic of ‘PetualanganTintin. The data is collected by closely observing the terms in SL and RL of data source. By reading the data source, all the routines formulaic expressions terms are listed. Therefore, the data were taken directly from the data source.
The both comicversion contains 63pages and consists of 1526 sentence where the sentence consist of 1368 routine formulaic expressions and 158 free expressions. The writer choosewhole data samples. Each sample has already been classified on the homogeny data.
3.3 Data Collecting Technique
Before analyzing the data, the researcher collected the data as the media of doing this study. As Sugiyono(2008: 224) states that “Data collecting technique is a strategic way to do research because the main purpose of research is to get data. A researcher cannot acquire the data if he does not know the technique of data collection”. Thus, the researcher did the following steps to get the data:
1. Reading both English and Indonesia version of the novel
2. Identifying the object of the research that is the use of routine formulaic expressions found inthe translation of the Serial The Adventures of Tintin ‘The Calculus Affair’ Comic and the translation procedures found inthe routine formulaic expressions 3. Separating the dialogues
4. Extracting and collecting data
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3.4. Data Analysis
After deciding all samples, the samples were analyzed in order to find out the results of this study that answered the research questions mentioned before. The definition of data analysis itself is defined by Bodgan citied in Sugiyono (2006: 334) as“The process of systematically searching and arranging the interview transcripts, field notes, and other materials that you accumulate to increase your own understanding of them and to enable you to present what you have discovered to others”.
Rudestam and Newton in Emilia (2008: 210) also argue that “In understanding qualitative data, the researcher has to conduct inductive analysis contained two activities: first, unitizing that is giving code in order to identify information unit separated from the text, and second, categorizing that is arranging and organizing the data based on meaning similarities.” Therefore, in doing this research, the researcher conducted some steps as follows:
1. Reading both English and Indonesia version of the comic repeatedly.
2. Identifying and classifyingthe word or sentences which belong to types of routine formulaic expressions (Coulmas’s theory) of the dialogues. Those routine formulaic expressions are
Salutations; Introductions; Conventional greeting; Thanks; Apologies; Excuses; Compliments; Toast; exclamations; Announcements; Modal Expressions; Epistolary beginning and closing; Dialog Managements that divided into several categories : Claiming and Disclaiming; Passing a turn; Soliciting; Interrupting; Requesting repetition; Explicating; and Introducing and Closing a topic.
SL TL
Types of routine formulaic expression
Excuse me Maaf. apologies
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3. Calculating the total number and percentage of routine formulaic expressions classification
In counting the types of routine formulaic expressions and the translation procedures, Bungin’s formula (2005:171) is used to find the types of routine formulaic expressions and the procedures are used mostly in the novel. The following formula is:
Where,
P: number of percentages
F: frequency of translation procedures N: number of whole dialogues/sample
4. Selecting samples taken randomly based on each routine formulaic expressions classification to be analyzed.
5. Juxtaposing the English and Indonesian version.
SL TL
The adventures of Tintin KisahPetualanganTintin
The calculus Affair Penculikankalkulus
Here comes the rain hujanmulaiturun
Good old Nestor! nestor yang baik
6. Analyzing and identifying the translation procedures (Newmark’s theory) routine formulaic expressionsfound in the comic. Those procedures are transference, naturalization, cultural equivalent, functional equivalent, descriptive equivalent, synonymy, through-translation, shift or transpositions, modulation, recognized translation, translation label, compensation, componential analysis, reduction and expansion, paraphrase, couplets, notes, additions, glosses.
SL TL Procedures
thank you, gentelmen terimakasih reduction
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bandit itu harus segera di ringkus shift
fantastic! fantastis naturalization
I’ve had enough of it Sayasudahjemu paraphrase
7. Calculating total number and percentage of each procedure to find out the amount of each procedure based on the Bungin’s formula.
8. Categorizing the translation procedures based on each routine formulaic expressions classification.
9. Calculating total number and percentage of each procedure in each routine formulaic expressions classification.
10. Describing and interpreting the result of the analysis 11. Drawing some conclusions based on the result of analysis.
3.5. Concluding Remark
72 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter discusses primarily the conclusion taken from the result of the research and suggestions for the further study based on the research.
5.1 Conclusions
After conducting the research, there were some points concluded by the researcher as follows:
1. There were 16 types of routine formulaic expressions that found ina serial the adventures of Tintin “the calculus affair” comic. Based on the classification of routine formulaic expressions, the samples were 1386 (100%) samples divided into 59 (4,31%) salutation, 17 ( 1,24%) introduction, 17( 1,24%) thanks, 13 (0,95%) apologies, 40 (2,92%) excuses, 45 (3,28%) compliments, 5 ( 0,36%) toasts, 306 (22,36%) claiming, 95 (6,94%) passing a turn, 91 (6,65%) soliciting, 61 (4,45%) interrupting, 15 (1,09%) introducing a topic, 81 (5,89%) request repetition, 68 (4,97%) explication, 7 (0,51%) closing a topic conversation, and 448 (32,74%) announcements. The announcement expression appeared in a large amount, it means that in the dialog of Tintin comic the character try to declare about something publicity. Through the emergence of these expressions, the author implicitly has a purpose to flatten the story plots to the readers. As we all know, this comic is the adventure serial which tells of the problem investigation by detective Tintin and his friend named Haddock.
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(7,16%) shift or transposition, 81 (5,92%) modulation, 57 (4,16%) compensation, 194 (14,18%) reduction and expansion, 427 (31,21%) paraphrase, and 79 (5,77%) couplets. Paraphrase procedure was mostly used by the author. It happens because the translator tried to make the translated text clear by using his own words. By paraphrasing the translator expected that the translated expression would be clearer, and then the TL text become natural and accurate.
3. After classifying the procedures into each routine formulaic expressions, it was revealed that the translation procedure mostly found in salutation was 29 (49,15%) literal; 5 (29,41%) literal in introduction; 12 (70,58%) in thanks; 3 (23,07%) literal, reduction, and synonymy in apologies; 17 (42,5%) paraphrase in excuses; 17 (37,77%) paraphrase in compliments; 3 (60%) paraphrase in toasts; 122 (39,86%) paraphrase in claiming; 44 (46,31%) paraphrase in passing a turn; 34 (37,36%) paraphrase in soliciting; 15 (24,59%) paraphrase in interrupting; 8 (53,33%) paraphrase in introducing a topic; 33 (40,47%) literal in request repetition; 22 (32,35%) paraphrase in explication; 5 (71,42%) paraphrase in closing a topic conversation, and 101 (29,02%) paraphrase in announcements.
74 5.2 Suggestions
Following are some suggestions proposed by the writer which are hopefully used to others who want to conduct a research related to this study.
1. This study only treats the translation procedures found in routine formulaic expressions. Thus the writer suggests to those who are interested in the same field to analyze another form of formulaic expressions such as, ritualistic formulas, fixed phrases formulas and poetic formulas.
2. From the analysis, the writer suggests that the term analysis of routine formulaic expression is more appropriate to be applied in the daily conversation because this study deals with the pragmatic field. Thus, the sense of the routine formulaic expression more visible.
3. This study makes the writer realize the importance of applying whatthe student have learned in academic setting to the real world. Thus, the writer expects that English department will consider exploring more in the translating field.
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