2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Rees (1973) says that literature is material or scientific source that is used to create a paper or other scientific activities. He added that there are two definitions of literature “literature in the broad sense” and “literature in the narrow sense”. Literature is a where I go explore the highest and lowest places in human society and the human spirit, where I hope to find not absolute truth but the truth of the tale, of the imagination and of the heart. Literature is a difficult word, in part because it is conventional contemporary meanings appears, at first sight. Literature as a concept and as a term, has become problematic, either through ideological symbol of the high culture or conversely, through demystification by radical critical theory.
Literature in a broad sense is any form of writing such as schedules, catalogs, text books, travel brochures, etc. meanwhile Literature in the narrow sense is any writing that expresses ideas, emotions, feelings, and behavior in life.
Literature, we may now agree, is writing which expresses and communicates thoughts, feeling, and attitudes toward life. Literature can only come alive through the creative imagination; without this all the technical skill in the world is useless.
2.1Novel
meaning is a new thing but now meant as a short story in prose. At this time, Novel has the same meaning in Italian and German. The Novella is generally not as formally experimental as the long story and the novel can be, the novella generally retains something of unity of impression that is hallmark of the short story.
The Novel is the most widely read of all kinds of literature. As literature, the novel has two kinds. First, serious novel where has social function because it can guide the readers, but entertainment novel does not care that the story will be useful or not, because it just entertains the readers and just asks the readers to read it. Roberts and Jacobs ( 1995:49) say that Novel is fictional long prose work and differentiate them from middle century and classical romance as a something new. In their books, they also said that there are four fiction aspect, fictional works consist of common elements, such as character, plot, structure and theme.
From the above statement, novel is a fictional long prose work that adopted from French and Italy to describe these works and differentiate them from middle century and classical romance as a something new.
Shaw (1972:189) says that a novel is lengthy fictitious narrative prose portraying character and presenting an organized series of events and settings. It means that long or short of a work is often used as a distinguishing feature between short stories and novels. Every novel has five elements: Characters - The people (or sometimes animals) the story is about. Theme - The writer of the story is trying to teach the reader and provide the message. Plot - The serial arrangement of incidents, ideas or events. Setting - When where the story takes place. Point of view - how the story is told more specifically, who is telling the story. First, person of point of view uses “I”, and is told by one of the characters of the story. Third person point of view uses an unnamed narrator who knows what all (or most) of the story’s characters are thinking.
2.1.1 Characters
The Characters in fiction novel may be defined as a verbal representation of a human being. Through action, speech, description and commentary authors portray character that are worth caring about, rooting for, and even loving, although there are also characters you may laugh at, dislike, or even hate.
completed situation, or with idea or ordinary condition. The character may win, lose, or relevant. He or she can learn and become better for experience or maybe lose point and no change. Furthermore, according to Roberts and Jacobs, character is the verbal realization from human, personality which determines thoughts, statements, also attitudes. The writer got interactions between character and environment through interview, action, and also comments.
From the above statement, character is nay representation of an individual being presented in a dramatic or narrative work through extended dramatic or verbal representation. Through action, speech, description, and commentary, authors portray characters are worth caring about, rooting for, and even loving, although there are also characters you may laugh at, dislike, or even hate.
2.1.2 Plot
things precede or follow each other not simply because time ticks away, but more importantly because effects follow causes
2.1.3 Setting
Setting is concerned with the places where story take a place. Setting refers to geographical location of the story, time, period, daily lifestyle of the characters and climate of the story. Background elements can be divided into three main elements, namely a place, time, and social. Backgrounds on the location of the place suggest the occurrence of the events recounted in a work fiction. The Setting is important to give realistic impression to the readers, created a certain situation at a glanced is really happened.
Another opinion about the Setting Stanton (2007:35) says that setting is the environment that surrounds an event in the story, the universe that interacts with the events taking place.
In a story or novel certainly; the Setting is the most important things in the story, which serves to build the story in a novel. Setting can be a place where an incident or events occurs, which is expressed by the description.
2.1.4 Theme
Theme is the idea underlying the literature. The Theme is sometimes supported by the depiction of the background; the work of others is implied in the characterizations.
significance. Though themes are usually extensive and complex, separate ideas may be named by a single word.
Theme as the deliver part in a novel must be related with the other elements to build a good story. As a necessary part in a novel, it is important to know clearly what theme is.
Hamalian and Karl (1967:324) say that Theme hunting is possibly the most enjoyable and rewarding; part of a short story, but it is also the most dangerous, and the most open to wild error.
Stanton (2007:7) says that Theme gives a strong explained about the unity of what is happening in the story, and tell about the story of life in a common context. The purpose of Theme is to give a shape and effect in our mind, so make the story easy to remember.
2.1.5 Point of View
One of the most important ways in which the writers knit their stories together, and also an important way in which they try to interest and engage readers, is the careful control of point of view. By controlling the point of view, an author helps us make reasonable inferences about the story’s actions. Authors use point of view to raise some of the same questions in their fiction that perplex us in life.
It is a way or the view that the author used as means to present the characters, action, background, and various events that make up the story. Abrams (1981:142) says that Point of view is the way the author puts himself in the story or from the point which the author looked at the story.
There are four basic point of views:
1) The first point of view is the writer must whether the “I” is to be major or minor character, protagonist or observer, or someone merely repeating a narrative he has at second hand.
2) The omniscient point of view, in which the author himself tells the story in the third person. The narrator knows everything about everyone in the story and can bring into plays as much of that knowledge as he chosen.
3) Observer’s point of view, in modification of omniscient point of view, there is the narrative related from the vision of the single character used by the author as central observer or central intelligence through whom anything cleared.
4) The objective point of view, though it is the third person narrative, like the omniscient point of view, the author using this technique refrains from making a side, commenting on the action, or addressing the reader. The author becomes a seeing eye that reports but does not interpret.
2.2 The Negative Ideas
says that the negative ideas is a thought to sink in feeling negative thoughts, worry about something happened.
Adelia (2011) says that negative ideas is a pattern or way of thinking that leads to the negative side are visible in the form of belief or idea that came out, how to behave, and daily behavior. Due to the negative side is more dominant, it is not surprising that this negative idea is filled by a priori attitude, prejudice, distrust, suspicion and skepticism which often without any reason at all.
