A Critical Discourse
Analysis of Indonesian Government’s
Macroeconomic Policies toward Economic Development Aspects in
National Budget Plan and Financial Memorandum (2012) Speech
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Sarjana Sastra Degree in Indonesia University of Education
By:
Rendriawan Muhammad (0808511)
Department of English Education
Faculty of Language and Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education
A Critical Discourse
Analysis of Indonesian Government’s
Macroeconomic Policies toward Economic Development Aspects in
National Budget Plan and Financial Memorandum (2012) Speech
By:
Rendriawan Muhammad
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for Sarjana Sastra Degree in Indonesia University of Education
© Rendriawan Muhammad 2012 Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
January 2014
All rights reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without prior
PAGE OF APPROVAL
An Analysis of Indones
ian Government’s Macroeconomic Policies toward
Economic Development Aspects in National Budget Plan and Financial
Memorandum 2012
A Research Paper
By
Rendriawan Muhammad
0808511
Approved by
First Supervisor
Prof. Dr. E. Aminudin Aziz, M.A., Ph.D.
NIP. 196711161992031001
Second Supervisor
Ruswan Dallyono, M.Pd.
NIP. 197008032005011002
Head of Department of English Education
Faculty of Languages and Arts Education
Indonesia University of Education
Prof. Dr. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed.
ABSTRACT
This Paper Entitled “A Critical Discourse Analysis of Indonesian Government’s
Macroeconomics Policies toward Economic Development Aspects in National
Budget Plan and Financial Memorandum (2012) Speech”. It is aimed to
investigate whether the Indonesian government’s economic development policies adhere to the 1945 Constitution. The study is qualitative which utilizes van Dijk
and Kintsch’s (1983) Semantic Representation Model. The data are the economic
development policies which are elaborated in the National Budget Plan and Financial Memorandum presented before the Plenary Session of the House of Representatives by the Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono on
August 16, 2011. The study revealed that the substance of each government’s
policies and measures on economic development in the text are in accordance with the notion of the 1945 Constitution Chapter XIV Article 33 as a basic regulation of the national economy and social welfare. Moreover, those finding clarify that the government orients each economic development policies and measures toward the idea of the fifth point of Pancasila as the fundamental principle of democratic economy.
Keywords: Macroeconomics, Economic Development, Critical Discourse
ABSTRAK
Skripsi yang berjudul “Analisis Wacana Kritis terkait Kebijakan Ekonomi Makro Pemerintah Indonesia terhadap Aspek-aspek Pembangunan Ekonomi dalam Pidato Rancangan Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara Tahun 2012 beserta Nota Keuangannya”, bertujuan untuk meneliti apakah kebijakan pembangunan ekonomi pemerintah Indonesia yang tertuang di dalam pidato RAPBN 2012 sesuai dengan amanat Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 atau tidak. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan menggunakan kerangka penelitian van Dijk dan Kintsch (1983) yaitu Gaya Representasi Semantik. Data yang diteliti adalah kebijakan-kebijakan pembangunan ekonomi pemerintah yang tertuang dalam pidato RAPBN 2012 berserta Nota Keuangan yang disampaikan oleh Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono dihadapan Sidang Paripurna DPR RI pada 16 Agustus 2011. Penelitian ini mengungkap bahwa substansi dari setiap kebijakan-kebijakan dan langkah-langkah pemerintah terhadap isu-isu pembangunan ekonomi di dalam teks tersebut sesuai dengan amanat Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 Bab XIV pasal 33 sebagai dasar ketetapan ekonomi nasional dan kesejahteraan sosial. Selain itu, penemuan tersebut juga membuktikan bahwa dalam menentukan setiap langkah dan kebijakan pembangunan ekonomi, pemerintah mencoba untuk menetapkannya sesuai dengan dasar pemikiran poin ke-5 Pancasila sebagai prinsip dasar demokrasi ekonomi.
Kata Kunci: Ekonomi Makro, Pembangunan Ekonomi, Analisis Wacana Kritis,
Appendix 1
The Process of Deriving Macropropositions
The following Tables are the detail process of deriving macropropositions from the relevant paragraphs. They cover the comprehensive process of deriving macropropositions. There are five tables and these table represent five Indonesian government’s economic development policies, namely: poverty alleviation, food security, infrastructure, investment and business, and energy.
Poverty Alleviation Policies
Paragraph Basic Text Sub-macropropositions Primary
Macroproposition 47
Keempat, memperkuat program-program pro-rakyat, melalui langkah-langkah keberpihakan pada
penanggulangan kemiskinan dan peningkatan lapangan pekerjaan.
SI Pemerintah memperkuat program-program pro-rakyat.
T1 Pemerintah mendorong daerah-daerah untuk membayar upah pekerja sesuai UMR.
T2 Pemerintah memperluas program penjaminan KUR (Kredit Usaha Rakyat) untuk memberdayakan kalangan usaha mikro, kecil dan menengah.
Bagi kaum pekerja, kita gulirkan berbagai upaya untuk meningkatkan produktivitas dan sekaligus mendorong daerah-daerah untuk membayar upah pekerja sesuai dengan Upah Minimum Regional. Sementara itu, kepada kalangan usaha kecil, mikro dan menengah, kita perluas program penjaminan Kredit Usaha Rakyat yang telah kita rintis pada tahun-tahun sebelumnya.
75
perdesaan sebesar 9,6 triliun rupiah, dengan sasaran 5.020 kecamatan; program PNPM perkotaan sebesar 2 triliun rupiah, dengan sasaran 10.948 kelurahan; serta program PNPM daerah tertinggal dan khusus sebesar 42,3 miliar rupiah, dengan sasaran 85 kabupaten dan kota.
dan perkotaan melalui PNPM (Program Nasional Pemberdayaan Masyarakat) Mandiri.
14
Sementara itu, kenaikan harga komoditas dunia serta cuaca ekstrim yang terjadi di beberapa wilayah, telah memberi tekanan pada laju inflasi di dalam negeri. Pada tahun 2010 lalu, laju inflasi mencapai 6.96 persen, sementara hingga bulan Juli tahun ini, inflasi kita—secara tahunan—mencapai 4.61 persen. Oleh karena itu, Pemerintah telah dan akan senantiasa menempatkan pengendalian harga-harga sebagai prioritas utama, dalam menjaga stabilitas ekonomi dan peningkatan kesejahteraan rakyat. komoditas untuk menjaga stabiltas ekonomi dan daya beli masyarakat. T5 Pemerintah mengalokasikan anggaran untuk memberikan subsidi dalam berbagai bentuk subsidi (energy dan non-energi).
T6 Pemerintah melanjutkan program bantuan tunai bersyarat melalui PKH (Program Keluarga Harapan) untuk rumah tangga sangat miskin. 69
Selain pengentasan kemiskinan, tugas penting negara lainnya adalah mengurangi beban hidup masyarakat, utamanya masyarakat berpendapatan rendah. Untuk itu Pemerintah tetap memberikan subsidi dalam berbagai bentuknya kepada mereka. Pada tahun 2012
mendatang, pemerintah masih tetap mengalokasikan anggaran untuk subsidi, dan sekaligus melakukan perbaikan dalam mekanisme penyalurannya agar lebih efisien, efektif, dan tepat sasaran.
70
subsidi benih, subsidi dalam rangka kewajiban pelayanan publik, subsidi bunga kredit program dan subsidi pajak.
76
Selain itu, kita lanjutkan program bantuan tunai bersyarat melalui Program Keluarga Harapan (PKH) dengan mengalokasikan anggaran sebesar 2,1 triliun rupiah untuk menjangkau sasaran sekitar 1,5 juta rumah tangga sangat miskin. Untuk membantu keluarga miskin dalam memenuhi kebutuhan
pangannya, kita lanjutkan pemberian beras bagi rakyat miskin dan setengah miskin dengan mengalokasikan anggaran sebesar 15,6 triliun rupiah, kepada sekitar 17,5 juta rumah tangga sasaran. Semuanya itu, kita tujukan untuk meningkatkan pendapatan dan kesejahteraan rakyat banyak, terutama bagi saudara-saudara kita yang berpendapatan rendah.
Food Security Policies
Paragraph Basic Text Macro-components Primary
Macro-component
66
Di bidang perumahan, alokasi belanja modal kita rencanakan untuk menunjang pembangunan 175 rumah susun sederhana sewa dan unit hunian rumah susun beserta infrastruktur pendukungnya sebanyak 48 twin
blocks. Anggaran itu, juga akan kita manfaatkan untuk
membiayai pembangunan rumah murah sebanyak 62.500 unit. Untuk mendukung ketahanan pangan, kita akan membangun 9 waduk dan merehabilitasi 24
SIII Pemerintah mendorong
peningkatan usaha sektor pertanian dan perikanan.
T7 Pemerintah membangun dan merehabilitasi waduk dan embung untuk irigasi.
waduk. Kita juga akan menyelesaikan pembangunan 87 embung atau situ dan merehabilitasi 62 embung atau situ.
T8 Pemerintah menggulirkan program surplus beras 10 juta ton dalam 5 hingga 10 tahun kedepan. T9 Pemerintah memberikan modal kerja kepada nelayan dan pengusaha perikanan untuk mengembangkan usaha perikanan.
72
Selain berbagai bentuk subsidi, program-program peningkatan kesejahteraan rakyat juga tetap menjadi fokus utama dari RAPBN tahun yang akan datang. Oleh karena itu, dalam RAPBN 2012 ini kita berikan
prioritas alokasi anggaran antara lain untuk ketahanan pangan sebesar 41,9 triliun rupiah. Kita, antara lain, gulirkan program surplus beras 10 juta ton dalam lima hingga 10 tahun mendatang. Melalui berbagai program strategis itulah, kita berikan perhatian kepada segenap elemen masyarakat untuk meningkatkan kemampuan, produktivitas, serta penghasilan dan kesejahteraan mereka. Perhatian kepada para petani, kita wujudkan antara lain melalui pemberian bantuan langsung pupuk sebesar 675 miliar rupiah atau setara 192,8 ribu ton. Selain itu, kita sediakan bantuan langsung bibit unggul sebesar 1,8 triliun rupiah, atau setara 185 ribu ton benih tanaman pangan.
73
Perhatian kepada nelayan, kita lakukan melalui pengembangan sistem usaha budidaya ikan, dengan menyediakan modal kerja bagi sebanyak 3.340
kelompok nelayan; pengembangan usaha penangkapan ikan dan pemberdayaan nelayan skala kecil untuk pembangunan kawasan minapolitan untuk 3.700 kelompok nelayan; serta pembangunan dan pembinaan pelabuhan perikanan pada 816 pelabuhan.
Infrastructure Development Policies
Macro-component
60
Sementara itu, prioritas alokasi anggaran pada Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum dan Kementerian Perhubungan, kita fokuskan pada pembangunan infrastruktur yang berkualitas, terutama untuk mengurangi hambatan di bidang infrastruktur. Transportasi DKI Jakarta juga mendapat prioritas penanganan, untuk memperlancar arus distribusi barang dan jasa. Semuanya itu sangat penting untuk
meningkatkan percepatan dan perluasan pertumbuhan ekonomi.
SIV Pemerintah akan meningkatkan belanja infrastruktur.
T10 Pemerintah akan membangun jaringan rel kereta api baru. T11 Pemerintah akan
mengembangkan, merehabilitasi dan membangun Bandar udara baru di berbagai pelosok.
T12 Pemerintah akan membangun jalan baru dan meningkatkan kapasitas jalan serta melakukan pemeliharaan dan perbaikan jalan. T13 Pemerintah akan membangun jembatan-jembatan baru dan
Sejalan dengan arah kebijakan dan penentuan prioritas anggaran belanja kementerian dan lembaga, dalam RAPBN 2012, alokasi anggaran belanja modal kita rencanakan mencapai 168,1 triliun rupiah, naik 27,2 triliun rupiah atau 19,3 persen dari APBN-P 2011. Peningkatan anggaran belanja modal yang semakin tinggi, kita arahkan untuk menunjang pembangunan infrastruktur---termasuk infrastruktur energi, ketahanan pangan, dan komunikasi---sebagai bagian dari upaya kita untuk mendukung pengembangan dan peningkatan keterhubungan antar-wilayah.
44
Pertama, meningkatkan belanja infrastruktur untuk mengatasi sumbatan, keterkaitan dan keterhubungan domestik, ketahanan pangan, ketahanan energi, dan kesejahteraan masyarakat.
64
pembangunan infrastruktur yang lebih merata di seluruh wilayah Indonesia.
65
Untuk mengatasi sumbatan infrastruktur dan
meningkatkan keterhubungan antar-wilayah, akan kita gunakan anggaran belanja modal untuk pembangunan jalan baru dan peningkatan kapasitas jalan sepanjang 4.005 km. Disamping itu kita juga melakukan
preservasi yang meliputi pemeliharaan dan perbaikan jalan sepanjang 36.319 kilometer; membangun
jembatan baru sepanjang 7.682 meter dan memelihara jembatan sepanjang 217.076 meter diseluruh pelosok tanah air.
66
Di bidang perumahan, alokasi belanja modal kita rencanakan untuk menunjang pembangunan 175 rumah susun sederhana sewa dan unit hunian rumah susun beserta infrastruktur pendukungnya sebanyak 48 twin
blocks. Anggaran itu, juga akan kita manfaatkan untuk
membiayai pembangunan rumah murah sebanyak 62.500 unit. Untuk mendukung ketahanan pangan, kita akan membangun 9 waduk dan merehabilitasi 24 waduk. Kita juga akan menyelesaikan pembangunan 87 embung atau situ dan merehabilitasi 62 embung atau situ.
Investments and Business Policies
Paragraph Basic Text Macro-components Primary
Macro-component 18 Untuk mengantisipasi terjadinya pembalikan arus
modal masuk dan dampak buruk penurunan ekonomi global, pemerintah telah menyiapkan beberapa langkah pengamanan: kita lakukan kerjasama dengan Bank
SV Pemerintah melakukan antisipasi pembalikan arus modal masuk dan dampak buruk penurunan ekonomi global.
Indonesia untuk pembelian Surat Berharga Negara (SBN), pembelian kembali SBN dengan dana APBN, pembentukan dana stabilisasi obligasi, dan penyiapan dana Saldo Anggaran Lebih (SAL) untuk mendukung stabilisasi pasar SBN domestik. Langkah antisipasi ini kita lakukan untuk memberikan sinyal positif bahwa kondisi ekonomi Indonesia saat ini aman dan baik. Langkah-langkah ini, insya Allah dapat meningkatkan kepercayaan dan keyakinan bagi para pelaku ekonomi.
T13 Pemerintah melakukan kerja sama dengan BI.
T15 Pemerintah membentuk dana
obligasi.
T16 Pemerintah menyiapkan dana Saldo Anggaran Lebih (SAL).
T17 Pemerintah memperkuat stabilitas system keuangan.
investasi dan usaha.
61 Selain ketujuh kementerian dan lembaga yang
mendapatkan alokasi anggaran di atas 20 triliun rupiah, juga terdapat beberapa kementerian dan lembaga yang memperoleh alokasi anggaran di atas 10 triliun rupiah. Beberapa kementerian dan lembaga itu adalah:
Kementerian Pertanian, dengan alokasi anggaran sebesar 17,8 triliun rupiah, terutama untuk
meningkatkan produksi dan produktivitas pertanian serta mutu produk pertanian dalam arti luas;
Kementerian Keuangan 17,8 triliun rupiah, terutama untuk memperkuat stabilitas sistem keuangan; Kementerian Dalam Negeri 17,1 triliun rupiah, terutama untuk program peningkatan kemandirian masyarakat perdesaan; dan Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral 15,6 triliun rupiah, untuk mendukung pemanfaatan potensi sumber daya mineral dan energi secara optimal.
22 Berkaitan dengan itu, kita perlu menempuh langkah-langkah terobosan. Sejak Desember tahun lalu, saya telah mengajak semua pemangku kepentingan, mulai dari pemerintah pusat, pemerintah daerah, kalangan dunia usaha, hingga BUMN untuk bersama-sama terlibat aktif dalam mempercepat dan memperluas perekonomian nasional. Upaya ke arah percepatan dan
SVI Pemerintah melakukan transformasi ekonomi nasional dengan merealisasikan program MP3EI.
perluasan pembangunan ekonomi itu, kemudian kita tuangkan ke dalam Masterplan Percepatan dan Perluasan Pembangunan Ekonomi Indonesia, atau MP3EI.
23 Kebijakan baru ini adalah langkah terobosan strategis, untuk melengkapi strategi pembangunan yang bersifat sektoral dan regional, yang kita jalankan selama ini. Dalam rancang bangun MP3EI itu kita gunakan tiga strategi besar.
24 Pertama, mengembangkan enam koridor ekonomi Indonesia, yang meliputi: koridor Sumatera, Jawa, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Bali-Nusa Tenggara, dan koridor Papua-Maluku;
27 Pengembangan keenam koridor ekonomi itu kita harapkan mampu menjadi mesin penggerak
pertumbuhan ekonomi dan penciptaan lapangan kerja, sekaligus mendorong pemerataan pembangunan wilayah.
21 Saat ini kita tengah melakukan transformasi ekonomi nasional, dengan orientasi yang berbasis pada
pertumbuhan ekonomi yang kuat, inklusif, berkualitas dan berkelanjutan. Kita patut bersyukur, pertumbuhan ekonomi kita hingga saat ini terus meningkat.
persen, dan jumlah penduduk miskin terus berkurang menjadi sekitar 10,5-11,5 persen.
Energy and Mineral Resources Utilization Policies
Paragraph Basic Text Macro-components Primary
Macro-component
61
Selain ketujuh kementerian dan lembaga yang
mendapatkan alokasi anggaran di atas 20 triliun rupiah, juga terdapat beberapa kementerian dan lembaga yang memperoleh alokasi anggaran di atas 10 triliun rupiah. Beberapa kementerian dan lembaga itu adalah:
Kementerian Pertanian, dengan alokasi anggaran sebesar 17,8 triliun rupiah, terutama untuk
meningkatkan produksi dan produktivitas pertanian serta mutu produk pertanian dalam arti luas;
Kementerian Keuangan 17,8 triliun rupiah, terutama untuk memperkuat stabilitas sistem keuangan;
Kementerian Dalam Negeri 17,1 triliun rupiah, terutama untuk program peningkatan kemandirian masyarakat perdesaan; dan Kementerian Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral 15,6 triliun rupiah, untuk mendukung
pemanfaatan potensi sumber daya mineral dan energi secara optimal.
SVII Pemerintah memanfaatkan potensi sumber daya mineral dan energy di Indonesia.
T19 Pemerintah melanjutkan program konversi minyak ke gas. T20 Pemerintah melakukan peningkatan pemanfaatan energi alternative seperti BBN dan BBG.
M5 Pemerintah mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan potensi sumber daya mineral dan energi.
71
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
The chapter presents the introductory section of the study. It provides the background of the study, research questions, aims of the study, significance of the study, research methodology including data collection and data analysis, clarification of key terms, and organization of the paper.
1.1 Background of the Study
When Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono (SBY) was elected as the Indonesian president for the first period in 2004, economic development has become one of his major concerns. To some extent, through the government’s economic development policies, the Indonesian government has attempted to make the Indonesian economy grow significantly. Such efforts can be observed from some of the Indonesian government’s programs such as MP3EI (Masterplan Percepatan dan Perluasan Pembangunan Ekonomi Indonesia/The Master Plan of Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesian Economic Development) which are expected to accelerate economic growths.
Munir (2012) claims that there are some factors which affect economic development and growth: inflation, interest rates, tax levels, currency strength, government intervention, environmental impact, overall economic health, and business cycles. From the previous statement it can be seen that the government has power to intervene the determination of economic development policy in a country. For instance, many economic activities are regulated by the government. Government agencies such as the Food and Drug Administration and the Environmental Protection Agency will maintain standards that must be followed by the industries for the safety of consumers, employees, or natural resources.
2
Sen (2008) also said that economic development policies should promote the standard of living, economic health, and it must improve the economy and social well-being of people.
The idea of the statements above are in accordance with the notion of the fifth point of Pancasila about the social justice for whole people which is realized into the 1945 Constitution Chapter XIV Article 33 which regulates the national economy and social welfare.
With regard to the previous studies which discuss the economic development issues, most of the previous studies investigated economic development issues from economic, political or sociological discipline. For instance, a study conducted by Preston (1975) which discovers the influence of economic conditions on people’s morality. In his study he attempted to examine the issue of economic development from socioeconomic perspective. In his study
he found that at that time people’s morality has become increasingly dissociated
from economic level because of a diffusion of medical and health technologies and facilities personnel that occurred in large part of economic level. Thus, he attempted to estimate the relative contribution of economic factors to increase in life expectancy during the twentieth century.
However, the present study attempts to investigate the Indonesian
government’s economic development policies from a linguistics perspective to
know whether its economic development orientation adheres to the 1945 Constitution or contradicts with it. The investigation was conducted through analyzing the discourse in Indonesian the National Budget Plan (RAPBN) and Financial Memorandum which was presented by the Indonesian president in the National Budget Plan and Financial Official Statement (2012) Speech on August 16, 2011. The National Budget Plan was chosen because it contains the discourse of the Indonesian government’s policies toward economic development.
As for its theoretical framework, the study draws on van Dijk and
3
controlled by the speaker and they influence many other structures of the discourse. The framework was chosen because it is the most suitable to investigate the social motives of the text. What is the general or global meaning of the text and how the structure of language presented?
1.2 Research Questions
The problems that were examined in this research cover two points:
1. Do the Indonesian government’s macroeconomic policies toward economic development aspects in the National Budget Plan and Financial Memorandum (2012) Speech adhere to the 1945 Constitution?
2. What are the orientations of the Indonesian government’s macroeconomic policies?
1.3 Aim of the Study
Based on the research question stated above, the aims of the study are as follows:
1. To examine whether the Indonesian government’s fundamental ideas in determining economic development policies in the National Budget Plan and Financial Memorandum (2012) speech are in accordance with the 1945 Constitution.
2. To discover the Indonesian government’s orientations toward macroeconomic policies.
1.4 Scope of the Study
The study focuses on investigating the ways topics as the element of semantic macrostructure are delivered by the author. In investigating the topics,
this study uses van Dijk and Kintsch’s (1983) framework of Semantic Representation Model. The study is concerned with the government’s policies on
4
1.5 Significant of the Study
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) aims to produce and convey critical knowledge that enables human beings to emancipate themselves from forms of domination through self-reflection (Wodak and Meyer, 2009:7). Based on the previous statement, I expect that the study may make the readers think critically to any texts or discourses. According to Fairclough (2003), as elements of social
event texts have causal effects which can bring about changes in people’s
knowledge, beliefs, values, attitude, and so forth. Moreover, one of the causal effects of texts or discourses which has been of major concern for Critical Discourse Analysis is ideological effects (Fairclough, 2003) i.e. the effects of texts in inculcating and sustaining and changing ideologies (Eagleton, 1991; Larrain, 1979; Thompson, 1984; Van Dijk, 1998; in Fairclough, 2003).
1.6 Methodology
1.6.1 Research Method
This study employs a descriptive qualitative method to achieve the aims of the study. It is mainly centered on analyzing, describing, interpreting, and criticizing Indonesian government policy toward economic development. Van
Dijk and Kintsch’s (1983) Semantic Representation Model was chosen as the framework of analysis. This framework is known as the sociocognitive approach to text and it has three levels of text structures: microstructure, macrostructure,
and superstructure. Van Dijk and Kintsch’s (1983) framework focuses on the
5
1.6.2 Data Collection
The data used in the study came from the document of Ministry of State Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia. This document was presented to the public on August 16, 2011 by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono as the president of Indonesia before the Plenary Session of the House of Representatives. The document was obtained from the official Web site of Ministry of State Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia; www.setkab.go.id on May 7, 2013. First, the National Budget Plan and Financial Memorandum (2012) official statement speech were downloaded and stored in a hard disk. Afterward, the National Budget Plan and Financial Memorandum official statement speech was converted into word text in order to facilitate the analysis. The units of analysis of the text are topics and words. Each unit is, then, counted as a part of data. The data analysis will be described in the next section.
1.6.3 Data Analysis
The data for the study were in the form of the transcript document of National Budget Plan and Financial Memorandum (2012) speech. The data in the form of linguistic text were then analyzed based on van Dijk and Kintsch’s (1983) perspective in examining the structures level of text. The data were analyzed to reveal how the topics and ideas were arranged in the speech related to the Indonesian economic development. The results of these analyses were used for interpreting the discourse in order to answer the research problems underlying the present study.
1.7 Clarification of the Terms
6
1. Microstructure is the meaning of a discourse that can be examined by analyzing words, sentences, propositions, phrases and so forth (van Dijk and Kintsch, 1983)
2. Macrostructure is the general meaning of a text that can be understood by examining the topic of the text (van Dijk and Kintsch, 1983)
3. Superstructure is the frame of a text, that is, how the structure and components of a discourse is arranged in the text as a whole (van Dijk and Kintsch, 1983).
1.8 Organization of the Paper
The research paper will be organized in five chapters. Each chapter contains several subtopics which assist to give detail explanation of the information written.
The first chapter is Introduction. It presents the background of the study, research questions, scope of the study, significant of the study, research method in conducting the research, clarification of the key terms, and organization of the paper.
The second chapter contains Theoretical Foundation. It discusses the theories and concepts that are used in answering every research question. The third chapter contains the Research Method. This chapter elaborates the procedures taken in conducting the research. It also presents the analysis tool and the reason of choosing the procedure.
The fourth chapter contains the main point in the research. It contains Findings and Discussions of the study. The result of the research and the answer of research questions are represented in the fourth chapter. In addition, the discussion and the interpretation of the finding are elaborated in this chapter.
31
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter examines the research method adapted by the present study. It covers the research problems, data collection, data analysis, and data presentation.
This study is a descriptive qualitative study. It applies a descriptive qualitative method because it has an eclectic design, but a reasonable and well-considered combination of data collection, data analysis, and data re-presentation technique (Sandelowski, 2000). The qualitative method was chosen because the study fulfills the characteristics of qualitative research design strategies, namely, naturalistic inquiry, emergent design flexibility, and purposeful sampling (Patton, 2002:40-41).
To answer the research problems, the study draws on van Dijk and
Kintsch’s (1983) semantic representation model. This framework was employed
to reveal the discourse actions of the text under investigate by schematizing their macrostructure (van Dijk and Kintsch, 1983). The focus of analysis is on schematizing macrostructure to generate a number of macro-components which are used to describe the discourse actions of the text (Dallyono, 2003:70).
3.1 Research Problems
This study is a critical analysis of the Indonesian government’s policies toward economic development on the national budget plan. It was conducted to answer the following research questions:
1. Do the Indonesian government’s macroeconomic policies toward
economic development aspects in the National Budget Plan and Financial Memorandum (2012) Speech adhere to the 1945 Constitution?
2. What are the orientations of the Indonesian government’s macroeconomic
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3.2 Data Collection
The data used in the study were taken from the National Budget Plan and Financial Memorandum (2012) speech. This document was presented to the public on August 16, 2011 by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono as the president of Indonesia before the Plenary Session of the House of Representatives. The document was obtained from the official Web site of Ministry of State Secretariat of the Republic of Indonesia; www.setkab.go.id on May 7, 2013.
The National Budget Plan and Financial Memorandum (2012) speech was chosen as the data because it outlines the economic concerns of Indonesian government. The document contains an elaboration of Indonesian government’s strategies and policies toward economic development.
In collecting the data, first, the document was downloaded and stored in a hard disk. The selected document is “Pidato Presiden Republik Indonesia pada Penyampaian Keterangan Pemerintah atas Rancangan Undang-Undang Tentang Anggaran Pendapatan dan Belanja Negara Tahun Anggaran 2012 Beserta Nota Keuangannya”. The data were chosen to represent the Indonesian government’s strategies and policies on economic development.
Afterward, the text was converted into word text in order to facilitate the analysis. The units of analysis of the text are topics as the element of macrostructures. Each topic is, then, counted as part of data.
3.3 Data Analysis
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The second step was classifying paragraphs. In this step I summarized each paragraph and classified it into two categories; relevant and irrelevant. Relevant paragraphs refer to the paragraphs in the text that elaborate the
Indonesian government’s policies toward economic development. Irrelevant
paragraphs constitute the other aspects of development in the text being investigated such as ideological and political development aspect. This method was used to facilitate the researcher in identifying paragraphs which elaborate government’s policies toward economic development.
The third step was deriving macro-propositions (macro-components) from the text. This procedure was used to obtain the primary macro-components, the secondary macro-components, and tertiary macro-components from the text under investigation. Van Dijk and Kintsch (1983) propose three procedures for the researcher to derive macro-propositions from a text called Macrorules:
1. Deletion: Delete propositions that are unnecessary from a certain set of propositions.
2. Generalization: Derive propositions that function as a reference from a certain set of propositions through generalization.
3. Construction: Construct a new proposition from a set of propositions step by step.
After deriving the primary, secondary, and tertiary macro-components from the text, the next procedure is schematizing those components by using the TRM (Text Representation Model), van Dijk’s modified version of text analysis proposed by Siregar (2003). Text Representation Model has been chosen because it has a central role to reestablish the organization of a text. This step is important because it can facilitate the researcher to find the macrostructures of the text and enable to show how the macro-propositions of the text perform their discourse action (Siregar 2003, in Dallyono, 2003).
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introduction, body, and conclusion (represented by M-I, M-II, and M-n). On the other hand, the function of elaboration dimension is to describe the contents of the macrostructure (represented by S-I, S-II, T-1, T-2, and T-n), see figure 1.1(Dallyono, 2003: 66)
Figure 1: The Text Representation Model
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The last step was investigating each tertiary macro-component to examine whether or not it adheres to the 1945 Constitution Article 33 which directs the
Indonesian government’s economic development policies towards the idea of
economic democracy. According to Mubyarto (1981) there are five main characteristics of democratic economy:
1. Cooperative development and utilization of social and moral incentives.
2. Committed to equalize people’s prosperity.
3. Nationalistic economic policy.
4. The equality of the central government’s development plans.
5. The decentralized implementation of development.
To investigate the suitability between the Indonesian government’s economic development policies in the text with the 1945 Constitution Chapter XIV Article 33, I compared each tertiary macro-component in the text which reflects the detail measures of the Indonesian government toward the economic development policies with the main characteristics of the democratic economy.
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3.4 Data Presentation
The examples of the analyzed data are presented below: 3.4.1 An Example of Deriving Macropropositions
Basic Text Macro-components Primary Macro-propositions
Sementara itu, kenaikan harga komoditas dunia serta cuaca ekstrim yang terjadi di beberapa wilayah, telah memberi tekanan pada laju inflasi di dalam negeri. Pada tahun 2010 lalu, laju inflasi mencapai 6,96 persen, sementara hingga bulan Juli tahun ini, inflasi kita— secara tahunan—mencapai 4,61 persen. Oleh karena itu, Pemerintah telah dan akan senantiasa menempatkan pengendalian harga-harga sebagai prioritas utama, dalam menjaga stabilitas ekonomi dan peningkatan kesejahteraan rakyat.
SI(Secondary Macro-component) Pemerintah mengedalikan harga-harga sebagai prioritas.
MI(Primary Macro-component) Pemerintah berupaya menjaga stabilitas ekonomi dan menyejahterakan rakyat.
Untuk mengantisipasi terjadinya pembalikan arus modal masuk dan dampak buruk penurunan ekonomi global, pemerintah telah menyiapkan beberapa langkah
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pengamanan: kita lakukan kerjasama dengan Bank Indonesia untuk pembelian Surat Berharga Negara (SBN), pembelian kembali SBN dengan dana APBN, pembentukan dana stabilisasi obligasi, dan penyiapan dana Saldo Anggaran Lebih (SAL) untuk mendukung stabilisasi pasar SBN domestik. Langkah antisipasi ini kita lakukan untuk memberikan sinyal positif bahwa kondisi ekonomi Indonesia saat ini aman dan baik. Langkah-langkah ini, insya Allah dapat meningkatkan kepercayaan dan keyakinan bagi para pelaku ekonomi.
pembalikan arus modal masuk dan dampak penurunan ekonomi global.
T1(Tertiary Macro-component) Pemerintah Berkerja sama dengan BI. T2(Tertiary Macro-component)
Pemerintitah membentuk dana obligasi. T3(Tertiary Macro-component)
Pemerintah menyiapkan dana Saldo Anggaran Lebih (SAL).
Saat ini kita tengah melakukan transformasi ekonomi nasional, dengan orientasi yang berbasis pada pertumbuhan ekonomi yang kuat, inklusif, berkualitas dan berkelanjutan. Kita patut bersyukur, pertumbuhan ekonomi kita hingga saat ini terus meningkat. Momentum pertumbuhan ekonomi yang terus meningkat itu telah makin memperluas lapangan kerja. Berkaitan dengan itu, kita perlu menempuh
langkah-SIII(Secondary Macro-component) Pemerintah melakukan transformasi ekonomi nasional.
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langkah terobosan. Sejak Desember tahun lalu, saya telah mengajak semua pemangku kepentingan, mulai dari pemerintah pusat, pemerintah daerah, kalangan dunia usaha, hingga BUMN untuk bersama-sama terlibat aktif dalam mempercepat dan memperluas perekonomian nasional. Upaya ke arah percepatan dan perluasan pembangunan ekonomi itu, kemudian kita tuangkan ke dalam Masterplan Percepatan dan Perluasan Pembangunan Ekonomi Indonesia, atau MP3EI.
Kebijakan baru ini adalah langkah terobosan strategis, untuk melengkapi strategi pembangunan yang bersifat sektoral dan regional, yang kita jalankan selama ini. Dalam rancang bangun MP3EI itu kita gunakan tiga strategi besar, yaitu:
Pertama, mengembangkan enam koridor ekonomi Indonesia, yang meliputi: koridor Sumatera, Jawa,
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Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Bali-Nusa Tenggara, dan koridor Papua-Maluku;
Kedua, memperkuat konektivitas nasional yang terintegrasi secara lokal dan terhubung secara internasional; dan
Ketiga, mempercepat kemampuan SDM dan IPTEK, untuk mendukung pengembangan program utama, dengan meningkatkan nilai tambah di setiap koridor ekonomi.
Pengembangan keenam koridor ekonomi itu kita harapkan mampu menjadi mesin penggerak pertumbuhan ekonomi dan penciptaan lapangan kerja, sekaligus mendorong pemerataan pembangunan wilayah.
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Pemerintah telah membentuk Komite Percepatan dan Perluasan Pembangunan Ekonomi Indonesia (KP3EI). Sementara itu, pendanaan kegiatan MP3EI kita lakukan melalui keterpaduan pendanaan dari APBN, APBD, BUMN, serta pihak swasta dan masyarakat. Pelaksanaan MP3EI ini semaksimal mungkin memberikan peran yang besar kepada pelaku usaha domestik dan sumberdaya dalam negeri.
Sejalan dengan itu, saya berharap agar anggaran yang tersebar di berbagai kementerian dan lembaga, benar-benar dapat kita arahkan untuk mendukung keberhasilan pelaksanaan MP3EI. Demikian pula, BUMN kita harapkan dapat menjadi pilar dan kontributor utama dalam pelaksanaan MP3EI; bukan hanya komitmen, tetapi harus menjadi investasi nyata. Di samping itu, sebagai upaya terobosan, MP3EI menuntut kerja keras dan meninggalkan pola pikir
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Rendriawan Muhammad, 2014
3.4.2 An Example of Schematizing Macroproposition
After primary, secondary, and tertiary macro-components had been derived from the text. I schematized them by using TRM to reestablish the organization of text.
Aspek Pembangunan Ekonomi
M1 Pemerintah berupaya menjaga stabilitas ekonomi dan meningkatkan kesejahterakan rakyat.
SI Pemerintah mengendalikan harga-harga sebagai prioritas
SII Pemerintah menetapkan langkah-langkah pengamanan terhadap pembalikan arus modal masuk dan dampak penurunan ekonomi global.
T1 Pemerintah Berkerja sama dengan BI.
T2 Pemerintah membentuk dana obligasi. T3 Pemerintah menyiapkan dana Saldo
Anggaran Lebih (SAL).
SIII Pemerintah melakukan transformasi ekonomi nasional.
T4 Pemerintah mencanangkan program MP3EI sebagai upaya menumbuhkan ekonomi, menciptakan lapangan kerja, dan
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Rendriawan Muhammad, 2014
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
This chapter provides the conclusions of the study based on the findings and the discussion that have been elaborated in the previous chapter. In addition, it also offers the suggestions regarding to the present study.
5.1 Conclusions
The study was conducted to investigate the suitability between Indonesian
government’s economic development policies with the 1945 Constitution Chapter
XIV Article 33 by analyzing the macrostructures of economic development aspects in the 2012 National Budget Plans and Financial Memorandum speech. It also leads to dismantle the orientation of Indonesian macroeconomic policies
through examining the relationships among Indonesian government’s economic
development policies represented in the text, the notions of democratic economy, and the ideology that interact in the text.
The National Budget Plans and Financial Memorandum (2012) speech covers several aspects of development. Such development aspects are ideology, politics, economy, social, culture, security and defense. The present study is limited the investigation on the economic development aspects. The economic development aspects cover five out of 11 national priorities which are summarized
on the government’s work plans/Rencana Kerja Pemerintah (RKP) 2012. The five priorities of economic aspects are poverty alleviation, food security, infrastructure, investment and business, and energy.
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government’s detail measures on economic development aspect in the text are represented in the tertiary macropropositions.
After comparing the substance of all tertiary macrocomponents in the macrostructure of economic development aspects with the main characteristics of democratic economy as the representation of the 1945 Constitution Chapter XIV Article 33 related to the national economy and social welfare, the study shows that
the Indonesian government’s economic development policies in the National
Budget Plans and Financial Memorandum (2012) speech are adhere to the 1945 constitution Chapter XIV Article 33. It is proven by the substance of each tertiary macroproposition which reflects one or even more than one characteristics of democratic economy.
Those findings also explain that democratic economy as a part of the
ideology of Pancasila is the Indonesian government’s orientation on determining
its macroeconomic policies. It can be seen from the relationship between the
government’s economic development policies in the text and the notions of
democratic as the representation of the 1945 Constitution Chapter XIV Article 33.
The relationship between those aspects shows the government’s determinations to
regulate the development of economy based on the 1945 Constitution mandatory.
5.2 Suggestions
This study of economic development is a fruitful and fascinating to be investigated. For further research, I suggest three ideas to expand the study of economic development. First, future researchers can choose one aspect of
Indonesian government’s economic development policies in the text under investigate and examine it from the economic discipline perspective based the factual data of Indonesia economic activities nowadays. The present study may be used to support the future research to be more critical.
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