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ABSTRACT
Skripsi ini menganalisis sebuah pidato dari tokoh kenamaan dunia, yaitu mantan presiden Amerika George W. Bush, yang berjudul Response to Elections
in Iraq. Pidato ini sangat menarik sebab berisi dukungan Presiden Bush terhadap
rakyat Irak dalam proses pemilu perdana di Irak. Pemilu tersebut merupakan langkah awal masyarakat Irak dalam mencapai sistem demokrasi yang sesungguhnya, yang tidak mereka dapatkan dari pemerintahan terdahulu. Menurut Presiden Bush, hal tersebut merupakan pencapaian yang baik dari rakyat Irak.
Saya menganalisis representasi dari pihak yang terkait dalam pidato ini dengan cara mengaplikasikan salah satu teori yang digunakan untuk menganalisis teks, yaitu Systemic Functional Grammar, gagasan Michael Halliday. Teori ini mencakup tiga hal pokok yaitu textual meaning, ideational meaning dan
interpersonal meaning. Hasil analisis dari tiga pokok bahasan tersebut
mengungkapkan bahwa Amerika dan rakyat Irak direpresentasikan positif. Sebaliknya, teroris direpresentasikan negatif.
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Statement of the Problem ... 3
Purpose of the Study ... 4
Method of Research ... 4
Organization of the Thesis ... 4
CHAPTER TWO: THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK………...5
Textual Meaning ... 6
Cohesion ... 6
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APPENDICES……….……….49
Table 1. Clauses………....49
Figure 1. Identity Chain of Iraqis, the US and the Terrorists…………..52
Table 2.Conjunction………...56
Analysis of Theme Rheme………...59
Table 3.Transitivity Process……..………..67
Table 4. Positive Self-Presentation………..71
Table 5. Negative Other-Presentation………..73
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APPENDICES
Table 1. Clauses
NO. CLAUSE
1 Today the people of Iraq have spoken to the world
2 and the world is hearing the voice of freedom from the center of the Middle East.
3 In great numbers, and under great risk, Iraqis have shown their commitment to democracy.
4 By participating in free elections, the Iraqi people have firmly rejected the anti-democratic ideology of the terrorists.
5 They have refused to be intimidated by thugs and assassins. 6 And they have demonstrated the kind of courage
7 that is always the foundation of self-government. 8 Some Iraqis were killed
9 while exercising their rights as citizens.
10 We also mourn the American and British military personnel 11 who lost their lives today.
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region, and a more secure future for us all.
13 The Iraqi people, themselves, made this election a resounding success. 14 Brave patriots stepped forward as candidates.
15 Many citizens volunteered as poll workers.
16 More than 100,000 Iraqi security force personnel guarded polling places 17 and conducted operations against terrorist groups.
18 One news account told of a voter
19 who had lost a leg in a terror attack last year,
20 and went to the polls today, despite threats of violence. 21 He said,
22 "I would have crawled here 23 if I had to (crawl).
24 I don't want terrorists to kill other Iraqis 25 like they tried to kill me.
26 Today I am voting for peace."
27 Across Iraq today, men and women have taken rightful control of their country's destiny,
28 and they have chosen a future of freedom and peace. 29 In this process, Iraqis have had many friends at their side.
30 The European Union and the United Nations gave important assistance in the election process.
51 32 <<working with our coalition partners,>>
33 and their sacrifices have helped to bring Iraqis to this day.
34 The people of the United States have been patient and resolute, even in difficult days.
35 The commitment to a free Iraq now goes forward.
36 This historic election begins the process of drafting and ratifying a new constitution,
37 which will be the basis of a fully democratic Iraqi government.
38 Terrorists and insurgents will continue to wage their war against democracy,
39 and we will support the Iraqi people in their fight against them. 40 We will continue training Iraqi security forces
41 so this rising democracy can eventually take responsibility for its own security.
42 There's more distance
43 to travel on the road to democracy. 44 Yet Iraqis are proving
45 they're equal to the challenge.
46 On behalf of the American people, I congratulate the people of Iraq on this great and historic achievement.
52
Figure 1. Identity Chain of Iraqis, the US and the Terrorists
Iraqis the US the Terrorists
1. the people of Iraq
2. the center of the Middle East 3. Iraqis
Their (commitment to democracy)
4. the Iraqi people the terrorists
5. They thugs and assassins
6. They 7.
8. Some Iraqis
9. Their (rights as citizens)
10. We
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11. Their (lives)
12. Their (sacrifices)
us 13.The Iraqi people
Themselves 14.Brave patriots
Candidates 15.Many citizens
poll workers
16.100,000 Iraqi security force personnel
17. terrorist groups
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23.I
24.I terrorists
other Iraqis
25.Me they
26.I
27.men and women
their (country's destiny) 28.they
29.Iraqis Their (side) 30.
31. The American military
our
32. our
33.Iraqis their (sacrifices)
55
35. 36. 37.
38. Terrorists and insurgents
39.Iraqi people we
40. we 41.
42. 43. 44. Iraqis 45.They
56 Iraq have spoken to the world (2) and the world is hearing the voice of freedom from the center of the Middle East.
√
2 8 and 9 (8)Some Iraqis were killed (9) while exercising their rights as citizens.
√
3 16 and 17 (16) More than 100,000 Iraqi security force personnel guarded polling places (17) and conducted
operations against went to the polls today,
57 to kill other Iraqis (25) like they tried to kill me.
√
7 27 and 28 (27) Across Iraq today, men and women have taken rightful control of their country's destiny, (28) and they have chosen a future of freedom and peace. coalition partners, >> have been skilled and relentless, (33) and their sacrifices have helped to bring Iraqis to this day.
58 9 38 and 39 (38) Terrorists and
insurgents will continue to wage their war against democracy, (39) and we will support the Iraqi people in their fight against them. take responsibility for its own security.
√
11 44 and 45 (44) Yet Iraqis are proving (45) they're equal to the challenge.
√
ADD = additive
CONS = consequential
TEMP = temporal
COMP = comparative
From 11 conjunctions:
6 additives 1 temporal
59 Analysis of Theme Rheme
1. Today the people of Iraq have spoken to the world Topical Theme Rheme
2. and the world is hearing the voice of freedom from the center of the Str. Topical
Rheme Textual Topical
Theme
Middle East.
3. In great numbers, and under great risk, Iraqis have shown their
Topical Theme Rheme
commitment to democracy.
4. By participating in free elections, the Iraqi people have firmly rejected the
Topical Theme Rheme
anti-democratic ideology of the terrorists.
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6. and they have demonstrated the kind of courage Str. Topical
Rheme Textual Topical
Theme
7. that is always the foundation of self-government. Str. Rheme
Textual Theme
8. Some Iraqis were killed Topical Theme Rheme
9. while exercising their rights as citizens Str. Rheme
Textual Theme
10.We also mourn the American and British military personnel Topical Theme Rheme
11.who lost their lives today. Str.
Rheme Textual
Theme
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troubled region, and a more secure future for us all.
13.The Iraqi people, themselves, made this election a resounding success.
Topical Theme Rheme
14.Brave patriots stepped forward as candidates. Topical Theme Rheme
15.Many citizens volunteered as poll workers. Topical Theme Rheme
16.More than 100,000 Iraqi security force personnel guarded polling places
Topical Theme Rheme
17.and conducted operations against terrorist groups. Str.
Rheme Textual
Theme
62 Topical Theme Rheme
22."I would have crawled here Topical Theme Rheme
23.if I had to (crawl). Topical Theme Rheme
25.like they tried to kill me. Str. Topical
Rheme Textual Topical
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26.Today I am voting for peace." Topical Theme Rheme
27.Across Iraq today, men and women have taken rightful control of their Topical Theme Rheme
country's destiny,
28.and they have chosen a future of freedom and peace. Str. Topical
Rheme Textual Topical
Theme
29.In this process, Iraqis have had many friends at their side. Topical Theme Rheme
30.The European Union and the United Nations gave important assistance
Topical Theme Rheme
in the election process.
31.The American military and our diplomats, << >> have been skilled and
Topical Theme Rheme
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32.<<working with our coalition partners,>> Rheme
33.and their sacrifices have helped to bring Iraqis to this day. Str. Topical
Rheme Textual Topical
Theme
34.The people of the United States have been patient and resolute, even in
Topical Theme Rheme
difficult days.
35.The commitment to a free Iraq now goes forward.
Topical Theme Rheme
36.This historic election begins the process of drafting and ratifying a new Topical Theme Rheme
constitution,
37.which will be the basis of a fully democratic Iraqi government. Str.
Rheme Textual
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38.Terrorists and insurgents will continue to wage their war against Topical Theme Rheme
democracy,
39.and we will support the Iraqi people in their fight against them. Str. Topical
Rheme Textual Topical
Theme
40.We will continue training Iraqi security forces Topical Theme Rheme
41.so this rising democracy can eventually take responsibility for its Str. Topical
Rheme Textual Topical
Theme
own security.
66 43.to travel on the road to democracy.
Rheme
44.Yet Iraqis are proving Str. Topical
Rheme Textual Topical
Theme
45.They 're equal to the challenge. Topical Theme Rheme
46.On behalf of the American people, I congratulate the people
Topical Theme Rheme
of Iraq on this great and historic achievement.
67 Table3. Transitivity Processes
NO. CLAUSE PROCESS
1 Today the people of Iraq have spoken to the world Verbal 2 and the world is hearing the voice of freedom from
the center of the Middle East.
Mental
3 In great numbers, and under great risk, Iraqis have shown their commitment to democracy.
Material
4 By participating in free elections, the Iraqi people have firmly rejected the anti-democratic ideology
of the terrorists.
Material
5 They have refused to be intimidated by thugs and assassins.
Mental
6 And they have demonstrated the kind of courage Material 7 thatis always the foundation of self-government. Relational
8 Some Iraqis were killed Material
9 whileexercising their rights as citizens. Mental 10 We also mourn the American and British military
personnel
Mental
11 wholost their lives today. Material
12 Their sacrifices were made in a vital cause of freedom, peace in a troubled region, and a more secure future for us all.
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13 The Iraqi people, themselves, made this election a resounding success.
Material
14 Brave patriots stepped forward as candidates. Material 15 Many citizens volunteered as poll workers. Material 16 More than 100,000 Iraqi security force personnel
guarded polling places
Material
17 andconducted operations against terrorist groups. Material
18 One news account told of a voter Verbal
19 who had lost a leg in a terror attack last year, Material 20 andwent to the polls today, despite threats of
violence.
Material
21 He said, Verbal
22 "I would have crawled here Material
23 if I had to (crawl). Material
24 I don't want terrorists to kill other Iraqis Mental
25 like they tried to kill me. Material
26 Today I am voting for peace." Material
27 Across Iraq today, men and women have taken rightful control of their country's destiny,
Behavioral
28 and they have chosen a future of freedom and peace.
Mental
29 In this process, Iraqis have had many friends at
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30 The European Union and the United Nations gave important assistance in the election process.
Material
31 The American military and our diplomats, <<>>have been skilled and relentless,
Relational
32 <<working with our coalition partners,>> Material 33 and their sacrifices have helped to bring Iraqis to
this day.
Material
34 The people of the United States have been patient and resolute, even in difficult days.
Relational
35 The commitment to a free Iraq now goes forward. Relational 36 This historic election begins the process of drafting
and ratifying a new constitution,
Material
37 whichwill be the basis of a fully democratic Iraqi government.
Relational
38 Terrorists and insurgents will continue to wage their war against democracy,
Material
39 and we will support the Iraqi people in their fight against them.
Material
40 We will continue training Iraqi security forces Material 41 so this rising democracy can eventually take
responsibility for its own security.
Material
42 There's more distance Existential
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44 Yet Iraqis are proving Behavioral
45 they're equal to the challenge. Relational
46 On behalf of the American people, I congratulate the people of Iraq on this great and historic achievement.
Verbal
47 Thank you very much. Material
Material Process :27 Relational Process : 7 Mental Process : 6 Verbal Process : 4
Behavioral : 2
71 Table 4. Positive Self-Presentation
NO. CLAUSE
NO.
CLAUSE (+/-)
1 (3) In great numbers, and under great risk, Iraqis have shown their commitment to democracy.
(+)
2 (4) By participating in free elections, the Iraqi people have firmly rejected the anti-democratic ideology of the terrorists.
(+)
3 (6) And they have demonstrated the kind of courage
(+)
4 (11) who lost their lives today. (+)
5 (12) Their (the American and British military personnel) sacrifices were made in a vital cause of freedom, peace in a troubled region, and a more secure future for us all.
(+)
6 (13) The Iraqi people, themselves, made this election a resounding success.
(+)
7 (14) Brave patriots stepped forward as candidates. (+) 8 (15) Many citizens volunteered as poll workers. (+) 9 (16) More than 100,000 Iraqi security force
personnel guarded polling places
(+)
10 (17) and conducted operations against terrorist groups.
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11 (19) who had lost a leg in a terror attack last year, (+) 12 (20) and went to the polls today, despite threats of
violence.
(+)
13 (22) "I would have crawled here (+)
14 (23) if I had to (crawl). (+)
15 (26) Today I am voting for peace." (+)
16 (32) <<working with our coalition partners,>> (+) 17 (33) and their sacrifices have helped to bring Iraqis
to this day.
(+)
18 (36) This historic election begins the process of drafting and ratifying a new constitution,
(+)
19 (39) and we will support the Iraqi people in their fight against them.
(+)
20 (40) We will continue training Iraqi security forces (+)
21 (41) so this rising democracy can eventually take responsibility for its own security.
(+)
22 (43) to travel on the road to democracy. (+)
73 Table 5. Negative Other-Presentation
NO. CLAUSE
NO.
CLAUSE (+/-)
1 (5) They have refused to be intimidated by thugs and assassins.
Ac: Thugs and assassins have been refused to intimidate by them.
(-)
2 (8) Some Iraqis were killed (by the terrorists) (-)
3 (25) like they tried to kill me. (-)
4 (38) Terrorists and insurgents will continue to wage their war against democracy,
74 Table 6. Clause of Mood
NO. CLAUSE MOOD
1 Today the people of Iraq have spoken to the world
Declarative
2 and the world is hearing the voice of freedom from the center of the Middle East.
Declarative
3 In great numbers, and under great risk, Iraqis have shown their commitment to democracy.
Declarative
4 By participating in free elections, the Iraqi people have firmly rejected the anti-democratic ideology of the terrorists.
Declarative
5 They have refused to be intimidated by thugs and assassins.
Declarative
6 And they have demonstrated the kind of courage Declarative 7 that is always the foundation of self-government. Declarative
8 Some Iraqis were killed Declarative
9 while exercising their rights as citizens. Declarative 10 We also mourn the American and British
military personnel
Declarative
11 who lost their lives today. Declarative
12 Their sacrifices were made in a vital cause of freedom, peace in a troubled region, and a more secure future for us all.
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13 The Iraqi people, themselves, made this election a resounding success.
Declarative
14 Brave patriots stepped forward as candidates. Declarative 15 Many citizens volunteered as poll workers. Declarative 16 More than 100,000 Iraqi security force personnel
guarded polling places
Declarative
17 and conducted operations against terrorist groups.
Declarative
18 One news account told of a voter Declarative 19 who had lost a leg in a terror attack last year, Declarative 20 and went to the polls today, despite threats of
violence.
Declarative
21 He said, Declarative
22 "I would have crawled here Declarative
23 if I had to (crawl). Declarative
24 I don't want terrorists to kill other Iraqis Declarative
25 like they tried to kill me. Declarative
26 Today I am voting for peace." Declarative 27 Across Iraq today, men and women have taken
rightful control of their country's destiny,
Declarative
28 and they have chosen a future of freedom and peace.
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29 In this process, Iraqis have had many friends at their side.
Declarative
30 The European Union and the United Nations gave important assistance in the election process.
Declarative
31 The American military and our diplomats, << >> have been skilled and relentless,
Declarative
32 <<working with our coalition partners,>> Declarative 33 and their sacrifices have helped to bring Iraqis to
this day.
Declarative
34 The people of the United States have been patient and resolute, even in difficult days.
Declarative
35 The commitment to a free Iraq now goes forward.
Declarative
36 This historic election begins the process of drafting and ratifying a new constitution,
Declarative
37 which will be the basis of a fully democratic Iraqi government.
Declarative
38 Terrorists and insurgents will continue to wage their war against democracy,
Declarative
39 and we will support the Iraqi people in their fight against them.
Declarative
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41 so this rising democracy can eventually take responsibility for its own security.
Declarative
42 There's more distance Declarative
43 to travel on the road to democracy. Declarative
44 Yet Iraqis are proving Declarative
45 they're equal to the challenge. Declarative
46 On behalf of the American people, I congratulate the people of Iraq on this great and historic achievement.
Declarative
1 Maranatha Christian University
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
A speech can be defined differently; one of the definitions is “a formal talk given usually to a large number of people on a special occasion” (“Speech”). Through a speech, people can deliver important information or persuade others for certain purposes. Therefore, by delivering a speech, someone can gain what she/he is intending to achieve.
To reach her/his goal, a speaker must deliver her/his speech orderly so that the information of the speech will be acceptable. Besides, a speech should be delivered orderly so that the language used in the speech will not offend certain people even though there are some hidden critical meanings in the speech. The use of hidden meaning in a speech also becomes one of the reasons for a speech to be chosen as the data source of this thesis. This study attempts to reveal the speaker’s ideas by analyzing the meaning of each clause within the speech.
2 Maranatha Christian University Functional Grammar is appropriate for analyzing a speech because this theory can be useful to find the meaning of a text in detail; also it can be used to analyze each of the clause structures in a text. All in all, Systemic Functional Grammar discusses the function of each word used in a text so that all the words and structures in the text will practically be analyzed. Hence, the interpretation of the ideas of the text will be presented objectively.
To interpret the ideas of the text, three kinds of meaning are utilized:
textual meaning, ideational meaning and interpersonal meaning, which will be
comprehensively explained in Chapter Two. By using this theory of meaning, the analysis will not result in subjective interpretations as it is based on a scientific theory.
President George Bush’s speech was chosen to be the data source because he is one of the most phenomenal figures of the world in the twenty-first century. Moreover, he is one of the presidents of a big country in the world, the United States of America. Almost everything that he delivered always caught the world’s attention. One of his speeches, “Response to Elections in Iraq,” has been chosen because this speech was delivered by Bush when he was still occupying the presidential position. This particular speech is important because the issue about the United States’ relationship with Iraq is very well-known around the world as Iraq is a country that was embattled by the United States. The battle happened because some Iraqi people became the suspects of the bombing incident at World Trade Center building in the USA on September 11, 2001.
3 Maranatha Christian University a new government. Bush was thought to support the election in Iraq because the election could help the United States to destroy the terrorists from Iraq. The United States also supported the election in Iraq because the people of Iraq were considered to deserve the freedom to channel their voice as free civilians of a country. It was believed that the Iraqis also needed to release themselves from the government that made use of terrorism.
This study is significant for the readers as from it they will learn how to get the idea of a text, in this case a speech, critically, by applying Halliday’s Systemic Functional Grammar theory in the analysis. By knowing that the speech is scientifically analyzable, it is expected that the readers will not make a subjective and personal interpretation of a text that was delivered by a particular well-known person with a certain image. This study may also help avoid an issue that comes up from the opinion of certain people with certain purposes. Furthermore, the readers will be well aware of how to be as critical as possible in interpreting a text.
(667 words)
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The problems of this study are stated as the following questions: 1. What is the textual meaning of this speech?
4 Maranatha Christian University PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
Based on the statement of the problem, this study is done for purposes of analyzing:
1. the textual meaning of this speech. 2. the ideational meaning of this speech. 3. the interpersonal meaning of this speech.
METHOD OF RESEARCH
First, I selected the data of my study after searching some reliable sources in the Internet. Then, I explored several references to support the data analysis and after the analysis was finished, the report was written.
ORGANIZATION OF THE THESIS
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CHAPTER FOUR
CONCLUSION
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Maranatha Christian University the evidence of the positive and negative representations of the actors of this speech, this study needs to analyze the textual meaning, ideational meaning and interpersonal meaning of the speech.
The elements which have to be analyzed to get the textual meaning are reference, lexical cohesion and theme rheme. As stated in Chapter Three, the result of textual meaning analysis points out that the actors are divided into two sides: the self and the other. To divide the actors, the study gathers each pronoun of each actor. The result shows that Bush mostly use inclusive pronoun. In my opinion, Bush’s purpose to use many inclusive pronouns is to avoid distance between him as the speaker and the hearer. He wants the hearers to agree to his idea and he wants the hearers to support his statement. In addition, by analyzing the theme and rheme of each clause of this speech, the study conveys how Bush states the main point of the information. Theoretically, the most important information will be the theme of a clause.
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Maranatha Christian University struggle in the process of raising democracy. I think Bush also tries to give such suggestion to the hearer that the terrorists have to be embattled as they obstruct the effort of the people of Iraq, who are supported by the United States, to raise a democratic system in Iraq.
The last meaning that I analyze is interpersonal meaning. Interpersonal meaning is related to the speaker’s attitudes, in this case Bush’s attitudes toward the other actors of this speech. Interpersonal meaning can be realized by analyzing mood system and finite element. The finite elements consist of modality and tenses. On grounds that each clause in this speech has a declarative mood type, it can be concluded that Bush’s purpose in delivering this speech is to inform something to the hearers not to demand information or to order the hearer to do something. He also makes no distance for he does not state any clause with imperative mood type.
Analysis of modality shows the probability to happen in the future, which involves the self and the other as the participants. Yet, the result tells that the self, in this case the United States, is expected to continue helping the people of Iraq in raising a democratic system. In contrast, the other is expected to continue obstructing the Iraqis’ effort in raising a democratic system, which also becomes the reason for the United States to be expected to keep helping the Iraqis.
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Maranatha Christian University My suggestion to the readers that have interest in text analysis is they should find the compatible data to be analyzed. I suggest that they should analyze the data produced by a well-known figure for the reason that it is possible to check whether the analysis is truly objective or not. Usually a well-known figure has their own image that makes them easily judged only by their image, not the fact or the thing that truly happens to them. For instance, Bush is a well-known figure. He is well-known for the fact that he is one of the United States presidents; he is also popular because he condemns terrorism. He opposes the terrorists; he believes that they come from Iraq because he once suspected that the bomber of 9/11 in WTC building was Iraqis. As Bush is anti Iraq, it will be hard to accept the idea of this speech if an analysis based on a theory about text analysis is not conducted. There are many theories which can be used to analyze a text. However, I use Systemic Functional Grammar owing to the fact that this theory focuses on the analysis of each clause of the text. Accordingly, I consider that the result of the analysis using this theory will be reliable.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
Primary Text
Presidentialrhetoric.com. President George W. Bush’s speech “Response to Elections in Iraq,” 30 January 2005. Web. 28 February 2013.
Printed and Online References
CNN.com. “Bush Insists Iraq, Al Qaeda Had ‘Relationship’,” 17 June 2004. Web. 11 April 2014
CNN.com. “The Rise and Fall of the Dictator,” 14 December 2003. Web. 26 May 2014.
Gerot, Linda and Peter Wignell. Making Sense of Functional Grammar. Sydney: Antipoden Educational Enterprises, 1994. Print
