Etika Profesi dan Bisnis Pertemuan 13

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TUJUAN PEMBAHASAN TUJUAN PEMBAHASAN

Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan pengertian,pendekatan, Mahasiswa mampu menjelaskan pengertian,pendekatan, prinsip, peran dan manfaat etika bisnis dan penyebab prinsip, peran dan manfaat etika bisnis dan penyebab pebisnis tidak beretika dalam berbisnis

pebisnis tidak beretika dalam berbisnis

SUB POKOK BAHASAN SUB POKOK BAHASAN

1.

1. Isu General Etika BisnisIsu General Etika Bisnis 2.

2. Isu Teoritis Etika Bisnis Isu Teoritis Etika Bisnis

POKOK BAHASAN POKOK BAHASAN ISU-ISU ETIKA BISNIS

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Bagian etika bisnis ini tumpangtindih dengan falsafah

bisnis

bisnis (Philosophy of business)(Philosophy of business) dimana salahsatu dimana salahsatu tujuannya adalah menentukan maksud-maksud dasar

tujuannya adalah menentukan maksud-maksud dasar

dari suatu perusahaan.

Jika maksud utama suatu perusahaan adalah

memaksimisasi keuntungan bagi pemegang

saham/shareholders, maka kemudian dapat dilihat

sebagai tidak-etis (unethical) untuk suatu

perusahaan di dalam konteks mempertimbangkan

kepentingan dan hak-hak pihak lainnya

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Isu-1: Corporate Social Responsibility atau CSR CSR merupakan suatu istilah dimana letak hak dan

kewajiban yang bersifat etika antara perusahaan dan masyarakat diperdebatkan,

Isu-isu General dalam Etika Bisnis

Isu-2: Professional ethics Isu-2: Professional ethics Etika p

Etika profesional mencakup keragaman/banyak masalah dan rofesional mencakup keragaman/banyak masalah dan fenomena pr

fenomena praaktik etika bisnis yang timbul dari area fungsi-fungsi ktik etika bisnis yang timbul dari area fungsi-fungsi yang spesifik atau dalam relasi dengan profesi bisnis yang dikenal yang spesifik atau dalam relasi dengan profesi bisnis yang dikenal (accounting scandals)

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Etika dari

Etika dari Human Resource ManagementHuman Resource Management (HRM) (HRM) mencakup isu-isu yang muncul disekitar relasi antara

mencakup isu-isu yang muncul disekitar relasi antara

the employer-employee (majikan-pegawai), seperti

hak-hak dan kewajiban yang dimiliki oleh masing-masing.

hak dan kewajiban yang dimiliki oleh masing-masing.

Isu-3: Ethics of human resource management Isu-3: Ethics of human resource management

CONTOH:

 isu-isu _isu-isudiscriminationdiscrimination termasuk diskiminasi berdasar termasuk diskiminasi berdasar usia (

usia (ageismageism), gender, ras, agama, ), gender, ras, agama, disability disability people

people/penyandang cacat, berat badan dan /penyandang cacat, berat badan dan penampilan, sexual harrassment.

penampilan, sexual harrassment.

 Isi-isu yang terkait dengan representasi dari pekerja _{Isi-isu yang terkait dengan representasi dari pekerja}

dan demokrasi di tempat kerja:

dan demokrasi di tempat kerja: union busting, strike union busting, strike breaking.

breaking.

 Isu-isu yang mempengaruhi privacy karyawan/pekerja _{Isu-isu yang mempengaruhi privacy karyawan/pekerja}

>>

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Isu-4: Ethics of (sales and) marketing Isu-4: Ethics of (sales and) marketing

Etika pemasaran tumpangtindih secara ketat dengan

media ethics, karena pemasaran menggunakan media besar-besaran. Namun, media ethics adalah suatu topik

besar dan di luar cakupan etika bisnis

(Pricing: price fixing, price discrimination, price skimming

(Pricing: price fixing, price discrimination, price skimming)).. • Pemasaran yang jauh melampaui informasi utama

tentang produk dan akses ke suatu produk akan mencari celah memanipulasi nilai-nilai dan perilaku

orang/konsumen

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Isu-5: Ethics of production Isu-5: Ethics of production

Daerah etika bisnis terkait dengan kewajiban suatu Daerah etika bisnis terkait dengan kewajiban suatu

perusahaan untuk menjamin bahwa produk dan proses perusahaan untuk menjamin bahwa produk dan proses produksi tidak menyebabkan kerusakan.

produksi tidak menyebabkan kerusakan.

Beberapa dilema yang parah dalam area ini muncul dari Beberapa dilema yang parah dalam area ini muncul dari fakta bahwa selamanya ada suatu derajad bahaya dalam fakta bahwa selamanya ada suatu derajad bahaya dalam suatu produk atau proses produksi dan sangat sulit untuk suatu produk atau proses produksi dan sangat sulit untuk

mendefinisikan suatu derajat yang dapat dibenarkan, mendefinisikan suatu derajat yang dapat dibenarkan, atau derajad pembenaranyya akan tergantung pada atau derajad pembenaranyya akan tergantung pada

perubahan kondisi dari teknologi atau perubahan perubahan kondisi dari teknologi atau perubahan

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Isu-6: Ethics of intellectual property, knowledge & skills Isu-6: Ethics of intellectual property, knowledge & skills

Pengetahuan dan keterampilan merupakan sesuatu

yang sangat berharga tetapi tidak mudah menjadi

obyek yang dimiliki/kepemilikan.

Tidak selalu jelas siapa yang memiliki hak lebih

besar terhadap suatu ide/gagasan: perusahaan yang

melatih karyawan atau karyawan itu sendiri.

Negara dimana tanaman tumbuh atau perusahaan

yang menemukan dan mengembangkan potensi

medis dari tanaman tersebut yang memiliki hak

inelektual?



Sebagai akibat, upaya untuk memperoleh hak Sebagai akibat, upaya untuk memperoleh hak kepemilikan dan etika bisnis menimbulkan

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Isu-isu Teoritis dalam Etika Bisnis

1.

1. Konflik Kepentingan Konflik Kepentingan

Etika Bisnis dapat diamati/diuji dari beragam perspektif,

termasuk perspektif karyawan, perusahaan komersial,

dan masyarakat sebagai suatu keseluruhan.

Tidak jarang, muncul situasi dimana ada konflik antara

satu atau lebih pihak, dimana pelayanan terhadap

kepentingan satu pihak adalah merugikan/merusak

kepentingan pihak lain.

s

sebagai contoh, suatu luaran hasil tertentu mungkin ebagai contoh, suatu luaran hasil tertentu mungkin sangat menguntungkan karyawan, tetapi berdampak

sangat menguntungkan karyawan, tetapi berdampak

buruk bagi perusahaan atau bagi masyarakat, atau

kebalikannya



Menurut beberapa ahli etika/ethicists “PERAN Menurut beberapa ahli etika/ethicists “PERAN UTAMA DARI SUATU ETIKA ADALAH SEBAGAI

UTAMA DARI SUATU ETIKA ADALAH SEBAGAI

PENYEIMBANG dan REKONSILIASI KONFLIK

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Philosophers and others disagree about the purpose of a Philosophers and others disagree about the purpose of a

business in society. business in society.

For example, some suggest that the principal

purpose of a business is to maximize returns to

its owners, or in the case of a publicly-traded

concern, its shareholders.

Thus, under this view, only those activities that increase Thus, under this view, only those activities that increase

profitability and shareholder value should be encouraged. profitability and shareholder value should be encouraged.

Some believe that the only companies that are likely to Some believe that the only companies that are likely to

survive in a competitive marketplace are those that place survive in a competitive marketplace are those that place

profit maximization above everything else. profit maximization above everything else.

However, some point out that self interest would still require However, some point out that self interest would still require

a business to obey the law and adhere to basic moral rules, a business to obey the law and adhere to basic moral rules, because the consequences of failing to do so could be very because the consequences of failing to do so could be very

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Other theorists contend that a business has moral duties that extend Other theorists contend that a business has moral duties that extend well beyond serving the interests of its owners or stockholders, and well beyond serving the interests of its owners or stockholders, and that these duties consist of more than simply obeying the law.

that these duties consist of more than simply obeying the law.

They believe a business has moral responsibilities to so-called They believe a business has moral responsibilities to so-called

stakeholders,

stakeholders, people who have an interest in the conduct of the people who have an interest in the conduct of the business, which might include employees, customers, vendors, the business, which might include employees, customers, vendors, the local community, or even society as a whole.

local community, or even society as a whole.

They would say that stakeholders have certain rights with regard to They would say that stakeholders have certain rights with regard to how the business operates, and some would even suggest that this how the business operates, and some would even suggest that this even includes rights of governance.

even includes rights of governance.

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Some theorists have adapted

Some theorists have adapted social contract social contract theory to theory to business, whereby companies become quasi-democratic

business, whereby companies become quasi-democratic

associations, and employees and other stakeholders are

given voice over a company's operations.

This approach has become especially popular subsequent

to the revival of contract theory in

to the revival of contract theory in political philosophypolitical philosophy, , which is largely due to John Rawis'

which is largely due to John Rawis' A Theory of JusticeA Theory of Justice, , and the advent of the consensus-oriented approach to

and the advent of the consensus-oriented approach to

solving business problems, an aspect of the “

solving business problems, an aspect of the “quality quality movement

movement" that emerged in the 1980s. " that emerged in the 1980s.

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Contract Theory Contract Theory Professors

Professors Thomas DonaldsonThomas Donaldson and and Thomas DunfeeThomas Dunfee

proposed a version of contract theory for business, which

they call

they call Integrative Social Contracts TheoryIntegrative Social Contracts Theory. .

They posit that conflicting interests are best resolved by

formulating a "fair agreement" between the parties,

using a combination of:

macro-principles that all rational people would agree

upon as universal principles, and,

micro-principles formulated by actual agreements

among the interested parties. Critics say the

proponents of contract theories miss a central point,

namely, that a business is someone's property and not

a mini-state or a means of distributing social justice.

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Ethical issues can arise when companies must comply

with multiple and sometimes conflicting legal or cultural

standards, as in the case of multinational companies

that operate in countries with varying practices.

The question arises, for example, ought a company to

obey the laws of its home country, or should it follow

the less stringent laws of the developing country in

which it does business?

To illustrate, United States law forbids companies from

paying bribes either domestically or overseas; however,

in other parts of the world, bribery is a customary,

accepted way of doing business. Similar problems can

occur with regard to child labor, employee safety, work

hours, wages, discrimination, and environmental

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Business ethics in the field Business ethics in the field

Corporate ethics policies

As part of more comprehensive

As part of more comprehensive compliance and ethics compliance and ethics programs

programs, many companies have formulated internal policies , many companies have formulated internal policies pertaining to the ethical conduct of employees.

pertaining to the ethical conduct of employees.

These policies can be simple exhortations in broad,

highly-generalized language (typically called a corporate ethics

generalized language (typically called a corporate ethics

statement), or they can be more detailed policies, containing

specific behavioral requirements (typically called corporate

ethics codes).

They are generally meant to identify the company's

expectations of workers and to offer guidance on handling

some of the more common ethical problems that might arise

in the course of doing business.

It is hoped that having such a policy will lead to greater

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To be successful, most ethicists would suggest that an ethics

policy should be:

Given the unequivocal support of top management, Given the unequivocal support of top management, by both word and example.

by both word and example.

Explained in writing and orally, with periodic Explained in writing and orally, with periodic reinforcement.

reinforcement.

Doable....something employees can both understand Doable....something employees can both understand and perform (able to be done or achieved).

and perform (able to be done or achieved). Monitored by top management, with routine Monitored by top management, with routine inspections for compliance (aggreeing to do inspections for compliance (aggreeing to do something) and improvement.

something) and improvement.

Backed up by clearly stated consequences in the Backed up by clearly stated consequences in the case of disobedience.

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Ethics officers Ethics officers

Ethics officers (sometimes called "compliance" or "business

conduct officers") have been appointed formally by

organizations since the mid-1980s. One of the catalysts for the

creation of this new role was a series of fraud, corruption and

abuse scandals that afflicted the U.S. defense industry at that

time.

This led to the creation of the Defense Industry Initiative (DII),

a pan-industry initiative to promote and ensure ethical

business practices. The DII set an early benchmark for ethics

management in corporations. In 1991,

management in corporations. In 1991, the Ethics & the Ethics & Compliance Officer Association

Compliance Officer Association (ECOA) -- originally the Ethics (ECOA) -- originally the Ethics Officer Association (EOA)-- was founded at the

Officer Association (EOA)-- was founded at the Center for Center for Business Ethics

Business Ethics (at Bentley College, Waltham, MA) as a (at Bentley College, Waltham, MA) as a

professional association for those responsible for managing

organizations' efforts to achieve ethical best practices. The

membership grew rapidly (the ECOA now has over 1,100

members) and was soon established as an independent

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1. Stakeholders concept vs Sharegolder concept.

2. Hostile take-overs vs Industrial espionage (Ethical issues concerning relations between different companies)

3. Corporate governance vs Political Contributions made by corporations (Leadership issues)

4. Corporate Manslaughter ( Law reform, such as the ethical debate over introducing a crime of)

5. The misuse of corporate ethics policies as marketing instruments

TUGAS KELOMPOK

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1. Amartya Sen. 1991 . On Ethics & Economics. Basil

Blackwell Ltd. UK

2. A.Sonny Keraf. 1998 . Etika Bisnis. Pustaka Filsafat.

Penerbit Kanisius. Jakarta

3. Ketut Rinjin. 2004 . Etika Bisnis dan Implementasinya.

Gramedia Pustaka Utama. Jakarta

4. Laura Hartman, Burr Ridge, 2004. Perspectives in

Business Ethics,, IL: McGraw-Hill.

5. Robby I.Chandra. 1995 . Etika Dunia Bisnis. Penerbit

Kanisius, Yogyakarta.

6. Sterling Harwood, Belmont, CA, 1996. Business as Ethical

and Business as Usual, : Wadsworth Publishing.

7. Sudiro Suprapto. 2005. Etika : Rahasia Sukses Manajer

Masa Depan. Progres. Jakarta.