1.Scientific Management
Scientific management is a theory of management that analyzes and
synthesizes workflows. Its main objective is improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. it was one of the earliest attempts to apply science to the engineering of process and to management. It also known as Taylorism after its founder Frederick winslow Taylor. Although it became obsolete by 1930s, most of its themes are still important parts of industrial engineering and management today. Production efficiency methodology that breaks every action, job or task into small and simple segments which can be easily analyzed and taught.
2. Basic Thinking of classical organization Theory
Classical organization theory deal with the formal organization and concepts to increase management efficiency. Taylor presented scientific management concepts, Weber gave the bureaucratic approach, and Fayol developed the administrative theory of the organization. They all contributed significantly to the development of classical organization theory.
The scientific management approach developed by Taylor is based on the concept of planning of work to achieve efficiency, standardization,
specialization and simplification. Weber’s bureaucratic theory emphasized the need for a hierarchical structure of power. It recognized the importance of division of labor and specialization.
3. The Hawthorne Expirement
Famous experiments in industrial history.
change in thinking about work and productivity.
set individual in social context,establishing that the performance of
employees is influenced by their surroundings and by the people that they are working with as much as by their own abilities.
Western Electric’s factory at Hawthorne, a suburb of Chicago, in her late 1920s and early 1930s.
Most part done by Elton Mayo, an Austrlian-born sociologist.
4.The meanings of Mile’s law
say “ where you stand depends on where you sit”.
arose in Bureau of the budget that occurred in early 1949.
there was no such thing as pure objectivity in the arena of budgeting or public policy making in general.
Every person has a function to perform and that assigned reponsibility markedly influences one’s judgment.
5. McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y
theories of human motivation and management.
contrasting models of workforce motivation applied by managers in…..
Theory X stresses the importance of strict supervision, external rewards and penalties; Theory Y the motivating role of job satisfaction and encourages workers to approach task without direct supervision.
Theory X
based on pessimistic assumptions regarding the typical worker.
supposes that the typical employee has little to no ambition,shies away from work or responsibilities and is individual-goal oriented.
two opposing approaches when implementing Theory x, the hard approach and the soft approach.
Hard approach - close supervision,intimidation, and imminent punishment. Soft approach - less strictly regulated rules in hopes for high production. Theory Y
people in workforce are internally motivated,enjoy their labor in the company and work to better themselves without a direct”reward” in return.
considered their employees as one of the value assets in the organizations. more democratic.
