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Study Guide Basic Histology Semester I 10 Nopember 2015

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Introduction

2

Planner team & Lecturers

3

Facilitators

4

Time Table (Regular Class)

5

Time Table (English Class)

7

Meeting of the students’ representative

9

Assessment Method

9

Student’s Project

9

References

10

Learning Programs

11

Practical Guidelines

19

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~INTRODUCTION~

Histology isthe study of fine detail (structure) of cells and tissues with microscope. It is also called microscopic anatomy, as opposed to gross anatomy which involves structures that can be observed with the naked eye. The word "histology" came from the Greek "histo-" meaning tissue + "logos", science. Histology also discuss about the role of various cells and tissues in the body, their interaction with body systems and ways they are affected by disease.

Studying histology is carried out by examining a thin slice of tissue under a light microscope. In order to distinguish different biological structures more easily and accurately histological stains are often used to add color or enhance the color of a particular type of biological structure is different from other types of structures that may be located next to and / or contact with each other

Learn and understand histology is very important for medical students for several reasons :

 Tissues as Building Blocks

Tissues are made from large groups of cells that cluster together to complete a shared function. From tissues arise organs, and organs keep the body operating. Histology can help students gain a better understanding of cell behavior. Likewise, because tissues are the building blocks of virtually everything in the body, understanding histology enables students to predict and understand organ behavior and function.

 Understanding Development and Evolution

Some organisms have no organs and are instead made entirely from tissues. Familiarity with histology helps students gain insight into the development of complex organs and organ systems. When students evaluate the tissue of humans and animals with complex organs, they gain more insight into how organs and organ systems develop and change across the life course.

 Role in Disease

Many diseases occur at the tissue level. For example, cancer is often the result of problematic tissue overgrowth, and some infections cause tissue to necrotize. For future medical professionals, histology provides important insight into the development of disease. Histology can help you understand why some treatments work more effectively than others and why certain lifestyle choices can harm human body over time.

On this block students will learn about the microscopic structure of the tissues that make up the body, the role of various cells and tissues, interactions between cells, through several learning methods are: lectures, independent learning, small group discussion, practical session and student project.

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No

Name

Department

Phone

1 Dr. I G.N. Sri Wiryawan, M.Repro SRI Histology 08123925104 2 Dr. I Wayan Sugiritama, Mkes SUG Histology 08164732743

3 Dr. I G.N Mayun, Sp. HK MAY Histology 08155715359

4 Dr. I A. Ika Wahyuniari, M.Kes IKA Histology 08123614856

5 Dr. Ni Made Linawati, M.Si LIN Histology 081337222567

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~FACILITATORS ~

NO

NAME

GROUP

DEPT

PHONE

VENUE

1 dr. I Putu Bayu Mayura, S.Ked 1 Microbiology

082236165801 2R.2.01nd floor: 2 dr. Ida Ayu Dewi Wiryanthini, M

Biomed

2 Biochemistry

081239990399 2R.2.02nd floor: 3 dr. I Gusti Ayu Indah Ardani,

Sp.KJ

3 Psychiatry 08123926522 2nd floor:

R.2.03 4 dr. Tjahya Aryasa E M, Sp.An 4 Anasthesi 081339713553 2nd floor:

R.2.04 5 dr. Ni Made Susilawati, Sp.S 5 Neurology

08124690137 2R.2.05nd floor: 6 dr. Ni Luh Putu Ariastuti, MPH 6 Public Health

0818560008 2R.2.06nd floor:

7 dr. Putu Yuliandari, S.Ked 7 Microbiology

089685415625 2R.2.07nd floor: 8 dr.Ni Putu Ekawati, M.Repro,

Sp.PA

8 Anatomy

Pathology 08113803933

2nd floor:

R.2.08 9 dr. Ida Bagus Wirakusuma,

MOH

9 Public Health 08124696647 2nd floor:

R.2.21 10 dr. I Putu Adiartha Griadhi,

M.Fis, AIFO

10 Fisiology

081999636899 2R.2.22nd floor:

ENGLISH CLASS

NO NAME GROUP DEPT PHONE VENUE

1 dr. Pratihiwi Primadharsini, M.Biomol, Sp.PD

1 Interna 081805530196 2nd floor:

R.2.01 2 dr. I Wayan Eka Sutyawan,

Sp.M

2 Opthalmology 081338538499 2nd floor:

R.2.02 3 dr. Lisna Astuti, Sp.Rad(K) 3 Radiology

081337934497 2R.2.03nd floor: 4 dr. Sianny Herawati, Sp.PK 4 Clinical

Pathology 0818566411

2nd floor:

R.2.04 5 dr. Gusti Ngurah Mayun, Sp.HK 5 Histology 08155715359 2nd floor:

R.2.05 6 dr. Lely Setyawati , Sp.KJ 6 Psychiatry

08174709797 2R.2.06nd floor: 7 dr. I Kadek Swastika , M Kes 7 Parasitology

08124649002 2R.2.07nd floor: 8 dr. Jaqueline Sudirman,

GrandDipRepSc, PhD

8 Obgyn 082283387245 2nd floor:

R.2.08

9 dr. I Gde Haryo Ganesha 9 DME 081805391039 2nd floor:

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~TIME TABLE~

REGULAR CLASS

DAY/

DATE TIME ACTIVITY CONVEYER VENUE

1

Tuesday 10 Nov

15

08.00 - 09.00 09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 13.00 – 15.00

Lecture 1 : Histology and Its Method of Study Lecture 2: Extracellular Matrix

Independent Learning SGD (Lecture 1& 2) BREAK SP MAY RAT -Facilitator -facilitator Class R. Class R. -Disc. R. -Disc. R. 2 Wednesd ay 11 Nov 15

08.00 - 09.00 09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 13.00 – 14.00 13.00 – 14.00

Lecture 3: Epithelial Tissue Lecture 4: Connective Tissue

Independent Learning SGD (Lecture 3 &4) BREAK

Practical Introduction I and Pre-test SP RAT RAT -Facilitator -Team Facilitator Class R. Class R. -Disc. R. -Class. R. Disc. R 3 Thursday 12 Nov 15

08.00 – 09.00 09.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.00 13.00 - 15.00

Lecture 5 : Bone and cartilage Practical Session I (Epithelium)

Break

Practical Introduction II and Pre-test

LIN Team -Team Class R. Hist. R. -Class R. 4 Friday 13 Nov 15

08.00 – 08.45 08.45 – 09.30 09.30 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 13.00 13.00 - 15.00

Lecture 6: Muscle Tissue

Lecture 7: Nerve tissue & the Nervous System

Independent Learning Break PPKN SP SUG SUG -PPKN -Class R. Class R. -Class R. -5 Monday 16 Nov 15

08.00 – 09.00 09.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.00 13.00 - 15.00

Lecture 8: Circulatory System

Practical Session II (Connective Tissue)

Break

SGD (Lecture 5,6&7)

MAY Team -Facilitator Class R. Hist. R. -Disc. R. 6 Tuesday 17 Nov 15

08.00 - 09.00 09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 13.00 – 15.00

Lecture 9: Blood

Lecture 10: The Immune System & Lymphoid Organs Independent Learning

SGD ( Lecture 8,9&10) BREAK SP SUG LIN -Facilitator -Facilitator Class R. Class R. -Disc. R. -Disc. R 7 Wednesd ay 18 Nov 15

08.00 – 09.00 10.00 – 11.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 14.00 – 15.00

Lecture 11 : The Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands Lecture 12: Digestive System

Independent Learning SGD (Lecture 11 & 12) BREAK

Practical Introduction III (Pre-test)

ARI SUG/MAY -Facilitator -Team Class. R Class. R -Disc. R -Class R. 8 Thursday 19 Nov 15

08.00 – 09.00 09.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.00 13.00 - 14.00 14.00 - 15.00

Lecture 13 : Endocrine Glands

Practical Session III (Blood & Lymphoid Tissue)

Break

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9

Friday 20 Nov

15

08.00 – 08.45 08.45 – 09.30 09.30 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 13.00 13.00 – 15.00

Lecture 14 : The respiratory System Lecture 15: Skin

Independent Learning Break PPKN SP SRI LIN -PPKN facilitator Class R. Class R. -Class. R Disc. R. 10 Monday 23 Nov 15

08.00 – 09.00 09.00 – 12.00 12.30 – 13.00 14.00 – 15.00

Lecture 16 : Urinary System

Practical Session IV (Endocrine System)

BREAK

SGD ( Lecture 13,14&15)

ARI Team -Facilitator Class R. Hist. R. -Disc. R 11 Tuesday 24 Nov 15

08.00 – 09.00 10.00 – 11.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 14.00 – 15.00

Lecture 17 : Male Reproductive system Lecture 18 : Female Reproductive System

Independent Learning SGD (Lecture 16&17) BREAK

Practical Introduction V and Pre-test

SRI/SUG SUG -Facilitator -Team Class R. Class R. -Disc. R. -Class R. 12 Wednesd ay 25 Nov 15

08.00 – 09.00 09.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.00 13.00 - 15.00

Lecture 19: The eye and ear (Special Senses) Practical Session V (Nervous Tissue & Muscle)

Break

SGD (Lecture 18&19)

RAT/ARI Team -Facilitator Class R. Hist. R. -Disc. R 13 Thursday 26 Nov 15

08.00 – 10.00

10.00 – 11.00

Practical Exam

Final Exam Preprataion

Team -Hist. R -14 Friday 27 Nov 15

08.00 – 12.00

12.00 – 13.00

FINAL EXAM

PPKN

L B

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~TIME TABLE~

ENGLISH CLASS

DAY/

DATE TIME ACTIVITY CONVEYER

VENUE

1

Tuesday 10 Nov

15

09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 14.00 14.00 – 16.00

Independent Learning

Lecture 1 : Histology and Its Method of Study Lecture 2: Extracellular Matrix

BREAK

SGD (Lecture 1 &2) SP -MAY MAY -Facilitator Facilitator -Class R. Class R. -Disc. R. Disc. R. 2 Wednesd ay 11 Nov 15

09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 14.00 14.00 – 15.00 15.00 – 16.00

Independent Learning

Lecture 3: Epithelial Tissue Lecture 4: Connective Tissue

BREAK

SGD (Lecture 3 &4)

Practical Introduction I and Pre-test SP -RAT RAT -Facilitator Team Facilitator -Class R. Class R. -Disc. R. Class. R. Disc. R 3 Thursday 12 Nov 15

09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.00 13.00 – 16.00

Lecture 5 : Bone and cartilage Practical Introduction II and Pre-test Break

Practical Session I (Epithelium)

LIN Team -Team Class R. Class R. -Hist. R.

4

Friday 13 Nov

15

09.00 – 09.30 09.30 – 10.15 10.15 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.00 13.00 – 15.00 15.00 – 16.00

Independent Learning

Lecture 6: Muscle Tissue

Lecture 7: Nerve tissue & the Nervous System

Independent Learning BREAK PPKN SP -SUG SUG -PPKN -Class R. Class R. -Class R. -5 Monday 16 Nov 15

09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.00 13.00 – 16.00

Lecture 8: Circulatory System SGD (Lecture 5,6&7)

Break

Practical Session II (Connective Tissue)

MAY Facilitator -Team Class R. Disc. R Hist. R. 6 Tuesday 17 Nov 15

09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 14.00 14.00 – 16.00

Independent Learning

Lecture 9: Blood

Lecture 10: The Immune System & Lymphoid Organs BREAK SGD (8+9+10) SP -SUG LIN -Facilitator Facilitator -Class R. Class R. -Disc. R. Disc. R 7 Wednesd ay 18 Nov 15

09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 14.00 15.00 – 16.00

Independent Learning

Lecture 11 : The Oral Cavity & Salivary Glands Lecture 12: Digestive System

BREAK

SGD (Lecture 11&12)

Practical Introduction III and Pre-test

-ARI SUG/MAY -Facilitator Team -Class. R Class. R -Disc. R Class R. 8 Thursday 19 Nov 15

09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.00 13.00 – 16.00

Lecture 13 : Endocrine Glands Practical Introduction IV and Pre-test

Break

Practical Session III (Blood & Lymphoid Tissue)

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9

Friday 20 Nov

15

09.00 – 09.30 09.30 – 10.15 10.15 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.00 13.00 – 15.00 15.00 – 16.00

Independent Learning

Lecture 14 : The respiratory System Lecture 15: Skin

Independent Learning Break PPKN SP -SRI LIN -PPKN facilitator -Class R. Class R. -Class. R Disc. R. 10 Monday 23 Nov 15

09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.00 13.00 – 16.00

Lecture 16 : Urinary System SGD (Lecture 13,14&15) Break

Practical Session IV (Endocrine System)

ARI Team -Facilitator Class R. Disc. R -Hist. R. 11 Tuesday 24 Nov 15

09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 14.00 14.00 – 16.00

Independent Learning

Lecture 17 : Male Reproductive system Lecture 18 : Female Reproductive System

BREAK

SGD (Lecture 16&17)

Practical Introduction V and Pre-test

-SRI/SUG SUG -Facilitator Team -Class R. Class R. -Disc. R. Hist R. 12 Wednesd ay 25 Nov 15

09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.00 13.00 – 16.00

Lecture 19: The eye and ear (Special Senses) SGD (Lecture 18 &19)

Break

Practical Session V (Nervous Tissue & Muscle)

RAT/ARI Facilitator -Team Class R. Disc. R. -Hist. R 13 Thursday 26 Nov 15

08.00 – 10.00

10.00 – 11.00

Practical Exam

Team Hist. R

14

Friday 27 Nov

15

08.00 – 12.00 13.00 – 15.00

FINAL EXAM PPKN

L B Class R

There are several types of learning activity:

Lecture

independent learning based on the lecture’s topic

Small group discussion to solve the learning task

Practice

Student project

Lecture and Practical Introduction will be held at room 402, practical session

at histology department, while discussion rooms available at 3

rd

floor (room

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~MEETING OF THE STUDENTS’ REPRESENTATIVE~

In the middle of block schedule, a meeting is designed among the student representatives of each small group discussion, facilitators, and resource persons. The meeting will discuss the ongoing teaching learning process, quality of lecturers and facilitators as a feedback to improve the learning program. The meeting will be held based on schedule from Department of Medical Education.

~ASSESSMENT METHOD~

Assessment in this theme consists of:

SGD

: 5%

Practical Exam

: 40%

Final Exam

: 40%

Student Project

: 15%

Total result will contribute as much as 35 % to overall score of The Cell as

Biochemical Machinery Block

~STUDENT PROJECT~

Each group should write a paper about certain topics related to basic histology. This paper should be discussed with the related lecture and collected at the end of course. Late/no submission of paper will be granted no score for SP.

The topics are:

NO SGD TITTLE EVALUATOR

1 A1, B1 Intercellular Junction (overview) Linawati

2 A2, B2 Basement membrane (overview) Ratnayanti

3 A3, B3 Fiber of connective tissue (overview) Ratnayanti

4 A4, B4 Cell Surface specialization (overview) Mayun

5 A5, B5 Muscle satellite cells (overview) Sugiritama

6 A6, B6 Sertoli Cell (Structure and function) Sugiritama

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8 A8, B8 Clara Cells (Progenitor until Clara Cell) Sri Wiryawan

9 A9, B9 Mesangial cell (Progenitor until mesangial cell) Arijana

10 A10,B10 Stem Cell (overview) Arijana

Format of the paper :

1. Cover

Tittle

Name

Student Registration Number

Faculty of Medicine, Udayana University 2015

2. Introduction

3. Content

4. Conclusion

5. References (minimal 3 references)

Example :

Journal

Porrini M, Risso PL. 2011. Lymphocyte Lycopene Concentration and DNA Protection

from Oxidative Damage is Increased in Woman.

Am J Clin Nutr

11(1):79-84.

Textbook

Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, Pober JS. 2011.

Cellular and Molecular Immunology

. 4

th

ed. Pennysylvania: WB Saunders Co. Pp 1636-1642.

Note.

5-10 pages; 1,5 spasi; Times new roman 12

~REFERENCES~

Standard reference:

 Gartner, L.P. & Hiatt, J.L.2011, Concise Histology. Philadelphia : WB Saunders Co

Additional reference:

 Mescher, A. L. Junqueira,s basic Histology Text and Atlas, 2013. 13th ed. Singapore :

McGraw-Hill

 Gartner, L.P. & Hiatt, J.L.2007. Color Textbook of Histology, 3rd Ed. Philadelphia :

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~LEARNING PROGRAMS~

LECTURE 1: HISTOLOGY AND ITS METHODS OF STUDY

Introduction

Histology is the study of the structure of tissue that makes up the organs of the body by observing a thin slice of tissue under a microscope. Before it can be observed, the tissue must be processed through certain procedures so that the components of tissue can be distinguished. Histologic sections are two-dimensional planes cut from a three dimensional structure. Student should have ability to reconcile the image seen in the microscope with the tissue or organ from which it was harvested.

This topic covers the basic principles of histology, microscope use in histology, tissue processing in histology, and interpretation of microscopic section.

Learning Tasks:

1. Describe the mean and scope of histology 2. Explain the use of the microscope in histology 3. Describe briefly the stages of tissue processing 4. Explain the interpretation of microscopic section 5. Explain briefly the four basic tissue

___________________________________________________________________

LECTURE 2: EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX

Introduction

Tissue is composed of cells. The cells are organized in certain fashion to build up specific kind of tissue. In the process, cell excretes molecules, termed as extracellular matrix. Extracellular matrix consists of fibers and ground substances. Cell type and extracellular matrix composition determine the type of tissue. Interaction between cells and extracellular matrix influences the cell behavior and metabolism thus influences the tissue. In this topic, the students should be able to understand types of fiber and ground substance, also its significance related to tissue characteristic and function. Many clinical conditions ranging from genetic to degenerative disorders are related to the defect in the extracellular matrix.

Learning Task:

1. Describe the function of extracellular matrix and components contribute to each function!

2. Describe the structure and characteristic of collagen fiber! 3. Describe the structure and characteristic of elastic fiber! 4. Differentiate the glycosaminoglycan in the extracellular matrix! 5. Explain the glycoprotein adhesive of the extracellular matrix!

6. Explain the type of relation of cells and extracellular matrix in tissue!

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LECTURE 3 : Epithelia

Introduction

There are two types of epithelia, one that covers all the external body surfaces and line all the internal body cavities and tubes, and the other that are secretory, and often found in aggregates called glands, just beneath the body surfaces.

After studying this topic you should be able to recognize the different types of epithelia, and relate their structure to their function.

On practical session you should be able to recognize the types of epithelium using light microscope.

Learning Tasks

1. Explain the principal function of epithelial tissue! 2. Explain the characteristic features of epithelial cells!

3. Explain the structure and function of basement membrane! 4. Mention and explain the types of cell junctions!

5. Explain the specialization of the apical cell surface! 6. Explain in detail the classification of epithelial tissues! 7. List the different between endocrine and exocrine glands!

8. Explain the types of exocrine glands based on their structure and how the products leave the cell!

LECTURE 4 : Connective Tissue

Introduction

Connective tissue is one of the four basic tissues. It fills the spaces between organs and tissues, and provides them with structural and metabolic support.

After completing this topic you should understand the basic structure and function of connective tissue, and its components (cells, fibers, ground substances).

On practical session you should be able to recognize the types of connective tissue, types of cells and fibers of connective tissue using light microscope.

Learning tasks:

1. Explain the functions of connective tissue! 2. Explain the component of connective tissue! 3. Explain the cells of connective tissue!

4. Explain the three type of fiber found in connective tissue! 5. Explain the ground substance!

6. Summarize the main similarities and differences between different types of connective tissue!

___________________________________________________________________

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Bone is highly vascularized, and its calcified matrix makes it very strong.

This topic covers the structure, function, types of cell, and the formation of bone and cartilage.

On practical session you should be able to recognize the three types of cartilage, two types of ossification and structure of mature bone using light microscope.

Learning Task:

1. Describe how cartilage is synthesized, how it grows and how it is nourished!

2. What are the three types of cartilage and how do their structures relate to their different properties and functions?

3. Mention the name and function of the different types of cell that are found in bone! 4. Describe the differences between endochondral and intramembranous ossification! 5. Recognize the zones of epiphyseal plate and it’s relation in bone growth.

___________________________________________________________________

LECTURE 6 : Muscle Tissue

Introduction:

Muscle is another type of basic tissue. After completing this topic, you should understand the microscopic structure of three major types of muscle, the arrangement of contractile filaments, organization of muscle cell and how they are connected to bone. The function of ultra structure molecule in muscle contraction and its clinical consideration will be discussed in the Musculoskeletal System Block. On practical session you should be able to recognize the three types of muscle using light microscope.

Learning Tasks

1. Explain the general structure of the cells of muscle tissue!

2. Describe the microscopic structure of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle!

3. Explain why skeletal muscle and heart has dark and bright lines under the microscope, but smooth muscle has not!

4. Describe about the sarcomere of muscle cell! 5. Explain the meaning of triads and dyads!

6. Describe the organization of the connective tissue enveloping the muscles! 7. Describe about the satellite cells in muscle tissue!

___________________________________________________________________

LECTURE 7 : Nerve Tissue and Nervous System

Introduction

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On practical session you should be able to recognize the cells of nervous system, component of nervous system (cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord) using light microscopy

Learning Tasks

1. Explain the basic structure and ultrastructure of neuron! 2. Explain the type of neuron and its location on the body! 3. Describe the type, structure and function of neuroglia!

4. Explain the microscopic structure of cerebrum, cerebellum and spinal cord! 5. Describe the microscopic structure of peripheral nervous system!

6. Describe the type and structure of ganglion! 7. Describe the structure and type of synaps! 8. Describe the structure of meninges!

___________________________________________________________________

LECTURE 8 : CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

Introduction

This topic covers the structure of the heart, blood vessels and lymph vessels. The cells in the blood are covered in another topic (Blood). After studying through this topic, you should be able to understand the basic structure of the heart and blood vessels whose layers change from arteries/veins to capillaries/venules as an adaptation to their function.

Learning Tasks :

1. Describe the structure of the heart and the components of cardiac skeleton! 2. Differentiate myocardium and purkinje fiber in general!

3. Describe the general structure of blood vessel (artery and vein) and how do you differentiate the layers of the artery and vein!

4. Explain the classification of artery and vein according to their wall layers composition!

5. Describe the structure of capillary and it’s classification! 6. Compare the elastic artery and the musculature artery!

___________________________________________________________________

LECTURE 9 : BLOOD

Introduction

Blood consists of blood plasma and cells. This topic covers the constituents of the plasma, and the types of cells found in blood. Blood supply is essential to transport nutrition, substances and waste to and from every tissue in the body. In certain condition white blood cells leave the blood vessels and migrate into the connective tissue and epithelia. Students should be able to differentiate between the different types of blood cells, and understand their functions. The formation of blood cells will be describe in another block (Hematology System and Disorders). On practical session you should be able to recognize all type of blood cells using light microscope.

Learning tasks

1. Explain the constituent of blood!

2. Describe the structure and function of red blood cells! 3. Explain the classification leukocytes!

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Introduction

Lymphoid tissue covers all of the various tissues that are important in mounting an immune response. This includes discrete organs such as the spleen, thymus and lymph nodes, as well as more diffuse aggregations of lymphocytes. This topic also gives some background information of the properties of immune cells, including the different types of lymphocytes, and their functions. On another block (Immune system and disorders) you will learn about the different ways in which immune responses are elicited, and the ways in which different lymphoid tissues take part in the immune responses.

Learning task

1. Describe difference of primary and secondary lymphoid organ 2. Describe histology of thymus and its function

3. Describe histology of lymph node and its function 4. Describe histology of spleen and its function

5. Describe histology of mucosa associated lymphoid tissue and its function 6. Describe histology of tonsil and its function

7. Describe the cells in the lymphoid organ or tissue.

___________________________________________________________________

LECTURE 11: ORAL CAVITY AND SALIVARY GLANDS

Introduction

This topic covers the histology of structures found in the mouth, including the lip, teeth, tongue and salivary glands, together with the structure and function of the oesophagus. The role structure in oral cavity, esophagus and salivary glands in digestion, and how their structure is related to function will covered in block Alimentary System

Learning tasks:

1. Describe the histological structure of the lip 2. Explain the oral mucosa

3. Describe the histological structure of the tongue 4. Describe the histological structure of the tooth

5. Briefly describe the process and stages of tooth formation

6. Differentiate the histological structure of the hard palate and soft palate 7. Explain the difference between the minor and major salivary glands 8. Explain the difference in the structure of each of the major salivary glands 9. Describe the histological structure of the esophagus

___________________________________________________________________

LECTURE 12 : DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Introduction

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large intestine, liver, pancreas and gall bladder in digestion, and how their structure is related to function will covered in block Alimentary System

Learning Tasks :

1. Explain the general structure of the alimentary track 2. Describe the histological structure of the stomach 3. Explain the differences of each region of the stomach

4. Describe the histological structure of the small intestine, and explain the difference between the duodenum ,ileum, and jejunum

5. Describe the histological structure of the colon and explain differences in structure with the small intestine

6. Describe the histological structure of the rectum and anus

7. Describe the structure of the histological liver, pancreas and gallbladder

______________________________________________________________________

LECTURE 13: Endocrine

Introduction

The glandular tissue are a mixture of both endocrine (ductless, hormones are secreted into the blood) and exocrine (have ducts, hormones are secreted onto surfaces) glands. The exocrine glands are covered in the respective topics. For example sweat glands are covered in the section on skin. This topic mostly focuses on the endocrine glands. The role each endocrine glands in and how their structure is related to function will covered in block Endocrine System and Disorders

Learning Tasks ;

1. Explain the differences between endocrine and exocrine glands.

2. Describe the histological structure of four major endocrine organs: the pituitary gland, the adrenal gland and the thyroid and parathyroid gland.

3. The different embryological origins of the component parts of the pituitary and adrenal glands

4. The names of the hormones secreted by four major endocrine glands and their functions.

___________________________________________________________________

LECTURE 14

: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

Introduction

This topic covers the basic structure of the respiratory system. It mainly focuses on the structure of the nasal cavity, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, and alveoli. The role of respiratory system on air conditioned and transported, and gas exchange will covered in block Respiratory System

Learning task

1. Explain the respiratory epithelium ! 2. Explain the structure of nasal cavities !

3. Explain the structure of sinuses and nasopharynx ! 4. Explain the structure of larynx !

5. Describe the microscopic structure of the trachea, secondary bronchus, and bronchioles.

6. Explain the structure of alveolus!

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covering this topic you will appreciate how skin renews and repairs itself, and the structure and functions of skin, hair, epithelial glands and nails.

Learning task

1. Describe the difference between thin and thick skin 2. Describe the layers of the skin and its function 3. Describe the cells in epidermis

4. Describe the difference of sweat and sebaceous gland 5. Describe histology of hair

6. Describe histology of nail

LECTURE 16 : Urinary System

Introduction

The urinary system consists of the paired kidneys and ureters, the bladder, and the urethra. This systems help maintain homeostasis by a complex combination of processes that involved filtration, selective reabsorption, and excretion. Urine produced in the kidneys passes through the ureters to the bladder for temporary storage and is then released to the exterior through the urethra. The changes that occur on structure of urinary system especially kidneys and ureters, the bladder, and the urethra will be covered in block Urinary System and Disorders.

Learning Tasks :

1. Explain the organisation of the kidney, nephron and conducting tubules.

2. Please explain how to recognise and identify the five major segments of the nephron: renal corpuscles, proximal and distal convoluted tubules, loops of Henle and collecting tubules

3. Please explain the components of the glomerulus

4. The structure of the urinary epitheliumand describe the ways in which it is adapted for its function.

5. Describe the structure of ureter and bladder.

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LECTURE 17: Female Reproductive

Introduction

The female reproductive system consists of the ovary, oviduct, uterus and vagina. The oviduct, uterus and vagina have a common structure which is adapted for their particular functions. The breast or mammary glands are also considered here, as they are important during pregnancy. This topic mainly focuses on the structure of the ovary, oviduct, uterus, and vagina. The changes that occur on structure of reproductive system especially ovary, uterus, and mammary glands on menstrual cycle and pregnancy will becovered in block Reproductive System and Disorders.

Learning Tasks :

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3. Describe the histological structure of the uterus 4. Describe the histological structure of the cervix 5. Describe the histological structure of the vagina

6. Describe the histological structure of breast (mammary glands)

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LECTURE 18 : Male Reproductive

Introduction

The main functions of the male reproductive system, are to produce spermatozoa, androgens (sex hormones - principally testosterone) and to facilitate fertilisation, by introducing spermatozoa into the femal genital tract (copulation). The male reproductive system includes the testis, genital ducts, accessory sex glands and penis. After following this topic, you should know the structure of these structures. The process and the role of each structure on spermatogenesis and sexual function will covered in block Reproductive System and Disorders

LEARNIG TASKS

1. Describe the histological structure of testes 2. Describe the structure of the seminiferous tubules

3. Describe the structure of intratesticular duct (rectus tubules, rete testis and ductus efferentes)

4. Describe the structure of the epididymis 5. Explain the structure of ductus deferens

6. Describe the structure and function of the prostate gland

7. Describe the structure and function of the seminal gland vesicula 8. Describe the structure and function of bulbourethral glands 9. Describe the structure of the penis

____________________________________

__________________________________

LECTURE

19 : The Eye and Ear (Special Sense)

Introduction

This topic cover the microscopic structure of the eye and ear

Learning tasks

1. Explain the histology structure of fibrous tunic of the eye ball! 2. Explain the histology structure of vasculous tunic of the eye ball! 3. Explain the histology structure of nerve tunic of the eye ball! 4. Explain the histology structure of the content of the eye ball!

5. Explain the histology structure of the accessory structure of the eye! 6. Explain the histology structure of external acoustic meatus!

7. Explain the histology structure of vestibules apparatus! 8. Explain the histology structure of cochlea!

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~PRACTICAL GUIDELINES~

PRACTICAL SESSION I

Epithelium

OBJECTIVES:

At the end of this laboratory you should be able to:

1. Recognize and correctly name the types of epithelium.

2. Name one representative site in the body where these types are found.

3. Distinguish between multicellular and unicellular glands.

4. Distinguish between serous and mucous secretory glandular cells.

SLIDES FOR THIS LABORATORY: 1,2,3,4, 5A, 5B, 6, and 7

SURFACING EPITHELIUM

SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM: Slide 1 Kidney

Simple squamous epithelium can be studied by looking at cells which line parietal layer of capsula Bowmans.

SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM: Slide 1 Kidney.

Simple cuboidal epithelium is prominent in the cortex and medulla of the kidney. Proximal convoluted tubules , distal convoluted tubules , and collecting ducts are examples of simple cuboidal epithelium.

SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM: Slide 2 Duodenum.

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PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM:

Slide 3 Trachea.

Note the ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium lining the tracheal lumen. This epithelium is commonly referred to as "respiratory epithelium".

STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM (KERATINIZING AND NONKERATINIZING): Slide 3 Esophagus.

Stratified squamous nonkeratinizing epithelium lines the lumen of the esophagus. This type of epithelium is found in mucous membranes.

Slide 4 Skin

Observe the thick cornified layer of stratified squamous keratinizing epithelium of the skin. Note the changes in cellular morphology and intercellular spaces as one moves from the basal cells to the lifeless keratinized cells on the surface.

Transitional epithelium:

Slide 5 A (Urinary Bladder contacted) dan 5 B (Urinary bladder distended).

Find the transitional epithelium that lines the urinary bladder.

Note the presence of characteristic surface dome cells in the transitional epithelium .

GLANDULAR EPITHELIUM

SEROUS GLANDS:

Slide 6 Parotid.

The parotid gland is a pure serous gland and thus made up of all serous acini . Note the prominent granules of the acinar cells.

MIXED GLANDS:

Slide 7 Submaxillary gland.

Also organized as acini, the submaxillary gland secretes both serous and mucous products. Serous cells are more numerous in the submaxillary (also called submandibular) gland. Mucous secreting cells have flat nuclei located basally. The apical region typically appears empty due to the extraction of mucous in routine tissue preparation. Serous cells are often found capping mucous acini. These are called demulines and are easily distinguished by their intensely staining granules.

.UNICELLULAR GLANDS:

Slide 2 Duodenum.

Observe Goblet cells in the simple columnar epithelium of the duodenum.

PRACTICAL SESSION II

Connective Tissue

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this laboratory you should be able to:

1. Distinguish the connective tissues from all epithelial tissues on the basis of location, cell density and the presence of discrete fibers.

2. Distinguish between loose irregular (areolar), dense irregular, or dense regular connective tissues on the basis of fiber packing and orientation.

3. Identify and list the cell types found in the various kinds of general connective tissues, and describe their origins and functions.

SLIDES FOR THIS LABORATORY: 11, 12, 13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20, dan 21

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Slide 12. Elastic Fiber (Elastic cartilage), Van Gieson stain.

Elastic fibers are slender and branching, are difficult to differentiate with collagen fiber in standard staining H & E. Special staining to detect elastic fiber is Van Gieson and the fibers appear black. In this slide you will observe condrocytes in lacunae and the elastic fibers scattered in between.

Slide 13. Collagen fiber type I (Skin), Picro Sirius Red.

Collagen fiber type I is the most common fiber found in our body, appear pink in routine H & E. Special staining commonly used to visualize collagen fiber is Picro Sirius Red, the fiber is stained red. Collagen fibers appear dense and unbranching, Elastic fiber are not stained and the muscle and hair follicle are yellow.

TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Connective tissue can be classified as either embryionic connective tissue and connective tissue proper or specialized connective tissue. Connective tissue proper includes: loose connective tissue (also called areolar) and dense (irregular) connective tissue. Specialized connective tissue types include: dense regular connective tissue, cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, blood, and hematopoietic tissue. The majority of specialized connective tissues will be studied in future laboratories.

Slide 14 Developing Teeth ( Mesenchymal CT), HE

Developing teeth contains dense mesenchymal cells, which are large and have small processus. The nuclei are oval and mitotic figures are often seen. Extracellular matrix mainly compose of ground substances which fill the space between cells, no fiber are visually detected in this slide.

Slide 15 Umbilical Cord (Mucoid CT), HE

In this slide you can observe umbilical artery and vein. Between the vessels lies the mucoid connective tissue, which is the transition from embryonic to mature tissue. Hence you can observe primarily fibroblast cells, with scarce mesencymal cells. The collagen fibers are sparse and begin to take it’s mature form. Ground substances are abundant.

Slide 16 Loose CT, HE

In loose connective tissue we can observe many types of cells including fixed cells and transient cells. In the extracellular matrix the fiber are relatively few than the abundant ground substance. Mixed types of mature fiber are seen, but mainly are collagen fibers.

Slide 17 Skin (Dense Irregular CT), HE

Dense connective tissue is termed based on the more numerous and closely packed fiber in the extracellular compartment. The connective tissue in the skin is found in the dermis. Below the epidermis there is thin loose CT and followed by the thick dense CT. The cells are primarily fibroblast and scattered throughout the fiber. Commonly all types of fiber can be found in this type of CT. In this slide we can observe that the fibers run in many directions.

Slide 18 Tendon (Dense Regular Colagenous CT), HE

Tendon only composed of organized collagen fibers. The fibers are run in uniform direction which is longitudinal in this slide. The fibroblast cells are lined in the periphery of the fiber pararel to the fiber direction. The cells are flattened due to the strong collagen fiber type I.

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The elastic fibers run in uniform longitudinal direction. The elastic fibers are slender, branching and elastic hence the fibroblast cells are scattered and maintain it’s original form with oval nucleus.

Slide 20 Fat (White Adipose Tissue)

The slide mainly composed of fat cells. The unilocular fat cells are round or polygonal. The nucleus is pierced to the periphery by the the large fat containing vacuole, giving an image like a signet ring. The framework of adipose tissue is suppored by reticular tissue which is not visually detected in this slide.

Slide 21 Liver (Reticular CT) HE

Liver are compose of liver cell arranged in liver lobule. The framework of the organ is supported by reticular tissue. The reticular fiber cannot be seen in this slide. The fibroblast seen in liver are refer to reticulocyte.

PRACTICAL SESSION III

Blood and Lymphoid Tissue

BLOOD

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this laboratory session you should be able to identify the cellular and formed elements in peripheral blood and know their functions.

PRETEST : Before beginning this laboratory, be certain that you understand the use of the terms:

SLIDE FOR THIS LABORATORY: 22.

BLOOD COMPONENTS

Find a region in the blood smear slide where the RBC's are separated (not overlapping). When studying the blood smear slide, pay close attention to nuclear characteristics, staining patterns, and cell diameter (remember that erythrocytes are usually 7-8 µm in diameter). Use the oil immersion lens to identify each cell type.

Slide 22 Peripheral blood smear, Wright's stain.

Identify the following components: Erythrocytes

Platelets (small blue-purple clusters)

LEUKOCYTES

Leukocytes (or White Blood Cells) can be divided into two main types: Agranular & Granular. When studying the WBC's, keep in mind the percentages listed below which represent the normal adult leukocyte differential.

Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils Lymphocytes Monocytes

50-70% 2-4% 0-1% 20-40% 2-9%

AGRANULAR LEUKOCYTES

Monocytes

Look for fibrillar chromatin in the nucleus and abundant blue cytoplasm. Recall that macrophages arise from monocytes.

Lymphocytes

Look for clumped chromatin and a thin rim of basophilic cytoplasm.

GRANULAR LEUKOCYTES

Neutrophils

These are the most common WBC. Look for multilobed nuclei, individual granules are not distinguishable. The cytoplasm is lightly stained a "sandy" color.

Eosinophils

Look for bilobed nuclei, individual granules are distinguishable and eosinophilic (stain intensely red-orange).

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structure

2. Identify and understand the cells and connective tissue element of lymphoid organ

SLIDE FOR THIS LABORATORY: 23, 24, 25, 26

Slide 23: Tymus (H & E stain,magnification 100x ) :

tymus is the other primary lymphoid organ, an encapsulated, bilateral organ in the mediastinum, is subdivided by connective tissue (see; reticular tissue) into connected lobes. Each lobes divided in to peripheral region (cortex), where lymphocytes are fairly dense and central region (medulla) with fewer lymphocytes. In medulla also found degeneration form of type 6 epithelial reticular which is known as Hassal bodies.

Slide 24 : Lymph node ( H & E stain, magnification 100x) :

lymph node is one of secondary lymphoid organ, distributed throughout the body. Lymph node show three functional regions : the cortex (C) paracortex (P) and Medulla (M). connective tissue( reticular connective tissue) of the capsule completely surround each lymph node and extend as several trabeculae. Cortex characterize by many lymphoid nodules, whether in Medulla we found medulary sinuses and cords . Paracortex is an area between cortex and medulla. Lymphoid nodule composed of lymphocytes with reticular connective tissue.

Slide 25 : Spleen (H & E stain, magnification 100x) :

Spleen is largest lymphoid organ. Spleen located in left abdomen quadrant. Spleen is composed of reticular tissue containing lymphocytes and other blood cells. The spleenic pulp has two component , the white pulp and the red pulp. The white pulp consist of lymphoid tissue surrounding the central arteoles as the periarteriolar lymphoid sheath. The red pulp consist of spleenic sinusoid (contain blood cells of all types) and spleenic cord ( reticular tissue rich in lymphocytes).

Slide 26 : Palatine Tonsila (H & E stain, magnification 100x).

Palatine Tonsils are partially encapsulated lymphoid tissue lying beneath and in contact with the epithelium of the oral cavity. Palatine tonsils in the posterior parts of the soft palate, are covered by stratified squamous epithelium. Each has 10-20 epithelial invaginations that penetrate the tonsil deeply, forming crypts. In tonsils we found masses of lymphoid nodule consist of reticular tissue, rich in lymphocytes.

PRACTICAL SESSION IV

Endocrine System, Liver, Gall Bladder, and Pancreas ENDOCRINE ORGANS

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this laboratory, you should be able to:

1. Identify the pars distalis, pars intermedia, and pars nervosa; and recognize the individual cell types in the pars distalis.

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4. Identify the adrenal gland, distinguish cortex from medulla, distinguish the three zones of the cortex, and identify specific cell types within the adrenal gland and give their function.

5. Identify islets of Langerhans in the pancreas and distinguish them from the exocrine portion of the gland, name the cells types present within each islet and give their function.

SLIDES FOR THIS LABORATORY: 30, 31, 32, 33, and 34

PITUITARY GLAND Slide 30 Pituitary gland.

PARS DISTALIS . The pars distalis is composed of two general cell types: chromophils (50%) and chromophobes (50%). The chromophils can be further subdivided into acidophils (40%) and basophils (10%). The acidophils secrete GH (somatotropes) and prolactin (mammotropes). Basophils secrete TSH (thyrotropes), LH (gonadotropes), FSH (gonadotropes), and ACTH (corticotropes). The different acidophils and basophils cannot be distinguished in the light microscope. Chromophobes are undifferentiated or resting chromophils that appear weakly stained with smaller nuclei and less distinct borders. Observe the numerous blood vessels , the delicate connective tissue framework , and the connective tissue capsule . Recall that the hypophyseal portal circulation carries releasing hormones from the hypothalamus to the adenohypophysis targeting the acidophils and basophils and causing release of hormones into the blood stream.

PARS NERVOSA . Nerve fibers fill most of the pars nervosa but they are not easily identifiable without special stains. Note that the main cell type here is a glial or supporting cell called a pituicyte . The bulk of the pars nervosa consists of axons from neurons in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus.

PARS INTERMEDIA . This structure (rudimentary in humans) lies between the pars distalis and pars nervosa. It consists mainly of colloid filled cysts lined by cuboidal epithelium. Note: a lumen may be present between the pars intermedia and pars distalis.

THYROID GLAND Slide 31 Thyroid gland.

The thyroid follicle forms the parenchymal unit of the thyroid gland. Each follicle consists of follicular epithelium (simple cuboidal) and a central mass, the colloid . Active follicles generally have "high" epithelium. Each follicle is surrounded by a delicate layer of loose connective tissue , containing a capillary network. Thus, the follicle cells are bounded by colloid on one side, and are in association with capillaries on the other. Try to identify parafollicular cells or C cells which are located within the confines of the follicular basement lamina yet excluded from the follicle lumen by follicular epithelium cells. These cells secrete calcitonin and may be difficult to identify. They are somewhat larger and lighter staining than follicular cells.

PARATHYROID GLAND Slide 32 Parathyroid gland.

The parathyroid gland, like all endocrine glands, has a capsule and is well vascularized. Note the general arrangement of solid cell cords that form the gland. Note the clear-cut cell outlines of principal (chief) cells which have a slightly eosinophilic cytoplasm containing lipofuscin pigment granules and moderate amounts of glycogen. Principal cells produce parathyroid hormone (PTH). Identify oxyphil cells which are larger and very eosinophilic. The function of oxyphil cells is unknown but they may also secrete PTH. Adipose tissue is frequently found in this gland in older individuals.

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study the cell arrangement in the various zones. The zona glomerulosa is composed of cells grouped in an ovoid configuration. The zona fasciculata is composed of lipid-droplet laden cells arranged in radial columns. Finally, the zona reticularis

is composed of a loose

meshwork configuration. Know the major classes of secretions produced by each

morphological area.

Zone Secretion

Zona Glomerulosa Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) Zona Fasciculata Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

Zona Reticularis Weak androgens (DHEA)

ADRENAL MEDULLA . The medulla is entirely surrounded by the cortex. The principal cells are the chromaffin cells which can be thought of as modified post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons that lack dendrites and axons. Identify the central vein , noting particularly the abundance and arrangement of smooth muscle in the wall.

ISLETS OF LANGERHANS Slide 34 Pancreas.

Within the parenchyma of the pancreas you will note small islets or clusters of lighter staining cells - these are the islets of Langerhans (endocrine part of the pancreas). Note the number of islets on your sections and the variation in their size. The islets are composed of three cell types: alpha cells, beta cells, and delta cells. These cells cannot be readily distinguished without special stains. Alpha cells (15-20%) are found at the periphery and secrete glucagon. Beta cells (70%) are found more centrally and secrete insulin. Delta cells (5-10%) are found throughout the islet and secrete somatostatin.

LIVER AND PANCREAS

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this laboratory you should be able to: 1. Recognize liver and pancreas.

2. Identify and understand the functional significance of the vascular supply and bile drainage of the liver.

3. Identify and discuss the structural and functional arrangement of the classical hepatic lobule, portal lobule, and the liver acinus.

4. Identify excretory ducts, interlobular ducts, intercalated ducts, acinar and centroacinar cells in the pancreas. You should also be able to distinguish between the islets of Langerhans and the remaining parenchyma of the pancreas.

SLIDES FOR THIS LABORATORY: 34, and 35

LIVER

Slide 35 Human liver.

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You can easily observe the components of the classic lobule on this slide. Find central veins and identify the plates (or cords) of hepatic cells that radiate out from the central vein. These cords of hepatic cells are separated bysinusoids . At the 6 apices of the classic lobule, observe the portal triads made up of hepatic (portal) artery, portal vein, bile duct, and lymphatic vessels. The lymphatic vessels are not visible in this preparation. Also locatesublobular veins which are found separate from the hepatic (portal) artery, portal vein, and bile duct. Sublobular veins coalesce into the hepatic vein which carries blood from the liver to the vena cava.

EXOCRINE PANCREAS Slide 34 . Pancreas.

The exocrine component of the pancreas is a compound tubuloacinar gland with a complex series of ducts that convey the exocrine secretion of the pancreas to the duodenum. Observe the serous acini of the pancreas. Each acinus is composed of acinar cells . Note the intense basophilia in the basal portion of the acinar cells and eosinophilia of the apical portion. Some acini reveal the centrally located centroacinar cells . These cells are the beginning of intercalated ducts lined with a simple low columnar or cuboidal epithelium. The intercalated ducts empty into the intralobular ducts which have a cuboidal epithelium. These ducts empty into the interlobular ducts which run within the connective tissue septa dividing the pancreas into lobules. The interlobular ducts coalesce to form the pancreatic duct which empties into the duodenum.

The endocrine portion of the pancreas, the islets of Langerhans , are seen as islands of pale staining cells spread through the organ. Defer your detail study of these until the endocrine glands are covered in a later laboratory.

Note: the pancreas can be distinguished from the parotid gland in that the pancreas does not have striated ducts, and the pancreas has the characteristic islets of Langerhans.

PRACTICAL SESSION V

Alimentary System and Nervous Tissue

GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this laboratory, you should be able to: 1. Identify the different papillae located on the tongue.

2. Identify and describe the regional differences in the upper GI tract

3. Identify and describe regional differences in the lower GI tract, from the beginning of the small intestine through the anal canal.

SLIDES FOR THIS LABORATORY: 3, 40, 41, 42, and 43

Slide 40 Tongue.

This slide is representative of the posterior region of the tongue. The epithelium of the dorsal tongue is a stratified squamous keratinized epithelium . Note the cornified layer of cells may have been lost in preparation of this slide. Remember, most of the dorsal tongue is covered with papillae, of which there are four principal kinds: Filiform, Fungiform, Circumvallate, and Foliate papillae.

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may enlarge in the case of cirrhosis of the liver to provide an alternate pathway for blood to be transported from the intestines to the vena cava. Observe the presence of the myenteric (Auerbach's plexus) in between the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of the muscularis externa.

Slide 41 Fundic stomach.

The most characteristic feature of the fundic region of the stomach is the presence of fundic glands which contain parietal and chief cells , as well as mucous neck cells . Examine the fundic glands and observe the surface epithelium , gastric pits , neck , and base regions of the glands. Recall that the same type of glands are also found in the body region of the stomach. Fundic glands are straight long, tubular glands with shallow pits. The greatest density of chief cells is in the basal region of each gland. Thus, the lower base region appears more basophilic than the neck and upper base region. The parietal cells are slightly eosinophilic. Observe the mucosa , muscularis mucosae , submucosa , muscularis externa , and serosa . Also study the submucosal and myenteric plexi of nerves and ganglia.

Slide 2 Duodenum.

Observe Brunner's glands in the submucosa. These glands are diagnostic of the duodenum. Examine the inner circular and outer longitudinal layers of smooth muscle in the muscularis externa . Find the peritoneal surface and note the delicate serosa . Observe the location of the muscularis mucosae , which is often disrupted by Brunner's glands. Note the large broad villi of the mucosa. The core of the villus is an extension of the lamina propria and also contains a blind ending lymphatic capillary, the lacteal . Study the simple columnar epithelium populated by goblet cells and the absorptive enterocytes with apical microvilli . The goblet cells increase in number from the proximal to distal small intestine. The cytological preservation in the crypts of Lieberkuhn is not very good and therefore it is difficult to observe the many mitotic figures that are normally present. Paneth cells may be observed at the base of the crypts but are not very well preserved. Recall that the crypts are longer in the duodenum than in the jejunum. Study the Auerbach's (myenteric) plexi between the layers of the muscularis externa.

Slide 42 Ileum.

The distinguishing feature of the ileum is the presence of large groups of lymphatic nodules in the lamina propria called Peyer's patches . The plicae circulares (valves of Kerckring) in this slide are not as prominent as those found in the duodenum and jejunum. Observe the villi and compare to the duodenum and jejunum. Here the villi are much more leaf-like in appearance when compared to the finger-like villi of the duodenum and jejunum. Note themuscularis mucosa and the absence of glands in the submucosa. Examine the muscularis externa and recall the inner circular and outer longitudinal organization. Study the crypts of Lieberkuhn and observe paneth cells . Observe the density of goblet cells covering the villi and lining the crypts of Lieberkuhn. Goblet cells are most numerous in the terminal ileum. Finally, observe the serosa .

Slide 43 Colon.

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absence any glands in the submucosa . Examine the muscularis mucosae and the muscularis externa . Next, observe the serosa . Find Auerbach's plexi (between the layers of the muscularis externa) and Meissner's plexi (beneath the muscularis mucosae within the submucosa).

Nervous Tissue

OBJECTIVES: At the end of this laboratory session, you should be able to:

1. Identify neurons and understand the functional relationship between the soma and cell processes.

2. Distinguish between glial cells and neurons and know the different functions of these supporting glial cells.

3. Identify and understand the connective tissue elements of the central and peripheral nervous systems.

4. Distinguish between specific organs/structures in the central and peripheral nervous systems (i.e. cerebellum, peripheral nerve, autonomic ganglion).

SLIDES FOR THIS LABORATORY: 50, 51, 52 and 53

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Slide 50 Spinal cord.

Note the H-shaped central gray matter (containing many neurons) and the surrounding white matter . The gray matter is organized as posterior (dorsal) horns and anterior (ventral) horns . Also note the pia mater that is closely adherent to the spinal cord. Identify the ependymal cells surrounding the central canal . Observe the large neuron cell bodies (somata or perikarya) in the ventral horn and the much smaller cell bodies of the dorsal horns. Identify the neural processes ( axon and dendrites ) and axon hillock of a large multipolar motoneuron. Observe the large number of nuclei of other (non-neuronal) cells within both gray and white matter. Although it is not possible to identify each cell type with certainty on this routine-stained section, most of these represent the nuclei of neuroglial cells (astrocytes, oligodendroglia, and microglia). Examine the white matter at high magnification and note nerve cell processes surrounded by empty myelin spaces and the nuclei of neuroglial cells.

Slide 51 Cerebellum and medulla.

In the cerebellum, the gray matter consists of an inner granular layer , Purkinje cell layer , and outer molecular layer . Identify the large Purkinje cells of the Purkinje cell layer. These three layers (molecular, Purkinje, and granular) constitute the cerebellar cortex . Observe the numerous granule cells (small neurons) constituting the granular layer. Note the pia mater closely adherent to the cerebellum. Note the differences between the cerebellum and medullawhich are both present in this slide. Locate the small amount of choroid plexus between the medulla and cerebellum. Observe the cuboidal appearance of the modified ependymal cells that make up the choroidal epithelium.

Slide 52 Cerebrum.

Most external in this slide is the pia mater , then gray matter , and most internally is the white matter . The gray matter is arranged in six ill-defined layers of nerve cells . See if you can delineate the layers of cells in the cortex (you will not be required to do this for exam purposes). Study the larger neurons in the slide; they are pyramidal cells and are a type of multipolar neuron. Observe the large apical dendrite projecting toward the surface of the cortex. Observe the many nuclei of glial cells .

PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Slide 53 Peripheral nerve.

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CURRICULUM MAP

Smstr Program or curriculum blocks

10 Senior Clerkship

9 Senior Clerkship

8 Senior Clerkship

7

Health System-based Practice

(3 weeks)

BCS (1 weeks)

Community-based practice

(4 weeks)

Evidence-based Medical Practice

(2 weeks)

Special topics : Health Ergonomic & Health Environment

(2 weeks)

Elective StudyIV (evaluation)

(3 weeks)

Comprehensi ve Clinic Orientation (Clerkship) + medical ethic

(4 weeks)

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6 The Cardiovascular System and Disorders (3 weeks)

BCS (1 weeks)

Medical Emergency (3 weeks)

BCS (1 weeks)

The Urinary System and Disorders (3 weeks)

BCS (1 weeks)

The Reproductive System and Disorders (4 weeks)

BCS (1 weeks)

Elective StudyIII (3 weeks) 19 weeks 5 Neuroscience and neurological disorders (3 weeks)

BCS (1 weeks)

The Respiratory System and Disorders (4 weeks)

BCS (1 weeks)

The skin & hearing system

& disorders (3 weeks)

BCS (1 weeks)

Special Topic : - Palliative med - Complemnt & Alternative Med. - Forensic (3 weeks) Elective Study II (2 weeks) 18 weeks 4 Musculoskeletal system & connective tissue disorders (3 weeks)

BCS (1 weeks)

Alimentary

& hepatobiliary systems & disorders

(3 Weeks)

BCS (1 weeks)

The Endocrine System, Metabolism and Disorders (4 weeks)

BCS (1 weeks)

Clinical Nutrition and Disorders

(2 weeks)

BCS (1 weeks)

The Visual system & disorders

(2 weeks)

BCS (1weeks)

19 weeks

3

Basic microbiology & parasitology

(3 weeks)

Basic Infection & infectious diseases

(3 weeks)

BCS (1 weeks)

Immune system & disorders (2 weeks)

BCS (1 weeks)

Hematologic system & disorder & clinical oncology (3 weeks)

BCS (1 weeks)

Special Topic - sexology & anti aging - Geriatri -Travel medicine (4 weeks) Basic Pharmaceutica l medicine & drug etics

(1 weeks)

19 weeks

2 Medicalcommunication

(3 weeks)

Basic pharmacology

(2 weeks)

BCS (1 weeks)

Medical Professionalism

(2 weeks) + medical ethic (1 weeks)

Basic Anatomy Pathology & Clinical pathology (3 weeks)

BCS (1 weeks)

Behavior Change and disorders

(3 weeks)

BCS (1 weeks)

Elective Study I

(2 weeks) 19 weeks

1 Studium Generale and

Humaniora

(2 weeks)

Basic Anatomy

( 4 weeks)

The cell as bioche-mical machinery (2 weeks) Basic Histology

(2 weeks) &

Basic Physiology (3 weeks) BCS (1 weeks) Growth & developme nt (2 weeks) Basic Biochemist ry

(2 weeks) BCS (1 weeks)

19 weeks

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