TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Table of Contens 1
Introduction 2
Planner team & Lecturers 3
Facilitators 4
Time Table (Regular Class) 5
Time Table (English Class) 7
Meeting of the students’ representative 9
Assessment Method 10
Student’s Project 10
Learning Programs 11
INTRODUCTION
Anatomy is the basic medical science dealing with the structure and function of the human body. To perform an “anatomy” was to make a “dissection”; the two words are no longer synonymous. Dissection has remained a technique, anatomy has become a field of study.
An antomy course includes a description of the parts of the body or its organs, and a discussion of the basic function of these parts or organs. When the word anatomy is used without qualification it is gross anatomy theat is generally meant, but the discipline includes other anatomical sciences such as Histology, Cytology, Neuroanatomy and Embryology.
In this course you will be learning anatomy by practicing the art of observation, by palpation, and by identification of the structure of predissected specimens.
Specimens are divided according to regional (or topographical) anatomy into: upper and lower limb, head and neck, back, thorax, abdomen and pelvis. However from the functional point of view, it is helpful to consider the parts and organs of the body systems, and this course you will be learning anatomy of the following systems of the body: skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, urinary and genital.
During your work in the dissecting room you will be asked to: - Wear a white coat
- Use forceps and probes when pointing to a structure on the specimen - Handle specimens with great care in order to preserve their fine structure
You should not pull any parts of the tissue or apply force when handling specimens. It is a useful habit to wear just one rubber or plastic glove and to hold the forceps in this hand; this leaves the other hand free to handle notes, atlas, or textbook.
During these practical classes you will be expected to record certain observations-either as labels or sketches. The only thing we insist on is that you record the information on something so that you can use it in discussion and in revision sessions. You will find your textbook and a anatomical atlas to be very useful in these practicals.
PLANERS TEAM
No
Name
Department
Phone
1 dr. I Nyoman Gede Wardana, M.Biomed (WR) Anatomy 087860405625
2
Prof.Dr.dr. Nyoman Mangku Karmaya,
M.Repro.,PA(K),FIASS (MK) Anatomy 0811387105
3 dr. I Gusti Ayu Widianti, M.Biomed (WD) Anatomy 08123921765
4 dr. Muliani, M.Biomed (MUL) Anatomy 085103043575
5 dr. Yuliana, M.Biomed (YUL) Anatomy 085792652367
FACILITATORS
(REGULAR CLASS)
NO
NAME
GROUP
DEPT
PHONE
VENUE
1 dr. Dewa Gde Mahiswara Suadiatmika, Sp.Rad
1 Radiology
08123846307 2R.2.01nd floor: 2 dr. Gusti Ngurah Mayun, Sp.HK 2 Histology 08155715359 2nd floor:
R.2.02 3 dr. I Gde Haryo Ganesha,
S.Ked
3 DME 081805391039 2nd floor:
R.2.03 4 dr. I Nyoman Gede Wardana, M
Biomed
4 Anatomy
087860405625 2R.2.04nd floor: 5 dr. I Putu Bayu Mayura, S.Ked 5 Microbiology
082236165801 2R.2.05nd floor: 6 Dr.dr. Dyah Pradnyaparamita
Duarsa, M.Si
6 Public Health
0818357777 2
nd floor:
R.2.06
7 dr. Ni Luh Ariwati 7 Parasitology
08123662311 2R.2.07nd floor: 8 dr. Ida Ayu Dewi Wiryanthini,
M Biomed
8 Biochemistry 081239990399 2nd floor:
R.2.08 9 dr. Cynthia Dewi Sinardja,
Sp.An
9 Anasthesi 085100874785 2nd floor:
R.2.21 10 dr. I Gusti Ayu Sri Darmayani,
Sp.OG
10 DME
081338644411 2R.2.22nd floor:
FACILITATORS (ENGLISH CLASS)
NO NAME GROUP DEPT PHONE VENUE
1 dr. I Gusti Ayu Indah Ardani, Sp.KJ
1 Psychiatry 08123926522 2nd floor:
R.2.01 2 dr. Ida Ayu Kusuma Wardani,
Sp.KJ, MARS
2 Psychiatry 08123813831 2nd floor:
R.2.02 3 Dr.dr. I Made Jawi, M.Kes 3 Pharmacology
08179787972 2R.2.03nd floor: 4 Prof. dr. Nyoman Agus Bagiada,
Sp.Biok
4 Biochemistry 081338338611 2nd floor:
R.2.04 5 dr. Tjokorda Gde Oka, MS,
Sp.PK
5 Clinical
Pathology 081999450045
2nd floor:
R.2.05 6 dr. I Wayan Losen Adnyana, Sp
PD
6 Interna
08123995536 2R.2.06nd floor: 7 dr. I Gusti Ngurah
Pramesemara , M.Biomed
7 Andrology 081338605087 2nd floor:
R.2.07 8 dr. Ni Nengah Dwi Fatmawati ,
Sp.MK, Ph.D
8 Microbiology 087862200814 2nd floor:
R.2.08 9 dr I Gusti Agung Gede Utara
Hartawan, Sp.An, MARS
9 Anasthesi
08123868126 2R.2.21nd floor: 10 Dr. dr. I Dewa Made Sukrama,
MSi, Sp.MK(K)
10 Microbiology
TIME TABLE
REGULAR CLASS
DAY/
DATE TIME ACTIVITY CONVEYER
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY
1 Monday 21 Sep 15
08.00 - 10.00
10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 14.00 – 15.00
Lecture 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy, General Osteology and Classification of Muscles Independent Learning SGD BREAK SP MK
UNIT 2: MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
2 Tuesday 22 Sep 15
08.00 – 09.00 10.00 – 11.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 14.00 – 15.00
Lecture 2: The Appendicular Skeleton Lecture 3: Axial Sekeleton
Independent Learning SGD BREAK SP YUL YUL 3 Wednesday
23 Sep 15
08.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.30 13.30 - 15.00
Practical Lecture 2 + 3 Istirahat Individual Learning SP Team Anatomi 4 Friday 25 Sep 15
08.00 – 09.00 10.00 – 11.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 14.00 – 15.00
Lecture 4: Joint & Their Accessory Ligaments Lecture 5: Muscle of Head and Trunk
Independent Learning SGD BREAK SP MUL MK 5 Monday 28 Sep 15
08.00 – 09.00 10.00 – 11.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 14.00 – 15.00
Lecture 6: Upper Limb Muscles & Pectoral Girdle
Lecture 7: Lower Limb Muscles & Pelvic Girdle Independent Learning SGD BREAK SP MUL MUL 6 Wednesday
30 Sep 15
08.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.30 13.30 - 15.00
Practical Lecture 6+7 Istirahat
Individual Learning SP
Team Anatomi
UNIT 3: NERVOUS SYSTEM
7 Thursday
1 Oct 15
08.00 – 09.00 10.00 – 11.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 14.00 – 15.00
Lecture 8: Brain & Meninges
8 Friday 2 Oct 15
08.00 – 09.00
10.00 – 11.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 14.00 – 15.00
Lecture 10: Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nerves, Sensory System
Lecture 11: Autonomic Nervous System Independent Learning SGD BREAK SP SY MK 9 Monday 5 Oct 15
08.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.30 13.30 - 15.00
Practical Lecture 8-11 Istirahat Individual Learning SP Team Anatomi 10 Tuesday 6 Oct 15
08.00 – 11.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 14.00 – 15.00
Lecture 12: Surface Anatomy Independent Learning SGD BREAK SP MK 11 Wednesday
7 Oct 15
MID TEST UNIT 1-3
UNIT 4: INTERNAL ORGANS
12 Thursday
8 Oct 15
08.00 – 09.00 10.00 – 11.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 14.00 – 15.00
Lecture 13: The Heart & Great Vessels Lecture 14: The Peripheral Vessels Independent Learning SGD BREAK SP WD WD 13 Friday 9 Oct 15
08.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.30 13.30 - 15.00
Practical Lecture 13+14 Istirahat Individual Learning SP Team Anatomi 14 Monday 12 Oct 15
08.00 –10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 14.00 – 15.00
Lecture 15: Respiratory System Independent Learning SGD BREAK SP WR 15 Tuesday 13 Oct 15
08.00 – 10.00
10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 14.00 – 15.00
Lecture 16: Gastrointestinal Tract and Its Accessories Gland Independent Learning SGD BREAK SP WR 16 Thursday 15 Oct 15
08.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.30 13.30 - 15.00
Practical Lecture 15+16 Istirahat Individual Learning SP Team Anatomi 17 Friday 16 Oct 15
08.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 14.00 – 15.00
18 Monday 19 Oct 15
08.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 14.00 – 15.00
Lecture 18: Urinary System Independent Learning SGD BREAK SP WD 19 Tuesday 20 Oct 15
08.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 14.00 – 15.00
Lecture 19: Reproductive System Independent Learning SGD BREAK SP WD 20 Wednesday
20 Oct 15
08.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 13.30 13.30 - 15.00
Practical Lecture 17-19 Istirahat Individual Learning SP Team Anatomi 21 Friday
23 Oct 15 FINAL EXAM. (UNIT 4)
TIME TABLE
ENGLISH CLASS
DAY/
DATE TIME ACTIVITY CONVEYER
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY
1 Monday 21 Sep 15
09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 14.00 14.00 – 16.00
Independent Learning
Lecture 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy, General Osteology and Classification of Muscles
Break SGD SP
MK
UNIT 2: MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
2 Tuesday 22 Sep 15
09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 14.00 14.00 – 16.00
Independent Learning
Lecture 2: The Appendicular Skeleton Lecture 3: Axial Sekeleton
Break SGD SP YUL SY 3 Wednesday
23 Sep 15
09.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 13.00 – 16.00
Individual Learning SP
Istirahat
Practical Lecture 2 + 3
Team Anatomi
4 Friday 25 Sep 15
09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 14.00 14.00 – 16.00
Independent Learning
Lecture 4: Joint & Their Accessory Ligaments Lecture 5: Muscle of Head and Trunk
Break SGD SP
5 Monday 28 Sep 15
09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 14.00 14.00 – 16.00
Independent Learning
Lecture 6: Upper Limb Muscles & Pectoral Girdle
Lecture 7: Lower Limb Muscles & Pelvic Girdle Break SGD SP MUL MUL 6 Wednesday
30 Sep 15
09.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 13.00 – 16.00
Individual Learning SP
Istirahat
Practical Lecture 5-7
Team Anatomi
UNIT 3: NERVOUS SYSTEM
7 Thursday
1 Oct 15
09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 14.00 14.00 – 16.00
Independent Learning
Lecture 8: Brain & Meninges
Lecture 9: Brain Stem & Cranial Nerves Break SGD SP SY SY 8 Friday 2 Oct 15
09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00
11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 14.00 14.00 – 16.00
Independent Learning
Lecture 10: Spinal Cord, Peripheral Nerves, Sensory System
Lecture 11: Autonomic Nervous System Break SGD SP SY MK 9 Monday 5 Oct 15
09.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 13.00 – 16.00
Individual Learning SP
Istirahat
Practical Lecture 8-11
Team Anatomi
10 Tuesday 6 Oct 15
09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 14.00 14.00 – 16.00
Independent Learning
Lecture 12: Surface Anatomy Break SGD SP MK 11 Wednesday
7 Oct 15 MID TEST UNIT 1-3
UNIT 4: INTERNAL ORGANS
12 Thursday
8 Oct 15
09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 14.00 14.00 – 16.00
Independent Learning
Lecture 13: The Heart & Great Vessels Lecture 14: The Peripheral Vessels Break SGD SP WD WD 13 Friday 9 Oct 15
09.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 13.00 – 16.00
Individual Learning SP
Istirahat
Practical Lecture 13-14
Team Anatomi
14 Monday 12 Oct 15
09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 14.00 14.00 – 16.00
Independent Learning
Lecture 15: Respiratory System Break
SGD SP
15 Tuesday 13 Oct 15
09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 12.00
12.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 14.00 14.00 – 16.00
Independent Learning
Lecture 16: Gastrointestinal Tract and Its Accessories Gland Break SGD SP WR 16 Thursday 15 Oct 15
09.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 13.00 – 16.00
Individual Learning SP
Istirahat
Practical Lecture 15-16
Team Anatomi
17 Friday 16 Oct 15
09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 14.00 14.00 – 16.00
Independent Learning
Lecture 17: Special Senses + Endocine System Break SGD SP YUL 18 Monday 19 Oct 15
09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 14.00 14.00 – 16.00
Independent Learning Lecture 18: Urinary System Break SGD SP WD 19 Tuesday 20 Oct 15
09.00 – 10.00 10.00 – 12.00 12.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 14.00 14.00 – 16.00
Independent Learning
Lecture 19: Reproductive System Break
SP
Learning Task Report
WD
20 Wednesday
20 Oct 15
09.00 – 11.00 11.00 – 12.30 12.30 – 13.00 13.00 – 16.00
Individual Learning SP
Istirahat
Practical Lecture 17-19
Team Anatomi
21 Friday
23 Oct 15 FINAL EXAM (UNIT 4)
There are several types of learning activity:
Lecture
independent learning based on the lecture’s topic Small group discussion to solve the learning task Practice
Student project
Lecture will be held at room 402, while discussion rooms available at 3rd floor (room
3.09-3.17&3.19)
IMPORTANT INFORMATIONS
In the middle of block schedule, a meeting is designed among the student representatives of every small group discussions, facilitators, and resource persons. The meeting will discuss the ongoing teaching learning process, quality of lecturers and facilitators as a feedback to improve the next process. The meeting will be taken based on schedule from Medical Education Unit.
ASSESSMENT METHOD
Assessment in this theme consists of:
SGD : 5%
MID TEST : 40%
FINAL EXAM. : 40%
Student Project : 15%
Total result will give 60% value for Block Studium Generale
STUDENT PROJECT
Each group will make a video tutorial on topics related to basic science anatomy. This video tutorial will be collected after this course end. For group whom not collected the student project at that time will have 0 value. The topics are:
Group A1, B1 : Anatomical Position and Body Plane
Group A2, B2 : Directional Term and Movement of the Body Group A3, B3 : Organization of the Body
Group A4, B4 : Bone of Skull
Group A5, B5 : Bone of Upper Limb & Shoulder Girdle Group A6, B6 : Bone of Lower Limb & Pelvic Girdle Group A7, B7 : Vertebral Column
Group A8, B8 : Joint & Accessory Ligament Group A9, B9 : Neuron
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN ANATOMY
DAY 1: STUDIUM GENERALE
LEARNING TASK
1. To understand the system of the body
2. To understand the classification of the tissue of the body 3. To understand the anatomical terms and concepts
4. To understand the classification of bones anfd their function
5. To recognize the axial and appendicular skeleton and to understand the role of the girdle
6. To identify the main internal organs on the models
LEARNING ACTIVITIES:
1. To proceed in the study of anatomy it is crucial to be able to recognize the tissue types according to their appearance in the cadaver. You must be able to recognize nerves, blood vessels (both arteries and veins), muscle tissue, and adipose and other connective tissue (e.g fasciae, tendons, aponeuroses). When identifyng these you should keep in mind the significance of the particular tissue at which you are looking to body functions.
2. Revise the anatomical terms and planes and apply them to cadaver and mounted skeleton.
3. Look at the bones of the skeleton and try to classify them according to the shape. Long bones include bones of the limbs, clavicle and ribs. Short bones are cubical and they are confined to the carpus and tarsus. Flat bones are thin and slightly curved and include some of the skull bones, sternum and scapulae. Irregular bones show a variety of shapes e.g. maxilla, ertbrae, hip bones. Sesamoid bones (=like a seed) are nodules of bone that develop in certain tendons (i.e. patella).
4. Try to learn the names of the bones.
5. Discuss the role of the bones forming axial and appendicular skeleton.
6. With the help of your tutor examine the model of the body and try to recognize the visceral organs of the neck, thorax, abdomen and pelvis.
UNIT 2: MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
DAY 2: APPENDICULAR SKELETON
1.
Describe the bones forming the upper limb (pectoral) girdle.2.
Identify the bones of the upper limb and to be able to identify their parts and markings.3.
Describe the bones forming the lower limb (pelvic) girdle.4.
Describe the bones of the lower limb.LEARNING ACTIVITIES
1. The shoulder region includes the scapular region at the back, the pectoral region in the front and axilla medially. The pectoral girdle is farmed by the scapula and clavicle. The arm is a part between the shoulder and the elbow. Its bone, the humerus, articulates with the scapula. Identify the borders, angles, spine, processes and fossae of the scapula.
2. Examine a humerus and identify the shaft (diaphysis) and the epiphyseal ends. Examine the marks caused by the attachment of muscles or fibrous sheets. Sketch the bone, noting articular surfaces. Label your sketch with anatomical terms: head, neck, greater and lesser tubercles, deltoid tuberosity, lateral and medial epicondyles and condyles, capitulum and trochlea, olecranon, coronoid and radial fossae.
3. The forearm extends from the elbow to the wrist. Its bones, the radius and ulna articulate with the humerus at the elbow and with each other proximally and distally. Observe the movements of these bones during pronation (the palm of the hand faces posteriorly) and supination (anatomical position).
Identify the following features: head, neck, tuberosity and styloid process of radius, and olecranon, trochlear notch, coronoid process, tuberosity, head and styloid process of ulna.
4. Observe the bones of the hand: (1) the wrist or carpus (carpal bones), (2) the hand proper or metacarpus, (3) the digits: thumb and fingers.
5. Complete a table in which you record the following information concerning each major bone of the upper limb: (a) name, (b) type of bone, (c) other bones articulating with it, (d) major markings, (e) mobility.
7. Examine the bone of the thigh,' the femur; sketch the bone noting articular surfaces and label it with anatomical terms: head, neck, greater, and lesser trochanter, shaft, lateral and medial epicondyles and condyles, patellar and popliteal surfaces. 8. In the leg, the bones are the tibia medially and the fibula laterally. Identify the major
markings on the tibia as: medial and lateral condyles, tibial tuberosity, anterior, lateral and posterior surfaces on the shaft and medial malleolus. Identify on the fibula: head, neck, shaft and lateral malleolus.
9. Complete a similar table as in L.A. 5 for femur, tibia and fibula.
10. Palpate articulating bony prominences on yourself and a colleague and discuss the significance and application of the surface anatomy of bony points.
UNIT 2: MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
DAY 2: AXIAL SKELETON
LEARNING TASK
1. To identify the major features of the vertebral column and the vertebrae of each region.
2. To identify the features of the rib cage, of the sternum, and of the individual ribs. 3. To identify the bones of the skull.
4. To identify the major foramina and fossae (i.e.- those named in the learning activities).
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
1. Observe two features of the typical vertebra: body and vertebral arch which consists of: 2 pedicles, 2 laminae and 7 processes: 1 spinous, 4 articular and 2 transverse.
2. Describe the features of the isolated cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebrae. Name the distinguishing features of each. Examine and describe the first and second cervical vertebrae. What special functions do these bones have?
3.
Make a labelled drawing of a typical cervical, thoracic and lumbar vertebra and make a list of the major functions of each part of the vertebra (discuss this with colleagues).curvatures are present in the fetal vertebral column and are called the primary curvatures.
5. Identify the head, neck, tubercle and shaft of a typical rib and compare it with a first rib. Why is there a groove along the inferior martrin of the rib? In what major wavs is the 1st rib different from (a) the 7th rib, and (b) the 12th rib?
6. Make a sketch of the sternum indicating the manubrium, body, xiphoid process and the articular surfaces of sternum.
7. The skull: is made up of three major functional groups of bones - (a) the bones of the brain case, (b) the bones of the special sense capsules which house the visual, auditory and olfactory organs and (c) the bones of the masticatory apparatus. Identify the bones of the brain case: frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, occipital, temporal and parietal. Find the cribiform plate, optic foramen, superior orbital fissure, internal auditory meatus and foramen magnum, and determine the main structures passing through each of these foramina. How are the brain-case bones joined together?
8.
The bones of the face function in mastication and some also serve to house specialsense organs. Identify the maxilla, mandible, zygoma and the temporal and nasal bones on a skull and palpate these bones and their processes on yourself and a colleague. What are the functions of the maxilla and the zygoma?
9.
Examine the base of the skull from below. What articular surfaces are present and what is their function? Find the large foramina for the internal carotid artery and. internal jugular vein.10. Make an outline drawing of the floor of the brain-case seen from above. Label the 3 cranial fossae, the pituitary fossa and the petrous temporal bone
UNIT 2: MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
DAY 4: JOINT & THEIR ACCESSORY LIGAMENT
LEARNING TASK
1.
Identify cartilaginous joints and fibrous joints.2.
Identify and understand the characteristics of synovial joints.3.
Identify intracapsular and accessory extracapsular ligaments.4.
Understand the significance of bursae.5.
Understand the movements at the joints.1. A joint or articulation is a region where bones are joined to one another. Classification of joints is based on the nature of the material between the bones: (i) fibrous (suture and syndesmosis), (ii) cartilaginous (synchondroses and symphyses), (iii) synovial (diarthroses)
2. Observe the different types of synovial joints:
(a) Hinge, uniaxial (elbow, ankle, interphalangeal joints) (b) Pivot, uniaxial (proximal radio-ulnar joint)
(c) Condyloid, biaxial (metacarpophalangeal joints) (d) Ellipsoid, biaxial, convex/concave (wrist joint)
(e) Plane or gliding, multiaxial (zygopophyseal vertebral, between heads and tubercles of ribs and bodies of vertebrae, costal cartilages - sternum, aeromioclavieular, between carpal and tarsal bones).
(f) Saddle, multiaxial (carpometacarpal joint of the thumb) (g) Ball and socket, multiaxial (shoulder and hip joints)
3. List the fibrous and cartilaginous joints that are found in the axial skeleton.
4.
Examine specimens and the models of the hip and knee joints and of the shoulder and elbow joints. Draw up a table showing the following characteristics for eachjoint:-(a) Type of joint
(b) Accessory extracapsular ligaments (c) Intra-articular structures
(d) Movements
(e) Chief factors responsible for stability
5. What structures are damaged when a joint such as the shoulder joint is dislocated? 6. Discuss the types of movements that occur at the synovial joints
7.
Demonstrate the movements at the: (a) shoulder joint, (b) elbow joint, (c) hip joint, (d) knee joint.8. Discuss the factors influencing the stability of the knee joint.
UNIT 2: MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
DAY 4: MUSCLE OF HEAD AND TRUNK
LEARNING TASK
2.
Describe the attachments of the skeletal muscles and to deduce the action of a particular muscle or a group of muscles at a given point.3.
Understand the principles involved in the action (movements) of muscles.4.
Able to locate and name the main groups of muscles of the axial skeleton.LEARNING ACTIVITIES
In this introductory class on muscles you will need to refer constantly to your text or atlas for identification of muscles. If you have attempted to identify a muscle and still have difficulty, ask your tutor for assistance.
1.
Try to describe the form- (strap, fusiform, flat, bipennate etc.) of the following muscles on the basis of their external appearance: (a) Rectus femoris (b) Biceps brachi (c) Sartorius (d) Palmaris longus (e) External oblique, (f) Deltoid.2.
Note the kind of attachment of each of the muscles mentioned in L.A. 1 (tendinous, aponeurotic, etc).3. The muscles of the trunk can be divided into groups:
(1) Postvertebral muscles: superficial layer is formed by Erector spinae, deep layer is formed by Transversospinalis.
(2) Prevertebral muscles of the posterior abdominal wall: Psoas major, Quadratus lumborum.
(3) Muscles of the anterolateral abdominal wall: External and Internal oblique, Rectus abdominis, Transversus abdominis.
(4) Muscles of the head and neck: Sternocleido-mastoid; Suprahyoid group (example: digastric) Infrahyoid group (example: sternohyoid).
4. Complete a table in which you record the following information concerning each group of identified muscles: name, kind of attachment and the main function.
UNIT 2: MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
DAY 5: UPPER LIMB MUSCLES & PECTORAL GIRDLE
LEARNING TASK
1.
Identify the muscles of the shoulder joint.2.
Identify and give the action of the main groups of muscles of the arm. 3. To know the muscles acting on the elbow joint.1. The muscles of the limb can readily be divided into groups, the members of which are in close contact, have a similar nerve supply and usually also a common function. Try to find the groups of muscles which connect:
(a) Shoulder to the vertebral column (Trapezius, Latissimus dorsi).
(b) Shoulder to the thoracic wall (Pectoralis major and minor, Serratus anterior).
(c) Shoulder to the scapula (Deltoid, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres major and minor, Subscapularis). Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Subscapularis and Teres minor reinforce the capsule of the shoulder joint acting as a "dynamic ligament", and they are known as "rotator cuff" muscles.
2. To understand the content of the axilla.
3. To be able to identify the muscles of the flexor (Biceps brachi, Brachialis) and extensor (Triceps brachi) compartments of the arm.
4. Try to identify the muscles producing flexion and extension of the elbow joint (Flexion: Brachialis, Biceps Brachi, Brachioradialis; Extension: Triceps).
5.
Identify the flexor-and extensor muscles of the wrist and digits. Be able to identify superficial muscles of the flexor group (Flexor carpi radialis, Palmaris longus. Flexor digitorum superficialis and Flexor carpi ulnaris) and of the extensor group (Extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis, Extensor digitorum, Extensor carpi ulnaris).6.
To understand the pronation and supination of the forearm and to be able to locate the following muscles involved in these movements: Supinator, Pronator Teres and Pronator Quadratus.7. To know the location of thenar and hypothenar muscles of the hand.
UNIT 2: MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM
DAY 5: LOWER LIMB MUSCLES & PELVIC GIRDLE
LEARNING TASK
1. To know the groups of muscles around the hip joint.
2.
Identify the flexor, extensor and adductor groups of the thigh muscles.3.
Identify and to know the main function of the anterior, lateral and posterior groups of the leg muscles.1. The lower limb is the limb of stability and its movements are limited. The main function of the muscles of the lower limb is locomotion. The strongest muscles are located at the back of the hip, at the front of the thigh and at the back of the leg. Try to identify the following groups of muscles:
(a) In front of a hip joint (Iliopsoas). (b) Gluteal muscles (gluteus maximus).
(c) Short muscles of hip joint (as a group only).
2. Identify the extensors of the thigh located in the front of the thigh: Sartorius and Quadriceps (Rectus femoris, Vastus medialis, lateralis and intermedius). Note that the term extensors refers to their action on the knee joint.
3. Identify the adductors located on the medial side of the thigh: Gracilis, Adductor longus and magnus.
4. Identify the flexors located at the back of fne thigh known as Hamstring muscles: Biceps femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus. Note that the term flexors refers to their action on the knee joint.
5. With the help of your text book and altas try to identify the anterior, lateral and posterior group of muscles of the leg:
(a) Anterior group: Tibialis anterior, Extensor digitorum longus and Extensor hallucis longus. Note that the main function of these muscles is dorsiflexion of the foot. Tibialis anterior and Extensor hallucis longus will produce inversion of the foot.
(b) Lateral group: Peroneus longus and Peroneus brevis. The main function of these muscles is plantar flexion and eversion of the foot.
(c) Posterior group: Gastrocnemius and Soleus (known as Triceps surae), and Plantaris. The main function of these muscles is plantar flexion
UNIT 3: NERVOUS SYSTEM
DAY 7: BRAIN & MENINGES
LEARNING TASK
1. Briefly describe the origin of the central nervous system (CNS) and the composition of its major divisions
2. Explain the meaning of the grey and white matter
3. Divide the brain into forebrain (cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus and hypothalamus), midbrain and hindbrain (medulla oblongata, pons and cerebllum). Emphasize that the brainstem consist of medulla oblongata, pons and the midbrain. 4. Describe the ventricular system of the brain
6. Describe the division of the cerebral cortex into 4 lobes and to stress the importance of the major cortical functional areas.
UNIT 3: NERVOUS SYSTEM
DAY 7: BRAINSTEM, CEREBELLUM AND CRANIAL NERVES
LEARNING TASK
1. To know external anatomy of the brainstem
2. Identify the division of the cerebellum into 3 lobes and to understand its basic function
3. Able to identify the 12 cranial nerves and to know their exit from the skull and their main distribution and function
UNIT 3: NERVOUS SYSTEM
DAY 8: SPINAL CORD, PHERIPERAL NERVES AND SENSORY SYSTEM
LEARNING TASK
1. To understand the gross anatomical features of the spinal cord, the segmentation of the spinal cord and its basic internal features
2. To understand the functional significance of the dorsal and ventral horns, dorsal and ventral roots and the role of the dorsal root ganglion
3. To understand the anatomical pathways from the general sensory receptors such as touch, pressure, pain, temperature to the spinal cord and the cerebral cortex.
4. To understand the nerve supply to the limbs and the position of brachial, lumbar and sacral nerve plexuses
UNIT 3: NERVOUS SYSTEM
DAY 8: AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANS)
LEARNING TASK
1. To know the differences between somatic and autonomic nervous system
2. To know the division of the ANS into symphathetic and parasymphatetic components
3. To understand the role of the ganglia and preganglionic and postganglionic neurons 4. To understand the functional differences between symphatetic and para symphatetic
systems
DAY 10: SURFACE ANATOMY
LEARNING ACTIVITIES:
living subjects — yourself and your colleagues. Also refer frequently to a Skeleton. A “skin pencil” is useful for marking out outlines of structures. Revise the anatomical terms and position.
1. In the midline palpate the suprasternal notch at the upper end of the manubrim sterni. About 5 cm below you will feel a transverse ridge where the manubrium meets the body of sternum (sternal angle); the second costal cartilage is at the level of sternal angle. Sliding your fingers down the midddle line you will palpate the the xiphoid process. The-costal margin of the ribs can he palpated as it passes downwards and outwards. Its lower part is formed by the 10th rib which is at the level of the 3rd lumbar vertebra and is only about 5-6 cm above the highest point of the iliac crest of the pelvis.
2. Turn the subject around and count the thoracic spinous processes starting from the 7th cervical (vertebra prominens); spines of T1 to T4 are easy to feel, those of T5 to T12 much more difficult. Feel the vertebral border of the scapula, note that it crosses ribs 2-7.
3. Observe the clavicle and the shoulder. The whole of the clavicle is subcutaneous and its medial forward convexity and lateral forward concavity can be followed to the flat lateral end which is slightly higher than the acromion and indicates the position of acromioclavicular joint. The curve from the neck to the shoulder are formed by the trapezius muscle. The àcromion and the spine of the scapula are subcutaneous. The roundness of the shoulder is due o the underlying deltoid muscle, if the muscle wastes or the head of the humerus is dislocated the roundness is lost. The coracoid process is palpable below the lateral third of the clavicle in a hollow between the deltoid laterally and the pectoralis major medially. This hollow is called the infraclavicular fossa. Above the clavicle between the trapezius laterally and the sternocleidomâstoid medially there is the supraclavicular fossa in which the chief structures are the subclavian vessels and trunks of the brachial
plexus-4. Vessels of the upper limb:
The pulsation of the following arteries may he palpated in the upper limb: (1) The subclavian a. — in the supraclavicular fossa; (2) the axillarv a.- in the infraclavicular fossa, (3) the brachial a. along medial edge of biceps brachi m.; (4) radial a. -palpable anterior to the distal one-third of the radius, just lateral to the tendon of flexor carpi radialis m.; (5) ulnar a.- immediately lateral to the tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris.
Examine the dorsal venous arch or network on the back of the hand. A number of the veins arise from this network and curve around the radial and ulnar margins of the forearm to ascend on the flexor aspect towards the cubital fossa. Two major vein generally become prominent: the cephalic laterally, and the basilic medially. However a number of accessory connections and variations in pattern may exist. At the elbow, near the cubital fosse, the cephalic and basilic veins generally communicate via a median cubital vein.
5. Vessels of the lower limb:
The important vessels that are accessible to palpation in the lower limb are: (1) the fermoral a. - just below the midinguinal point; (2) the popliteal a. — felt with difficulty in the midline of the upper half of the popliteal fossa; (3) posterior tibial a. - midway between the medial malleolus and the tendo calcaneus.
terminates aproximately 4cm. below and lateral to the pubic tubercle joining the femoral vein.
6. The mammary gland: the breast remains rudimentary in the adult male; in female it varies in size and shape in different individuals, and with age and its function state. On the surface of the skin there are: the projectin conical nipple wich contains circular smooth muscles, and pigmented skin called aerola.The breast itself lies in the superficial fascia and extends from the 2nd to 6th rib. The deep surface lies rnainlv on the pectoralis major but extends laterally on to the serratus anterior and downwards on the sheath covering the rectus abdominis.
7. Draw the outline of the diaphragm: the right dome (and liver) rises to just below the right nipple: the left dome (and fundus of stomach) to 2-3 cm below the left nipple. The central tendon is at the level of xiphosternal junction. During vigorous inspiration the diaphragm can descend by 5 or 10 cm, forcing abdominal viscera downwards 8. The apex of the lung rises above the clavicle, at the level of the neck of 1st rib.
Inferiorly the lung will be at the level of 6th costal cartilage medially, 8th rib in midclavicular line, 10th rib in midaxillarv line and 12th rib in paravertehral line
9. At or below the sternal angle the trachea bifurcates into right and left bronchi. The bifurcation is not fixed and move downwards (about 3 cm in the posture). — ect 10. Feel the apex beat of the heart in the 5th or 6th intercostal space just medial to the
midclavicular line. Draw the outline of the heart: right border: from the 3rd costal cartilage to the 6th costal cartilage, about 1 cm from the right margin of sternum; lower border: acrose the xiphosternal junction to the apex beat; left border: from the apex to the 2nd intercostal space, about 1 cm from the left margin of sternum. 11. Palpate and map out on the abdomen: iliac crest, anterior superior iliac spine,
posterior superior iliac spine (in the visible dimple at the level of the 2nd sacral vertebral spine), pubic crest, inguinal ligament, costal margin and lower end of the body of sternum. The linea alba, often a visible furrow between the right and left rectus abdominis muscles.
12. Note that esophagus pierces the diaphragm at the level of T10 i.e. 7th or 8th costal cartilage, just to the left of the median plane. The position of stomach is very variable, most of it lies to the left of the median plane under the lower ribs, but it can descend below umbilicus. Pylorus and the first part of the duodenum lie to the right of the median plane, at the level of 9th rib and 1st lumbar vertebra.
13. The liver lies opposite 5th - 10th ribs. It curves to just below the right nipple, and crossing the midline continues to the region of left nipple (usually the left border is about 2-3 cm below it). Its sharp lower border crosses the pylorus and the gall bladder and is not usually palpable.
14. The Spleen lies parallel to left ribs 9-10-11th in the midaxillary line and it is not palpable unless enlarged.
15. The pancreas lies within the concavity of the duodenum and it is not usually palpable.
16. The kidneys arise at the level of T12 and 12th rib, in front of the transverse processes of L1 and L2 and they reach the upper part of L3. The kidneys are usually impalpable
17. The Urinary bladder: if it is empty it lies below the symohysis pubis; when the bladder is filled, the loose peritoneum gets “stripped off’ the abdominal wall anda very full bladder can be palpated as a rounded mass above the pubis.
LEARNING TASK
1. Identify the mediastinum
2. Identify the major external features of the heart 3. Identify the features of the chambers of the heart 4. Describe the blood supply to the heart
5. Understand the intrinsic and extrinsic innervation of the heart 6. Understand the functional anatomy of the heart
7. Understand the role of the pericardium
UNIT 4: INTERNAL ORGANS
DAY 12: THE PERIPHERAL VESSELS
LEARNING TASK
1. Understand the arterial system of vessels
2. Describe the main blood supply to the head and neck (also the brain), thorax and abdomen, upper and lower limb
3. Understand the venous system of vessels including the portal circulation 4. Describe the foetal circulation and the change which takes place at birth
UNIT 4: INTERNAL ORGANS
DAY 14: RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
LEARNING TASK
1. Understand the anatomy of upper respiratory passages: nasal cavities, pharynx and larynx.
2. Understand the role of the parietal and visceral pleurae and the pleural cavity
3. Understand the anatomy of lower respiratory passages: trachea, bronchi and bronchioles
4. Describe the function of the lungs and the chest wall during breathing
UNIT 4: INTERNAL ORGANS
DAY 15: GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT
LEARNING TASK
1. Describe the cavity of the mouth and pharynx 2. Identify the salivary glands
3. Understand the anatomy of the stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, colon and rectum
4. Understand the structure and function of the peritoneum and the mesenteries 5. Identify the pancreas and spleen
LEARNING TASK
1. To identify the bones forming the orbital fossa
2. To identify the layers and chambers of the eye, the lens, iris and cilliary body, and the optic nerve
3. To identify the extrinsic ocular muscles
4. To identify and understand the distribution of cranial nerves III, IV and VI 5. To identify the blood supply to the eye and the retina
6. Briefly dexcribe the receptor cells of the retina and the transmission of the visual sensations to the optic nerves
THE EAR
LEARNING TASK
1. To know the division into external, middle and internal ear
2. To be able to identify the tympanic membrane and ossicles of the middle ear and to know their function
3. To describe the bony and membranous labyrinth, cochlea, vestibule and semicircular canals
4. To understand the role of oval and round windows
5. To understand the role of the structure mentioned above in the sense of hearing and balance
6. To understand the location of these structures within the temporal bone
7. To know the path of the vestibulocochlear nerve to the brain stem and understand its function
THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM LEARNING TASK:
- Able to describe anatomy of pituitary gland
- Able to describe anatomy of thyroid and parathyroid gland
- Able to describe anatomy of pancreas and adrenal gland
UNIT 4: INTERNAL ORGANS
DAY 18: URINARY SYSTEM
LEARNING TASK
1. Identify the kidneys and the suprarenal glands and to know their position in the abdomen
2. Identify the anatomical structures which can be seen in sagittal section of the kidney 3. Identify the ureters and trace their course to the pelvis
4. Identify the bladder in specimens and models 5. Describe the course of the male and female urethra 6. To be able to understand the phases of micturition
UNIT 4: INTERNAL ORGANS
DAY 19: REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
LEARNING TASK
1. Identify the components of the female reproductive system: the ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus and vagina
2. Describe the position and support of the uterus
3. Describe the anterior and posteior relations of the uterus and vagina
4. Identify the components of the male reproductive system: the testis, epididymis, ductus deferens, seminal vesicle and prostate
5. Inderstand the transport of sperm through the male reproductive system and the mechanism of erection
Smstr Program or curriculum blocks
10 Senior Clerkship
9 Senior Clerkship
8 Senior Clerkship
7 Health System-based Practice
(3 weeks) BCS (1 weeks)
Community-based practice
(4 weeks)
Evidence-based Medical Practice
(2 weeks) Special topics : Health Ergonomic & Health Environment
(2 weeks)
Elective StudyIV (evaluation)
(3 weeks)
Comprehensi ve Clinic Orientation (Clerkship) + medical ethic
(4 weeks)
19 weeks
6 The Cardiovascular System and Disorders
(3 weeks) BCS (1 weeks)
Medical Emergency
(3 weeks)
BCS (1 weeks)
The Urinary System and Disorders
(3 weeks) BCS (1 weeks)
The Reproductive System and Disorders
(4 weeks) BCS (1 weeks)
Elective StudyIII
(3 weeks)
19 weeks
5
Neuroscience and neurological
The Respiratory System and Disorders
The skin & hearing system
Special Topic : - Palliative med
Elective
BCS (1 weeks) BCS (1 weeks)
BCS (1 weeks) - Forensic(3 weeks)
4 Musculoskeletal system & connective tissue disorders (3 weeks) BCS (1 weeks)
Alimentary
& hepatobiliary systems & disorders
(3 Weeks)
BCS (1 weeks)
The Endocrine System, Metabolism and Disorders
(4 weeks) BCS (1 weeks)
Clinical Nutrition and Disorders
(2 weeks)
BCS (1 weeks)
The Visual system & disorders
(2 weeks)
BCS (1weeks)
19 weeks
3
Basic microbiology & parasitology
(3 weeks)
Basic Infection & infectious diseases
(3 weeks) BCS (1 weeks)
Immune system & disorders
(2 weeks)
BCS (1 weeks)
Hematologic system & disorder & clinical oncology
(3 weeks) BCS (1 weeks)
Special Topic - sexology & anti aging - Geriatri -Travel medicine (4 weeks) Basic Pharmaceutica l medicine & drug etics
(1 weeks)
19 weeks
2 Medicalcommunication
(3 weeks)
Basic pharmacology
(2 weeks) BCS (1 weeks)
Medical Professionalism
(2 weeks) + medical ethic (1 weeks)
Basic Anatomy Pathology & Clinical pathology (3 weeks) BCS (1 weeks)
Behavior Change and disorders
(3 weeks)
BCS (1 weeks)
Elective Study I
(2 weeks) 19 weeks
1 Studium Generale and
Humaniora (2 weeks) Basic Anatomy ( 4 weeks)
The cell as bioche-mical machinery (2 weeks) Basic Histology (2 weeks) & Basic Physiology (3 weeks) BCS (1 weeks) Growth & developme nt (2 weeks) Basic Biochemist ry
(2 weeks) BCS (1 weeks)
19 weeks
