TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW ... 5
2.1 Introduction ... 5
2.2 Critical Discourse Analysis ... 5
2.3 Modality of Functional Grammar ... 7
2.4 Football Management ... 12
2.5 The Previous Studies ... 13
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 15
3.1 Introduction ... 15
3.2 Aims of the Present Study ... 15
3.4 Data Collection ... 16
3.5 Football Manager 2007 Game ... 16
3.6 Data Analysis ... 19
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 21
4.1 Types of Modality ... 21
4.3.2 Relation between Characters ... 41
4.3.2.1 Chairman ... 41
4.3.2.2 Physiotherapist ... 46
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ... 49
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Background of the Study
Football develops into an industry. It can be seen from the role of manager that tends to be more than just coaching. Crust and Lawrence (2006) argues that the role of a manager in football management is being extended. Perry (in Crust and Lawrence, 2006) elaborates that manager has three category of task: core responsibility, prime task, and contributory task. He defines: core responsibility concerns: tactics and players selections and club’s managements. In addition, prime task concerns: club coaching policy; discipline, fitness, preparation, well-being and development of players; appointment of assistant staff; involvement at board meetings; and, media dealing. Furthermore, contributory task concerns: salary/ contract of players; club’s scouting and youth policy; preparing match program notes; general public relations/ sponsorship dealings.
Football manager 2007 (FM’07) game adopts football manager discourse into the game. Thus, any texts which are produced within the game must imply football manager discourse. FM’07 game is a sequence of numbers of previous football management games which is released by Sport Interactive (SI) and Sega. The game is about managing a club. One of the game’s features is a news sub-screen, this sub-screen presents everything happens in the game in the form of texts. Modality, one of the linguistic features is used frequently in the bulletin of FM’07 game texts. The game will be discussed further in chapter 3.
Halliday (1994: 88) defines modality is the intermediate degree between the positive and negative poles. The modality use in the texts attracts many linguistics scholars to use it as a tool of analysis. Lillian (2008) suggests that the term of modality is not always used in the same ways or for the same purposes in different text with different context. The analysis of modality use is much more significant that just an occurrence of modal such as can, must, will, etc. The use of modalities implies many meanings and motives behind its use by the speaker in certain discourse. The present study attempts to analyze the occurrences of modality in the
1.2 Research Questions
The study will try to analyze the text within FM’07 game; those are formulated in the following questions:
1. What are the types of modality that occur in the FM’07 game text?
2. How does the use of modality reveal the relations between characters in the FM’07 game text?
1.3 Aims of the Study
The study aims to discover the answers to the questions in the previous part, those are:
1. To discover the types of modality that occurs in the FM’07 game text. 2. To discover the relations between characters in FM’07 game text.
1.4 Limitation of the Study
This study will investigate modality use in the news sub-screen of FM’07 game text using Halliday’s modality of functional grammar. This study is limited to the analysis
1.5 Methodology
The present study uses Fairclough’s critical discourse analysis (CDA) as the basic framework to examine the use of modality in the discourse of (FM’07) game texts. Fairclough (1995) suggests that CDA is an approach that examines the use of language and asks why it has been used that way and what the implications are of this kind of use. Moreover, Hallidayan categories of modality are applied to describe the text. In order to interpret and explain the text, Hallidayan system of modality value and orientation are used along with the concept of modern football management.
1.6 Organization of the Paper
The paper is organized into five chapters as follow: Chapter 1 introduces the present study. Chapter 2 reviews some related literatures to serve as the basis for investigating the research problem, they are: critical discourse analysis, modality of functional grammar, and football management. Chapter 3 presents the methodology of the present study. Chapter 4 presents and discusses the findings of this study.
Chapter 2
Theoretical Review
2.1. Introduction
This chapter reviews some literatures related to this paper. In addition, the chapter discusses, the concepts of critical discourse analysis (CDA), the concepts of modality of functional grammar, concepts of football management which is adopted by football manager 2007 (FM’07) game, as well as previous studies related to this paper.
2.2. Critical Discourse Analysis
Textual analysis should mean analysis of the texture of text, their form and organization, and not just commentaries on the ‘content’ of text which ignore texture. Textual analysis can often give excellent insights about what is ‘in’ text, but what is absent from a text is often just as significant from the perspective of sociocultural analysis (Fairclough, 1995: 4-5).
Furthermore, CDA is consolidated as a ‘three-dimensional’ framework where the aim is to map three separate forms of analysis onto one another: analysis of (spoken or written) language texts, analysis of discourse practice (process of text production, distribution and consumption) and analysis of discursive events as instances of sociocultural practice (Fairclough, 1995: 2).
CDA as a concept of textual analysis needs to select a tool of analysis. Fairclough (1995: 10) mentions that the tool has to be a functional theory of language orientated to the question of how language is structured to tackle its primary social functions.
Systemic functional grammar which is proposed by Halliday is able to work with the concept of CDA, as suggested by Halliday (1978) that it is able to work with the view of language as a social semiotic which incorporates an orientation to map relations between language (texts) and social structures and relations.
Halliday (1994) defines that functional grammar is conceptual framework on which it is based is a functional one rather than a formal one. It is functional in the sense that it is designed to account for how language is used. Everything that is
written or spoken has shaped the system. Language has developed to fulfill human needs and it is organized by functions to these needs. Functional grammar is purely ‘natural’ grammar that everything can be explained with reference to how language is used.
means that a clause is a transaction between speaker and listener. Clause is also a representation of some process in ongoing human experiences (Halliday, 1994: 34).
2.3. Modality of Functional Grammar
Modality is the intermediate degree between positive and negative poles (Halliday, 1994: 88). Modality is a resourceful linguistic device, and as I mentioned earlier (in the chapter 1) that the use of modality by any speakers is purposive and implies a consequence both for the utterance itself and the listeners or readers.
The implication of modality use will depends on some variables. Halliday proposes three variables: system of type, orientation, and value (1994: 356-358). These systems will be applied to analyze the use of modality in the FM’07 game texts as a framework of analysis (and will be explained further in the chapter 3). Halliday (1994: 88-91, 356-358) categorizes modality into modalization and modulation. If the clause is indicative clause, then it is modalization. If the clause is imperative, then it is modulation. Modalization expresses degree of probability and usuality. Modulation expresses degree of obligation and inclination. Degree of
To summarize Halliday’s categories of modality, we can look at the following
exchanoed Speech Function Type of Indeterminacy Typical Realization
information proposition: statement,
Table 2.1 Modalization and Modulation (Halliday, 1994: 91)
third person; it is a statement of obligation and inclination in respect of others. In this case they function as proposition, since to the person they addressed it conveys ‘information’ rather than ‘goods-&-services’. But they don’t thereby lose their rhetorical force to the third person (Halliday, 1994: 89).
As presented in the Halliday’s table of modalization and modulation above the typical realizations of modalization are through: finite modal operator, modal adjunct of probability and usuality, and by both of them. And, typical realizations of modulation are through finite modal operator and expansion of predicator. The choice of modality expression implies assertiveness which is collectively known as a value of modal. These typical realizations imply degree of assertiveness, which are high, medium, and low. The elaborations of typical realizations and its degree of assertiveness will be presented in the following tables below:
Finite Modal Operator
neoative needn't, doesn't/ didn't + need to, have to
Table 2.2 Finite Modal Operator (Halliday, 1994: 76)
The four types of modal operators can occur in all four modality types; however their use is more restricted in the inclination and usuality (Halliday, 1994: 357)
Modal adjunct of probability and usuality are included in the expression of modalization, since it expresses the speaker’s judgement regarding the relevance of the message (Halliday, 1994: 49)
Modal Adjunct
low median hioh probability possibly probably certainly usuality sometimes usually always
Table 2.3 Modal Adjunct (Halliday, 1994: 358)
As stated by Halliday (1994: 358) modal adjunct probability ‘certainly’ present high value, while ‘likely’, ‘perhaps’, and ‘maybe’ are medium value modal adjunct if probability. The only possible expression of low value modal adjunct probability is possibly. Modal adjunct usuality ‘sometimes’ is the only low value expression, while usually presents medium value. In the end, the three expressions of modal adjunct usuality ‘always’, ‘never’ or ever, and often are high value expression.
The other expression of modality is expansion of predicator, the table 2.4 shows an examples of expansion of predicator an its value of assertiveness.
Expansion of Predicator
low median hioh passive verb predicator allowed supposed required adjective predicator willino keen determined
Passive verb predicator ‘required to’ presents high value expression, ‘allowed to’ is the expression of passive verb predicator that represents low value. The two passive verb predicators ‘supposed to’ and ‘expected to’ are the medium value expression. There are three adjective predicators which are able to modulate the clause, they are: ‘determined’ that implies high value, ‘anxious’ that implies medium value, ‘keen’ that implies low value.
The third variable is orientation, the table 2.5 shows the
Typical Realization
Type Variants Modalization Modulation
Probability Usuality Oblioation Inclination Sub Exp
certainly usually supposed keen
Example
Table 2.5 Modality Orientation (Halliday, 1994: 355 – 358)
The table 2.5 shows the system of orientation, the difference between
adjunct. We can see that these projecting clauses are in fact metaphorically as adjunct by applying the tad test. When we tag I think Henry James wrote the
Bostonian, we find we do NOT pick up “don’t I” (which would indicate that the subject
of the clause was I), but instead “didn’t he”, indicating that the grammatical subject is in fact Henry James.
2.4. Football Management
In this section I will review some literatures about modern football management. As I mentioned before that the object of analysis, FM’07 game is adopting the current football management. Hence in the production of its texts, its discourse mainly refers to the modern football management.
In brief, according to Scheunemann (2008: 17) modern football is indicated by 14 characteristics, those characteristics mainly refer to three major things: a professional and well-organized institution, a modern and systematic tactics and coaching, and football commercialization.
In short, modern football concerns on professional management on all
The same argument about modern football is also implied in Warwick Business School’s education program. Warwick Business School argues that modern football management is about best practice in leadership, managing teams and individuals; a good handling on media, public speaking, image management and other aspects of marketing; a good understanding of football finance; a broader information technology in football.
2.5. The Previous Studies
There aresome previous studies related to the present study. Lillian (2008) analyzed the use of modality in the two political texts by applying the type of modality which is proposed by Fowler (1985). The result of her research showed that both of the texts used similarly numbers of epistemic of modality, but there is a huge gap of deontic modality use between them. Lillian argued that a big number of deontic modality may be a linguistic feature of manipulation and propaganda.
Chen (2006) applied deontic and epistemic modality to analyze George W. Bush inaugural address. George W. Bush inaugural address was analyzed in terms
Chapter 3
Research Methodology
3.1. Introduction
This chapter presents the methodological aspect of the present study. It consists of the aims of the present study, research design, data collection, a brief introduction to the football manager 2007 (FM’07) game, and data analysis.
3.2. Aims of the Present Study
The study aims at finding the answers to the questions that are formulated as follows:
1. What are the types of modality that occur in the FM’07 game text?
2. How does the use of modality reveal the relations between characters in the
FM’07 game text?
3.3. Research Design
properties of text. Interpretation stages concerns with the relationship between text and production, and as a source in the process of interpretation. Explanation: concerned with the relationship between interaction and social context.
Hallidayan theory of modality is applied in these three stages of analysis. Hallidayan categories of modality, system of value, and system of orientation are the tools of analysis performed in describing, interpreting, and explaining the use modality in the discourse of FM’07 game texts.
3.4. Data Collection
The data for the present study include texts occur in the news screen of FM’07 game. The news screen was chosen because the texts were occurred most frequently in this screen. However, there were so many texts produced in this screen. Texts occurred during June – August 2006, were collected with regard to the diversity of texts occurrences. During this period, each type of news had occurred. Every text occurred during June – August 2006, was retyped. Moreover, due to the purposes of the present study (i.e. to reveal the social relation among participants)
only the utterances of two characters (i.e. chairman and physiotherapist) were selected to be analyzed. A brief description of the game is presented in section 3.5.
3.5. Football Manager 2007 Game
by Sport Interactive and Sega. FM’07 is a PC game about daily experience of being manager of a club or a nation. The game’s large database enables us to choose most of all professional leagues in the world. The game starts at the 2006/2007 football season. There is no condition of ‘game over’ or win the game. As long as I concern the game still continues to play when the date within the game shows the season 2010/2011.
As mentioned earlier in the chapter 1, FM’07 adopts current football manager discourse into the game. Thus, characters in the game are based on the current football manager discourse. There are several characters within the game (i.e. members of club’s board, managers, club’s staffs, and players. Club’s board, at least consist of chairman and directors. Some of the clubs only consist of chairman. Some even have general managers, managing directors, and directors of football. Every club usually has numbers of staffs, they are: assistant managers, coaches, scouts and physiotherapists.
In general, the game is divided into three screens: manager screen, club screen, and football world screen. Club screen and football screen will not be
Figure 3.1 Manager Screen
3.6. Data Analysis
The first step of data analysis is identification of modality within the utterances of two characters chosen (i.e. chairman and physiotherapist). In identifying the modality, Halliday’s modality theory (1994) is used as a basis. Halliday (1994) states that modality is realized typically by the choice of modal operators, modal adjunct, expansion of predicator.
[3a]. Jan Laporta has indicated that this year’s transfer budget will be £82M.
The theory of modality indicates will as an expression of modality. It makes the utterance less certain than (if) the utterances is “…this year’s transfer budget is £82M.
The second step is classification of modality occurrences by using Halliday’s category of modality and system of value. Halliday (1994) categorizes modality into modalization and modulation, furthermore modalization is divided into probability and usuality and modulation is divided into obligation and inclination. These categories
information. The speaker indicates his judgments about the content of the utterances.
The third step is interpreting the social relation. The speaker is chairman, the reader is the manager. Chairman state his opinion about the full backing of club’s board to the manager. Chairman is stating his opinion and use modal ‘will’ to express it. He doesn’t question manager’s opinion; neither commands the manager to do something nor offers manager something to be done by him.
Chapter 4
Finding and Discussion
4.1 Types of Modality
Halliday’s theory of modality subsumes two types of modality based on the commodity exchanged within the utterance: modalization and modulation. Modalization expresses degree of probability and usuality, in the other hand
modulation expresses degree of obligation and inclination (1994: 356).
4.1.1 Probability
The type of probability indicates the utterances is either ‘yes or no’, and attaches the degree of likeliness from the speaker. Within this type, the speaker exchanges his judgement to reader about how likely something is to happen. Probability can be expressed by three typical expressions: finite modal operator, modal adjunct of probability and by both finite modal operator and modal adjunct of probability at the same time (Halliday, 1994: 89). Example [4a] shows the modality that is included into this type.
The underlined word, i.e. modal operator ‘will’ is an expression of modality. The utterance exchanges information rather than ‘goods-&-services’. The utterance is process of exchanging information between the speaker and hearer. The speaker inserts his judgement within the utterance; the speaker neither command nor offer to do something for the reader. The modal operator ‘will’ represents the meaning of ‘either yes or no’ or degree of probability. The modal operator ‘will’ modalizes the utterance, signifies speaker’s judgement of probability. The occurrences of probability modality are presented in the table as follows:
Table 4.1 Probability
The table above shows probability occur 45 times. Modal operator ‘will’ is the only expression of probability which is used by the game. The chairman uses modal operator ‘will’ three times to express probability. The expression of probability is dominated by the physiotherapist, the physiotherapist uses modal operator ‘will’ 42 times.
4.1.2 Usuality
expressed by three typical expressions: finite modal operator, modal adjunct of usuality and by both finite modal operator and modal adjunct of usuality at the same time (Halliday, 1994: 89). Example [4b] shows the modality that is included into this type.
[4b] Jan Laporta commented that it was always good to get a win over derby rivals and…
The underlined word, i.e. modal adjunct of usuality ‘always’ is an expression of modality. The utterance exchanges information rather than ‘goods-&-services’. The utterance is process of exchanging information between the speaker and hearer. The speaker inserts his judgement within the utterance; the speaker neither command nor offer to do something for the reader. The modal adjunct of usuality ‘always’ represents the meaning of ‘both yes and no’ or degree of usuality. The modal adjunct of usuality ‘always’ modalizes the utterance, indicates speaker’s judgement of usuality. The occurrences of usuality modality are presented in the
table as follows:
The previous table demonstrates usuality occur 3 times. Modal adjunct of usuality ‘always’ is the only expression of usuality which is used by the game. The chairman uses modal operator ‘always’ three times to express usuality. Physiotherapist doesn’t use any expression of usuality in the utterance.
4.1.3 Obligation
The type of obligation indicates the utterance is in a form of command from the speaker to the hearer, and attaches the degree of obligation from the speaker. In other word, it represent whether something is allowed to or not allowed to do by the hearer. Obligation can be expressed by two typical expressions: finite modal operator and by expansion of predicator, i.e. passive verb (Halliday, 1994: 89). Example [4c] shows the modality that is included into this type.
[4c] The team is expected to win the First Division this season.
the nature of modality that is the intermediate degree between ‘yes and no’. The occurrences of obligation modality are presented in the table as follows:
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Table 4.3 Obligation
The table above shows obligation occur five times, the physiotherapist doesn’t express any obligation. The chairman uses passive verb predicator ‘expected’ twice and modal operator ‘may’ three times, to express the obligation.
4.1.4 Inclination
The type of inclination indicates the utterance is in a form of offer from the speaker to the hearer, and attaches the degree of inclination from the speaker. In other word, it
represent whether something is allowed to or not allowed to do by the speaker. Inclination can be expressed by two typical expressions: finite modal operator and by expansion of predicator, i.e. adjective verb (Halliday, 1994: 89). Example [4d] shows the modality that is included into this type.
The underlined word, i.e. adjective verb ‘keen’ is an expression of modality. The utterance exchanges ‘goods-&-services’ rather than information. The utterance is process of exchanging ‘goods-&-services’ between the speaker and hearer. The speaker offers to do something for the hearer. The adjective verb ‘keen’ represents the degree of inclination. According to (Halliday: 1994) expansion of predicator, i.e. passive verb and adjective verb represent the intermediate degree between positive and negative poles. Expansion of predicator, in this case adjective verb ‘keen’ is neither ‘yes nor no’. It appears to represent the nature of modality that is the intermediate degree between ‘yes and no’. The occurrences of inclination modality are presented in the table as follows:
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Table 4.4 Inclination
The expression of ‘will never’ are used twice by the chairman and it is included into inclination rather than usuality. Based on the typical realization of usuality, the expression of ‘will never’ should include into usuality. As mentioned earlier in the usuality section, that one of the typical realizations of usuality is the combination of modal operator (e.g. will, would, etc) and modal adjunct of usuality (e.g. never, always, etc). However, instead of exchanging information and expressing the degree of usuality, the utterances are exchanging ‘good-&-services’ and expressing degree of inclination as shown by the example [4d] below.
[4d] Jan Laporta feels he will never leave the club he loves.
The meaning of utterance tends to exchange the willingness of the speaker, i.e. Jan Laporta, which is the nature of meaning of inclination rather than exchanges Jan Laporta’s judgement of degree of oftenness, which is the nature of meaning of usuality. However, modal adjunct of usuality ‘never’ is not included into typical realization of inclination. Since, the meaning of utterance is the main identification
behind the categorization, the utterance above should mean
[4e] Jan Laporta feels he will not leave the club he loves.
Example [4e] and [4f] indicates that the utterance tends to be an inclination rather than usuality. The negative utterance [4e] shows the speaker expresses the degree of negativeness of inclination; in other word it shows the speaker’s unwillingness of doing something for the hearer. Furthermore, in positive utterance [4f] it shows the degree of positiveness of inclination, that of the speaker’s willingness of doing something for the hearer.
4.2 Pattern of Occurrences of Modality
The occurrences of modality in the text appear to have forms of pattern. The characters, i.e. the chairman and physiotherapist prefer certain type of modality in their utterances. The pattern of occurrences of modality is defined by type of modality and system of value of modality. Halliday (1994) suggests three values: high (H), medium (M), and low (L). The next table 4.5 demonstrates the occurrences of modality in the text and their type and system of value.
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%
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,-Table 4.5 The Occurrences of Modality and System of Value of Modality
chairman’s expression of usuality signified by the realization of modal adjunct of usuality ‘always’ which is uttered three times. Nevertheless, there is no use of usuality expressed by the physiotherapist.
Within the type of obligation, the chairman prefers to use two types of expressions, i.e. passive verb ‘expected’ and modal operator ‘may. However, there is no obligation applied by the physiotherapist. The table also suggests that the chairman actively modalizes his utterance within the type of inclination, yet the physiotherapist’s utterances don’t indicate any occurrences of inclination. The chairman utters negative modal operator ‘will not’ eight times as an expression of inclination, which is the highest amount of chairman’s use of modality. Three expressions, i.e. negative modal operator ‘should not’, negative modal ‘will never’, and adjective verb ‘keen’ are expressed in the same amount. The chairman expresses these expressions twice.
Moreover, within the chairman’s use of modality imply the use of all three values of modality. In the other hand, the physiotherapist only uses medium value of modality. The previous table indicates there is no use of high value probability and
also low value probability expressed by both the chairman and physiotherapist. They both choose to express medium value modality.
occurrences of passive verb ‘expected’. On the other context, he uses modal operator ‘may’ three times, which initiate low value of commitment.
4.3 Discussion
The use of modality in the two selected characters’ utterances, i.e. the chairman and physiotherapist implies several motives. Moreover, the use of modality indicates several implications. These motives and implications are closely related with the ideology underlie the text. The football manager 2007 (FM’07) game adopts modern football management discourse into the game, as well as any texts produced within the game are shaped based on real football management discourse.
The modern football management discourse indicates social status for the characters, i.e. club’s physiotherapist, chairman, manager, scout, player, etc. The social status is implied in the social interaction between the characters. Fairclough (1989) argues the social interaction among the people embodies common-sense which treats authority and hierarchy as natural. Furthermore, the social status sets out a form of relation between the characters inside the social interaction. As argued by Fairclough that language is the commonest form of social interaction, thus the relation between characters inside the social interaction is drawn upon the language use.
The occurrences of modality in the social interaction within the game are most likely functioning as a depiction of social relation between the characters. The following sections will describe how modality depicts the social relation between the characters. The first section, i.e. 4.3.1 Types of Modality in the Game Text will discuss the occurrences of modality in the game and motives that underlie their
4.3.1 Types of Modality in the Game Text
As mentioned earlier in the previous sections, modality occur in several types. The chairman expresses four types of modality, i.e. probability, usuality, obligation and inclination. Nevertheless, the physiotherapist only expresses one type of modality, i.e. probability. The next sections will discuss each occurrence, i.e. probability, usuality, obligation and inclination.
4.3.1.1 Probability
Both characters, i.e. the chairman and physiotherapist express probability within their utterance. The chairman uses medium value probability three times in responding certain social events. The chairman uses medium value probability in indicating season’s transfer and wage budget for the club as shown in example [4g] and [4h] below.
[4g] Jan Laporta has indicated that this year’s transfer budget will be £82M. [4h] The wage budget for this season will be approximately £2M p/w.
Both utterances are made by the chairman, i.e. Jan Laporta for the manager. During an appointment of new manager, several utterances are made by the chairman as the head of club’s board to the new manager in charge. Two of them are, as shown by example [4g] and [4h], the utterances regarding financial status of
The chairman’s use of probability in indicating the transfer and wage budget, proposes his own judgement about the information exchanged within the utterance. Instead of stating the utterance in definite way, the chairman prefers to use modal operator ‘will’ in expressing his judgement about the probability of transfer and wage budget which is available for the manager. Another medium value probability made by the chairman is within the example [4i].
[4i] …and the manner of this performance against Espanyol will have meant a lot to the Barcelona fans.
The previous utterance, i.e. example [4i] is an utterance from the chairman in the time when the club, i.e. FC Barcelona win over the derby rival R.C.D Espanyol. A derby rival is a rival club that is located in the same city. The chairman comments to the press about his team’s performance over the previous match against the derby rival club. The chairman uses medium value probability ‘will’ in canvassing in his opinion about the possibility of fans’ feeling toward the last match.
The use of modality within the physiotherapist’s utterance is more restricted than within the chairman’s one. The physiotherapist doesn’t express any usuality, obligation, and inclination. The physiotherapist only uses obligation within his utterances. The physiotherapist expresses probability 42 times and it is signified by medium value modal operator ‘will’.
estimate the time amount of medical treatment for the injured player and the type of medical treatment for the injured player as shown by example [4k] and [4l].
[4k] It’s likely that Toni Calvo will be out for around a week whilst he is treated.
[4l] Lluis Til advised you that Toni Calvo will be treated by the club’s physios.
The use of medium value modal operator ‘will’ modalizes the utterances. Both of the utterances become arguable, whether the injured player, i.e. Toni Calvo is or isn’t out for around a week; and whether Toni Calvo is or isn’t be treated by the club’s physiotherapists.
The expression of probability expression in the game texts functions as an exchange of information between the characters. The use of probability modalizes the information being exchanged. The use of probability by the speaker initiates an insertion of speaker’s judgement; furthermore probability in the game texts is applied to show that it is the speaker’s opinion which is exchanged.
4.3.1.2 Usuality
The chairman expresses high value usuality three times towards several social events. The chairman uses modal adjunct of usuality ‘always’, which is categorized into high value usuality to express his delight over the club’s win over the derby rival match. The chairman shows his utmost delight which is indicated by choosing to use the high value usuality as shown by the example [4j].
[4j] Jan Laporta commented that it was always good to get a win over derby rivals…
The previous example of utterance is made by the chairman, i.e. Jan Laporta in his statement to the press, after the club, i.e. FC Barcelona get a win over the derby rival, i.e. R.C.D. Espanyol in the first leg of Spanish Cup match. Within the utterance implies the third person subject, i.e. the manager. Beside, it functions as an indication of the chairman’s delight; it also exchanges information that the chairman is pleased with the manager’s performance in managing the last team’s performance.
Another example of the use of high value usuality is shown by the example [4h]. The utterance below signifies the chairman’s delight after the club win the trophy in the Spanish Cup Competition. Moreover, the utterance below indicates that winning the trophy is a must for such club, i.e. FC Barcelona which has remarkable
[4h]…they always expected the team to win the competition…
The expression of usuality in the game texts functions as an exchange of information between the characters. The use of usuality modalizes the information being exchanged. The use of usuality by the speaker initiates an insertion of speaker’s judgement; furthermore usuality in the game texts is applied to show that it is the speaker’s opinion which is exchanged.
The decline of assertiveness of the character’s utterances behaves as a balance of the utterances. Instead of saying the opinion in polarity, the speaker chooses to use modality to express the speaker’s opinion. Thus, if the information is proved to be incorrect in the future; the speakers will be avoided to be falsified. Even in stating the chairman’s delight, he carefully states it by using usuality expression.
4.3.1.3 Obligation
Passive verb ‘expected’ doesn’t directly include into these there values system. However, lexically this passive verb tends to be more closely related to medium value passive verb ‘supposed’. Something which is supposed to happen is something which is expected to happen. Something which is required to happen is not an expectation, and something which is allowed to happen is less assertive than if someone expects something to be occur. Thus, passive verb ‘expected’ is more likely to represent medium value rather than high or low value.
The chairman’s use of obligation occur twice in the similar form of utterance as shown by example [4c] in the section 4.1.3 Obligation. As mentioned earlier in this section, the chairman uses medium value of obligation in indicating the board’s expectation for the current season club’s achievement. The board is a group of club’s stake holder that is led by the chairman. The board’s utterance is also the chairman utterance, but the chairman’s utterance is not always board’s utterance.
The expression of obligation in the game texts functions as an exchange of ‘goods-&-services’ between the characters. The use of obligation modalizes the utterances, whether something is or isn’t obliged. The use of obligation by the
chairman initiates the necessity of some actions.
4.3.1.4 Inclination
The chairman utters medium value inclination 14 times and low value inclination twice in some social events. The chairman chooses negative medium value inclination 12 times, i.e. negative modal operator ‘will not’ eight times, negative modal operator ‘should not’ twice, and negative modal ‘will’ never’ twice. The occurrences of negative expression of modality and negative modal ‘will never’ which semantically functions as negative modal operator ‘will not’ is had been discussed previously in section 4.1.4 Inclination.
Halliday argues that the median value is clearly set apart from the outer values by the system of polarity, i.e. high and low value. The median is that in which the negative form of the typical realizations of modality is freely transferable between the proposition and the modality. On the other hand, if the outer values are in the form negative, they are transferred the value. They switch either from high to low, or low to high (1994: 358). The complete elaboration of value system of modality is presented in the table 2.2 finite modal operator within the previous chapter 2, section 2.3 modality of functional grammar. The following example is the use negative medium value modal operator ‘will not’ and negative medium value modal operator ‘should not’, which is shown by the example [4i]. While the example of the use of negative medium value modal ‘will never’ is set out in the preceding section 4.1.4 Inclination.
The example [4j] shows the use of negative medium inclination expressed by the chairman. The chairman uses this expression in stating the board’s unwillingness to do the request from the manager. The manager may request to the board for several improvements for the club to achieve. Several improvements available are: improvement of training and youth academy, improvement on club’s link with other team, improvement on manager’s contract length and salary, and augment of club’s transfer and wage budget.
The other occurrences of chairman’s use of inclination are expressed through medium value adjective verb ‘keen’. Medium value adjective verb ‘keen’ occur twice. Adjective verb ‘keen’ is used in two similar utterances. Example [4i] shows the sample of this utterance.
[4j] …the board are keen to impress on Fernando that celebrations are kept to a minimum…
The expression of inclination in the game texts functions as an exchange of ‘goods-&-services’ between the characters. The use of inclination modalizes the utterances, whether something is or isn’t willing to do something. The use of inclination by the chairman initiates his willingness in doing something.
The decline of assertiveness of the character’s utterances behaves as a balance of the utterances. Instead of saying the chairman is willing to accomplish some actions; the speaker chooses to use modality to express the necessity of the action. Even in the high value modal the degree of assertiveness is declined.
4.3.2 Relation between Characters
The use of modality by the characters initiates some implications to the social relation between characters in the discourse of Football Manager 2007 (FM’07) game texts. Hallidayan theory of modality (1994) and some literatures of football managements are used to investigate the implications of the occurrences of modality in the utterances of the characters (i.e. chairman and physiotherapist).
4.3.2.1 The Chairman
The occurrences of all four types of modality in the chairman’s utterances imply the indication that in the discourse of FM’07 the chairman is placed as a speaker who able to state his judgement or utter his opinion which is indicated by the occurrences of probability and usuality. The occurrences of obligation indicate the chairman’s position as the character that able to command others characters to do something for him. Moreover, the occurrences of inclination signify the chairman is the character that is also has an ability to do something for others characters.
The chairman, i.e. Jan Laporta states his opinion regarding the performance of club during Spanish Cup encounter against Espanyol as shown by the example [4m]. The chairman uses modal operator ‘will’ in this utterance.
[4m] Jan Laporta commented that it was always good to get a win over derby rivals and the manner of this performance against Espanyol will have meant a lot to the Barcelona fans.
The use modal operator ‘will’ is categorized into probability category. In the
The medium value of modal operator ‘will’ implies medium commitment to the utterance. The utterance become arguable, whether the manner of club’s performance will or will not meant a lot. This might implies, that the chairman actually says, that the chairman is pleased if the club win in the match as shown by the use of high value modal adjunct ‘always’ in the previous sentence. However, the chairman delight on the performance depends not only by such performance. The other utterances suggest this.
[4n] In a further announcement, the board are keen to impress on Fernando that celebrations are kept to a minimum in order that the club may focus on future challenges.
The use of adjective verb ‘keen’ is showing that the chairman is willing to impress on Fernando, the manager, if the club may focus on the future challenges. Here, the chairman states a condition need to be fulfilled for his delight. The chairman also states another condition of his delight, as shown by the example [4p]
[4o] The team is expected to win the First Division this season.
is newly signed, and the chairman needs the time to put his trust on the manager based on the manager’s performance.
The high amount of the occurrences of inclination by the chairman supposed to mean his willingness to do something for the recipient of the message, i.e. the manager. However, in general the use of inclination by the chairman is mainly to express the action that the chairman will not do.
[4p] The board already consider the club to have one of the best youth academies in the world and will not consider any requests to upgrade the youth facilities.
[4q] The board feel that a club of our stature should not be a feeder club to another team and will not discuss the matter.
[4r] The board will not enter into talks regarding a new contract as there is still a significant amount of time until your current deal expires.
[4s] Jan Laporta feels he will never leave the club he loves.
Actually, the use of inclination in these occurrences are to state the matter that is not available for the manager to request. In modern football, the chairman also acts out as the provider of the team demands. The manager is able to request some requirements he needs to manage the club. Such requests are: extra transfer and wage budget, improvements on facilities, talent scouting policies, etc.
of obligation and it attaches low value. In fact, the modal operator ‘may’ is the only low value modality occurrences used by the chairman. The interesting part is why the chairman making statement about the team’s obligation in the low value modality? It is because the matter of club’s focus is not included into chairman’s responsibility. It is the manager job to make sure the team always focus on the future challenge. The manager is responsible to keep the team’s atmosphere well.
Crust and Lawrence suggest that the manager’s role subsumes multi-dimensional roles, which mainly includes a planned, coordinated, and integrated program of athlete preparation (2006). The chairman’s use of low value modal operator ‘may’ in his utterance about club’s focus implies the position and role of manager which is implied in Crust and Lawrence’s statement. The low value attached to this modal operator, indicates chairman’s respect to the manager’s roles. While at the same time, the chairman indicates his attention and love for the club’s success.
It can further be said that the modern football management convent an ideology for the characters involved within football management. Modern football
4.3.2.2 Physiotherapist
The physiotherapist uses only category of probability. The implication is that the physiotherapist use modality in making statement and exchanging information only. The physiotherapist doesn’t make any exchange of ’goods-&-services’; he neither makes any command nor offer.
The physiotherapist use probability in making report about an injured player. The physiotherapist is a club’s medical staff; his job is making medical report and treatment to the injured player. In the modern football management, every staff works for the club has a licence. Physiotherapist usually is a doctor who has qualification in assessing medical report and treatment. Thus, medical report and assessment are physiotherapist’s expertise. However, the way the physiotherapist delivers his medical report and assessment by using modality is reducing his assertiveness. All medical report and assessment is using modal operator ‘will’.
The use of modal operator ‘will’, though it’s not attaches low value, still makes the medical report and assessment uncertain. The example of physiotherapist’s medical report and assessment is shown below:
[4t] It’s likely that Toni Calvo will be out for around a week whilst he is treated.
In the view of Halliday’s theory of modality (1994) the physiotherapist within that utterance is exchanging information to the reader, which is the manager. The
physiotherapist makes his medical report and assessment are not reliable. In fact, his assessment is correct. As long as I concern, all the injured players is recovering at the exact time as predicted by the physiotherapist. The similar pattern is also shown by the use of modal operator ‘will’ in another physiotherapist’s utterance.
[4u] Lluis Til advised you that Toni Calvo will be treated by the club’s physios.
This is the utterance made by physiotherapist regarding medical treatment for the injured player. The use of modal operator ‘will’ also makes the utterances becomes less certain, whether the injured player will or will not be treated by the club’s physiotherapists. This might also implies whether the injured player has or has not to be treated by other medical staffs.
Thus, that must be a motive behind this choice of modality. One point that needs to take into account is the social status. It is suggested within the game, there is hierarchy social status within the game. Physiotherapist is positioned below the manager. The manager even has privilege to hire and terminate the contract of the
treatment. And, the report itself is in the form of advice as the physiotherapist uses the word ‘advised’.
Chapter 5
Conclusion and Suggestion
5.1 Introduction
This chapter is divided into two sections. Section 5.1 provides the conclusions of the present research on the basis of the formulated research questions in Chapter One. Section 5.2 presents some suggestions for further research.
5.2 Conclusion
The present study is carried out to investigate the modality in the discourse of football manager 2007 (FM’07) game texts. The data is collected from the news screen within the game. The study examines (1) the types of modality used in the text and the social relation between characters.
With regard to the first research question, it is found that the category of probability is expressed three times by the chairman and 42 times by the physiotherapist. The category of usuality is expressed three times only by the chairman. The category of obligation is expressed five times only by the chairman. Finally, the category of inclination is expressed 14 times only by the chairman.
chairman and the manager. The chairman only uses one low value modality, the rest are modality of medium and high value. This implies that the chairman has higher social status than the manager and the physiotherapist.
The occurrences of all four types of modality with the values attached within them by the chairman signify the chairman has the ability to state and modalize his opinion by the use of probability and usuality. The chairman also in a position that is able to request others characters to perform some actions through the use of obligation. Furthermore, the occurrences of inclination expressed in the chairman’s utterances indicate the chairman’s social status as the character that has the ability to perform some action for other’s characters. The limited use of type of modality within the physiotherapist initiates the physiotherapist is placed as the characters that only able to give opinion. It can further be said that there is a hierarchy in the world including in a relatively egalitarian society such as Western world. We are expected to behave accordingly.
5.3 Suggestion
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix 1 Text produced during 29th June 2006 – 31st August 2006 Appendix 2 Identification of Modality in Chairman’s Utterances Appendix 3 Identification of Modality on Physiotherapist’s Utterances Appendix 4 Chairman’s Utterances
