i
MOVEMENT IN ANTI-FLAG’S PROTEST SONG LYRICS: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS
A THESIS
Presented to the Graduate Program in English Language Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Magister Humaniora (M.Hum.) in English Language Studies
by
Deasy Natalia Lessu Student Number: 116332032
THE GRADUATE PROGRAM IN ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
vi
In the very beginning, I would like to glorify my Awesome Lord, Jesus Christ who started with me, worked with me and finished this thesis with me.
I would also like to reveal my biggest honor and thanks to those who have helped me to accomplish this thesis.
BapakDr. B. B. Dwijatmoko, M.A. as my linguistics lecturers and my thesis
advisor for his patience, kindness, ideas, helps and supports.
Bapak Dr. G. Budi Subanar, S.J as the Graduate Program Director of Sanata
Dharma University. Bapak Paulus Sarwoto, Ph.D. as the Head of the Graduate Program in ELS.
Bapak FX. Mukarto, Ph. D., Bapak Dr. E. Sunarto, M.Hum. and Bapak
Paulus Sarwoto, Ph.D. as my thesis examiners for their questions, ideas, advices, inputs and revision since my thesis review until my thesis defence.
The lecturers in English linguistics of Graduate Program; Bapak Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd., Bapak Prof. Dr. Soepomo Poedjosoedarmo, Bapak Dr. B. B. Dwijatmoko, M.A., Bapak Barli Bram M.Ed., Ph.D. for the lecturers, the knowledges, the ideas, the wisdom, the attitudes, the happiness and the laugh you have shared with me.
Lectures in the Graduate Program, Ibu Dra. Novita Dewi, M.S., M.A (Hons.)., BapakDr. J. Bismoko and all lecturers I cannot mention. My special thanks for BapakDr. F.X. Siswadi, M.A. for his sharing and supports.
vii the end of our study.
My Gradute Program classmates, Mbak Fransisca, Mbak Ayu, Nitha, Rindang, Ika Daru, Mas Windu, Mbak Sri, Mas Yanu, Fendy, Pak Ahsan
Mbak Susie and Satrio, Mbak Fahma, Diah, Christo and also my senior, Usi
Ariyana Pattiwael. Thank you for all we have been through together.
Graduate Studies’ staffs, Mbak Lely, Mbak Marni, Mbak Dita and Pak Mul. Thank you for the helps and supports.
My family, Papa Ot and Mama Mery, my sisters, Jeane and Injili, my brother, Mario, my cousin, Natalia and my extended family. Thank you for being patient, praying, loving, blessing and supporting. Especially for my
papaand mama, thank you so much for believing me.
My brother and sisters of GKB Jubilee, especially, Breakthrough cell-group. Special to Kak Yopie and Kak Helen. Thank you for all the blessing you have shared with me.
My spiritual family, Chosen Generation Ministry in Ambon. Thank you for the supports and prayers
My lecturers and friends of English Department, Pattimura University Ambon. Thank you for the supports and carings.
viii “FAITH”
And being not weak in faith, she considered not her own body now dead, ... she staggered not at the promise of God through unbelief; but was strong in faith, giving glory to God; And being fully persuaded that, what God had promised, God was able also to perform.
21---ix
TITLE PAGE ... i
ADVISOR’S APPROVAL PAGE ... ii
DEFENSE APPROVAL PAGE ... iii
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ... iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ... v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT... vi
1.1 Background of the Study... 1
1.2 Problem Formulation ... 6
1.3 Objectives of Study ... 6
1.4 Benefits of the Study... 8
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW... 10
2.1 Review of theories... 10
2.1.1 Ideology ... 10
2.1.1.1 Ideology and Discourse ... 14
2.1.1.2 Ideology and Power ... 15
2.1.1.3 Ideology of Punk ... 17
2.1.2 Critical Discourse Analysis... 19
2.1.3 Systemic Functional Grammar ... 22
2.1.3.1 Ideational Function and Meaning ... 23
2.1.3.2 Interpersonal Function and Meaning... 29
2.1.4 Protest Music ... 32
2.2 Review of Related Studies ... 34
2.3 Theoretical Framework ... 37
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY... 39
3.1 Type of study ... 39
3.2 Data of the Study... 40
3.3 Data Analysis Procedures ... 43
CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ... 48
4.1 Linguistic Features use in Anti Flag Protest Song Lyrics... 49
x
4.1.1.3 Pronoun Analysis... 74
4.1.2 The Lexical Features... 78
4.2 Ideologies in Anti Flag’s Protest Song Lyrics. ... 85
4.2.1 Concept of the Ideologies ... 86
4.2.1.1 The Concept of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism ... 87
4.2.1.2 The Concept of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism... 88
4.2.1.3 The Concept of Social Movement ... 89
4.2.2 Social Issues ... 90
4.2.2.1 Social Issues of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism... 91
4.2.2.2 Social Issues of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism ... 93
4.2.2.3 Social Issues of Social Movement... 95
4.2.3 Ideologies Representation ... 95
4.2.3.1 Representation of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism ... 95
4.2.3.2 Summary of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism Representation ... 114
4.2.3.3 Representation of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism... 115
4.2.3.4 Summary of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism Representation ... 131
4.2.3.5 Representation of Social Movement ... 132
4.2.3.6 Summary of Social Movement Representation ... 141
CHAPTER 5 ... Appendix 1: Transitivity Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism ... 152
Appendix 2: Transitivity analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism ... 159
Appendix 3: Transitivity Analysis of Social Movement ... 167
Appendix 4: Modality Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism... 174
Appendix 5: Modality Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism ... 174
Appendix 6: Modality Analysis of Social Movement... 175
Appendix 7: Pronoun Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism... 177
Appendix 8: Pronoun Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism ... 181
Appendix 7: Pronoun Analysis of Social Movement... 183
Appendix 9: The Distribution of Transitivity Processes in the Ideologies ... 185
Appendix 10: The Distribution of Modals in the Ideologies………...186
Appendix 11: The Distribution of Pronoun in the Ideologies... 186
Appendix 12: Anti-Flag Selected Song Lyrics. ... 187
xi
Table 3.1. List of Anti Flag Selected Song Lyrics... 42
Table 4.1 Excerpts of the Material Processes………... 50
Table 4.2. Excerpts of the Relational Processes ………...…………... 57
Table 4.3. Excerpts of the Mental Processes ……...………... 61
Table 4.4. Excerpts of the Verbal Processes... 64
Table 4.5. Excerpts of the Existential Processes ………..… 65
Table 4.6. Excerpts of Probability……….... 67
Table 4.7. Excerpts of Usuality…... 69
Table 4.8. Excerpts of Obligation…...……….…………. 70
Table 4.9. Excerpts of Inclination…... 72
Table 4.10. Excerpts of Ability …...………... 72
Table 4.11. Excerpts of Pronoun I…...………..….……. 75
Table 4.12. Excerpts of Pronoun You... 75
Table 4.13. Excerpts of Pronoun We... 77
Table 4.14 Excerpts of Pronoun They………... 78
Table 4.15. Excerpts of Word-Choice 1 ………....…………... 79
Table 4.16 Excerpts of Word-Choice 2 ……...………... 81
Table 4.17. Excerpts of Word Choice 3 ... 83
Table 4.18. Distribution of Transitivity ………...………..… 65
Table 4.19. Distribution of Modality ………... 67
xii
Appendix 1: Transitivity Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism ...Error! Bookmark not defined.
1. Material Processes...Error! Bookmark not defined. 2. Relational Processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined. 3. Mental Processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined. 4. Verbal Processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined. 5. Existential Processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 2: Transitivity Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism ...Error! Bookmark not defined.
1. Material Processes...Error! Bookmark not defined. 2. Relational Processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined. 3. Mental Processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined. 4. Verbal Processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined. 5. Existential Processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 3: Transitivity Analysis of Social Movement ...Error! Bookmark not defined.
1. Material Processes...Error! Bookmark not defined. 2. Relational Processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined. 3. Mental Processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined. 4. Verbal Processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined. 5. Existential Processes ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 4: Modality Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism...Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendix 5: Modality Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Nationalism ...Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendix 6: Modality Analysis of Social Movement...Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendix 7: Pronoun Analysis of Anti-Authoritarian Capitalism...Error! Bookmark not defined.
xiii
Pronoun I(Anti Flag)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun You (Government) ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun You (Society) ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We(Anti Flag) ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We (Anti Flag & Society)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We (Government) ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun They(Government)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun They(Society)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 7: Pronoun Analysis of Social Movement...Error! Bookmark not defined.
Pronoun I(Anti Flag)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun You (Government) ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun You (Society) ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We(Anti Flag) ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We (Anti Flag & Society)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun We (Government) ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun They(Government)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Pronoun They(Society)...Error! Bookmark not defined. Appendix 9: The Distribution of Transitivity Processes in the Ideologies ....Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 4.10The Distribution of Transitivity Processes in the Ideologies.Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendix 10: The Distribution of Modals in the IdeologiesError! Bookmark not defined.
Table 4.11The Distribution of Modals in the Ideologies ...Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendix 11: The Distribution of Pronoun in the Ideologies...Error! Bookmark not defined.
Table 4.12 The Distribution of Pronoun in the Ideologies ..Error! Bookmark not defined.
Appendix 13: Anti-Flag Selected Song Lyrics. ...Error! Bookmark not defined. Song 1:"You've Got To Die For The Government"...Error! Bookmark not defined.
xiv
xv
Lessu, Deasy Natalia. 2017. The Ideologies of Anti-Authoritarianism and Social Movement in Anti-Flag’s Protest Song Lyrics: A Critical Discourse Analysis,
Yogyakarta: The Graduate Program in English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.
Music especially punk rock is ideological. It has a basic belief about DIY (Do-It-Yourself) which presents their subculture (counterculture). It sets themselves as the outer group of the society. The belief of DIY sets the punk rock to life in liberty. Thus, they have tendency to rebel against authority. They see the traditional culture; the submissiveness of society to the power holders as the significant issue that need to be resisted. Thus, the song lyrics are not merely showing protest but the calling to do revolution as well. Through their music, specifically song lyrics, they act as the speaker to persuade the listeners. In the purpose of gaining up the critical awareness of the listeners about the role of punk rock music in carrying the protest about the social issues, the study will conducted by using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA).
The study has aim to answer two research questions. The first question is How the linguistic features employed in Anti-Flag‘s protest song lyrics reveal the ideology? While the second question is What are the main ideologies conveyed in Anti-Flag’s protest song lyrics?
The study is about CDA, thus, the study will be guided by the framework of CDA. It helps to present concept about the ideology, how the ideology works in discourse and how the ideology constructs power. To discover the existence of ideology in the discourse, - the text, the concepts of the ideology, the special terms describe the ideology and the social issues which support the actuality of the ideology will be used. To do the analysis of the linguistic representation, the Systemic Functional Grammar will be applied. It represents the ideology through the linguistic units such as transitivity analysis, modality analysis and pronoun analysis.
The data derives from the Anti-Flag song lyrics. It is as much as 15 song lyrics. This punk rock band is considerably consistent and committed in sounding protest about the social issues. The data used are for analyzing first questions attained from the lexical items used in the song lyrics and the literature data to support the concept and the social issues of the ideology. The data used for the second questions taken from the clauses in the song lyrics. It is done by the analysis of transitivity to present the frequent process which represents the ideology and the modals and pronouns analysis to present speaker’s intention and judgments about the ideology.
xvi
anti-authoritarianism. They indicate the certainty and probability and the obligation of the authority works. The ability appears in social movement expresses the skill of doing the revolution. About the pronoun analysis, the anti-authoritarianism mostly appears in pronoun you and they. It means that Anti-Flag is as the part of punk subculture persuade (and protest as well) society and protest government. It sets position of Anti-Flag as the out-group; not belong to society. The social movement mostly carries we as the pronoun. It means that Anti-Flag is in-group with society to do the movement.
It is recommended for the future researchers to conduct similar study on song lyrics, especially the punk rock music to enrich and raise their critical awareness of the use music as the protest medium. It is also recommended to explore more on the textual analysis especially theme-rheme since the usage of the theory might cause different interpretation.
xvii
Lessu, Deasy Natalia. 2017. The Ideologies of Anti-Authoritarianism and Social Movement in Anti-Flag’s Protest Song Lyrics: A Critical Discourse Analysis,
Yogyakarta: The Graduate Program in English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.
Musik khususnya punk rock memiliki ideologi. Punk memilik prinsip dasar yaitu DIY (Do-It-Yourself) yang merepresentasikan cara hidup mereka, kebiasaan dan ide-ide dari kelompok mereka sebagai kelompok yang berbeda dari kelompok masayarakat pada umumnya. Prinsip DIY mengatur para anggota punk
untuk hidup dalam kebebasan. Oleh karena itu, mereka mempunyai kecenderungan untuk melawan kekuasaan. Mereka memandang budaya yang telah menjadi tradisi dalam masyarakat seperti penundukan masyarakat terhadap para penguasa sebagai isu penting yang harus dilawan. Untuk itu, lirik-lirik lagu mereka tidak sekedar menyatakan protes tetapi juga mengajak untuk melalukan revolusi. Melalui musik, khususnya lirik lagu, mereka berperan untuk melakukan propaganda kepada penikmat musik secara khusus dan secara umum kepda masyarakat. Dalam rangka meningkatkan critical awareness dari para penikmat musi tentang peran musik punk rock sebagai pembawa pesan tentang isu sosial, penelitian ini akan dilakukan dengan mengimplementasikan Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA).
Penelitian ini bertujuan utnuk memberi solusi terhadap dua pertanyaan. Pertanyaan pertama Bagaimana unsur-unsur linguistik di dalam lirik-lirik lagu protes Anti-Flag mengungkapkan ideologi? Sementara pertanyaan kedua adalah Apa ideologi-ideologi utama yang diusung Anti-Flag dalam lirik lagu protes mereka?
Penelitian in adalah tentang analisa wacana kritis (CDA) dengan demikian penelitian ini akan mengikuti kerangka teori CDA. Teori ini membantu memberikan konsep tentang ideologi, kaitan ideologi dengan wacana dan bagaimana ideologi memiliki power. Untuk menemukan keberadaan ideologi di dalam teks, konsep tentang ideologi-ideologi utama, isitilah-istilah yang terkait dengan ideologi-ideologi tersebut serta isu-isu social yang mencerminkan aktualisasi dari ideologi-ideologi tersebut akan dibahas. Untuk menganalisa representasi linguistik, Systemic Functional Grammar dipakai. Teori ini menunjukkan representasi ideologi melalu analisa transitivity, modality dan
pronoun.
Data yang dipakai dalam penelitian ini berasal dari lirik-lirik lagu
xvii i dibahas.
Dari analisa, ditemukan dua ideologi utama yang diusung oleh Anti-Flag
adalah Anti-authoritarianism dan Social Movement. Anti-authoritarianism
dibedakan kedalam Anti-authoritarian Capitalism dan Anti-authoritarian Nationalism. Hasil dari analisa transitivitymenunjukkan kedua ideologi dibentuk dengan material processes dan relational processes. Proses pertama menunjukan aksi dari actor sementara proses kedua menunjukan identitas dan karakter dari
actor. Dari analisa modality ditemukan bahwa probability, obligation dan ability.
muncul sebagai modals meaningyang dominan. Probabilitydan obligation sering muncul di ideologi anti-authoritarianism. Ini menunjukkan kepastian dan kepatuhan tentang dan terhadap pekerjaan para penguasa. Abilitysering muncul di ideologi social movement menunjukkan kekuatan dan kemampuan Anti-flag dan masyarakat untuk melakukan perubahan. Dari analisa pronoun ditemukan bahwa pronoun you dan they banyak muncul di idelogi Anti-authoritarianism. Hal ini berarti Anti-Flag berada di out-group yang memungkinkannya melakukan protes kepada pemerintah dan masyarakat. Pronoun we banyak ditemukan di ideologi
social movement. Hal ini memposisikan Anti-Flag di in-group. Bersama-sama dengan masyarakat, Anti-Flagmemberi perlawanan terhadap para penguasa.
Untuk penelitian ke depan, direkomendasikan untuk melakukan penelitian yang sama pada lirik lagu, terlebih khusus lirik lagu punk rock untuk meningkatkan critical awareness terhadap penggunaan musik sebagai media protes. Selain itu direkomendasikan juga untuk mengeksplorasi textual analysis
khususnya pada theme-rheme sebab penerapan teori yang berbeda dapat menghasilkan interpretasi yang berbeda pula.
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
This introductory section categorized into four sections containing background of the study, problem formulation, objectives of the study and benefits of the study. The first section, background of the study, explicates the depiction of the topic of the study and the reasons of studying it. The second section is problem formulation. It elaborated with the purpose of clarifying what matters that the study has to answer. The third section is the objectives of study that expresses the process of doing the study based on the practical theories. The fourth section provides the importance of the study and benefits obtained from the study.
1.1 Background of the Study
The importance of music in the society has revolutionized. Such kind of artwork is not only for entertaining people but also employed as a medium of communication to produce a change and a revolution in some areas of human culture. One of them is as a medium of protest. The use of music in protesting recognized as the protest music or protest song. The protest song according to Denisoff (1972) is “a socio-political statement designed to create an awareness of social problems and which offers or infers a solution which is viewed as deviant in nature.” Thus, the protest songs gain society’s awareness and support for the being captured issue.
Commonly, the protest rises due to the government’s regulations or, actions that are contradictive to the society’s expectation. Clearly stated by Boulding (1967: 50), “protest arises when there is strongly felt dissatisfaction with existing programs and polices of government or other organization…“. In the relation to the protest, the protesters work to change or prevent the changes of a matter. At least, they try to persuade others to change their ideas by criticizing or protesting something wrong or unfair. Indirectly, through the protest, the society is eager to show their power against the government. Lipsky (1965) in Porta and Diani (2006) state that, protest is a political resource of the powerless.
(2009-2016). One the protest issue is about the Bush's decision to wage a preventive war in Iraq which becomes the trigger to arouse another issue such as endangering the social security, increasing the tax, causing unemployment, inflation, poverty etc. The protest revealed in the lyrics is such as the following clauses.
(S6.C2) This scene will not fall victim to your violence or lies (Material Process).
(S6.C3) Our values are nothing but your values excuses to start fights
(Relational Process).
(S14.C2) So, if the heads of the state want to end terrorism, they should go and kill themselves. (Mental Process).
Through the clauses, the existence of government presents using noun, the
heads of the stateand the pronoun, your violenceand your values. The protest is visible through the processes. For example, in clause S6.C3, the use of will not
indicates the willingness to fight against the government’s violence or lies. It is clear that in the song lyrics, Anti-Flag as the speakers try to communicate or send the message to the society about the social issue and to counter authority.
Generally, the term “ideology” refers to the hidden message inside the language. Therefore, the song lyrics stand as the medium to advance its ideological stance on language. Van Dijk in his writing about Ideological Discourse Analysis states that “Ideologies may in fact be the same as the representation a group has of itself (and of the relations with the relevant other groups, e.g. the opponents) in the social structure”. Moreover, he also states that as the member of a group, the language users supposedly will speak, write, or understand from a specific social position. In here, Anti-Flag as the punk rock band recognized as the member of the punk group. The ideologies will represent their group itself as to counter the ideology of the government – the opponent. Relating to the study, the analysis examines what ideologies are typically associates with that position.
Principally, CDA is an interdisciplinary approach to the study of discourse, which views "language as a form of social practice" (Fairclough, 1989). As one of its central objectives, CDA considers the linguistic choices. A text producer makes the linguistic choices as a potential medium through which the ideological import of a particular discourse situation can be reproduced. Fairclough and Wodak (1997) usefully translate this into the "working assumption" that "any part of any language text, spoken or written, simultaneously constitutes representations, relations, and identities". That is, discourse represents particular views of world, particular social relations between people, and particular social identities according to the purpose, context, and addressees of the text.
1.2 Problem Formulation
The present study investigates the problems presents in the following research questions:
1) How the linguistic features employed in Anti-Flag‘s protest song lyrics reveal the ideology?
2) What are the main ideologies conveyed in Anti-Flag’s protest song lyrics?
1.3 Objectives of the Study
The study has three objectives. They related to the field of linguistics, Critical Discourse Analysis and musical art.
The first objective is to reveal the ideologies in Anti-Flag song lyrics. The objective intends to find out the concept of ideology and power conveyed by Anti-Flag as the punk rock band. To achieve the objective, the macrostructures analysis by van Dijk will be employed. The analysis focuses on the use of special terms and the social issues which support the ideologies. They special terms present the existence of topics related to the ideologies in the lyrics. On the other side, the social issues provide information and knowledge about the reality of the topics. In other words, they connect the text with the context.
The study focuses on ideational and interpersonal function. By means of transitivity analysis, the ideational function will be analyzed. It states that a clause has meaning as a representation of some processes in ongoing human experiences. The transitivity system is applicable to reveal the representation of people, events, or issues in the text because it has a function to infer the author’s experience in the texts. On the other side, the interpersonal function is analyzed by the use of modality and pronoun analysis. The ideational function presents the interaction between the speakers to the listener. The observation on those functions might show the systemic characteristic of language in use. Moreover, to determine the clause represents a certain ideology is to consider the basic concept of the ideology itself. By doing so, the characteristics of each ideology will be clear. Therefore, it will be easier and more correct to group the clauses into an ideology.
1.4 Benefits of the Study
The substance of a study is having benefits. The study hopefully equips good contribution for all readers not merely for the certain parties.
Tthe study serves a purpose for the language learners who are interested in linguistics, Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) and Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG). It provides knowledge and awareness on how to apply CDA approach in analyzing song lyrics as type of discourse and SFG in textual analysis. For the study presents song lyrics as the particular text therefore it might be a good example on how to scrutinize language features on the song lyrics. Hopefully, the study might raise critical analysis and awareness on the covert meaning (ideology) of the song lyrics and on the linguistics comprehension.
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter consists of three sections namely review of theories, review of related studies and theoretical framework. The review of theories examines the theories applied to conduct the study, the review of related studies provides insights for the study and the theoretical framework clarifies the contribution of the theories in solving the problem formulation.
2.1 Review of Theories
The section presents the theories exercised in the study. The first section talks about ideology as it is what the study about. It presents the concept of ideology, ideology and discourse, ideology and power and ideology of punk. The second section is about the method of the study, Critical Discourse Analysis. It is the general framework of the study. By reviewing the theory, the study is led to reveal the ideology and power imbalance in practice in a society. The third section is about the concept of protest songs. It provides the concept of how the songs used as the protest medium. The fourth section is about the Systemic Functional Grammar from Halliday (2004) elaborated with other experts. It presents concept of transitivity, modality and pronoun. It used as the tool to observing data.
2.1.1 Ideology
The ideology was used by Antonine Loues Claude Destutt de Tracy in 1796 for the first time. The term used to officially states the ideas of a particular group of scholars in France. The idea is about the new empiricist ‘science of ideas’ (the studies of how people think, speak, and argue). Simply, ideology is about the origins of the ideas. The ideas addressed to young people due to their minds are not full of the ‘fixed ideas’ compared to the minds of established scholars therefore it is not difficult to change. People who support the idea are in a group called themselves as the ideologists. Parson (1951: 39) asserts that ideology is “a system of beliefs held in common by the members of a collectivity”. From the explanation, two main points can be taken out are the ‘system of beliefs’ and the ‘members of collectivity’.
“a member of the National Socialist (Workers’) Party led by Adolf Hitler which controlled Germany from 1933 to 1945” (CALD3).
The ideology is not merely descriptive but it is practical as well. It is not only about a number of very general ideas that are the basis of group members’ specific beliefs about the world that guide their interpretation of events but it also influences their social practice. According to Fairclough (2003: 9), “Ideologies are representation of aspects of the world which can be shown to contribute, to establishing, maintaining, and changing social relations of power, domination, and exploitation”. Thus, ideology is practical as the power holders use the belief to control the powerless people.
Ideology is the power and domination, which owned by a group who have positions, attitudes, beliefs, and perspectives. Government is a group of people who has power and domination since they are officially controlled a country. In relation to the Nazism, Nazi has power and domination to control Germany because of the position of Adolf Hitler as the leader of nation. He is hegemonic; he has position of being the strongest and most powerful and therefore can control others. The control itself is about the order, limit or rule people’s actions or behavior. In a country, laws and policies become government’s tools to control people.
A negative connotation addressed to an ideology when it creates injustice. The injustice here refers to the way the power holders treat the powerless in a relation. There are three relations can be used; government-society, society-society and society-government. In government-society relation, government has power to create policies, which disappointedly has tendency to cause suffering to the society. In society-society relation, the rich has power to bring misery to the poor. In relation of society-government, the rich or big business have power to influence and control the government. Basically, the power holders have tendency to use their power and domination to obtain advantages for themselves by disregarding the powerless groups. For that reason, groups of people come up to counter negative ideology.
2.1.1.1 Ideology and Discourse
Ideology might be abstract and general. It can only indirectly emerge in talk and text; it emerges in a discourse as the communication in speech; talk and writing; text. Thus, it can be simply said that the discourse might attributes the specific and fixed ideological contents. Moreover, the discourse is the re-contextualization of concept of world through a speaker or writer’s point of view that is presented in speech and writing. Therefore, the discourse is shaped by and might present the ideology of the speaker or writer. They, the speaker or writer has intention to propagate the listener or reader. Principally, they have power to control people perception about the world. Fairclough (1995: 73) clarifies that the “discourse is shaped by structures also contributes to shaping and reshaping them, to reproducing and transforming them”. He says that the structures are the combination of the elements of text such orders of discourse, codes and their elements such as lexical and grammatical elements but also the mediated form political and economic structure and relationships; relation in the market, relation with the state and relation with society.
relations with opinions and knowledge and the status as socially shared representations. The ‘society’ relates to the aspects of social, political, cultural and historical, group-based nature and the roles in reproduction of dominance or resistance against dominance. The three main clusters help to find out how the language use of ideology shared by the speaker influence the listener.
2.1.1.2 Ideology and Power
Ideology that owned by a specific social group might be different to the other social group. The difference symbolized the identity of the group itself. The identity is categorized into the in-group and the out-group. The standard determination of a group generally defines by a sense of belonging. Some reasons prescribes the belonging could be such as being in the same position in society. The reasons are such as involving in the specific social issue and having the same perception or opinion about a matter.
The superiority over the other groups presents the power of the ideology of the group. It specifically defines power as the domination. For this notion, Gramsci (as cited in Mayr 2008: 13) uses concept of hegemony.
“Hegemony highlights the mechanism through which dominant groups in society succeed in persuading subordinate groups to accept their own moral, political and cultural values and their institutions through ideological means”.
The position of being the strongest and most powerful and therefore provides wide chances to control others. For the practice of power, Mayr (2008: 14) has a notion that “hegemony operates largely through language”. He further explains that the dominant cultural group generates the discourse represent them as ‘natural’ therefore people consent to the discourse with the particular formations of power. Linguistically, the ideology in a text is written in speech act or an act of writing (statement, question, command, promise, threat, giving of advice. etc.) has potential to enforce people’s interests (Wodak 1989). Wodak (1989: 82) moreover states that “certain types of speech act are associated with the special supporting conventions”, for instance, the military commands. He further asserts that the type of speech act in principle suitable for enforcing the interests of power. The notion can be taken from the description is that the ideology is persuasive.
2.1.1.3 Ideology of Punk
Punk is considered as a ‘counterculture’ or ‘subculture’. The term refers to the way of life, customs and ideas of of a particular group of people within society which are diferent from the rest of that society (CALD3). The subculture of punk emerged at the first time in England. By the 1970’s in England, the subculture were understood to be the groups of youths who practiced a wide array of social dissent through shared behavioral, costume and musical orientations.
From the three mentioned orientations; behavioural, costume and musical, the punk existence as the subculture may be clearly potrayed. The behaviour of punk is often revolting. It means they refuse to be controlled or ruled and take violent action against authority. The behaviour is clearly seen in Do-It-Yourself (DIY) ethic. The ethich presents the core value of punk which are the freedom and thinking for yourself. The implementation of the ethic depicted in their ability to produce and distribute ideas and art without the interference of major corporations. The common costume orientation presents in the way they dress up by wear the the trashy cut-up clothes, the spiky hair and the acccessories such as offsensive body jewelry, such as safety pins as earrings and face rings, swastikas and crosses as pins and painted emblems.
innovation of punk rock at the level of musical sound, since it sounds like noisy as it somewhat full of screams. In the case of lyrics, they are realistic. The lyrics presents the social issues. Stuart Borthwich and Ron May (as cited in Ferdinandi, 2010: 17) explains that punk “places a lyrical emphasis on exposing working-class dissatisfaction with ‘normal’ society, and frequently focuses upon concerns that are particular to young people. Not merely about it, the punk’s lyrics present their invitation for listeners to a revolution.
The counterculture, again, is the rebellion against the traditional culture. Hebdige (as cited in Ferdinandi, 2010: 15) says that the “subculture tends to presented as independent organism, functioning outside the larger social, political and economic contexts”. According to Brake (1985), subcultures arise as the attempts to resolve collectively experience problems resulting in contradiction in the social structure. Therefore, punk is not merely about the being; behave like punk, costume like punk or enjoy the punk music. However, punk is about doing; the loyality to the cultural sentiment that makes up the punk movement. Fox (1987: 379) clarifies that, the “the contempt for authority and the conventional culture was in fact, such an essential values for punk that if one expressed prosystem sentiments or support for the present administration, one would not be considered a member, no matter how well one looked the part.”
or apathy. It’s counter idealism is expression of opposition. The songs stories the major economic depression that occured in the United Kingdom during the late 1970s left an entire generation on welfare without hope for steady employement. The issues of the British class sytem, instituonalized poeverty and unemployment become the background of the song. The oppositional idealism has voices fierce and passionate opposition to a wide array of social realities. The lyric presents opposition can be seen in Ant-Flag song lyric entitled, Stars and Stripes. The lyric, ‘don’t fly those stripes, those stars and stripes for me’ repeats 14 times. The ‘stars and stripes’ are refers to American flag. Since the flag symbolizes the nation, hence, the lyrics presents the rejection of nationalism, anti-nationalism.
As the like culture has its counterculture, so does the ideology. The word,
anti in anti-nationalism above indicates as counter-ideology. The punk rock ideology is proposed to fight the well-being ideology. Like nationalism, where netizen has to submit themselves for the nation, anti-nationalism refuse the –ism. The emergence of the idealism is also due to the reality exist in the nation. It could be the social disappointment for nation that cannot support the citizen needs and expectations.
2.1.2 Critical Discourse Analysis
connections and causes. In other word, CDA is not only dealing with study the surface of the text but the deep of it. CDA refers to the use of language in society or in context, rather than in isolation, as discourse. Van Dijk (2008) defines discourse to be a specific communicative event, in general, and a written or oral form of verbal interaction of language use, in particular. Hodge (2012: 2) states, “Analyses for the discourse ‘critically’ means to breaking up something, loosening bonds”. Further, he says that when the critical combined with the analysis thus it creates a ‘destructive approach’ that means a detailed analysis.
Based on the explanation above, it states that the focus of doing critical-analysis is the discourse. In Cambridge Advance Learner’s Dictionary, discourse defines as “communication in speech or writing.” In the case of communication in writing, it absolutely deals with the text; the language and linguistic. However, Fairclough (2003) argues that the discourse analysis is not merely the linguistic analysis through the text. According to him, the discourse is also about the social practices. Nevertheless, he further adds that, looking closely to the people’s speech or writing also needed in understanding the social effects of discourse. In conclusion, Fairclough states that,
Therefore, CDA called as interdisciplinary study. This study interlinked the way language is functioned in the social practices such as exercising power, organizing social institutions or constituting and transmitting knowledge (Wodak and Meyer 2001, p.11).
Talking about CDA is talking about examining the connection between discourse, power, dominance, and social inequality. CDA concern with power as it is the central condition in social life. The power exists, as there is the dominance of a particular person or group to the others in society. Wodak and Meyer (2001) explain, “Power is about relation of difference, and particularly about the effects of differences in social structures”. It means people in the high social structure tend to be powerful than the low social class. Indirectly, the power or power abuse which exist in the social practice arouse the condition of social inequality. In line with discourse, the distribution of power, the dominancy or the social inequality clearly entwined with the language. It does not naturally define that power derives from language, “but language can be used to challenge power, to subvert it, to alter distributions of power in short and long term” (Wodak and Meyer, 2001).
use. CDA regards language as a kind of social practice and an inseparable part of social construction among which ideology serves as indispensable part. Furthermore, the critical linguistics also assumes that as an integrated form of social behavior, language will inevitably and inextricably tied up with the socio-political context in which it functions (Paul, 2005). The analysis of CDA hardly separated from the socio-political situations in which language produced.
Relating to the research, the CDA is applicable as the study focuses on the discourse that contains power, ideology, and social inequality. This study sees the song lyrics as the discourse that contains the ideology of the powerful actor, Anti-Flag. Through the discourse, the speakers depict the socio-political situation about the social injustice as the effect of the superior’s powerful action or decision towards the inferior.
2.1.3 Systemic Functional Grammar
that it designed to account for how language is used. Everything that is written or spoken has shaped the system. Language has developed to fulfill human needs and it organized by functions to these needs. Functional grammar is purely ‘natural’ grammar that everything explains with reference to how language is used.
Halliday developed a theory of the fundamental functions of language, in which he analyzed lexico-grammar into three broad metafunctions: ideational, interpersonal, and textual. Each of the three metafunctions is about a different aspect of the world, and is concerned with a different mode of meaning of clauses. The ideational metafunction is about the natural world in the broadest sense, including our own consciousness, and is concerned with clauses as representations. The interpersonal metafunction is about the social world, especially the relationship between speaker and hearer, and is concerned with clauses as exchanges. The textual metafunction is about the verbal world, especially the flow of information in a text, and is concerned with clauses as messages.
2.1.3.1 Ideational Function and Meaning
consciousness through his reactions, cognitions, and perceptions, and also his linguistic acts of speaking and understanding (Halliday, 2004). Zhuanglin (as cited in Wang 2010) adds that the ideational function not only specifies the available options in meanings but also determines the nature of their structural realizations.
In order to analyze the ideational function, transitivity is the appropriate tool to conduct. Transitivity aims at identifying the participants or things that are involved, the actions and event taking place, and any relevant surrounding circumstances (Morley cited in Wang 2010). In the transitivity system, the meaningful grammatical unit is the clause since it expresses what is happening, what is being done, what is felt and what the state is and so on (Wang, 2010). In this system, the meaningful grammatical unit is clause, which expresses what’s happening, what’s being done, what’s felt and what the state is and so on (Cheng Yumin, in Wang 2010).
Transitivity system specifies the different types of processes that recognized in the language and the structures by which they are expressed (Halliday, 1985). He also asserts that the semantic categories explain how the real world represented as linguistic structures are the concepts of process, participants and circumstances. Eggins (2004) asserts that in analyzing transitivity structure, there are aspects of clause that need to be considered: the selection of a process, the selection of participants, and the selection of circumstances.
conditions associated with a process. Process, participant and circumstance generally realize in the verbal group, nominal group and adverbial group or prepositional phrases of clause, respectively (Halliday, 1985).
The processes consist of six processes are (1) material processes, (2) mental processes, (3) relational processes, (4) behavioral processes, (5) verbal processes and (6) existential processes. In this research, the analysis is limited to the material processes and relational processes as the main transitivity processes and the mental processes, verbal processes and existential processes as the supported transitivity processes.
Material processes are processes about doing and happening. The doing is about what does X do? i.e. ‘She unlocked the door’. While the happeningrefers to
what does happen to X? i.e. ‘The kid sits down’. This is what Gerot and Wignell (1994) called as dispositive type and the other type is creative type; the goal
brought about by the process, i.e. ‘J.K. Rowling wrote Harry Potter’. Those two types presented as two varieties of material process. Still about material processes, the clauses consists of an action (process), a doer (participants: actor and goal) and circumstantial.
participant is changed; goal comes first before actor. The single participant may also exist in the passive voice, i.e. ‘The song has been composed’.
There are two or more participants in material process clauses. Gerot and Wignell (1994) divide the participant as ‘actor’; one who does an action, and ‘goal’; the affected or the one that are being done to another participant. Downing and Locke (2006) called the actor as ‘the agent’; an entity that can control the action that brings some changes in itself or others while the goal is as ‘affected’; the entity affected by the action. (The other term is ‘patient’). The agent are typically animate while the non-controlling inanimate is categorized as ‘force’. Halliday in Eggins (2004) adds two more participants namely ‘range’ and ‘beneficiary’. Range or also called as scope consists of ‘cognate’; a restatement or continuation of the process itself, i.e. ‘The girls do a dance’ and ‘non-cognate’; the extent of the process, i.e. ‘Gerard plays football’. Beneficiary consists of ‘recipient’; the one to whom something is given, i.e. ‘Sarah gives Jane the gloves’ and ‘client’ the one for whom something is done, i.e. ‘The postman brings me the envelope’.
circumstance of cause; cause, reason and behalf, i.e. ‘thanks to the two Japanese women’.
Relational processes essentially are processes of ‘being’ (and ‘having’). They concerned with the relationship set up between two things or concepts. A number of distinct ways expressed as different types of relational process in the clause. The types of relational process are (1) intensive; i.e. ‘Mother Theresa is kind-hearted’, (2) possessives: i.e. ‘Pinocchio has a long nose’, and (3) circumstantial; i.e. ‘Maluku is in the center of Sulawesi and Papua’. Each of these comes in two modes, ‘Attributive’, and ‘Identifying’ (Gerot and Wignell, 1994). However, Downing and Locke (2006) add one more mode namely ‘Possession’. Attributive processes assign a quality, i.e. ‘Reza Rahardian is a talented Indonesian actor’ while identifying processes establish an identity, i.e. ‘Ajeng Kamarantih may be the famous Indonesian news-anchor. Possession processes show to something belongs to whom.
Mental processes are about process of sensing. The process explicates something that goes on in the internal world of the mind. Contrary to material process, the participant in mental process is not really do an action. As only an animate who has sensing, thus the participant are only an animate and is usually human, i.e. ‘She likes cheese burger’. However, it may also be an animal, i.e. ‘The dog sensed danger’ and in the case of personification, the non-animate treated as if it were a human. For example, ‘Your car knows where to go’. The participant considered as ‘senser’ (or ‘experiencer’) and what the senser is sensing about known as ‘phenomenon’. That is, mental processes only have two participants.
According to Halliday (1994) and Gerot and Wignell (1994), there are three types of mental processes: ‘cognition’, ‘perception’ and ‘affection’. On the other side, Thompson (2004) and Downing and Locke (2006) has four categories which are ‘emotion’ (‘affectivity’ – Downing and Locke called so), ‘cognition’, ‘perception’ and ‘desideration’. Same with Thompson, Lock (1996) also presents four types of mental processes. However, he called Thompson’s ‘desideration’ as volition and ‘emotion’ as ‘affection’ as like Halliday and Gerot and Wignell called so.
reactions expressed by such verbs as like, love, please, delight, dislike, hate, detest, admire, love, miss, fear, appreciate, expect. i.e. ‘Our family loves avocado juice’. A desiderative process includes processes such as want, need, intend, desire, hope, and wish. The processes are about a thing or situation which the participants expect to have or to be happened. i.e. ‘I need a massage’.
Verbal processes are about processes of saying. The processes exist on the borderline between mental and relational processes (Lock, 1996). Lock explains, they are often expressed by verbs such as say, tell, ask, reply, and suggest. Normally, a clause of the verbal process have a single participant namely Sayer; a speaking participant but in many verbal process clauses have another participant namely Addressee; the person to whom the saying is directed. The saying is called as Verbiage. The verbiage is said in two forms. Lock differentiates them into reporting, for example, She said that I don’t like mathematics and quoting, for example, She said, ‘I don’t like mathematics’.
The existential processes are processes of existing with a there and to be with no representational function. The existential process clauses consist of just one participant, know as an existent. The existent can be an entity, event or action etc.. For example, ‘There is a man standing outside’.
2.1.3.2 Interpersonal Function and Meaning
by language itself” (Halliday, 2002: 175). In further explanation, the meaning of interpersonal is expressing attitudes and judgments of the speaker/writer (Gerot and Wignell, 1994).
Talking about modality is talking about two basic types of it. The first type is called modalization and the second is modulation. The modalization itself is exploring about the degree of validity of a being presented information (probability) and the degree of frequency of the information’s truth (usuality). On the other side, the modulation deals with the obligation; how much obliged is the person to carry out the command and the inclination or willingness; how the speaker fulfill the offer. In this case of modulation, Thompson (2004) explicates the area into some points. Obligation is categorized into permissible, advisable and obligatory while inclinations are categorized into ability, willingness and determination.
The degree of probability, usuality, obligation or inclination is also divided into some scales or ranks as Halliday and Matthiessen in Thompson (2004,p. 69) calls the scales high, median and low. In example, You must/should/may come before night, ‘must’ is the high, ‘should’ is the median and ‘may’ is the low. The degree of obligation depends on the modals used.
while Youis the addressee(s). The second person refers to persons and things who are not, at the moment speaking addressees. They may be either physically present of completely outside the discourse event. The possesive pronouns are such as
mine, your, our, her and their. The presents who or what something belongs to. Another types of pronoun is like reflexive pronouns like myself, yourself, herself,
ourselvesand themselves.
The pronoun becomes the focus on the study since it significant with the ideology. The use of pronouns typically associated with group identity and also with ideologies. The two pronoun often use to differ a group with another is, pronouns, we and they which act as the subject and their objects, us and them. Indeed, the ideology typically organize people in society in polarized terms. Although I is the currect speaker of a discourse, we is can also considered as the speakers. We is not the plural of I but more about I pluss one or more other peresons (Downing and Locke, 2006). In relation to the present study, it states that the punk musician has bipolar identities. The use of I refer to themselves as the part of punk subculture while the use We refers to themselves as the part of society or citizen. In a group membership, pronoun Weand Usused to present an indentity of the speaker while the pronoun, They and Them present the identity of the group that the speaker opposed.
In doing the protest, pronoun usage helps to determine the position of the speaker; in-group or out-group. In the in-group, the speaker place themselves as the part of society. Therefore, the adressee of the protest is merely the government and other powerholders. In the out-group, the speaker is not the part of the society. Thus, the protest adressed to both powerholders and society.
2.1.4 Protest Music
Protest music refers to “a song which expresses disapproval, usually about a political subject” (CALD3). Protest music is a musical genre that has become a part of American popular culture since it constitutes a reflection of the culture from which it is performed. The folk music is “modern music and songs that are written in a style similar to that of traditional music” (CALD3). The kind of music is intensified during the following decade in response to the Civil Rights Movement, Vietnam War, other social concerns. It is used as the protest music because of historically it is made by the masses for the masses, topical music, often message-oriented songs, and commercial. A popular revival of protest music in America happened during the 1960’s. It existed as the response to the social issues at the time. The civil rights movement to the war in Vietnam becomes one of the popular issue which use music as the tool of protest. At the time, the music spoke to the masses of youths crying out for the revolutionary change.
music. He wrote the best topical, protest ballads of the era. Besides redefined what the protest music sounded like, he also redefined what the protest music said about. The development of the new form of protest music called for diversity among audience members, protesting, societal norms, and the notion of ideology.
The use of song as a protest medium cannot be separated from its function of propaganda. It is about spreading ideas or opinions etc. contains of arguments which are intended to influencing people opinion. Denisoff(1972) describes folksongs of protest as propaganda songs which were used to induce change in opinion or behavior, written and/or played in the traditional folk style. He outlines six primary goals of the propaganda song: it 1) solicits outside support, 2) reinforces the value structure of supporters, 3) promotes cohesion and solidarity among followers, 4) aims to recruit individuals, 5) invokes solutions, and 6) highlights a social problem or discontent (2: 1972). He further distinguishes the propaganda song of persuasion as being either a “magnetic” song, designed to hold the members of a movement together and to attract new members to the fold, or the “rhetorical” song, which “describes some social condition, but one which offers no explicit ideological or organizational solutions” (1972: 6).
authority. It means that the music and songs have ability to communicate profound and complex meanings without direct opposition to dominant parties.
2.2 Review of Related Studies
There are some previous studies of Critical Discourse Analysis. Two studies related with the use song lyrics as a discourse type and a study use another dicourses. Those studies are involved here to present the insights for a better dicussion and to differentiate the focus of present study with previous studies.
Two related studies of CDA on song lyrics are conducted by Taiwo (2008) and Kananovich (2014). Taiwo (2008) explored the discursive practices in Nigerian Pantecostal Christian songs. This study attempted to interpret critically some contemporary Christian songs used in worship in South Western Nigeria by looking beyond the words to the ideologies that underlie their composition. The data arethe songs used in Pentecostal settings. The settings are in four states in the south-west geopolitical zone of Nigeria – Osun, Ondo, Lagos and Oyo States. Christian songs in contemporary times do not necessarily convey the intrinsic values of praise worship, as they used to do in the early days of Christianity in Nigeria. The result shows that, the songs used to wage war against perceived enemies of the singers, and to manipulate those who would not conform to certain practices and possibly condemn them.
state and religious authorities. On the other side, the report intends to naturalize these norms and discredit religiously contextualize political protests as crossing the boundaries of legitimate public debate. The analysis of the song lyrics only employ the rhetorical strategies. The study focuses on finding out the social actors, social practices and contextual aspects presented in both texts.
Sharififar and Rahimi (2015) study the representation of ideology and power of the two presidents, Obama’s and Rouhani’s political speeches at UN in September 2013. The language use in their speeches manifest their power, capabilities and policies and futhermore, the political implications of these speeches can be perceives better by common people. They employ the Systemic Functional Grammar by Halliday which focuses on the analysis of transitivity, modality and textual analysis. To differentiate their study with the present study is to see first on the dicourse. Sharififar and Rahimi use political speeches compared to the present study that uses song lyrics. Moreover, the political speeches present the original ideas of the presidents while the present study is to study the counter ideology and power of Anti-Flag towards the ideology of power of the government and other power holders.
while the present study is the lyrics of Anti-Flag; an activist punk band. Sharififar and Rahimi uses the political speeches as the discourse in their study.
The second point is the method to analysis the data. Taiwo’s and Kananovich use rhetorical strategy while the present study uses the SFG. Taiwo looking beyond the words to the ideologies that underlie the songs’ composition while Kananovich use concept of CDA to find out the social actors, social practice and textual aspects. The studies using rhetorical strategy migh not explore the lingusitcs units employs of the song lyrics. By using SFG, the representation of ideology and power in the song lyrics are more obvious. It is because the linguitics present the supported evidence of how the language use. The study of Sharififar and Rahimi use SFG as well. Same with the present study, they also focus on transitivity and modality. In transitivity analysis, they focuses only on the major trasitivity processes; material, relational and mental processes. The present study focuses on major processes and minor processes; verbal processes and existential processes except behavioural processes. On the modality analysis, they are different in the analysis of tense.
2.3 Theoretical Framework
This part dealt with how the theories; ideology critical discourse analysis, systemic functional grammar and the related studies elaborated and implemented in answering the two research questions of the study.
Ideology as the first theory talks about what the language is in the consideration of there is an ideology inside the language. It is helpful to understand how language, ideology and power related to one another. This theory is also beneficial to identify the clauses that contain power since those features appear as the general ideas of the speeches. In order to analyze the ideology, the theory becomes the guideline in defining what ideologies are and how they presented in the text. This theory also gives understanding that language is applicable to exercise power by means of its features. In relation to CDA, the understanding of the relation between language and power help the researcher analyze how certain linguistic features in the texts can influence the addressee.
The third theory is about systemic functional grammar. This theory becomes prominent since it is the main tool to answer the question number one, which intends to find out the linguistic features in Anti-flag song lyrics. Linguistic features meant in this study are the results of the metafunction analysis: field, tenor, and mode. By analyzing the metafunctions of the clauses in the speeches, the linguistic features in the speeches can be drawn. The results of the linguistic features in the speeches become the guidelines to conclude the ideologies in the speeches.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes the methodology used in this study. It covers the type of study, data of the study and data analysis that used to answer the research questions of the present study. They are to reveal the social representation of Anti-Flag based on their existing ideologies in the issue of protest presented in their song lyrics and to discover the way of the song writers represent the issue from the linguistic perspective.
3.1 Type of Study
The study is a Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). A prominent justification underlies is the CDA covers all the aspects needed for doing the study. A three-dimensional framework involves analysis of social practice, discourse practice and text analysis.
The social practice is considered as the reality; the active experience of the text which exists in the real world. In this study, Anti-Flag protest on their song lyrics about the issue such as free trade of North America as the background. The free trade is the event that exists in the certain time and place which involves participants and their actions or performance. The reality brought into a text as the representation of the reality.
words, the discourse is the re-contextualization of the social practice. Therefore, the social practice is the active experience of the reality. However, not all detail parts of the reality potentially inserted wholly in the text thus it has to be contextualized. Discourse regarded as the social practice through spoken or written language. As what van Leeuwen mentions that “discourse itself [as] the social practice and as a form of action, as something people do to, or for, or with each other (cited in Wodak and Meyer, 2001: 9). From the discourse practice, the description of social practice comes clear.
As the discourse is the text itself, thus this point dealt with how the text is constructed as the discourse practice to reflect the social practice. CDA is considerably suitable to work with Halliday’s approach called Systemic Functional Grammar (SFG). It is helpful to analyze the linguistic features applied in the texts. Moreover, the analysis will be applicable to expose the social representation of Anti-Flag based on their existing ideologies that display their power and dominance in sounding protest. CDA provides the knowledge about the points: social representation, ideology and power. From this point, CDA significantly considered as the proficient approach.
3.2 Data of the Study
advocacy of progressive political action groups such as Greenpeace and Amnesty International. The consistency of this band for sounding social issue indicates this band is suitable for analysis.
The data use in the study taken from the albums of Anti-Flag. There are 15 song lyrics selected as the data. As the CDA is a multidisciplinary study, it may take much time to conduct the study. Wodak and Meyer (2001: 99) state “in any practical sense there is no such thing as a “complete” discourse analysis”. They further add even a full analysis of short passage might take months and fill hundreds of pages. Due to that, they consider that the complete discourse analysis of a large corpus or text or talk is therefore totally out of questions. Thus, the data of the present study is limited to the 15 song lyrics in order to limit the focus of analysis and to make a better result of the study.
