A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SUFFIX {-URE}
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
SITORESMI KRISWARDANI
Student Number: 124214108
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
ii
A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SUFFIX {-URE}
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
SITORESMI KRISWARDANI
Student Number: 124214108
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
v
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
I certify that this undergraduate thesis contains no material which has been
previously submitted for the award of any other degree at any university, and
that, to the best of my knowledge, this undergraduate thesis contains no material
previously written by any other person except where due reference is made in the
text of the undergraduate thesis.
Yogyakarta, January 11, 2017
vi
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma
Nama : Sitoresmi Kriswardani Nomor Mahasiswa : 124214108
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul
A MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE SUFFIX {-URE}
beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan memublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta izin kepada saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal 11 Januari 2017
Yang menyatakan,
vii
Whatever you ask for in
prayer with faith,
you will receive.
viii
This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to
the loves of my life,
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Above all, I would like to say my deepest thank to Jesus Christ for being
the Greatest Daddy in my life. His immortal love toward me makes everything
become so much better and possible to be reached so that I can finish this
undergraduate thesis. Glory be to God!
I also thank for His blessings through people around me. Therefore, I
would like to express my gratitude to my thesis advisor, Dr. B. Ria Lestari,
M.Sc., for all her time, advice, and guidance in writing this undergraduate thesis.
I also would like to thank my co-advisor, Arina Isti’anah, S.Pd., M.Hum., for the
motivation, suggestion, and correction, so I can improve my writing.
My gratitude also goes to my beloved parents, Satriyo Teguh Sanyoto
and Sunarningsih, for never being tired to support me in any condition. Their
prayers, patience, and encouragement cannot be replaced. Moreover, I thank for
the care from my dearest sister, Eunike Prasetaning Jati. I am nothing without all
of you.
I would like to convey my big thanks to my best college friends, namely
Pradina Fitryannisa, Ni Putu Vitria Arizona, Apryanti Madah Munthe, Julyan
Adhitama, Desty Anistya, Femy Nurindah Sari, and Christopher Tjia. Thank you
for the laughs and times we create together. Thank you for taking me as I am.
Last but not least, I would thank my KKN friends for adding some colors into my
life. See you all at the top!
x
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 21
xi
B. The Morphophonemic Processes that Occur in Words Attached to the Suffix {-ure} ... 39
Appendix 15: Borrowing Words Having No Bases ... 61
Appendix 16: Borrowing Words Having Latin or French Bases ... 62
xii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. The Distribution of the Suffix {-ure} Based on the
Last Letter of the Bases ... 26
Table 2. The Distribution of the Suffix {-ure} Based on the Last Phoneme of the Bases ... 32
Table 3. Diachronic Data Having No Latin or French Bases ... 37
Table 4. Diachronic Data Having Latin or French Bases ... 38
Table 5. The Morphophonemic Processes Occurring in the Words Attached to the Suffix {-ure} ... 39
Table 6. The Categories of the Meanings of the Words Attached to the Suffix {-ure} ... 46
Table 7. The Suffix {-ure} Having the Meaning ‘the act of-’ ... 46
Table 8. The Suffix {-ure} Having the Meaning ‘the result of-’ ... 47
Table 9. The Suffix {-ure} Having the Meaning ‘the state of-’ ... 50
Table 10. The Suffix {-ure} Having the Meaning ‘the art of-’ ... 51
xiii
ABSTRACT
KRISWARDANI, SITORESMI. A Morphological Analysis of the Suffix
{-ure}. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata
Dharma University, 2017.
Language is an important tool in communication. The study of language is scientifically known as linguistics. Something that contributes a lot in enriching the vocabularies is affixation. The suffixation in a word is commonly used in daily communication. Therefore, this study focuses on the suffix {-ure}. The aim is to know the usage of the suffix {-ure} in a word.
There are three objectives in this study. The first is to find out the bases which are able to be attached to the suffix {-ure}. The second is to discover the phonological changes when a word receives the suffix {-ure}. The third is to identify the meaning of the suffix {-ure}.
In collecting the data, two dictionaries namely Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth Edition (2015) and The New Oxford American Dictionary Second Edition (2005) are used. Based on those
sources, there are 89 words receiving the suffix {-ure}. In order to make it more specific, 32 words are analyzed synchronically and 57 words are analyzed diachronically.
xiv
ABSTRAK
KRISWARDANI, SITORESMI. A Morphological Analysis of the Suffix
{-ure}. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas
Sanata Dharma, 2017.
Bahasa adalah sebuah alat yang penting dalam berkomunikasi. Ilmu untuk mempelajari bahasa secara ilmiah dikenal dengan istilah ilmu linguistik. Salah satu yang banyak berkontribusi dalam memperkaya pembedaharaan kata adalah imbuhan. Penambahan akhiran pada sebuah kata sering digunakan dalam komunikasi sehari-hari. Oleh karena itu, studi ini fokus pada akhiran {-ure}. Tujuannya adalah untuk mengetahui penggunaan akhiran {-ure} pada sebuah kata.
Ada tiga tujuan utama dalam studi ini. Yang pertama adalah menemukan kata-kata dasar yang dapat dilekatkan dengan akhiran {-ure}. Yang kedua adalah mengetahui perubahan-perubahan bunyi ketika sebuah kata menerima akhiran {-ure}. Yang ketiga adalah mengidentifikasi arti dari akhiran {-ure}.
Dalam mengumpulkan data, ada dua kamus yang digunakan yakni
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth Edition (2015)
dan The New Oxford American Dictionary Second Edition (2005). Berdasarkan sumber-sumber tersebut, ada 89 kata yang menerima akhiran {-ure}. Untuk membuatnya lebih spesifik, 32 kata dianalisis secara sinkronik dan 57 kata dianalisis berdasarkan sejarah.
1
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Every country in the world has languages, whether they are official
language like Bahasa Indonesia or local language like Javanese language.
Language is not only a means of communication or interaction but also is used to
develop social relationships with other people (Trudgill, 2000: 1). Language has
an important role in human life. Language develops along with human growth. It
is used in any aspects like speaking, reading, writing, and listening. Since the
development of language becomes wider and faster, the function of language
changes. Nowadays, language is not only used to build relationships but also by
using a language, human beings are able to convey and gain information, express
feelings, give opinions, command, and interpret everything in daily life. Thus,
language is an essential thing in communication.
Language includes a scientific study which is commonly called as
linguistics. Akmajian, Demers, Farmer, and Harnish maintain that linguistics is a
field which focuses on language and communication (2001: 5). They divide
linguistics into five subfields (Akmajian et al., 2001: 12). The first subfield is
phonology, which is the study of sound system and sound pattern of human
language. The second subfield is pragmatics, which concerns with the study of
speaker and contextual meaning. The third subfield is syntax. It is the study of the
focuses on the study of word meaning. The last but not least subfield is
morphology, which deals with the internal structure of words and the relation
among words.
Affixation is a part of word structure. It means, affixation is one of
phenomena in morphology. Therefore, affixation can be analyzed in words with
various classes, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. Affixation is a
term for “the process of adding an affix” (Matthews, 1997: 11). Affixes are
divided into three types according to their positions. The first type is called as
prefixes. O’Grady and Archibald state that a prefix is an affix which is attached
to the front of the base (2010: 120). The second type is infixes. An infix is placed
in the middle of two bases. The third type is suffixes. A suffix occurs at the end
of the base.
Among those three types of affixes, according to Szymanek (1989: 63),
suffixes are widely used in various languages in the world and often used in daily
communication. Therefore, this study discusses it. In order to make it more
specific, this study is limited to the suffix {-ure}, which is originated from the
French suffix {-ure} and also the Latin suffix {-ura}. Two methods, namely
synchronic and diachronic, are used in this study. The data are collected from
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary Ninth Edition (2015) and The New Oxford American Dictionary Second Edition (2005).
By conducting this study, the researcher expects that it can give deeper
understanding of the usage of the suffix {-ure} to the readers. It can help the
3
Moreover, this study gives more understanding about the morphophonemic
processes of suffix {-ure}.
B. Problem Formulation
In analyzing the morphological analysis of the suffix {-ure}, this study
attempts to answer the following questions.
1. What are the distributions of the suffix {-ure}?
2. What are the morphophonemic processes that occur in words attached to the
suffix {-ure}?
3. What are the meanings of the suffix {-ure}?
C. Objectives of the Study
Related to the problems above, this study has three objectives. The first
objective is to find out the distributions or the base words which are able to be
attached to the suffix {-ure}. The second objective is to observe the
morphophonemic processes of the suffix {-ure} in order to find out the changes
that occur when the suffix {-ure} is attached to base words. The third objective is
to identify the meaning of suffix {-ure}.
D. Definition of Terms
In this part, there are some explanations of terms used in the study. The
definitions are provided in order to avoid misunderstanding of the terms. The first
“the part of grammar that is concerned with words and word formation” (2010:
116). In addition, according to Akmajian et al., morphology is “the subfield of
linguistics that studies the internal structure of words and the relationships among
words” (2001: 12). In short, morphology is one of the linguistic studies that
concerns with words structure.
The second terminology is suffix. There are two definitions of suffix.
The first one says “an affix that is attached to the end of its base is termed a
suffix” (O’Grady and Archibald, 2010: 120). Another definition is stated by
Akmajian et al. that gives an opinion that suffix is “when they are attached to the
end of another morpheme” (2001: 18). Affixes {-ly}, {-ment}, and {-er} in the
words softly, government, and teacher are the examples of suffixes.
The third terminology is distribution. Katamba (1993: 27) states that
distribution is the basic method used to identify morphemes. A morpheme means
the smallest unit of language that contains meaning or function (O’Grady and
Archibald, 2010: 117). In other words, distribution is the important process in
5
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter is divided into three main parts, which are review of related
studies, review of related theories, and theoretical framework. Review of related
studies contains the reviews of the other previous studies such as undergraduate
theses and journals related to this present study. Review of related theories
contains the reviews of the theories applied in this present study. Meanwhile,
theoretical framework contains the functions of the theories applied in order to
solve the problems of this present study.
A. Review of Related Studies
The related studies in this study are taken from two journals and two
undergraduate theses. These are needed for the comparison to this study itself.
Each related study is discussed below.
The first related study is taken from Windsor’s and Hwang’s journal
(1997). They state that to understand the meaning of the words and the meaning
of derivational categories is an important thing in order to identify the entire
meaning of words receiving derivational affixes, especially suffixes, and to learn
the word classes of suffixes. In their journal, Windsor and Hwang compare
fourth-graders’ ability in Language Learning Students (LLD) to the same grade
students in Language Age (LA), and Chronological Age (CA) in analyzing suffix
the fourth grade. Based on their observation, they conclude that LLD students
have comprehensive knowledge of word formation. Furthermore, they have
opinion that derivational knowledge is not only useful for vocabulary growth but
also useful for reading and spelling ability.
The second related study is taken from Dressman (1985). In his journal,
he analyzes the suffix {-ist}. He explains that the suffix {-ist} in English words is
adopted from Greek. It is mostly contributed by philosophers and political writers
in nineteenth century. He adds that the suffix {-ist} is often used by journalists
and publicists so that it makes the suffix {-ist} become a productive suffix.
Dressman analyzes which one of the base words that can be attached to the suffix
{-ist}. Moreover, he also analyzes other suffixes that can be attached to the suffix
{-ist} such as the suffix {-ic} in Romantic which becomes Romanticist. In his
conclusion, he states that the suffix {-ist} is rarely attached to verbs and the
function of it is as agentive nominalization.
Another related study is taken from Setyorini’s undergraduate thesis
(2005) entitled “A Morphological Study of the English Adjective Suffix {-al}”.
She explains that, in her study, she analyzes three main problems as her
discussion. Firstly, she analyzes the function and meaning of the suffix {-al} by
using two sources which are Corpus Morphology and Webster’s Encyclopedic
Unabridged Dictionary of English Language. Secondly, she analyzes the
allomorphs that the suffix {-al} has. Thirdly, she uses Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary to find out the phonetic transcription in order to analyze the
7
function of the suffix {-al} is to form nouns to be adjectives, while the meaning
cannot be separated with its bases. She also explains that the suffix {-al} has four
allomorphs which are {–ial}, {-ual}, {-inal}, and {–ar}. Besides, there are five
morphophonemic processes that occur which are stress shift, consonant change,
vowel change, insertion, and deletion.
The last related study is taken from Hananto’s undergraduate thesis
(2015) entitled “A Morphological Study of the Suffix {-ive}”. Hananto analyzes
the suffix {-ive} by dividing his study into three objectives. The first objective is
to collect the base of the suffix {-ive} based on two sources which are The New
Oxford American Dictionary Second Edition and Webster’s New Explorer Encyclopedic Dictionary. The second objective is to find the allomorphs of the
suffix {-ive}. The last objective is to identify the meaning of the root and the
words attached to suffix ive}, and then to conclude the meaning of the suffix
{-ive}. In his conclusion, he finds out that the bases of the suffix are verbs and
nouns. He adds that, based on diachronic analysis, the suffix {-ive} is originated
from Latin which is {-ivus}. He also finds out that the suffix {-ive} has two
allomorphs which are {-ative} and {-itive}. In addition, the suffix {-ive} has
some meanings because there is no coherence between the bases and the words
attached to suffix {-ive}.
The researcher considers that the related studies mentioned are relevant
to this study. Those four related studies that discuss suffixes have some
similarities to this study. In the first journal which has been mentioned by the
suffixes. It is similar to this study because the object of this study which is the
suffix {-ure} is included as derivational suffixes. Additionally, the next journal
written by Dressman which discusses the suffix {-ist} is similar to this study
which also discusses suffix. Moreover, the undergraduate theses written by
Setyorini and Hananto which discuss suffix also have some similarities to this
study. In Setyorini’s undergraduate thesis, the analysis of the bases, function,
meaning, and morphophonemic processes of the suffix {-al} that becomes her
study is similar to the objectives of this study. Meanwhile, in Hananto’s
undergraduate thesis, he also analyzes the bases and meaning of the suffix {-ive}
which is the topic of his study.
On the other hand, it is different in a way that the researcher would like
to do this study on the different object. The first dissimilarity is shown in the first
related study by Windsor and Hwang. They discuss derivational suffixes
generally while this study focuses on the derivational suffix {-ure}. In
Dressman’s journal, “The suffix –ist”, there are also two dissimilarities. Besides
the suffix which is chosen, the suffix {-ist} is not categorized as the derivational
suffix. Whereas, the suffix {-ure} does. The other dissimilarities are also found in
the undergraduate theses mentioned above. In their undergraduate theses,
Setyorini focuses on the suffix {-al} and Hananto focuses on the suffix {-ive}
while this present study focuses on the suffix {-ure}. Besides, both theses use
allomorphs as their main objects while in this study allomorphs are only used to
9
Due to the related studies above, this study is proposed to expand the
study about suffixes. It can enrich the study in the field of morphology. This
present study analyzes the suffix {-ure} in order to develop the morphology field
as the suffix {-ure} has never been analyzed before.
B. Review of Related Theories 1. Morphology
Bauer mentions that morphology is “the study of words and their
structure” (2003: 3). This statement is strengthened by O’Grady and Archibald
(2010: 116) who state that morphology is one of the grammar elements
concerning words and word arrangement. In short, morphology is the study
which concerns with linguistics dealing with word structure.
Since morphology discusses word structure, it is absolute that word is an
important component in it. A word is, according to O’Grady and Archibald, the
smallest free form in language (2010: 116). The characteristic of a word is that
the relation of its sound and meaning is arbitrary. For example, the words brake
and break have the same sound, but different meanings. Another example is the
words sofa and couch which have different sounds, but the same meaning. Beside
words, there is another important component in morphology. It is called as
morpheme.
a. Morpheme
A morpheme is a minimal shape to build a word in language (Akmajian
language element that contains information about meaning or function (2010:
117). For example, the word unbelievable consists of three morphemes; un +
believe + able. Each morpheme has a meaning; un means “not”, believe means
“trust on something”, and able means “competent”. Thus, the meaning of
unbelievable is “does not competent to trust on something”. Hence, morpheme
cannot be separated from morphology because every word consists of at least one
morpheme.
There are two categories of morpheme. Akmajian et al. state that the
first category is termed as free morphemes. A free morpheme is a morpheme
which can stand alone without having to attach to any other forms. Any words
such as book, house, a, in, and so on are included as free morphemes. The second
category is termed as bound morphemes. A bound morpheme is a morpheme
which cannot stand alone (2001: 18). It means that this category must be attached
to another morpheme which in linguistic is called as a base or root. One of the
bound morphemes is affixes.
b. Affixation
According to Szymanek (1989: 62), affixation is the process of adding a
base word with a bound morpheme which is affixes. Furthermore, he maintains
that an affix means a morpheme which is attached to a base. O’Grady and
Archibald (2010: 120) state that affixes can be divided into some types,
depending on the position of an affix attached to its base word. There are three
11
i. Prefix
A prefix is a type of affixes besides suffix and infix. According to
O’Grady and Archibald (2010: 120), a prefix means an affix which is attached
before a base word. The examples are affixes {re-}, {un-}, {dis-}, {mis-}, and
{im-}. Those are placed in the beginning of the root word. Thus, they are called
as prefixes. In other words, a prefix is an additional morpheme in a word which is
put in front of the base word. The words reread, unimportant, and impossible are
the examples of prefixes.
ii. Infix
In their statement, O’Grady and Archibald (2010: 120) mention that an
infix is one type of affixes which is placed in the middle of a base. An infix is
very hard to find in English words. The word speedometer is an example of infix
in English word. The word speedometer which comes from the word speed and
meter is inserted by an infix {-o-}. iii. Suffix
An affix which is placed in the end of the base word or its base is called
as a suffix (O’Grady and Archibald, 2010: 120). The similar statement is also
mentioned by Akmajian et al. They state that an affix is called as a suffix when it
is attached to the end of another morpheme (2001: 18). There are many examples
of suffixes such as suffix {-er} in the word worker, {-able} in the word
understandable, {-ing} in the word playing, {-ment} in the word advertisement,
Since affixes are integrated as bound morphemes, they can be
categorized into two classifications which are inflectional affixes and derivational
affixes. Akmajian et al. state that inflectional affixes never change the part of
speech of the base through any attachment of affixes. They add that, in English
inflectional affixes, there is no prefix but suffixes (2001: 43). The example is that
both of the parts of speech of the words write and writes are verbs, and it also
happens to the words bottle and bottles which both are nouns. What occurs in
inflectional affixes is in contrast to derivational affixes. Derivational affixes
include both prefixes and suffixes. However, derivational prefixes never change
the part of speech of the words like in the words read and reread which both are
verbs or legal and illegal which are adjectives.
c. Derivational Suffix
Fromkin, Rodman, and Hyams define derivational morpheme as a term
when bound morphemes are added to a base and it creates a new word with a new
meaning (2011: 88). In other words, by adding a suffix to a base and makes its
meaning and lexical category become different is called as derivational suffix.
The word work, for example, is a verb but it can be a noun if it receives a suffix
{-er} so that the word becomes worker. Another example is the word understand
which is a verb. It can be an adjective if it receives a suffix {-able} so that it
becomes the word understandable. Nevertheless, not all of derivational suffixes
change the part of speech of words. Fromkin et al. mention that “some
13
do” (2011: 89). Some words like relation and relationship which are nouns, and
pink and pinkish which are adjectives are some of the examples. 2. Phonology
Fromkin et al. state that “the study how speech sounds form patterns is
phonology” (2011: 267). In their explanation, they mention that phonology
covers the alteration pronunciation of a morpheme. In short, phonology deals
with the sound system and sound pattern in human language. It discusses how
speech sounds are produced.
a. Morphophonemic Process
Katamba maintains that morphophonemics is a combination of
morphology and phonology. Hence, in Europe, it is known as
morphophonology. Morphophonemic process is a phonological process in a
language that accounts for realization of phonologically conditioned allomorphs
of morphemes (1993: 34). In short, morphophonemic process concerns with the
pronunciation change of morphemes.
Kreidler (2004: 234) states that morphophonemic process consists of
four processes. The first process is vowel reduction. It is a process of reducing
vowels in unstressed syllables becoming /ə/ or also known as “schwa” like in the
word preference /ˈprefrənts/ which comes from the base prefer /prɪˈfɜː(r)/. The
second process is vowel loss, the process of deleting the initial unstressed vowel
in a word as in the word family /ˈfæməli/ becoming /ˈfæmli/ or history /ˈhɪstəri/ becoming /ˈhɪstri/. The third is consonant loss. Like vowel loss, it is a process of
The last process is assimilation which means a change of a consonant sound that
becomes similar to a neighbouring consonant as /z/ in the word beds but as /s/ in
the word bets or in a phrase can pay which /n/ is likely to be replaced by a labial
/m/.
On the other hand, Fromkin et al. (2011: 284) divide morphophonemic
processes into five categories which are assimilation, dissimilation,
feature-changing, segment insertion and deletion, and movement (metathesis) rules.
Basically, the definition of assimilation is the same as Kreidler’s definition while
segment deletion is similar to Kreidler’s vowel and consonant loss definition.
Fromkin et.al. define dissimilation as a term when two sounds become less
similar to another segment, the opposite of assimilation. The example is the word
fifth /fifӨ/ which undergoes the dissimilation into /fift/ to change the last two
fricatives with a stop. Meanwhile, feature-changing is defined as giving aspirate
to a consonant only if the vowel before is stressed like in the word repeat /rɪˈpiːt/.
The /p/ in that word is aspirated. Next, segment insertion is a process of adding a
segment such as a letter or an affix into a word. The last is movement (metathesis)
which means switching two phonemes so that the word is easier to pronounce.
For instance, some English speakers pronounce the word ask as /ɑks/ but asking
as /ɑskɪŋ/.
C. Theoretical Framework
In this present study, the researcher uses two main theories. The first
15
Those two theories and some parts of them are taken to prove the connection
among each other and be the base to answer the problems of this study.
The first is the theories of morphology from Bauer, O’Grady and
Archibald that are applied in this study. They are used as the basic theory of all
the problems, particularly for number one and three. The understanding of
morpheme is needed in order to help the researcher analyze the distributions of
the suffix {-ure} because it discusses the smallest language element. Afterward,
the understanding of affixation and suffix is used to explain the process of adding
the suffix {-ure} to base words. Then, derivational suffix is used to analyze the
alteration of the part of speech of words which are attached to suffix {-ure}.
Furthermore, by applying those parts of morphological theory in this study, it
helps the researcher understand the meaning of the suffix {-ure} which becomes
the third problem.
The second is the phonological theory by Fromkin et al. (2011) which is
applied in this study in order to answer the problem number two. The researcher
uses the morphophonemic process in order to find out the phonological process
16
CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The linguistic elements analyzed in this study are words. The researcher
analyzes words which are attached to the bound morpheme {-ure} that also has a
function as a suffix. It is called as the bound morpheme because that morpheme
cannot stand alone. The researcher analyzes the words attached to the suffix
{-ure} through two reliable printed dictionaries. The first dictionary is Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth Edition by A.S. Hornby
in the year of 2015. The main data are taken from the first dictionary. It is chosen
because that dictionary is up to date. It provides the phonetic transcription, part of
speech, and definition of each word. The second dictionary is The New Oxford
American Dictionary Second Edition by McKean in the year of 2005. It provides
the origins, histories, and derivatives of the words. In addition, the pronunciation,
short definition, and which century when each word is first used is also provided
in it. This dictionary is used in order to find the etymology dealing with the origin
of the words attached to the suffix {-ure} found in the first dictionary. Therefore,
those dictionaries are needed to analyze this present study.
B. Approach of the Study
There are two approaches that are used by the researcher in this study in
17
approach. Szymanek states that morphological processes consist of
form-changing such as addition or subtraction on the base element and alteration of
some base words (1989: 32). Based on that definition, it can be concluded that the
morphological approach is used in this study in order to analyze a morpheme
which is the suffix {-ure} as the object of this present study. In detail, this
approach is used to know the form-changing of the words which are attached to
the suffix {-ure} and the meanings of that suffix.
The second approach that is used by the researcher is a phonological
approach. There are two statements about it. The first statement is taken from
Carr. He states that the phonological approach shows the word form which is
unpredictable and cannot be analyzed with rule-governed phonetic properties
(1993: 29). Another statement is taken from Fromkin et al. who state that
phonology deals with the speaker’s linguistic knowledge about sound patterns of
a language and how it is produced (2011: 267). In addition, they say that
phonology concerns with pronunciation adjustment of a morpheme. It means,
how the sounds are produced can be identified through phonology. From those
statements about phonology, it can be concluded that the phonological approach
is an approach used to analyze how the sounds are produced. In this present
study, the phonological approach has a role which is used to identify the sound
C. Method of the Study
The method of the study is divided into two main components. The two
components are data collection and data analysis.
1. Data Collection
The data are collected from two dictionaries, namely Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth Edition (2015) and The New Oxford American Dictionary Second Edition (2005). The main source of the data
which is words attached to the suffix {-ure} is taken from the first dictionary. All
words ended with the segment –ure in the first dictionary are collected.
Nevertheless, since the suffix {-ure} has a function to form a part of speech into a
noun, the words which are not included as noun words are rejected. Another
exception also occurs to either blend words or compound words such as
acupuncture, acupressure, blood-pressure, motion picture, etc. Thus, the number
of words attached to the suffix {-ure} based on the first dictionary are eighty
seven words. Meanwhile, the second dictionary is used to supply the etymology
of words so that it facilitates to sort out the loan words. The second dictionary is
important because some of words having the suffix {-ure} are borrowed from
French and Latin. In order to make it specific, there are thirty words that can be
analyzed using synchronic approach and other fifty seven words are analyzed
using diachronic approach. Since only analyzing the words attached to the suffix
19
2. Data Analysis
In analyzing the data, the researcher uses some steps in order to find out
the answer for the problems appearing in this present study. There are three
problems which are analyzed; the distributions, morphophonemic processes, and
meanings of the suffix {-ure}.
Firstly, in analyzing the distributions of the suffix {-ure}, the data are
analyzed by two methods. The first method is called as synchronic. It is used to
analyze bases that can be attached to the suffix {-ure}. Those bases are classified
based on their parts of speech, last letters, and last phonemes. The second method
is called as diachronic. It is used to observe words which cannot be analyzed
synchronically but through its etymology. By using this method, the data are
divided into two types of loaning. The first type is the words borrowing the whole
form of the historical words. The second type is the words having bases in their
historical words.
Secondly, to answer the second problem is by identifying the sounds of
words using the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) taken from two
dictionaries mentioned above. It is used in order to know the pronunciation of
each word. There are two categorizations analyzed. The first is the IPA of the
words attached to the suffix {-ure} and the second is the IPA of the bases. Thus,
the morphophonemic processes that occur in the words attached to the suffix
{-ure} are able to be analyzed.
Lastly, in order to find out the meanings of the suffix {-ure}, the data
meanings of the synchronic data. The dictionary which is used is the first
dictionary, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth
Edition (2015). After figured out, all of the meanings are categorized according to
21
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter contains the analysis of this present study in order to solve
the problems mentioned in chapter I. There are three parts that are discussed in
this chapter. The first part discusses the distributions of the suffix {-ure} which
consist of the lexical category of the base, the distribution based on the last letter
and phoneme of the base, and also borrowing words. The second part discusses
the morphophonemic processes that occur in words attached to the suffix {-ure}.
The last part discusses the meanings of the suffix {-ure}.
The data of this present study are taken from two sources which are
Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth Edition (2015)
and The New Oxford American Dictionary Second Edition (2005). The first
dictionary mentioned above is for the main data while the second dictionary is
used to support the analysis. The suffix {-ure} is categorized as a nominal suffix.
It means that it has a function to change the part of speech of a base which
becomes a noun word. After collecting the data from the first dictionary, there are
one hundred thirty eight words ended with the segment –ure. However, only
eighty seven words are attached to the suffix {-ure} that are analyzed. It is
because the other data are included as blend, compound, or back-formation words.
The examples are the words agriculture, blood-pressure, cough-mixture,
A. The Distribution of the Suffix {-ure}
1. Lexical Category of the Base
A lexical category is also known as a part of speech. Based on the data
collected from Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth
Edition (2015), there are eighty seven words attached to the suffix {-ure}. The
bases of the data do not have the same lexical category. There are three lexical
categories found on the bases of the suffix {-ure}. The dominant one is verb
bases while the others are adjectives and nouns. The data examples are shown as
follows.
Architect (n) architecture(n) Create (v) creature (n) Literate (adj) literature (n)
The words on the left are the bases and the words on the right are the
result of adding the suffix {-ure} to each base. Each of the bases has a different
lexical category. The wordarchitectis a noun, createis a verb, andliterate is an
adjective. Their lexical categories would turn into nouns when they are attached
to the suffix {-ure}. The process of that alteration is also known as
nominalization.
Nevertheless, as mentioned before, not the entire data can be analyzed
using synchronic approach. For instance, in analyzing the wordpicture, it should
be analyzed using diachronic approach. It is because picture is not constructed
from the word *pict+ {-ure} likeadventurenot consisting of the word *advent+
{-ure}. Both of the previously mentioned words are loan words. The word
23
borrowed from the French which is aventure. Consequently, using diachronic
approach is very useful in analyzing the data whose English base cannot be
directly attached to the suffix {-ure}.
a. The Verb Bases
The words receiving the suffix {-ure} are mostly found in a verb base.
Most of the bases of the suffix {-ure} are in a form of verb. A verb can be
classified into two types. The first one is a transitive verb and the second one is
an intransitive verb. Mostly, the verb bases of the suffix {-ure} are transitive
verbs. However, there are some intransitive verbs, too. Below are the data
examples which are included as transitive verbs taken from Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth Edition(2015).
Close closure Create creature Erase erasure Press pressure Script scripture
The bases of the suffix {-ure} above are called as transitive verbs
because those bases must have an object to be a sentence. For example, the word
closewhich needsthe window as the object in the sentenceI close the window. It
would be incomplete if the sentence is only I close because the readers have no
idea on the object that receives the action ofclose. The same thing is also applied
to the word script in the sentence Tom scripts the movie. It does not make sense
thing that is scripted by the subject. In short, a transitive verb needs an object that
acts as the patient of a certain action indicated by the verb in a sentence.
Another type of verbs is called as an intransitive verb. On the bases of
the suffix {-ure}, there are only two bases which are classified as intransitive
verbs. Here are the words.
Fail failure Depart departure
In contrast to a transitive verb, an intransitive verb does not need an
object on their action. An example is in the sentence They depart from Bali. The
worddepartdoes not need any object to be a sentence becausefrom Baliis not an
object but an adverb which complements the verb depart. Another base of the
suffix {-ure} which can stand without an object is fail. Therefore, the sentence
Jenny fails is already complete because people do not need any object to know
that Jenny fails.
b. The Adjective Bases
There are two other lexical categories of the base of the suffix {-ure}.
One of them is adjective bases. Based on the data collection, there are three bases
included as adjective bases of the suffix {-ure} as follows.
Literate literature Moist moisture Rapt rapture
The bases mentioned above are adjective bases of the suffix {-ure} that
can be analyzed using synchronic approach. Meanwhile, one of the data which is
25
an adjective. It is because the meaning of the word temperatureand temperateis
totally different. Consequently, the word temperature is analyzed further using
diachronic approach.
c. The Noun Bases
The last lexical category of the bases of the suffix {-ure} is a noun base.
There are two classifications of nouns which are countable and uncountable
nouns. According to the data collection, there are only three noun bases. Below
are the data.
Architectarchitecture Portrait portraiture Prefect prefecture
All of the bases above are classified as countable bases. It is because the
words architect, portrait, and prefect can be counted. Hence, there are none of
noun bases of the suffix {-ure} are classified as uncountable bases.
2. Distribution of the Suffix {-ure}
In linguistics, each variant of the same morpheme is known as
allomorph (Fromkin, 2011: 268). The characteristic of an allomorph is that it does
not change the meaning and function of the morpheme which is, in this case, the
suffix {-ure}. There are three allomorphs of the suffix {-ure}. They are {-ature},
{-iture}, and {-ture}. They have different orthography and pronunciation, yet
they have the same meaning. According to the synchronic data in this study, the
usage of the suffix {-ure} is mostly used than its allomorphs. From the entire
while the other seven words use the variation of the suffix {-ure} as its ending.
The variant {-ature} appears in the words curvature andsignature. The bases of
those words arecurveandsignwhich are verb bases. However, the variant {-iture}
appears in the words expenditure and investiture in which their bases are also
verbs: expend and invest. The last variant is {-ture} which appears in the words
fixture and mixture. The bases of both of them are fix and mix which are also
verbs.
In analyzing the distribution of the suffix {-ure}, the researcher uses two
methods. In the first method, the data are analyzed based on the last letter of the
bases of the suffix ure}, whereas the last phoneme of the bases of the suffix
{-ure} is applied for the second method.
a. The Last Letter of the Base
In this part, the data are analyzed based on the orthography of the words
before and after receiving the suffix {-ure}. It is because the addition of the suffix
{-ure} can alter some bases orthographically, particularly in the last letter of the
bases. Besides, it is needed as the result of the allomorphs of the suffix {-ure}.
Hence, this part discusses the alteration of the last letter of the bases after
receiving the suffix {-ure} based on the spelling and writing of the words. Below
is the table of the first method.
Table 1. The Distribution of the Suffix {-ure} Based on the Last Letter of the
Bases
NO. THE LAST LETTEROF THE BASE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
1 e 12 40%
2 t 11 37%
27
i. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘e’
The base ending with the letter ‘e’ of the suffix {-ure} is the dominant
in this study leading 40% of the data. It contains twelve bases. Below are the
examples.
Examining the examples of the data above, it can be seen that when the
suffix {-ure} is added to the base, the last letter ‘e’ of the base is omitted and
replaced with the suffix {-ure}. It can be seen in the words close + {-ure} and
please + {-ure} which do not become *closeure and *pleaseure but closure and
pleasure. The letter ‘e’ in the final position of the base is omitted and not
pronounced. Thus, retaining the letter ‘e’ would be unnecessary when there is an
addition of suffix {-ure}.
Nonetheless, there is an exception on the base ending with the letter ‘e’
for the wordcurvewhich turns into curvaturewhen attached to the suffix {-ure}.
The word curvature is not formed fromcurve+ {-ure} butcurve + {-ature}, the
allomorph of the suffix {-ure}. It is because the word curveis a loan word from
pronounced and the double letter ‘uu’ is pronounced as one sound of /u/,
curvatu(s)+ {-ure} becomescurvature.
ii. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘t’
The number of the base ending with the letter ‘t’ is eleven bases. It
leading 37% of the data. These are the examples of the data taken from Oxford
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth Edition(2015).
Architectarchitecture Depart departure Forfeit forfeiture Invest investiture Prefect prefecture
Almost the entire bases ending with ‘t’ have no alteration. In other
words, the suffix {-ure} is added to the base directly without any modification of
the base. For instance,architect+ {-ure} becomesarchitectureorprefect+ {-ure}
becomesprefecture. On the other hand, there is a word which is not formed from
the suffix {-ure}. The word isinvestiture which is not formed frominvest+ {-ure}
but invest + {-iture}. It is because, historically, the base of that word which is
invest comes from the Latin word investitus. Considering that the letter ‘s’ is not
pronounced in Latin and double vowels are pronounced as one sound,investitu(s)
+ {-ure} becomes investiture, not *investitusure. That addition is known as
allomorph of the suffix {-ure} since it does not change the function of the suffix,
but it only shows the variation of the suffix {-ure
}
. Based in the wordinvestiture,29
iii. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘x’
The suffix {-ure} also attaches to the base ending with the letter ‘x’.
Based on the data, there are two bases ending with the letter ‘x’. The data is listed
as follows.
Fix fixture Mix mixture
The words receiving the suffix {-ure} mentioned above show that there
is an insertion of the letter ‘t’ between the last letter of the base ‘x’ and the suffix
{-ure}. The insertion of the letter ‘t’ is influenced by the Latin loan words which
arefixusandmixtus. Since there is no pronunciation of the letter ‘s’ in Latin, it is
omitted when attached to the suffix {-ure}. Therefore, in English, mixtu(s) +
{-ure} becomes mixture,not *mixtusure. Nonetheless, there is an exception for the
word fixture formed from fixu(s) + {-ure} which should be orthographically
written as *fixure. According to The New Oxford American Dictionary Second
Edition, there is an alternation in 16th century found in Shakespare in the word
*fixure which becomes fixture with ‘t’ inserted on the pattern of mixture (2005:
637). Hence, it can be concluded that the pattern of bases ending with the letter
‘x’ are always followed by the allomorph {-ture} since it does not change the
iv. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘d’
The base ending with the letter ‘d’ rarely appears on the data. There are
only two bases of the suffix {-ure} ending with the letter ‘d’. These are the data.
Expend expenditure Proceed procedure
The data above show that the bases ending with the letter ‘d’ have no
certain characteristics when they are attached to the suffix {-ure}. The base
expendis attached to the allomorph {-iture} so that it becomesexpenditurewhile
the base proceed is not. In this case, the diachronic approach is used. The base
expend comes from Latin word expenditus. As explained in the words borrowed
from Latin before, the letter ‘s’ is not pronounced while the double vowels are
pronounced as one sound in Latin. Thus, expenditu(s) +{-ure} does not become
*expenditusure but expenditure. Meanwhile, the baseproceed is originated from
the French word which isprocéder. In French, the letter ‘r’ in the end of a word
is not pronounced, whereas the double-vowel letter is pronounced in a single
sound. Thus,procéde(r) +{-ure} becomesprocédure,not *procéderure.
v. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘l’
According to the sources which are used in this present study, the base
ending with the letter ‘l’ is included as one of the bases having the fewest data.
There is only one base ending with the letter ‘l’. Below is the datum.
31
As the datum above, the basefailbecomesfailure. It shows that the base
ending with the letter ‘l’ has no allomorph of {-ure} at all. Thus, the addition of
the suffix {-ure} is executed directly without any modification at all.
vi. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘s’
The other base having the fewest data based on the last letter of the base
is the base ending with the letter ‘s’. The number of the base ending with the
letter ‘s’ is only one. The word is as follows.
Press pressure
After the last letter of the base press which is ‘s’, the suffix {-ure} is
added to the base directly. Consequently, the word press + {-ure} becomes
pressure without any changing of the base. In other words, the base ending with
the letter ‘s’ is not being attached to the allomorph of the suffix {-ure} but the
suffix {-ure} instantly.
vii. The Base Ending with the Letter ‘n’
According to the data, besides the bases ending with the letters ‘l’ and
‘s’, there is the last letter of the base of the suffix {-ure} which only has one
datum. The base is ended with the letter ‘n’. The word is shown as follows.
Sign signature
Similar to the word curve which turns into curvature when attached to
the suffix {-ure}, the base ending with the letter ‘n’ is also followed by {-ature}
which is the variant of the suffix {-ure}. The base word ofsignature, sign, comes
from the Latin word signatus. It is the Latin past participle of signare. Since in
pronounced as one sound, the word signatu(s) + {-ure} does not become
*signatusurebutsignature.
b. The Last Phoneme of the Base
After analyzing the data using the last spelling letter of the bases as
above, the second method is applied. In this method, the data are analyzed based
on the last phoneme sounds of bases of the suffix {-ure}. The pronunciation of
the data before and after attached to the suffix {-ure} is important on this method
in order to analyze the changes of the pronunciation of the suffix {-ure} which is
originally pronounced as /jə(r)/. Below are the data of the distribution of the
suffix {-ure} based on the last phoneme of the bases of the suffix {-ure}.
Table 2. The Distribution of the Suffix {-ure} Based on the Last Phoneme of
the Bases
NO. PHONEME OF THETHE LAST
BASE FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
i. The Base Ending with /t/
Based on the data collection, there are thirteen bases of the suffix {-ure}
ending with /t/. Those data are taken fromOxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary
of Current English Ninth Edition. The data examples are in the following list.
33
Forfeit /ˈfɔːfɪt/ forfeiture /ˈfɔː.fɪtʃə(r)/
Portrait /ˈpɔːtreɪt/ portraiture /ˈpɔːtrətʃə(r)/
Prefect /ˈpriːfekt/ prefecture /ˈpriːfektʃə(r)/
Sculpt /skʌlpt/ sculpture /ˈskʌlptʃə(r)/
The data above show that the suffix {-ure} is pronounced as /ʃə(r)/ when
it is attached to the base ending with /t/. The examples are the pronunciation of
the words depart /dɪˈpɑːt/ and prefect/ˈpriːfekt/. Those words are pronounced as
/dɪˈpɑːtʃə(r)/ and /ˈpriːfektʃə(r)/ when attached to the suffix {-ure} instead of
/dɪˈpɑːtjə(r)/ and /ˈpriːfektjə(r)/ because the base of those words are ended with
the phoneme /t/.
ii. The Base Ending with /z/
Besides being able to attach to the bases ending with /t/, the suffix {-ure}
is also able to attach to the bases ending with /z/. There are nine bases of the
suffix {-ure} having /z/ as their last phoneme. Below are the examples of the data.
Close /kləʊz/ closure /ˈkləʊʒə(r)/
Compose /kəmˈpəʊz/composure /kəmˈpəʊʒə(r)/
Erase /ɪˈreɪz/ erasure /ɪˈreɪʒə(r)/
Please /pliːz/ pleasure /ˈpleʒə(r)/
Seize /siːz/ seizure /ˈsiːʒə(r)/
The list above shows that the pronunciations of the bases ended with
the phoneme /z/ are changed when receiving the suffix {-ure}. It can be proven in
the words close/kləʊz/ andcompose /kəmˈpəʊz/. When those words are attached
with /ʒə(r)/. Consequently, the pronunciations of closure andcomposure become
/ˈkləʊʒə(r)/ and /kəmˈpəʊʒə(r)/. The same thing occurs to all bases of the suffix
{-ure} ending with /z/.
iii. The Base Ending with /s/
According to the data taken from Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary of Current English Ninth Edition, there are three words which are
considered as the bases of the suffix {-ure} ending with /s/. These are the data.
Fix /fɪks/ fixture /fɪkstʃə(r)/
Mix /ˈmɪks/ mixture /ˈmɪkstʃə(r)/
Press /pres/ pressure /ˈpreʃə(r)/
Dominantly, the suffix of the bases is pronounced as /tʃə(r)/ like in the
words fixture /fɪkstʃə(r)/ and mixture /ˈmɪkstʃə(r)/. However, a different
pronunciation occurs in the wordpress/pres/ which turns into /ˈpreʃə(r)/. In other
words, there are two different pronunciations of the suffix {-ure} when it attaches
to the bases ending with /s/. It can be pronounced as /tʃə(r)/ and /ʃə(r)/ as well.
The cause is related to the last letter of each base. In the discussion before, it is
explained that the bases ending with the letter ‘x’ are attached to the variant of
the suffix {-ure} which is {-ture} while the base ending with the letter ‘s’ is
attached to the suffix {-ure}. Hence, the pronunciations of the suffix {-ure} on
35
iv. The Base Ending with /d/
The suffix {-ure} also attaches to the bases ending with the phoneme /d/.
There are two bases attached to the suffix {-ure} ending with /d/. The words are
shown as follows.
Expend /ɪkˈspend/ expenditure /ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r)/
Proceed /prəˈsiːd/ procedure /prəˈsiːdʒə(r)/
Based on those two data mentioned above, the alteration of both of them
are different. In the word expend /ɪkˈspend/, its pronunciation turns into
/ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r)/ when it receives the suffix {-ure}. In short, the allomorph of the
suffix {-ure} which is {-iture} in the word expenditureis pronounced as /ɪtʃə(r)/.
It is very contrast to proceed /prəˈsiːd/ which turns into /prəˈsiːdʒə(r)/ when
receiving the suffix {-ure}. As explained before, the word proceed is originated
from the French word which is procéder. Then, after suffixation of the suffix
{-ure}, the word becomes procedure /prəˈsiːdʒə(r)/. Thus, it can be concluded that
the suffix {-ure} which attaches to the base ending with /d/ is pronounced as
/ʒə(r)/. Nevertheless, an exception is applied to the word expenditure
/ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r)/ because it is attached to the allomorph {-iture} /ɪtʃə(r)/ instead of
the suffix {-ure} itself.
v. The Base Ending with /l/
There are three bases that can be attached to the suffix {-ure} in which
each of those only consists of one datum. One of them is the base ending with /l/.
There is only one base ending with /l/ that can be attached to the suffix {-ure}.
Fail /feɪl/ failure /ˈfeɪljə(r)/
The datum above shows that the pronunciation of the suffix {-ure} when
attaching to the word fail /feɪl/ does not undergo a change. Thus, the
pronunciation remains the same as the original one which is /jə(r)/. Not to
mention, this case is different from the bases ending with other than ‘l’.
vi. The Base Ending with /n/
Besides the base ending with /l/, the base ending with /n/ also only has
one datum. The datum is listed below.
Sign /saɪn/ signature /ˈsɪցnətʃə(r)/
As discussed before, when the suffix {-ure} attaches to the base ending
with the letter ‘n’ as in the wordsignabove, the suffix {-ure} is not added to that
word directly but its allomorph which is {-ature} so that it becomes signature.
When the allomorph {-ature} attaches to a base ending with the phoneme /n/, it is
pronounced as /ətʃə(r)/. Therefore,signatureis pronounced as /ˈsɪցnətʃə(r)/.
vii. The Base Ending with /v/
The last base that can be attached to the suffix {-ure} having one datum
is the base ending with /v/. Below is the datum taken from Oxford Advanced
Learner’s Dictionary of Current English Ninth Edition.
Curve /kɜːv/ curvature /ˈkɜːvətʃə(r)/
Similar to the base ending with /n/, when the suffix {-ure} is added to
the base ending with /v/, the word is not attached to the suffix {-ure} directly but
37
/v/ is the same as when it is pronounced on the base ending with /n/ which is
/ətʃə(r)/. Thus, the wordcurvatureis pronounced as /ˈkɜːvətʃə(r)/.
3. Borrowing
As mentioned in chapter 1 before, the suffix {-ure} is a borrowing suffix
from French {-ure} and Latin {-ura}. Hence, there are many words on the data
collected which are classified as loan words and that must be analyzed using
diachronic approach. Based on the diachronic data, most of the words are
originated from Latin rather than French. The total number of diachronic data is
fifty seven words. Those words are divided into two categories. The first category
is the data which have no base in neither Latin nor French. It means, those data
borrow the words entirely without any addition of the suffix {-ure}. The second
category is the data which have a base in either Latin or French. In other words,
the data in this category are the data having {-ure} as a suffix. Below are the
examples of the first category.
Table 3. Diachronic Data Having No Latin or French Bases
NO. WORD LATIN FRENCH
Those loan words are not formed from a base being added to the suffix
{-ure} in French or the suffix {-ura} in Latin. They borrow the Latin or French
words entirely. The wordculture, for instance, is not formed from Latin *cult- +
{-ura} or French *cult- + {-ure}. It is directly from Latin cultura and French
based on Greek thēsauros. After experiencing an adjustment in English, tresor
turns into treasure. In contrast to the table above, below is the second category
containing some examples of loan words having a base.
Table 4. Diachronic Data Having Latin or French Bases
NO. WORD LATIN LATIN BASE FRENCH FRENCHBASE
1 Furniture - - fourniture fournir 2 Imposture imposit- imposture - -3 Lecture lect- lectura - -4 Ligature ligat- ligatura - -5 Picture pict- pictura -
-The loan words in this category are formed from either a French or Latin
base which is added to the suffix {-ure} or {-ura}. For example, the wordlecture
comes from Latin lectura. It is formed from the Latin base lect- + {-ura}.
Nevertheless, there are some words which are not attached to the suffix {-ure} or
{-ura} yet the allomorph of it. For instance, the wordfurnitureis originated from
French fourniture. It has the French base fournir or in Old French written as
furnir meaning ‘to furnish’. The base fournir + {-ure} does not become
*fournirure instead of fourniture. The last phoneme of the base which is ‘r’ is
omitted and replaced with the allomorph {-ture}. Another example of the loan
word attached to the allomorph of the suffix {-ure} is ligature. It is originated
39
B. The Morphophonemic Processes that Occur in Words Attached to the
Suffix {-ure}
There are some phonological changes that occur in the process of adding
the suffix {-ure} on the bases. This process is known as morphophonemic
process. Segment insertion, segment deletion, vowel reduction, consonant change,
and vowel change are the kinds of morphophonemic processes that occur after the
suffixation of the suffix {-ure}.
In analyzing the morphophonemic process, the International Phonetic
Alphabet (IPA) is necessary. The International Phonetic Alphabet of the data in
this undergraduate thesis is taken fromOxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of
Current English Ninth Edition(2015). Due to the fact that a word can experience
more than one morphophonemic process, the number of one morphophonemic
processes is not be the same as the number of the words. Below is the table of the
morphophonemic processes occuring in the words attached to the suffix {-ure}.
Table 5. The Morphophonemic Processes Occurring in the Words Attached
to the Suffix {-ure}
NO. MORPHOPHONEMIC
PROCESS FREQUENCY PERCENTAGE
1 Consonant Change 22 61.1%
2 Vowel Insertion 7 19.4%
3 Vowel Change 3 8.3%
4 Segment Deletion 2 5.6%
5 Vowel Reduction 2 5.6%
1. Consonant Change
In some bases attached to the suffix {-ure}, the morphophonemic
process affects the alteration of some consonants in the word. The changes are in
the words as follows.
Architect /ˈɑːkɪtekt/ architecture /ˈɑːkɪtektʃə(r)/ Close /ˈkləʊz/ closure /ˈkləʊʒə(r)/
Depart /dɪˈpɑːt/ departure /dɪˈpɑːtʃə(r)/ Press /pres/ pressure /ˈpreʃə(r)/ Seize /siːz/ seizure /ˈsiːʒə(r)/
The consonant change of the words attached to the suffix {-ure} is
dominated by the consonants /t/ and /z/ which coincidentally share the same
position (at the end of the base). The number of the consonant change in the bases
ending with /t/ is twelve, while in the bases ending /z/ is nine. The examples can
be seen from the list above. In the wordsarchitect/ˈɑːkɪtekt/ anddepart /dɪˈpɑːt/,
their last phoneme which is /t/ turns into /tʃ/ when they receive the suffix {-ure}.
In the meantime, the bases with the final /z/ change into /ʒ/ when the
suffix {-ure} is added. The words close /ˈkləʊz/ and seize /siːz/, for instance,
become /ˈkləʊʒə(r)/ and /ˈsiːʒə(r)/. The last phoneme /z/ in those words changes
into /ʒ/ while the /ə(r)/ is the pronunciation of the suffix {-ure}. Other than the
bases ending with the last phonemes /t/ and /z/, there is another last phoneme
which undergoes a consonant change. It is /s/ that can be identified in the word
press /pres/. When the last phoneme /s/ of the base attached to the suffix {-ure},
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From the discussion above, the vowel insertion can be summarized into
the following phonological notation.
C [+alveolar][+palatal] / __ [+palatal]
2. Vowel Insertion
One of the morphophonemic processes which adds a segment in a word
is named segment insertion. The segment can be inserted in the initial, medial, or
even final sound of a word. In linguistics, this process is known as epenthensis.
In this undergraduate thesis, there are seven words experiencing the
segment insertion process after they are attached to the suffix {-ure}. All of those
segments are inserted at the end of the bases of the suffix {-ure}. The examples
of segment insertion are likely as follows.
Curve /kɜːv/ curvature /ˈkɜːvətʃə(r)/ Expend /ɪkˈspend/ expenditure /ɪkˈspendɪtʃə(r)/ Invest /ɪnˈvest/ investiture /ɪnˈvestɪtʃə(r)/ Sign /saɪn/ signature /ˈsɪցnətʃə(r)/
The bases listed above show that almost all of the bases are pronounced
the same even after they are attached to the suffix {-ure}. The only different thing
is there is a segment insertion at the end of each base which is the pronunciation
of the suffix {-ure} or its variants. The words curve /kɜːv/ and sign /saɪn/, for
instance, will be pronounced as /ˈkɜːvətʃə(r)/ and signature /ˈsɪցnətʃə(r)/ after
being attached to the suffix {-ure}. There are no IPA changes on each base after
receiving the suffix {-ure} but the insertion of /ə/ that appears before /tʃə(r)/.
Another vowel insertion is applied in the words expend /ɪkˈspend/ and
