A Critical Discourse Analysis of Basuki Tjahaja Purnama
(Ahok)
’s
Speech in SeribuIsland 2016 on Youtube
A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Bachelor
Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic
University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By:
HAFIFAH
Reg.Number: A03212042
ENGLISH LITERATURE
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
A Critical Discourse Analysis of Basuki Tjahaja Purnama
(Ahok)’s Speech in
Seribu Island 2016 on Youtube
A THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Bachelor
Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic
University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
The Advisor
Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.Ag
NIP. 196909251994031002
HAFIFAH
Reg.Number:A03212042
ENGLISH LITERATURE
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA
ABSTRACT
Hafifah. 2016. A Critical Discourse Analysis of Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Ahok)’s Speech in Seribu Island 2016 on Youtube. English Department of Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
Thesis Advisor : Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.Ag
Key word :Ahok’s Speech Video, Critical Discourse Analysis, Religious Blasphemy
Ahok's speech video in his working visit in the Seribu island as the Governor of Jakarta has spread on Youtube which has a content that affect the social, political, even religious paradigm. The main content in question was related to his statement to chapter of Al-Maidah verse 51 which is considered as a form of blasphemy against religion.
To know and understand objectively the purpose and impact of his speech.Therefore, the approach of qualitative descriptive method with the theory foundation of Fairclough's critical discourse analysis such as textual, discursive practice and social practice is precisely as a research analysis blade against Ahok's speech video.
The findings and research results showed that textual features were vocabulary, grammar, cohesion and text structure. While the results of the discursive features of deep interpretation through the utterance surface, the meaning of utterance, local coherence, and the text and points which as a whole showed no religious blasphemy in his speech, because it is part of the explanation of his program in the Seribu island and the description of Indonesia politics.
As for the social features include participants, actions, performance modes, and presentation style and eligibility conditions. These features indicated that the main sources and environments of his speech were addressed by no issues concerning their contents, but the reconstruction of mindstream and social paradigm altered the reality of speech which had an impact on national issues, related to religious blasphemy and political element of governor election with reinforced by language and religious scholars who supported Ahok had defamed religion.
INTISARI
Hafifah. 2016. A Critical Discourse Analysis of Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Ahok)’s Speech in Seribu Island 2016 on Youtube. English Department of Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
Thesis Advisor : Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.Ag
Key word :Video Pidato Ahok, Analisis Diskursus Kritis, Penistaan Agama.
Video pidato ahok dalam kunjungan kerjanya di kepulauan Seribu sebagai gubernur Jakarta telah tersebar di Youtube dan berdampak kepada paradigma sosial, politik, bahkan agama. Muatan utama yang dimaksud adalah terkait dengan pernyataannya terhadap surat Al-Maidah ayat 51 yang dianggap sebagai bentuk penistaan terhadap agama.
Untuk mengetahui dan memahami secara objektif tujuan dan dampak pidato Ahok, peneliti menggunakan pendekatan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan landasan teori analisis diskursus kritis Fairclough berupa tekstual, praktik diskursif dan praktif sosial tepat menjadi pisau analisis penelitian terhadap video pidato Ahok.
Temuan dan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fitur-fitur tekstualnya adalah kosakata, tata bahasa, kohesi dan struktur teks. Sedangkan hasil fitur diskursif yaitu interpretasi secara mendalam melalui permukaan ucapan, arti ucapan, koherensi lokal, dan teks dan intinya yang secara keseluruhan menunjukkan tidak adanya penistaan agama dalam pidatonya, sebab merupakan bagian penjelasan mengenai programnya di kepulauan Seribu dan gambaran politik Indonesia.
Adapun fitur sosialnya berupa partisipan, aksi, mode penampilan, dan gaya presentasi dan kondisi kelayakan. Fitur-fitur tersebut menunjukkan bahwa sumber dan lingkungan utama pidatonya disampaikan tidak ada permasalahan mengenai isinya namun rekonstruksi mindstream dan paradigma sosial mengubah realita pidato yang berdampak pada permasalahan nasional, terkait penistaan agama dan adanya unsur politik pemilihan gubernur dengan diperkuat para pakar bahasa dan agama yang mendukung Ahok menistakan agama.
INTISARI
Hafifah. 2016. A Critical Discourse Analysis of Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Ahok)’s Speech in Seribu Island 2016 on Youtube. English Department of Faculty of Arts and Humanities State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya
Thesis Advisor : Dr. Mohammad Kurjum, M.Ag
Key word :Video Pidato Ahok, Analisis Diskursus Kritis, Penistaan Agama.
Video pidato ahok dalam kunjungan kerjanya di kepulauan Seribu sebagai gubernur Jakarta telah tersebar di Youtube dan berdampak kepada paradigma sosial, politik, bahkan agama. Muatan utama yang dimaksud adalah terkait dengan pernyataannya terhadap surat Al-Maidah ayat 51 yang dianggap sebagai bentuk penistaan terhadap agama.
Untuk mengetahui dan memahami secara objektif tujuan dan dampak pidato Ahok, peneliti menggunakan pendekatan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan landasan teori analisis diskursus kritis Fairclough berupa tekstual, praktik diskursif dan praktif sosial tepat menjadi pisau analisis penelitian terhadap video pidato Ahok.
Temuan dan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa fitur-fitur tekstualnya adalah kosakata, tata bahasa, kohesi dan struktur teks. Sedangkan hasil fitur diskursif yaitu interpretasi secara mendalam melalui permukaan ucapan, arti ucapan, koherensi lokal, dan teks dan intinya yang secara keseluruhan menunjukkan tidak adanya penistaan agama dalam pidatonya, sebab merupakan bagian penjelasan mengenai programnya di kepulauan Seribu dan gambaran politik Indonesia.
Adapun fitur sosialnya berupa partisipan, aksi, mode penampilan, dan gaya presentasi dan kondisi kelayakan. Fitur-fitur tersebut menunjukkan bahwa sumber dan lingkungan utama pidatonya disampaikan tidak ada permasalahan mengenai isinya namun rekonstruksi mindstream dan paradigma sosial mengubah realita pidato yang berdampak pada permasalahan nasional, terkait penistaan agama dan adanya unsur politik pemilihan gubernur dengan diperkuat para pakar bahasa dan agama yang mendukung Ahok menistakan agama.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Inside Cover Page ... i
Inside Title Page... ii
Declaration Page... iii
Thesis Advisor’s Approval Sheet... iv
Thesis ExaminerSheet... v
Motto ... vi
Dedication Page... vii
Acknowledgement ... viii
Table of Contents ... x
Abstract ... xii
Intisari ... xiii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ... 1
1.1. Background of the Study ... 1
1.2. Statement of the Problem ... 6
1.3. Objective of the Study ... 6
1.4. Significance of the Study ... 6
1.5. Scope and Limitation ... 7
1.6. Definition of Key Terms ... 8
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF LITERATURE... 9
2.1. Theoretical Framework ... 9
2.2. Discourse Analysis ... 12
2.2.1. Understanding of Discourse Analysis ... 12
2.3. Critical Discourse Analysis ... 17
2.3.1. Understanding of Discourse Analysis ... 17
2.3.2. Model of Critical Discourse Analysis... 20
2.3.4. Discursive Practice (Interpretation)... 24
2.3.5. Social Practice (Explanation) ... 25
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ... 29
3.1. Research Approach ... 29
3.2. Research Instrument ... 30
3.3. Data and Data Sources ... 31
3.4. Data Collections ... 32
3.5. Data Analysis ... 33
CHAPTER IV: FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 36
4.1. Findings ... 36
4.1.1. Chronology of Ahok’s Speech... 36
4.1.2. Textual Features... 38
4.1.2.1. Vocabulary... 38
4.1.2.2. Grammar... 42
4.1.2.3. Cohesion and Text Structure... 48
4.1.3. Discursive Features... 56
4.1.4. Social Features... 61
4.2. Discussion ... 65
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMENDATION... 71
5.1. Conclusion... 71
5.2. Suggestion... 73
BIBBLIOGRAPHY ...
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
This chapter describes about the basic of the research that includes the
reason why the researcher chooses the topic in background of the study, statement
of the problems which are investigated, objectives of the study, expectation of
some target readers in significance of the study, scope and limitation of the study
and the definition of the key terms.
1.1. Background Of the Study
Nowadays, the globalization era really influences the development of
technology. The human life inseparable from the role of technology. Technology
plays an important role because it is facilitated the communication process and it
seemed to has become a necessity in human life. One form of technology, such as
internet, video and television. According to Strauss, El-Ansary, and Frost (2003)
internet is a whole network of computers that are connected one and other. Some
computers that are connected to the network which is stores some files that can be
accessed and used, such as web pages, and other data also can be also used and
accessed by different computers that connected one and other through the internet.
According to the experts, video is something that can be seen, primarily
the live images (moving; motion), record, and show which are involves
technology. Therefore, many people who understand the video in two terms,
2
processing electronic signals representing moving pictures. With the advancement
of technology nowadays, of course people enable to upload, watch or download
the videos that are circulating over the internet. We can access the video by
offline through DVD media player or online such as youtube and other online
media.
The next technology is television. It is an electrical device that catches the
broadcast in the form of audio-visual and the program presented in broadcasting.
Television is used to transmit moving images in monochrome (black-and-white),
or in color, and in two or three dimensions and sound.Philo Taylor Farnsworth
designed the concept of a television in 1927 in San Francisco by coding and
decoding radio waves with pictures. In the 1940s, televisions could only be found
in a few thousands homes across the United States, and today almost all homes
have at least one television. Both video and television have the same function as
the electronic mass media used to provide information, education, news,
advertisement and entertainment to a broad audience.
Recently, a video about the speech of Jakarta
governor,BasukiTjahajaPurnama, or well known as Ahokis spread, the video is
very controversial and being debated. Ahokis the governor of Jakarta who visited
into the Seribu island on 27 September 2016, with the purpose of work reviews
related to grouper cultivation program which is cooperation between provincial
government of Jakarta and the society of Seribuisland. In his visit to the
Seribuisland,Ahok delivered a general speech about governor program to give
3
his speech on the work program he said the statement that offend the Muslim
community. Ahok criticized conduct of blasphemy by many parties especially
Muslims who is offended with his statement about Al-maidah verse 51.
Looking at this phenomena, the researcher considered that communication
is very important thing to establish a close relationship between one person to
another. Communication is a process of delivering information from the speaker
(sender) to the listener (recipient information). In order to deliver the message, the
speaker should use language that is well understood by the hearer. When the
language used by the speaker can be easily understood by the listener, of course,
the communication process is successful or communicative. We cannot be
separated from the use of language as a communication tools in everyday life
because they are related to each other.
Language is a symbol of the arbitrary sound used by a community to work
together, interact, and identify themselves (MONE, 2001: 88). According to
Chaer (2004: 11), the language is a symbol system, in the form of sound,
somewhat arbitrary, productive, dynamic, diverse, and humane. While Armstrong
and Ferguson (2010:5), language as a set of „meaning- making resources’ that are
crucial to everyday communication and which enable speakers not only to convey
information to each other but also maintain social relationship in the sense of both
transaction and interaction. Therefore, it is clear that language is a functional since
it is not only use to provide information; instead, it is used to perform multiple
4
Indiscourse analysis, language not only convey an idea or explain social
phenomena naturally or through linguistic articulation, but also to produce
meaning as a toolthat isused for the certain purposes of the particular subject.
Language have certain rules or the same pattern. There are three views on
language in Discourse analysis, such as positivism view, construction view and
critical view. But then, this study will only focus on the third view, or we called as
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). Critical discourse analysis is emphasizes on
text and context of the language and specific practices, including the practice of
ideology.
Depend on Fairclough (1996 : 287), critical discourse analysis is “a
perspective which is concerned with showing up often opaque connections
between language and other aspects of society and culture”. While Van Dijk
(1997), Critical discourse analysis is a type of discourse analytical research that
primarily studies the way social power abuse, dominance, and inequality are
enacted, reproduced, and resisted by text and talk in the social and political
context. In addition, van Dijk (1993) suggests examining the style, rhetoric or
meaning of texts for strategies that aim at the concealment of social power
relations and the exercise of power.
Study on Critical discourse analysis has been done by several researchers.
Some researcher who interest to takes this term in the advertisements are (Vahid
and Esmae’liq, 2012; Tahmasbi and Kalkhajeh, 2013; Iqbal, 2014; Prawitasari,
2014, hidayah 2016). Some other researchers have been made attempts to see the
5
(Bhatia, 2006; Bayram, 2010; Wang, 2010; Matic, 2012), TV shows (El Saj,
2012), newspapers (Mahfouz, 2013), online mass media (Safitri, 2015), song lyric
(Nadya Nurfadhilah Delima, 2011) and articles (Wenden, 2005; Rambe, 2012).
The present study focuses on filling in the gaps by investigating the video
of Basuki Thahaja Purnama (Ahok) which is uploaded on youtube on 6th October
to know the construction of the discourse of the text. This study will take a
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) perspective to analyse textual data from the
video of the governor Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, where the utterances of speech in
the video will be analyzed focus on Norman Fairclough’s (1995) model of critical
discourse analysis, a three-dimensional framework for the analysis of text and
discourse: 1) textual analysis 2) discursive analysis and 3) social and historical analysis.
The researcher chooses Basuki Tjahaja Purnama video as the object of this
study rather than other video because this video is the interesting one for the
researcher and the researcheris curious about what does Ahok really conduct
religious blasphemy?. Indonesia recently shocked by the circulation of this video
that contains speech of the governor of Jakarta, Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, during
his visit to theSeribu island. The video created social tensions between
communities of religious suspicion that the governor conduct a blasphemy. This
video become the hotest issues in Indonesia and caused a strong reaction from the
public especially muslims until the case brought to the law and influence the next
phenomena. Moreover, as long as the researcher’s knowledge, there is no any
6
Critical Discourse Analysis as tool to analyze the political speech video. So, it can
be the first one in the field of linguistics.
1.2. Statement Of the Problems
This study is conducted to answer the problem formulated in the following
questions:
1.2.1 What are the textual features used in Basuki Tjahaja Purnama’s speech?
1.2.2 What are the discursive features present in Basuki Tjahaja Purnama’s
speech?
1.2.3 What are the social features used in Basuki Tjahaja Purnama’s speech?
1.3. Objectives
Based on the problems above, the objectives of the study are aimed:
1.3.1 To get understanding on what are the textual features that is used in
BasukiTjahajaPurnama’s speech.
1.3.2 To get understanding on what are the discursive features present in
BasukiTjahajaPurnama’s speech.
1.3.3 To get understanding on what are the social features that used in
Basuki Tjahaja Purnama’s speech.
1.4. Significances Of the Study
As the people who live in society, certainly we can notseparated from the
use of language to communication . Critical discourse analysis is a major
7
analysis gives a framework to study the relationship of society and discourse, text
and context, power and language (Luke,1995, 1996, 2002 and Fairclough, 2001).
Through this research, the researcher hope that this study may provide
information in linguistic field, generally to the readers and particularly to the
students of SunanAmpel State Islamic University.
Hence, the result of this study is expected to contribute to the students of
linguistic who want to investigate the relationship among language, ideology and
power, and how the language influence the people used Critical discourse
analysis.
1.5. Scope and Limitation
This study will focus on all utterances said by the governor of Jakarta,
Basuki Tjahaja Purnama, in the video. The analysis is centered on the textual
features, discursive features and social aspect present in Basuki Tjahaja
Purnama’s speech in the video which uploaded on youtube on 6th October 2016.
The researcher limits the term „Critical Discourse Analysis’ in Fairclough’s
(1995) model of Critical Discourse Analysis – a three dimensional framework to
analyze the text and discourse which is used in the video of Basuki Tjahaja
Purnama’s speech in Seribu island uploaded on Youtube. And that speech can be
8
1.6. Definition of Key Term
In order to avoid the misunderstanding and misinterpretation about the
basic concepts in the study, the definition and key terms are stated below:
1. Critical Discourse Analysis is a type of discourse analytical research that
primarily studies the way social power abuse, dominance, inequality,
descrimination manifested by text in the social and political context.
Fairclough(1989) critical discourse analysis (CDA) is a form of research
that analyses the relationship between discourses, society, power and
ideology.
2. Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Ahok) is Jakarta Governor who served since 19
November 2014. On 14 November 2014, He was announced officially
became a substitute Jakarta Governor JokoWidodo, through a special
plenary meeting at Jakarta Parliament Building. BasukiTjahaja Purnama
an Indonesian citizens of Chinese ethnic and the first religious followers of
Protestant Christians who became governor of Jakarta.
3. Youtube is a video sharing service that allows users to watch videos
posted by other users and upload videos of their own. The service was
started as an independent website in 2005 and was acquired by Google in
2006. Videos that have been uploaded to youtube may appear on the
youtube websiteand can also be posted on other websites, though the files
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
2.1. Theoretical Framework
This chapter presents the research review and some literatures related to
the research tittle. This chapter explains the concept, some related theories and
support previous chapter. The researcher makes effort to reveal the video of
Basuki Tjahaja Purnama (Ahok)’s speechbecause of creating some social
phenomenon and people perception about the video content.
The process of understanding speech which is delivered by Ahok can be
known through a review in the Discourse analysis. But the problems that occur in
content of the speech related to the understanding of society about the blasphemy
of Islam by Ahok against the meaning of one verse from the letter of Al-Maidah.
Therefore, in terms of religion, social and culture in Indonesia, it turns out to have
provided a broad discourse not limited to the understanding of text only, but other
things related to the appearance in the video and the response of Indonesian
society, was coloring this problem so that requires understanding critically and
profoundly by using Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA). This is a very crucial
aspect in which power and domination are examined in public life through media
10
Discourse analysis (DA) is an analytical framework used to study text and
words in a communicative context. DA is also considered a common
methodology, theory and critique related to social construction and social power.
However, the presence of CDA provides its own style in understanding the media
based on the integration of text analysis, production process, consumption and
distribution of text and sociocultural analysis (Fairclough, 1995: 24). The
understanding of CDA through visual media is based on the linguistic analysis of
the text that are contained therein, because visual analysis has traditionally been
the domain of media and cultural studies (Machin and Mayr, 2012: 1). Textual
analysis in CDA involves linguistic and intertextual analysis, both of which are
closely related to discourse media order which belongs to the domain of cultural
power (Talbot, 2007: 15).
Domain of cultural power is seen in Ahok’s speech which can be analyzed
based on CDA by viewing discourse - the use of language in speech and writing -
as a form of social practice (Fairclough and Wodak, 1997: 258 in Bazzi, 2009:
72). Therefore, the description of social practice in the discourse implies directly
the dialectical relationship between certain discursive events and the situation, in
this case (at that time) related to the election of the governor of Jakarta which
involves in understanding the religion of the surrounding community against the
verses of the Qur’an in the letter of Al-Maidah verse 51. Therefore, the study of
Ahok’s speech can be categorized into two discussions as linguistic discourse and
11
The discussion can be determined by relation between linguistic and non
linguistic aspects which are explained by Norman Fairclough to analyze news in
mass media: text (description), discourse practice (interpretation) and cultural
social practice (explanation) (Fairclough, 1995: 97). As the description in CDA
includes vocabularies, grammar, cohesion and text structure. Besides,
interpretation is based on the combination between texts and its meaning toward
related resource of study. Furthermore, explanation portrays the provision that is
implemented in the level of social structure discourse and its process. So, Ahok’s
speech in youtube did not relate to textual or linguistics only, but it relates to
many kinds of non linguistics dimensions, even power discourse which
encourages Ahok to make the speech.
Figure 2.1. Framework of study
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA)
Object of CDA: Ahok Speech
Power/Politic Ideology People behavior
Fairclough’s three -dimensional model
Social Practice (Explanation)
Discursive Practice (Interpretation)
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2.2. Discourse Analysis
2.2.1. Understanding of Discourse Analysis
Human speech may become an interactive activity which may have
some characteristics to be discussed seriously in order to understand and
know the purpose of speech. So that, human speech may influence
people’sunderstanding, perception, social and culture, even religion.This
perspective to interpret and understand human speech is able to be
understood by using discourse analysis, eventhough discourse analysis is
not implemented in human speech only, but there are many kind of aspects
that may be able to use it such as politic, social, culture, art and others.
However, the important term is to know the understanding of
discourse analysis in order to be able to relate and intergrate some
discussion so the expected purpose can be achieved well. Eriyanto
(2006:2) presents some understanding of discourse,firstly, discourse is communication of verbal, speech and conversation.Secondly, subject formal treatment in speech or text, and thirdly, the unit of text that’s used by linguist to analyze more units of sentences. While Crystal (1992:25) as
cited in Tauschel (2004:2)defines it as a continuous intesifying of language
that is larger than a sentence.
According to Brown and Yule (2003:1), discourse analysis is
required to analyze the usage of language. This creats the value of
13
able to describe as transactional. It is also applied to approach analysis of
language in order to know language pattern which relates to cultural and
social contexts because this discourse analysis can pursue some one to
make option and choose it as wanted in social context or cultural context
(Paltridge,2012:1-3).Language analysis naturally occurs to connect the
speech or writen discourse, but the discourse analysis focus on language
use in social context and in part of interaction. While Laclau and Mouffe
does not limit the discussion of discourse in language only, but it may be
studied in activities, texts and other objects so discourse simply mentions
and relates to both of linguistics aspect and non-linguistics aspect (Laclau,
et.al.,1985:100).
The relation between linguistics and non linguistics aspect is
explained by Norman Fairclough in analyzing news in mass mediainto
three parts; text, discourse practice, and cultural social practice
(Fairclough, 1995:97). Fairfclough’s manner of analysis consists of
describing linguistic from language text, interpretation of relationship
between different processes and text, explanation of relationship between
different processes and social processes.
Furthermore, Fairclough (2003) explains about the manner to apply
discourse that may relate to analysis. According to him, there are three
manners,firstly, language is a part of social community, seccondly,
language is social practice, and the last is usage discourse as noun that
14
first manner explains that discourse may relate to certain field of
knowledge such as politic, economic or other scientific discourse. Hence,
discourses meet flexibility to be understood and practiced so the analysis
involves to suitable method of discourse that relates to purposed
knowledge. While the second manner explains that discourse does not
arrange the social structure only, but arranged, moreover if the discourse is
critical discourse analysis usually has relationship with power and politic.
Then, the last is to determine meaning that is created from people
experience to analyze discourse in some perspectives or aspects such as
environtment, politic ideology and others.
Based on Fairclough’s thought, it may be concluded that discourse
analysis may be understood in two aspects namely linguistics study and
politic. In linguistics, it is defined as reaction from formal lingustic form
which pays attention more to words unit, phrases, or sentence without
doingmore attention to the relationship of those element each others.While
discourse analysis in politic is defined to the application of language,
because language is fundamental aspect of describing subject, and the
idelogy can be absorbed from language (Halwati,2013:153).
However, discourse analysis initially may refer to discourse that’s
defined and limited as language as social practice form. While analysis
refers to user or group of discourse. Hence, discourse analysis is study of
multiple aspect in interpretation of language use which relates to social
15
research or investigation toward language, its meaning, practices and
resources that can be operated in critical language study such as
sociolinguistic, communication, semiotic and others.
Implementation of discourse analysis generally in many various of
knowledge give felexibility of powerful way to observe and study many
related knowledges because it is important development to understand
about linguistic and social sciences deeply. The importance of discourse
analysis is found in Wood and Kroger (2000:29-30) statement that’s cited
by Philips and Hardy (2002:10) as below:
Thus the task of discourse analysis is not to apply categories to
participant’s talk, but rather to identify the ways in which participants themselves actively construct and emplor categories in their talks.
Further, all categorization is provisional: analysis requires constant
reflexive attention to the process of categorization of both the participant
and the analyst.
The statement above explains that discourse analysis is complex
science that all of the aspects can not be studied or understood well
because it requires text, context, discourse and capability of researcher to
reveal the study by using discourse analysis, because of understanding of
discourse is not enough by using verbal media but it is used to all
processes of social interaction where language becomes a part of social
16
two intentions of discourse analysis namely to understand the text which is
studied and to evaluate it and effectiveness of text evaluation. These two
intention and achievement give sign that interpretation of text is not the
fundamental thing in discourse analysis, but it must be supported by others
such as context of culture, social and situation. So text and context are two
things which are difficult to be separated in discourse analysis.
Analysis of text is on major approach of discourse analysis.
Because language can not be reduced from existence of social life,
interconnection with social life elements, that all of it may receive
development and be able to distinguish one discourse to other discourse
(Fairclough,2005:2-3). Of course, the text which is based on language
have to be analyzed to know the objectives of the text in social life so this
analysis becomes part of social life. This distinction in discourse analysis
that relates to social life distinguish discourse analysis that shows about
function of language use in a goal to show and interpret the relationship
between order or pattern with purpose that is expressed from unit of
language only (Purbani,2009:3).
Thus, according to expert of social linguistics such as Norman
Fairclough, Teun Van Djik, Ruth Wodak, the understanding of discourse
analysis is not to interpret and represent only, but it also constructs and
makes form of social entity and relationship, hence, this development of
discourse analysis in social term is called with „order of discourse’ as
17
order of discourse how that language is not the only one in discourse
analysis, but language is social practice so the position of analyst here has
to be put into account. Thus,the model of discourse analysis that is
developed into critical discourse analysis which may be implemented in
various of knowledge discipline such as politic, educational and others is
needed. Therefore, Fairclough determines three-stage critical discourse
analysis model involving description, interpretation and explanation
(Baker and Ellece,2011:191).
2.3. Critical Discourse Analysis
2.3.1. Understanding of Critical Discourse Analysis
Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) in cultural sciences is
recognized one of textual analysis form and development of linguistic
analysis of text as resource for research and social analysis (Fairclough,
2005:3). CDA is development of discourse analysis that is used by
Fairclough in order to enable power analysis of social relationships and
social change analysis (Christie, 2002:8). So,CDA can be a political
relationship with the practitioners acting which has power to change a
world avoiding discrimination because of ager or social class, colour and
others (Caldas, et.al.,2003:9). Thereby, it’s implemented to witten text and soeech by using critical theories to reach for the purpose of CDA to
identify and analyze ideologies and relationshiop or involvement of power
18
Van Dijk (1995) in Ulinnuha (2013:262) stated that CDA is special
approach that still includes in discourse analysis, but it concentrates to
certain situation and condition, elements and group or institution behavior
which have created power abuse.In other words, this critical discourse
analysis is an attempt at the disclosure of matters related to social and
political contexts by using written texts as well as words to counter or
reproduce them, such as the expression of power, power, injustice done,
dominance develops.
Thus, it shows that critical discourse analysis is the development of
discursus analysis that involves social, cultural, and even political context.
Therefore, to study it required three frameworks as steps that must be done
as an analysis, namely the analysis of verbal and written text, practical
discourse analysis that is to express a text so that it can be produced,
distributed and even consumed, and discursive analysis of events namely
analysis to socio-cultural problems or things that occur in the midst of
social society (Fairclough, 1995: 24). The three frameworks are critical
application of critical discourse analysis that is interpreted as language,
either verbally or in writing, is seen as an action, so it aims to detect some
social problems that occur, especially relates to power and discrimination.
In short, this discourse study is interpreted as a reflection of the relation or
linkage of power that occurs in society (Renkema, 2004: 282).
The use of critical discourse analysis can combine social and
19
as usual and the methodology of language analysis has production source
in-observation deeply that exceeds ordinary experience (Dolon and Todoli,
2008: 132-133). Based on this, critical discourse analysis means (Titscher,
et.al., 2000: 149-150 in Richardson, 2006):
The analysis of relationships between concrete language use and the
wider social cultural structures. He attributes three dimensions to every
discursive event. It is simultaneously text, discursive practice-which also
includes the production and interpretation of text-and social practice. The
analysis is conducted according to these three dimensions.
The statement is seen in the important perspective of CDA closely
relates to the idea of power through the language approach as the basic
unit of communication which is a central condition in social life (Weiss
and Wodak, 2007: 12). This linkage is attempts to develop the theory of
real language, because language can be implemented in various ways such
as expressing social and cultural forces and ideologies contextually
(Wodak and Meyer, 2009: 10). Because CDA aims to change linguistics
and other areas of language learning by introducing critical perspective on
language, the critical theory is then integrated into social science that
completes the shortcomings of discourse analysis (Norman Fairclough and
Isabela Fairclough, 2012).
This distinguishes CDA from Saussure’s stretched discourse
20
language. So discourse researchers are required not only to be social
observers, but to be the social critics and the most important CDA targets
of power elites, acting as policy breakers, continuing, legitimizing,
forgetting or justifying discrimination and social injustice (Whetherell et
al. , 2001: 383; Wodak and Chilton, 2005: 88), although in general, the
linguistic and non linguistic aspects are a dimension of totality in
discourse (Laclau, at.al., 1985: 100).
On the level of reality, CDA is known and developed by parties
who have interests and powers by through its efforts to produce discourse
dominantly to control the void of public space in order to influence the
other so follow to be dominated. Automatically, the media that is used to
produce the discourse is a dictionary language and a choice of text,
containing all its purposes and in accordance with its mission of interest
and power. Therefore, through the CDA is expected to reveal the dominant
discourse that has been produced, power and holders of power
(www.wkuswandoro.com).
2.3.2. Model of Critical Discourse Analysis
As mentioned earlier, the discourse referred to the critical
discourse analysis is an understanding of something that creates a
statement that doesn't reflects only but also shapes and constructs relations
and social entities. The term and understanding of CDA has been
expanded and developed by social linguists such as Teun van Djik, Ruth
21
CDA model which's applied by Teun Van Djik (1993: 249) is seen
from definition by limiting the social and political context to counter the
flow of discrimination and social injustice. This is in contrast to the
understanding of CDA by Jorgensen and Philips (2007: 1-3) who believe it
as an approach in social constructivist. Therefore, Van Djik's model of
understanding of CDA is not merely an analysis of the text, but an
understanding of the text that becomes results of social production to get
result and comprehensive understanding about the background and
purpose of the text is created. Thus produces the description of discourse
dimension by Van Djik (as cited from Eriyanto, 2006: 225) that is divided
into three dimensions those are texts, social cognition and social context.
Meanwhile Fowler et.al. (1979) in Seidlhofer (2003: 127) describes his
analysis model in the form of critical linguistic (CL) which is the
development of concept and method of Halliday's functional-systemic
grammar, which emphasizes the structure and function of language to
know an ideological practice. Therefore, the elements of study are
vocabulary and grammar.
In contrast to Fairclough's (2003) model of understanding which
focuses on CDA targets toward spoken and written texts, furthermore both
of them are used as discourses to produce desired outcomes. Therefore,
Fairclough (cited from Joseph and Robert, 2004: 45) develops CDA theory
through his concept of analysis called three-dimensional discursive in the
22
consumption) and social practice. Fairclough's three models are also
expressed in the form of description, interpretation and
explanation.(Mayes and Elma, 2006: 71).
The division model of Fairclough CDA dimensions clearly
distinguishes between text and context. While in speech and learner's
statement in vygotsky theory it can be understood based on micro genetic
development and in Fairclough CDA it can be known and understood
through text level. From here, it is clear that context in CDA Fairclough
become the next explanation to complete explanation that's obtained from
texts. The division of context involves processes, ideologies and powers
that are implemented in the public level. (Gruske and Swaffield, 2008: 94).
2.3.3. Textual Dimensions (Description)
The combination of texts and discourses can be used in a variety of
ways based on different research traditions being implemented. The first
model in Fariclough's thinking is known by description, which shows what
the language says through text so as to have face values, such as grammar,
vocabulary and others that can be described either through text description
or visual image.
The analysis uses desciption in CDA is divided into four
commonly used in non-critical approaches to discourse analysis namely
vocabulary (defined as individual words), grammar (defined by word
23
And text structure (defined by the nature of word settings on a large or
large scale) (Joseph and Robert, 2004: 45).
In addition to these four things, Fairclough (1992) adds 3 other
dimensions in the textual, it's form of acts speech, constitution and
intertextuality. However, some dimensions in the textual dimensional can
be concluded textual analysis that's used by Fairclough into two
characters. First, interdiscursive analysis, it is discourse, genres and style,
are analyzed and then described in a text so that all three can be
articulated. It is understandable that each of these three has the text as the
main part of it that can be articulated together. Second, linguistic analysis,
or analysis on some texts that must have multimodal analysis of different
semiotic modes such as language, visual image (body language). At this
stage, the text is not only limited to be articulated but also the analytical
level of orders of discourse so that social practices of moments, social
organizations and institutions can be recognized as well (Fairclough,
2010).
Furthermore, Fariclough (1989: 110) explains that the inquiry
items used for analyzing texts should not be used entirely, but rather on
open alternatives to be discussed and developed in such a way. Some of
these items are: the first, vocabularies include experiental values,
relational values, expressive values and metaphors used. the second,
24
sentence to each other is connected. The third, the textual structure
includes the form of interaction and the larger structure of the text.
2.3.4. Discursive Practice (Interpretation)
This second dimension is a dimension closely relates to the
production process and the consumption of the texts. Furthermore,
Fairclough explains that interpretation can be created through a
combination of texts and its meanings, based on the use of sources for
interpretation. Therefore, there are levels in the depiction of how
interpretations are implemented, those are utterance surface, utterance
meaning, local coherence and text and point (integrity of discourse)
(Fairclough, 1989: 142). Thus, it can be concluded that the results of
interpretation are derived from the determination of the meaning of
specific features of text that has a close relationship with specific
contextual factor (Litosseliti, 2010: 208).
These four levels are the stages in sequence to implement
interpretation (Beautiful, 2009: 8-9). The first level deals with the process
and expertise of the interpreter in performing the process to identify
words, phrases, clauses and speech phrases. The second level is the
determination of meaning is part of the texts. This is done by integrating
the meaning of words and information that's based on grammar, then
processed in such a way as to obtain the implicit meaning to be overall
meaning of proposition. While the level when this level is further
25
the previous level. However, at this third level it is still covered by local
coherence in certain parts of the texts. Furthermore, the last level is a
global coherence on all the texts that mutually support and relate each
others. Based on these levels, it is known that the texts have the existence
and dimension of interpersonal relations and ideational relations
(Widdowson, 2004: 19).
2.3.5. Social Practice (Explanation)
Explanation is the analysis that express the relationship of social
context in discourse and practice. It is implemented if two previous
dimension of Fairclough’s thought were done. However the explanations
has function to portray determination of social structure in discourse and
its process (Fairclough, 1989:163).Therefore, this research will explain the
text that relates to social practice in the video in order to know well the
reality of critical discourse analysis which occured in Indonesia social and
politic term.
Social practice in this research will use particular text inside the
video that may be implemented the characteristic of social practice and
power. However, the text within video shows how social practice elements
come into texts.Therefore there are some elements include social practices
as below (Leeuwen,2008:8-12):
a) Participants
This element is the first to set all needs in social practices in particular
26
participants sometime are not addressed in the text clearly or explicitly
but participant may be analyzed and recognized from the integration
of text and context.
b) Actions
The next element is set of actions that can be showed in a sequence.
The actions make easy to know the chronology and sequence in the
text. So, it purse someone or researcher of discourse to choose some
actions that relate to the discourse to be interpreted until explanation
as well. However, actions has relation each other which may creat
explanation each other until finding the purpose of discourse.
c) Performance Modes
This element directs to proper explanation of actions inside the text or
object of critical discourse analysis. So it determines how performance
modes take a role to make good explanation.
d) Eligibility condition (participant)
This elements is the qualification participants in particular social
practice in order to be eligible.
e) Presentation style
This element explains social practices involves some styles of
presentation such as dress or body style. It is also able to explain how
27
f) Times
This element determines particular parts of the text or visual text takes
place in definite times. In this research, time also explains many kinds
of reactions during related text or visual text existance.
g) Location
Specific location detemines the explanation of the text or visual text
which relates to social practices.
h) Eligibility condition (locations)
This element refers to the preparatory practice in social practices such
as building, different social institution, decoration and others.
i) Resources: Tools and Materials
Resources relate to practices of performances which are considered as
resources in order to be able explain social practice.
j) Eligibility conditions (resources)
This element determines some condition that relate to social practice
in order to be resource. So not all conditions here can be taken to be
resources, but eligible condition may be taken a role into resources. Of
course, it needs selective resource to strengthen the explanation.
Those elements may be understood and concluded into the
condition of socio-cultural which’s divided into three division: firstly, situational: unique situation when the text was produced, secondly, institutional, it is the influence of institutional toward produced text.
28
social practice within macro things in society such as politic system,
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter describes the research approach, research instrument, data
and data source, data collection and data analysis.
3.1. Reseach Approach
To explain how Ahok’s peech can be known and understood well within
textual and contextual, the writer use suitable tool, it is Critical Discourse
Analysis (CDA). As far as we know that Ahok’s speech has relation with the
power and election of Jakarta governor which may analyze it by usig CDA
dimensions. Therefore CDA concentrates to a particular situation and
conditition,element and group behavior which involve power analysis and social
change analysis (Renkema,2004:282; Christie,2002:8). However, the important
thing of CDA, eventhough relates to power ideology by using language approach
as unit of communication, but it makes efforts to develop theory of language
(Wodak and Meyer,2009:10). Meanwhile, Teun Van Djik (1993:249) does not
focus CDA into language only, but he also limited CDA in social context and
politic. Furthermore Fairclough (1995:24) uses the CDA concept within
three-dimensional discrusive such as text, discursive practice and social practice.
Thus, to reveal the problem of Ahok’s speech, the researcher must use
30
qualitative approach is suitable for the study which is able to explore and reveal
the problem as well as possible. Descriptive research relates to some techniques to
specify, delineate or describe happening phenomena naturally without
manipulatingenvirontments or an artificially contrived treatment, so, it may
include both qualitative and designs of experimental research (Seliger and
Shohamy,2001:116, 124; Matsuda and Silva,2014:10).
Meanwhile,qualitative researchis phenomena study thatcomes from insider
persepective, using interpretative framework and relates to social context with
natural setting (Lapan, et.al.,2011:2).Therefore, the definition of qualitative research is a loosly defintion which obtain verbal data, visual, tactiel and other
such as audio, video, pictures (1998:24). On other hand, Biklen and Bogdan
(1992:21-22) define it as research procedure which produce descriptive data in
form of verbal, non-verbal and people behavior whom are observed.
Thus, Ahok’s speech is naturally able to be studied and observed by using
descriptive-qualitative approach because it includes social phenomena and is able
to be analyzed in textual and contextual study. Hence, this approach is expected
capable of deep explanation and result about speech in textual and contextual
perspective, and people behavior that relate to Ahok’s speech.
3.2. Research Instrument
Based on the research approach, it can be understood that the primary
31
Ahok’s speech and all related data. Of course, the primary instrument of study is
the writer who has to gather and analyze every data.
Second instrument is going to be collected from internet, books, laptop
which may produce and support the study to look for and collect informations that
involve the study such as journal, theory and others. Furthermore, every
informations and data is going to choose and analyze. Then, laptop is the
instrument to help and process the study until finished.
3.3. Data and Data Source
The study involves use and collection of data which have function and
may be divided into primary and secondary data. Primary data is data which is
obtained by the researcher directly from orginal resource. In the study, primary
data is Ahok’s speech which includes the vocabulary or words, sentences,
cohesion, phrase, text structure, grammar and people behavior. Furthermore, from
primary data is going to be collected and analyzed as the fundamental of research
data in order to be focus.
The secondary data is supporting data to complete primary data. In other
word, the secondary data is data which is obtained by researcher indirectly. In the
study, the secondary datacan be gotten from the commentator of Ahok’s speech,
chronology of Ahok’s judiciary, scholars statements or opinions, and people
32
3.4. Data Collection
The data is going to be collected and used in the study of Ahok’s speech.
So, there are ways to collect sepecific data relate to the study which is used by the
researcher in the following explanation:
a. Searching Video
As the first way of collecting data, the researcher looks for specific video, as
special Ahok’s speech video, and other videos that relate to the study. In this
case, the researcher looks in www.youtube.comby selecting suitable and complete video because the duration of Ahok’s speech video is different each
other.The complete Ahok’s speech video truly occured in reality which
consists of linguistic terms and contextual terms.Furthermore, searching the
video is not only for Ahok’s speech video, but it may be other videos which
relate to the study as data or documents.
b. Searching or writing the video script
This step is going to be done if the video is found. The researcher further looks
for the script of Ahok’s speech. The script may be found in some resources in
internet which is suitable with the video such as script inside the video, script
in the certain blogspot. However, if the researcher does not find the script, so it
will be writen by the researcher to be analyzed as well as possible.
c. Downloading video and script.
The last way is done if intended video and script have been collected. Hence,
33
script would be focused and used as main data to be analyzed in perspective of
CDA.
Besides the steps above, the researcher collects the data by the other way
such as documentation.Documentation is to look for the related data with
variables which may be consisted of notes, transcripts, books, newspapers,
magazines, agenda and so on.
3.5. Data Analysis
Data analysis in the study uses Fairclough (1995:24) theory of
three-dimensional discrusive such as textual, discursive practice and social practice.The
ways to analyze may be described as follows:
1. Reading carefully the Ahok’s speech from the script. This reading initially to
give the writer understanding about the problem of study. So the researcher is
going to get the description concerns CDA generally.
2. Classifying the data that relates to three-dimensional discrusive of Fairclough’s
thought and analyze it.Of course, the first step is to classify every single part of
Ahok’s speech transcript under textual analysis. The textual dimensional can
be described as follows:
a. The using of vocabulary and word. As we know that Ahok could use some
words that have own meaning and understanding.
b. The using sentences, cohesion and grammar (past tense, present, and future
tense). This step is for analyzing intention of sentences and its cohesion
34
power and politic. So, grammar also takes the role to analyze all sentences
and cohesion to make sure the discourse of Ahok’s speech and to reveal
discourse order textually, not contextually.
c. The implementation of phrase and text structure. It is may analyze part of
sentences that relates each other through cohesion and grammar, and for
analyzing transcript of Ahok’s speech generally which may produce other
meaning and obtain whole understanding of Ahok’s speech in discourse
perspective.
d. People behavior. It does not relate to script of Ahok’s speech and his
behavior only. But it is to analyze the effect of Ahok’s speech –people
behavior generally toward the speec-that is focused on what Ahok said
textually and how far respond of people to the speech. However, from the
speech –as found script- may create reaction other people, viewer, or the
audiences.
The textual feature or dimensions is for revealing and answering the first
statement of problems.
Furthermore,to reveal and answer second statement of problem, the
writer uses next step, it is discursive practice. This way to reveal CDA of
Ahok’s speech which is not limited by textual step. So, this step involves the
capability of subject to interpret the first step. Fairclough thought in this step
argues that production of text also relates to whole media organization, so
35
contextual eventhought it involves the interpretation of texts or first step. So,
second step is to answer the second statement of problems.
The last issocial practice or explanation. This step pursue the researcher
to explain everything that relates to CDA problem of Ahok’s speech. Hence,
this last step of classifying data analysis is very important thing to show and
prove quality of the study after doing previous steps. So, the last step is to
answer the third statement of problems.
3. Concluding the whole analysis or results of the study.This step is to prove
the result of study briefly and shortly in order to be understood easily. So,
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter would prersent the findings and discussion that had been
found by the researcher, based on data analysis which had been analyzed and
systematized to fulfill the needs of this research in order to find the good result,
even the best result. Therefore,the findings are for supporting, developing, and
enriching discussion until answering the statement of problem so the research
could give objective result which could be compared with other research result,
because the tittle or problem is phenomenal at this time and it may be repeated in
the future. Thus, the research would focus on textual and contextual interpretation
and meaning which were compared with social and power features or discourse.
4.1. Findings
4.1.1. The Chronology of Ahok’s SpeechCritical Discourse Analysis
Ahok’s speech on this issue was carried out in the Seribu island, which
was on a working review program on September 2016. His arrival aimed to
review the grouper empowerment program which, according to his understanding
and experience will continue even though the governor would be replaced in
governor’s choice on February 2017. Therefore, according to him, residents do
not have to worry about not having to choose him just because they want the
37
This background is fundamental to the interpretation of Ahok’s speech
regarding religious blasphemy though in a matter of seconds. Therefore, the
momentum was used by Buni Yani to upload a video that will be phenomenal at
that time on October 6, 2016 titled “blasphemy against religion?” by cutting off
one of the words used by ahok, that is “use”. Buni Yani action was the embryo of
a case of blasphemy by Ahok that is supported by the Islamic Defenders Front
(FPI) and Majelis Ulama Indonesia (MUI) South Sumatra. Furthermore, itis
supported by several organizations that reported Ahok’s actions.
The polemic and discourse that occurred in the video was first coming
from a video uploaded by Buni Yani with editing as much as 7 times (editing),
thus it causes different discourses and interpretations. The atmosphere became
increasingly murky that led Ahok into the big problem through a report from
Republika at 14.17 WIB entitled “Called Residents were Lyed by Al-Qur’an,
Tomorrow Ahok will be dealing with police”, thus adding a series of reports of
blasphemy him as many as 5 reports on Ahok’s case complaints on October 7,
2016 (www.detikmetro.com). Based on the incident, Ahok apologized to the
Muslims regarding his remarks regarding sural Al-Maidah verse 51 on October
10, 2016.
That chronology was an embryo that would flourish so as to encourage all
elements of society demand a legal accountability of Ahok’s speech. However,
the demands of the community is allegedly a political arena because it is
supported by some people who tend to touch, even in direct contact, with politics,
38
became a discourse for society because it approached the election of the Governor
of DKI in 2017 so that it tends to come into contact with the ruler and thick with
the political atmosphere of Indonesia. Therefore, textual and contextual discourse
in Ahok’s speech is important to study based on discourse analysis to understand
the meaning and purpose his speech. The selection of words in Ahok’s speech
contributed to the critical discourse and some opinions on his speech became the
subject of the study that needed to be reviewed in terms of critical discourse
analysis.
4.1.2. Textual Features
4.1.2.1. Vocabulary
Ahok’s speech has several words that each have the original meaning
before being combined with another word. These words became fundamental in
understanding the entire contents of Ahok’s speech as well as looking at the
polemic that happened until the creation of a blasphemy accusation against him.
Therefore, the individual’s original meaning of words needs to be revealed to
create harmony between words to the corresponding interpretation in the next
stage.
As for the words that needed to be expressed are words that can represent
the whole content of Ahok’s speech as keywords. These keywords which will be
developed with other words as a supporting words (secondary) in order to create
