Struktur Fungsi dan Prubahan lanskap

(1)

1

MINGGU 2:

STRUKTUR , FUNGSI DAN

PERUBAHAN LANSKAP

Prof. Lilik Budi Prasetyo

http://lbprastdp.staff.ipb.ac.id

Bogor Agricultural University

INDONESIA

Landscape Structure:

spatial relationships among landscape elements

(hubungan spasial antar elemen pembentuk)

Landscape Function:

how the elements act and interact

(bagaimana masing-masing elemen berperan dan interaksi antar

elemen)

Landscape Change:

alteration of the structure and function of the landscape over time

(alterasi struktur dan fungsi pada bentang lahan sepanjang waktu)

BAGAIMANA MELIHAT STRUKTUR

LANSKAP ?

•

Tipe element

•

Dominansi /Luas (size) element

•

Jumlah tiap element

(Heterogenitas)

•

Bentuk (shape)/Size elemen

•

Distribusi/arrangement

(2)

Dominansi

Heterogenitas

Distribusi/Arrangement

(3)

3

Bentuk/

shape

Bentuk/

shape

Faktor apa yg menentukan

structure/pattern sebuah lanskap

•

Tipe Disturbance/gangguan

–

Intensity

–

Frequency (Chronic/single disturbance)

–

Timing (coincidence)

–

Extent/Area

–

Distribution (random/clumped)

•

Sucession

•

Biophysical Factors

–

Topography, geology, soil (independent), Wildlife (Biotic

interaction : competion, domince)

•

Climate

–

Curah hujan, suhu, kelembaban

STRUKTUR & CHANGE (Role Disturbance)

DISTURBANCE :

Kejadian yg mengganggu struktur ekosistem, komunitas atau

populasi dan mengubah sumberdaya dan ketersediaan materi,

atau lingkungan fisik

any process or condition external to the natural physiology of

living organisms that results in the sudden mortality of

biomass in a community on a time scale significantly shorter

than the accumulation of the biomass.

(4)

Disturbance

can also be defined as a relatively discrete event in time and

space where plant biomass (or labile soil organic matter) has been lost or

removed; in this case, the disturbance concept is intricately linked with the

concept of succession.

Pickett and White (1985) and Chapin et al. (2002)

disturbance

as a relatively discrete event in time and space that alters

the structure of populations, communities, and ecosystems and causes

changes in resource availability or the physical environment

STRUKTUR & CHANGE (Role Disturbance)

Concepts of Disturbance and Equilibrium

Tipe and asal/origin dari disturbances

Disturbance

1) Intensity: proporsi biomasa yang

terganggu/hilang/mati

Misal : tipe kebakaran (surface/crown fire)

Clear cutting/selective logging

1) Frequency: Jumlah disturbance pada satu waktu

interval tertentu : menentukan bagaimana proses

suksesi bisa berlangsung.

Frekuensi gangguan dapat diprediksi bila berulang

pada interval tertentu, misal kekeringan, banjir,

kebakaran

Disturbance

3) Timing: coincidence disturbance dengan faktor lain

misal : peristiwa kebakaran pada musim kemarau

akan lebih parah merusak ekosistem dibandingkan

bila terjadi pada musim hujan api pada musim hujan

4) Disturbance area: luasan disturbance

(5)

5

Disturbance

Recovery-Recovery

Disturbance

Time

S

ta

te

v

a

ri

a

b

le

s

Seasonal

•

Setelah disturbance, ecosystems kembali mengalami suksesi/

succession

,

•

Bila disturbance berhenti maka suksesi proses akan mencapai klimaks/

climax

(titik akhir suksesi)

,

•

Pada titik ini struktur dan ecosystem mengalami

steady state

kebutuhan

vegetasi (mempertahankan kondisi klimaks) akan sama seimbang dengan

suplainya (respirasi =fotosintesa)

PATCH ORIGIN

Succession

•

Primer :

occurring over decades to centuries explain

much of the local variation among

ecosystems (waktu sangat panjang)

•

Secondary succession

occurs on previously vegetated sites after

disturbances such as fire, hurricanes, logging,

and agricultural plowing (relatif pendek karena

tersedia resources/biji, stolon, etc)

Disturbance and Species Existence

(6)

DISTURBANCE RECOVERY

(Case study)

Prasetyo, L.B, Hirata, Y, Hideki, S

TOTAL AFFECTED AREAS IN 1998

3.4 MILLION HECTARE

-0.2

-0.1

0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

Ap r-9 8 Ma y-9 8 Ju n -9 8 Ju l-9 8 Au g -9 8 Se p -9 8 O ct -9 8 N o v-9 8 D e c-9 8 Ja n -9 9 F e b -9 9 Ma r-9 9 Ap r-9 9 Ma y-9 9 Ju n -9 9 Ju l-9 9 Au g -9 9 Se p -9 9 O ct -9 9 N o v-9 9 D e c-9 9 Ja n -0 0 F e b -0 0 Ma r-0 0 Ap r-0 0 Ma y-0 0 Ju n -0 0 Ju l-0 0 Au g -0 0 Se p -0 0 O ct -0 0 N o v-0 0 D e c-0 0

(7)

7

He rbs & Se e dlings

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

0

20

40

60

80

100

No. of sub-plots

N

o

.

o

f

sp

Natural

Post fire

A mangium

Tre e s

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

0

20

40

60

80

100

No. of subplots

N

o

.

o

f

sp

ec

ie

s

Natural

Post fire

A mangium

Saplings

0

50

100

150

200

250

0

10

20

30

40

50

No. of subplots

N

o

.

o

f

sp

e

c

ie

s

Natural

Post fire

A mangium

PLOT LEVEL RECOVERY

(Species Diversity)

H.SIMBOLON

et.al

KONDISI LANSKAP 1985

Exogenous disturbance

STRUCTURE & FUNCTION

Effects of weather, landscape structure, and management

on fire spread: Comparison between WI hardwoods and

NJ Pinelands, USA

Zheng, D

1*

., J.J. LaCroix

1

, S. Ryu

1

, J. Chen

1

, J. Hom

2

, and K. Clark

2

1

University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43606, USA.

2

USDA Forest Service, Newtown Square, PA 19073, USA

Spatial distribution of 24 fire ignition points in relation to fuel types in the CNF

(left) and NJP (right) USA. 5 = Brush < 0.8 m with scattered trees, 8 = Litter

layer without under story, 10 = Litter layer with under story, and 11 = light

logging/Swamps.

Eastern USA

KESIMPULAN

(8)

SOURCE & SINK GHG

L.B.Prasetyo, S. Genya, U. Rosalina

D.Murdiyarso, H. Tsuruta

Land-use/cover changes in Jambi

impact on green house gas :

reduction of above-ground

carbon stock : 10 x 10

6

ton/year

reduction of Methane gas

absorption : 1.5 x 10

3

ton/year

KAJIAN KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS BURUNG

DI BERBAGAI TIPE LANSKAP HUTAN TANAMAN PINUS

TIARA SUKRA DEWI

Kekayaan jenis burung di lokasi penelitian

Kondisi Burung

Lokasi A

Lokasi B

Lokasi C

Lokasi D

Jumlah jenis

16

27

22

Indeks Keanekaragaman

2.13

2.33

2.98

2.47

Indeks Kemerataan

0.77

0.84

0.90

0.80

Jumlah Jenis Dominan

5

7

5

Jumlah Jenis Jarang

4

2

10

9

(9)

9

38.56

18.95

5.23

3.27 2.61 1.961.31

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 Jenis Burung K e ra p a ta n R e la ti f Kacamata gunung Walet linci Tepus pipi-perak Cinenen Jaw a Perenjak Jaw a Gelatik-batu kelabu Cekakak Jaw a Wiw ik kelabu Cekakak sungai Layang-layang batu Cucak kutilang Srigunting hitam Cica-koreng Jaw a Burung-madu sriganti Pelanduk semak Cabai gunung 24.24 21.21 9.09 7.07

5.054.04_3.03 8.08 _2.02 1.01 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 Jenis Burung K e ra pa ta n R e la ti f Walet linci Kacamata gunung Layang-layang batu Perenjak Jaw a Cabai Jaw a Cekakak Jaw a Cucak kutilang Cinenen Jaw a Pelanduk semak Kacamata biasa Tekukur biasa Raja-udang meninting Cekakak sungai Burung-madu sriganti Remetuk laut Burung-gereja Erasia

Kacamata Gunung

(

Zosterops montanus

)

Walet linci (

Collocalia linchi

)

A

B

12.36 11.24 5.62 5.06 3.93 2.25 3.37 2.81

1.69 1.12 0.56

0 5 10 15 Jenis Burung K e ra p a ta n R e la ti f

Walet linci Kacamata gunung Kacamata biasa Gelatik-batu kelabu Tekukur biasa Cinenen Jaw a Perenjak Jaw a Cekakak sungai Pelanduk semak Burung-madu sriganti Srigunting kelabu Cinenen pisang Cekakak Jaw a Srigunting hitam Wiw ik kelabu Munguk beledu Meninting besar Caladi tilik Empuloh janggut Cabai Jaw a Bondol Jaw a Layang-layang batu Merbah cerucuk Tepus pipi-perak Cinenen kelabu Gemak loreng Burung-madu kelapa

32.54

4.763.97 11.11

7.14 6.35

5.56 3.17 2.38 0.79

0 10 20 30 40 Jenis Burung K e ra pa ta n R e la ti f

Kacamata gunung Walet linci Pelanduk semak Perenjak Jaw a Cabai Jaw a Wiw ik kelabu Gelatik-batu kelabu Cinenen Jaw a Tepus pipi-perak Wiw ik uncuing Srigunting hitam Layang-layang batu Empuloh janggut Munguk beledu Tekukur biasa Cekakak Jaw a Cekakak sungai Jingjing batu Meninting besar Cinenen pisang Burung-madu srigantiCabai gunung

Kacamata Gunung

(

Zosterops montanus

)

Walet linci (

Collocalia linchi

)

Kacamata biasa

(

Zosterops palpebrosus

)

C