1 INTRODUCTION. AUDITING 1 (Pemeriksaan Akuntansi 1) Asersi Manajemen dan Kertas. Kerja

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1

AUDITING 1

(Pemeriksaan Akuntansi 1)

1 INTRODUCTION

Asersi Manajemen dan Kertas

Kerja

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Asersi (Assertions) adalah pernyataan

manajemen yang terkandung di dalam

komponen laporan keuangan.

Pernyataan tersebut dapat bersifat

implisit atau eksplisit.

(3)

Financial statement assertions.

Management is responsible for the fair presentation of

financial statements. In representing that the financial

statements are fairly presented in conformity with

generally accepted accounting principles,

management implicitly or explicitly makes assertions

relating to account balances at year-end (account

balances), classes of transactions and events

(transactions classes), and presentations and

disclosures (dis closures).

(4)

Occurrence—Transactions

and events that

have been recorded have occurred and pertain

to the entity.

Existence—Assets,

liabilities, and equity interests exist.

Occurrence—Disclosed

events and

transactions have occurred.

Rights and obligations—

The entity holds

or controls the rights to assets, and liabilities are the obligations of the entity.

Rights and obligations—

Disclosed

events pertain to the entity.

Completeness—All

transactions and events have been recorded.

Completeness—All assets,

liabilities, and

equity interests have been recorded.

Completeness—All

disclosures that

should have been included have been

(5)

Accuracy—Amounts and

other data relating

to recorded transactions have been recorded

appropriately.

Valuation and

allocation—Assets,

liabilities,

and equity interests are included at

appropriate amounts.

Accuracy and valuation—

Information is disclosed fairly and at

appropriate amounts.

Cutoff—Transactions and

events have been

recorded in the correct accounting period.

Classification —

Transactions and events have

been recorded in the proper accounts.

Classification and understandability—

Information is

presented and described clearly.

(6)

Asersi ini berhubungan dengan apakah

aktiva atau hutang/kewajiban entitas

yang dilaporakan di Nerca ada pada

tanggal tertentu; dan apakah transaksi

yang dicatat telah terjadi selama periode

tertentu

ASERSI KEBERADAAN dan KETERJADIAN

(Existence and occurrence)

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ASERSI KELENGKAPAN

(Completeness)

Asersi ini berhubungan dengan apakah

semua transaksi (aktiva, kewajiban,

ekuitas) yang harus dilaporkan dalam

laporan keuangan dan rekening yang

seharusnya telah disajikan/dilaporkan

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ASERSI HAK dan KEWAJIBAN

(Rights and Obligation)

Asersi ini berhubungan dengan apakah

aktiva yang dilaporkan dalam Neraca

betul-betul hak perusahaan; dan hutang

merupakan kewajiban perusahaan

pada tanggal tertentu

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ASERSI PENILAIAN/ALOKASI (Valuation)

Asersi ini berhubungan dengan apakah komponen

aktiva, kewajiban, pendapatan dan biaya sudah

dicantumkan dalam laporan keuangan dalam jumlah

yang semestinya/tepat dan akurat sesuai dengan

PABU:

Prinsip penilaian

Prinsip matching

Kelayakan estimasi

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– Klerikal

• Dokumen sumber cukup rinci

• Jurnal

• Posting

• Kecocokan antara akun dg sub-akun

– Matematik

• Kebenaran jumlah dalam dokumen,

jurnal, saldo akun dan penghitungan

(seperti depresiasi)

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ASERSI PENYAJIAN dan PENGUNGKAPAN

(Presentation and Disclosure)

Asersi ini berhubungan dengan apakah

komponen tertentu laporan keuangan

diklasifikasikan, dijelaskan, dan

diungkapkan semestinya

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Cash

Presentation and

Disclosure

• Review disclosures for compliance with GAAP

Existence or Occurrence

• Confirmation

• Count cash on hand

Rights and Obligations

• Review bank statements

Completeness and Cutoff

• Review cutoffs (receipts and disbursements) • Perform analytical procedures

• Review bank reconciliation

Valuation, Allocation and Accuracy

• Foot summary schedules

• Reconcile summary schedules to general ledger • Test translation of any foreign currencies

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Receivables

Presentation and

Disclosure

• Review disclosures for compliance with GAAP • Inquire about pledging, discounting

Existence or Occurrence

• Confirmation

• Vouch (examine shipping documents, invoices)

Rights and Obligations

• Inquire about factoring of receivables

Completeness and Cutoff

• Review cutoffs (sales, cash receipts, sales returns) • Perform analytical procedures

Valuation, Allocation and Accuracy

• Examine subsequent cash receipts

• Age receivables to test adequacy of allowance for doubtful accounts

• Discuss adequacy of allowance for doubtful accounts with management and compare to historical experience

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An audit should be designed to limit audit risk to an appropriately low level. Audit risk, which may be assessed in quantitative or non quantitative terms, consists of (1) the risk that an account and its related assertions contains material misstatements (composed of two components, referred to as inherent risk and control risk) and (2) the risk that the auditor will not detect such misstatements (referred to as detection risk).

• Inherent Risk

• Control Risk

• Detection Risk

(15)

Inherent risk refers to the likelihood of material

misstatement of an assertion, assuming no related internal

control. This risk is assessed using various analytical

techniques, available information on the company and its

industry, as well as by using overall auditing knowledge.

The risk differs by account and assertion. For example,

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Control risk is the likelihood that a material misstatement

will not be prevented or detected on a timely basis by

internal control. This risk is assessed using the results of

tests of controls. Tests of controls that provide audit

evidence that controls operate effectively will ordinarily

allow the auditor to assess control risk at a level below the

maximum.

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Detection risk

is the likelihood that an auditor’s

procedures lead to an improper conclusion that no material

misstatement exists in an assertion when in fact such a

misstatement does exist. Substantive procedures are

primarily relied upon to restrict detection risk. Auditors

increase the nature, timing or extent of substantive

procedures to decrease the assessed level of detection

risk.

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• A record of the planning, nature, timing, and extent of the auditing procedures performed.

• It supports the results of audit procedures, the conclusions drawn from the evidence obtained, and evidence of

supervisory reviews of the work performed.

• It provides a sufficient and appropriate record as a basis for the auditor's report.

• It demonstrates that the audit was performed in accordance with the KAP policies and procedures and the applicable

professional standards.

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• Assistants (more on the substantive procedures)

• Seniors review assistants’ work on the field (may also

include substantive procedures for complicated

accounts)

• Managers review Seniors’ work on the field

• Review notes have to be discussed and explained, and

cleared on the field

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• Identification of working paper:

• Name of client

• Title of the working paper

• Year under audit

• Working paper reference

• Explanation of tick marks used

• File Index reference

• X reference if needed

• When showing figures, always present comparatives for

N-1 and or interim/ pre final

• Any figure on a leadsheet needs to be x referenced to the

Financial statements/General ledger/subledger

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• Objective

To make it easy for those who have access

to our working papers to retrace the steps

we took to complete the audit and to

locate the supporting working papers.

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• Cross-referencing is the process of making sure the

information from audit procedures performed on one working

paper agrees with the information from another working

paper.

• Purposes of cross-referencing:

• To indicate where data originated (for example, where the supporting evidence can be located)

• To indicate where various detail amounts have been audited in the working papers

 _{Cross-references can help reviewers fulfill their responsibilities in}

determining that:

• Each planned audit procedure was performed and the results were properly documented.

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• Tickmarks are used to indicate the procedures performed on data

in the working papers. The most common tickmarks used are the

following:

PY – Agree to prior year audited balance

GL – Agree to general ledger

TB – Agree to trial balance

i

– Passed for further audit procedures due to immateriality

Vo – Vouch to supporting documents such as supplier invoice, PO etc.

CB – Confirm balance

NR – No replies

^ – Footed

< – Cross-footed

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Heading

Index

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E-1 Leadsheet Banks Cash Bank A 100 Bank B CC-3 200 300 E-2.1 Bank confirmation Bank A Item 1 70 Item 2 10 Item 3 20 Total 100 FS1 E-2.1 Goes to E-1 Comes from

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pbc ABC Co. E-3 30.12.200X xyz, dd.mm.yy

Accounts receivables open items Customer A 27.11.20X5 USD 11 000 CB 29.4% c 12.12.20X5 USD 2 408 CB 6.4% c 23.12.20X5 USD 23 989  64,1% c USD 37 397 ^ Customer B ....

CB balance agreed to A/R confirmation  balance agreed to bank statement

^ sum agreed

c ratio in % agreed

►

Tickmarks

indicate the

procedures performed on

data in WPs

►

“Footing”

No tickmark without

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