Memahami dan Mengenali
Perubahan
The Fifth Discipline: Mental Model
•
One life s journey starts,
Not when one decide how far to go,
But when one decide how deep to know oneself.
•
Mental Model
–
It is a framework for the cognitive processes of our mind.
In other words, it determines how we think and act
–
theories
of
a tion or espoused theory whi h
are a set of
rules that we use for our own behaviors as well as to
understand the behaviors of others.
–
However, people don't usually follow their stated action
theories. The way they really behave can be called their
theory-in-use
.
The Fifth Discipline: Mental Model
•
However, people don't usually follow
their stated action theories. The way
they really behave can be called their
theory
-in-
use. It is usual:
– To remain in unilateral control,
– To maximize winning and minimize losing,
– To suppress negative feelings, and
– To be as rational as possible by which people mean defining clear objectives and evaluating their behavior in terms of whether or not they have achieved
them. (Argyris, 1991). Jiwa/Raga
It is about Me, Now, Win (my Ego) Ladder of Inference – How we see what we see
Dependent state
Ladder of Inference
–
How we see what we see
REFLEXCIVE LOOP : our BELIEFS affect what data we select next
Adapted from Peter Senge: The Fifth Discipline, Doubleday, 1990.
Observable DATA and Experiences (as a video tape recorder might capture it)
I select DATA from what I observe
I add MEANINGS (Cultural and
Personal)
I make ASSUMPTIONS based on the
meaning I added
I draw CONCLUSION
I adopt BELIEFS about the
world
I take ACTIONS
Ladder of Inference
–
How we see
what we see
Ladder of Inference
• Observable DATA and EXPERIENCE
• Select DATA
• Add MEANING (Cultural and Personal)
• Make ASSUMPTIONS
• Draw CONCLUSION
• Adopt BELIEFS
• Take ACTION
Events
• X comes late to the meeting
• X knows when the meeting is starting
• X does not explain why he comes late to the meeting
• X comes late and no explanation
• X deliberately comes late
• X always comes late
• We can not count on X, he is unreliable
• Unreliable can not be tolerated because it shows there is no commitment
The Fifth Discipline: Mental Model
•
Ladder of inference: Our mental model is flawed
–
We generalize our beliefs and assumptions to the next
situation we encounter and use them to filter the data
we are willing to consider. Hence, every time we start
up the ladder for a new situation, we are handicapped
from the beginning. (Argyris, 1993; Senge, Fieldbook,
1994)
•
Remedy
–
Left-Hand Column, Right-Hand Column
•
Left-Hand Column: what I am thinking
•
Right-Hand Column: what was said
–
Balance Advocacy vs Inquiry
The Fifth Discipline: Mental Model
• Love of truth
• Openness
• Espoused theory vs Theory in use
• Ladder of inference
• Balance inquiry and advocacy
Essences
Principles
Practices
• Distinguishing data from abstraction on data
• Testing assumptions
• Left hand – right hand column
The Fifth Discipline: Mental Model
•
Mental Model:
–
Apa yang kita rasakan (rasa) pada saat kita berpikir
(cipta) untuk melakukan sesuatu (karya)
–
Yang kita rasakan akan membentuk narasi
The Fifth Discipline: Mental Model
Unsur Kehidupan
Jiwa
Raga
Publik
Privat
Narasi Kehidupan
Bentuk Kehidupan
The Fifth Discipline: Mental Model
•
Apa narasi kehidupan anda?
•
Apa yang akan anda lakukan?
•
A difficulty becomes a problem when it
The Fifth Discipline: Personal Mastery
Espoused Theory
Theory In Use Gap Creative Tension (Cipta) Emotional Tension (Rasa)
To use oth reason and intuition to reate…
Reason being the logical
Intuition being the emotional
Personal Mastery:
Aktifitas berkarya (Karya) yang merupakan perpaduan antara aktifitas berpikir – rasional
– (cipta) dengan aktifitas merasakan – emosional (rasa)
Cipta Karya
The Fifth Discipline: Personal Mastery
Cipta Karya
Rasa PERUBAHAN KEPEMIMPIN AN PEMBELAJAR AN
Analysis – Think – Change - Data and analysis influence
how we think
- New thoughts change behaviour
See – Feel – Change
- Seeing something new hits the emotion
- Emotionally charged ideas
change behaviour The Heart of Change Field Guide, John Kotter, 2005 To use both reason and
intuition to reate…
Reason being the logical Intuition being the
emotional
The Fifth Discipline, Peter Senge, 1990
LEADERSHIP
• Learning
The Fifth Discipline: Personal Mastery
Essences
Principles
Practices
• Being
• Generativeness
• Connectedness
• Vision
• Creative Tension vs Emotional Tension
• Subconscious
• Clarifying Personal vision
• Holding creative tension
Focusing on result
Seeing current reality
Leadership: Leader Level
Leadership: Leader Level
LEARNING LOOPS
RESULT ACTION Achi e vi ng R es ul tSingle Loop Learning
Are We Doing Things Right? Rules - Procedures
ASSUMPTIONS
Double Loop Learning
Are We Doing The Right Things? Patterns - Insight
CONTEXT
Triple Loop Learning
How Do We Decide What Is Right? Principle
LEARNING, RESULT and FUNCTIONS
Learning Loop Learning Area Learning Level Learning Result Management Functions
Single Rules and Procedures Obligation & Permission Improvement (Reform) First Level
Double Patterns & Insight Knowledge & Understanding Renewal (Transform) Second Level
Triple Principle Courage & Will Development (Mutation)
Third Level (Leadership & Being A Leader)
LEARNING LOOPS and
COMMUNICATING
RESULT ACTION Achi e vi ng R es ul tSingle Loop Learning
Are We Doing Things Right? Rules - Procedures
ASSUMPTIONS
Double Loop Learning
Are We Doing The Right Things? Patterns - Insight
CONTEXT
Triple Loop Learning
How Do We Decide What Is Right? Principle
Adapted from Adam Kahane: Solving Tough Problems, San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2004.
Communication Level: Down loading
Communication Level: Debating
Communication Level:
Leadership Defined
Learning Loop
Learning Area
Learning Level Learning Result Management Functions
Communication
Single Rules and Procedures
Obligation & Permission
Improvement (Reform)
First Level Downloading
Double Patterns & Insight
Knowledge & Understanding
Renewal (Transform)
Second Level Debating
Triple Principle Courage & Will Development (Mutation)
BREAKTHROUGH
Third Level
(Leadership & Being A Leader)
Dialogue
