DAFTAR KEPUSTAKAAN
1. Angus, Derek C., Carlos A. Pires Pereira, and Eliezer Silva. "Epidemiology of severe sepsis around the world."Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders-Drug Targets (Formerly Current Drug Targets-Immune, Endocrine & Metabolic Disorders) 6.2 (2006): 207-212.
2. Jonathan Cohen, The Immunopathogenesis of sepsis, nature 2012.
3. Dellinger R.P, Levy MM, Rhodes A et al. Surviving sepsis campaign: International guidelines for the management of severe sepsis and septic shock: 2012. Critical care medical 2012.
4. Wyllie DH, Bowler IC, Peto TE: Bacteraemia prediction in emergency medical admissions: role of C reactive protein. J Clin Pathol 2005, 58:352-356.
5. Mirjam Christ-Crain, Beat Müller, Procalcitonin in bacterial infections – hype, hope, more or less?, SWISS MED WKLY 2005;135:451–460.
6. Deitch, E. A. Animal models of sepsis and shock: a review and lessons learned. Shock9, 1–11 (1998).
7. Fisher, C. J. et al. Treatment of septic shock with the tumor necrosis factor receptor:Fc fusion protein.N. Engl. J. Med.334, 1697–1702 (1996).
8. Zeni, F., Freeman, B. & Natanson, C. Anti-inflammatory therapies to treat sepsis and septic shock: a reassessment.Crit. Care Med.25, 1095–1100 (1997).
9. Oberholzer, A., Oberholzer, C. & Moldawer, L. L. Sepsis syndromes: understanding the role of innate and acquired immunity.Shock16, 83–96 (2001). 10. Ertel, W. et al. Downregulation of proinflammatory cytokine release in whole
blood from septic patients.Blood85, 1341–1347 (1995).
11. Docke, W. D. et al.Monocyte deactivation in septic patients: restoration by IFN-γ treatment.Nature Med.3, 678–681 (1997).
12. Hotchkiss, R. S. & Karl, I. E. The pathophysiology and treatment of sepsis. N. Engl. J. Med.348, 138–150 (2003).
13. Monneret, G. How to identify systemic sepsis-induced immunoparalysis. Adv. Sepsis4, 42–49 (2005).
15. Hotchkiss, R. S.et al.Apoptosis in lymphoid and parenchymal cells during sepsis: findings in normal and T- and B-cell-deficient mice.Crit. Care Med. 25, 1298–1307 (1997).
16. Chung, C. S., Xu, Y. X., Wang, W., Chaudry, I. H. & Ayala, A. Is Fas ligand or endotoxin responsible for mucosal lymphocyte apoptosis in sepsis? Arch. Surg. 133, 1213–1220 (1998).
17. Hiramatsu, M., Hotchkiss, R. S., Karl, I. E. & Buchman, T. G. Cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) induces apoptosis in thymus, spleen, lung, and gut by an endotoxin and TNF-independent pathway.Shock7, 247–253 (1997).
18. Kinloch, R. A., Treherne, J. M., Furness, L. M. & Hajimohamadreza, I. The pharmacology of apoptosis.Trends Pharmacol. Sci.20, 35–42 (1999).
19. Hotchkiss, R. S. et al. Sepsis-induced apoptosis causes progressive profound depletion of B and CD4 T lymphocytes in humans. J. Immunol. 166, 6952–6963 (2001)
20. Hotchkiss, R. S.et al.Depletion of dendritic cells, but not macrophages, in patients with sepsis.J. Immunol.168, 2493–2500 (2002).
21. Fearon, D. T. & Locksley, R. M. The instructive role of innate immunity in the acquired immune response.Science272, 50–53 (1996).
22. Oberholzer, A., Oberholzer, C. & Moldawer, L. L. Sepsis syndromes: understanding the role of innate and acquired immunity.Shock16, 83–96 (2001). 23. Griffith, T. S., Yu, X., Herndon, J. M., Green, D. R. & Ferguson, T. A.
CD95-induced apoptosis of lymphocytes in an immune privileged site induces immunological tolerance.Immunity5, 7–16 (1996).
24. Voll, R. E. et al. Immunosuppressive effects of apoptotic cells. Nature 390, 350– 351 (1997).
25. Fadok, V. A. et al. Macrophages that have ingested apoptotic cells in vitro inhibit proinflammatory cytokine production through autocrine/paracrine mechanisms involving TGF-ß, PGE2, and PAF.J. Clin. Invest.101, 890–898 (1998).
26. Green, D. R. & Beere, H. M. Gone but not forgotten.Nature405, 28–29 (2000). 27. Albert, M. L. Death-defying immunity: do apoptotic cells influence antigen
processing and presentation?Nature Rev. Immunol.4, 223–231 (2004).
29. Jilma B, Blann A, Pernerstorfer T, Stohlawetz P, et al Regulation of adhesion molecules during human endotoxemia. No acute effects of aspirin. AM J Resp Crit Care Med 1999.
30. Le Tulzo, Y.et al.Early circulating lymphocyte apoptosis in human septic shock is associated with poor outcome.Shock18, 487–494 (2002).
31. Hotchkiss, R. S. et al.Accelerated lymphocyte death in sepsis occurs by both the death receptor and mitochondrial pathways.J. Immunol.174, 5110–5118 (2005). 32. De Jager CP, van Wijk PT, Mathoera RB, de Jongh-Leuvenink J, van der Poll T,
Wever PC. Lymphocytopenia and neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio predict bacteremia better than conventional infection markers in an emergency care unit. Crit Care 2010; 14: R192
33. Holub N et al. Neutrophil to lymphocyte count ration as biomarker of bacterial infections. Cent Eur J Med 2011.
34. Purba D. Kadar PCT sebagai marker dan hubungannya dengan derajat keparahan sepsis. Medan. USU press.2010.
35. Andreas et al. Sepsis syndromes : Understanding the role of innate and acquired Immunity. Shock, 2001.
36. Khan Z.U et al. Management of sepsis: the surviving sepsis guidelines for early therapy. Hospital Physician 2007;55:21-30.
37. Sclichting D et al. Recognizing and Managing severe sepsis: A common and deadly threat. Southern Medical Journal 2007.
38. Loisa P. Anti-Inflammatory response in severe sepsis and septic shock. Doctoral Dissertation University of Kuopio,2008.
39. Guntur A.H Sepsis. Dalam : buku ajar Ilmu penyakit dalam, jilid III, edisi V. Interna Publishing, Jakarta, FK UI, 2009.
40. Bone R.C et al, Defenitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Chest 1992;101;1644-55.
41. Levy MM, Fink MP, Marshall JC, et al; SCCM/ ESICM/ACCP/ATS/ SIS: 2001 SCCM/ ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. Crit Care Med 2003; 31:1250–1256
43. Greg S. Martin, M.D, David M. Mannino, M.D, Stephanie Eaton, The epidemiology of sepsis in the nited states from 1979 through 2000. NEJM 2003 44. Suharto. Recent Advances in septic shock : pathogenesis and treatment. Dalam :
Naskah lengkap Pendidikan Kedokteran Berkelanjutan XXII Ilmu penyakit dalam , FK Unair Surabaya 1987.
45. Russel J.A. Management of sepsis. The New England Journal of medicine 2006. 46. O’Brien J.M Ali N.A sepsis. The American Journal Of medicine 2007.
47. Nevire R. Pathophysiology of sepsis. Uptodate, 2009.
48. Abraham E, Wunderink R, Silverman H, Perl TM, Nasraway S, Levy H, Bone R, Wenzel RP, Balk R, Allred R, et al. Efficacy and safety of monoclonal antibody to human tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with sepsis syndrome. A randomized, controlled, double-blind, multicenter clinical trial. TNF-alpha MAb Sepsis Study Group. JAMA. 1995 Mar 22;273(12):934–941.
49. Norbury CJ, Hickson ID. Cellular responses to DNA damage. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol.2001;41:367–401.
50. Roy S, Bayly CI, Gareau Y, Houtzager VM, Kargman S, Keen SL, Rowland K, Seiden IM, Thornberry NA and Nicholson DW. (2001).Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 98, 6132–6137.
51. Marsden V., O'Connor, L., O'Reilly, L.A., Silke, J., Metcalf, D., Ekert, P., Huang, D.C.S., Cecconi, F., Kuida, K., Tomaselli, K.J., et al. 2002. Apoptosis initiated by Bcl-2-regulated caspase activation independently of the cytochrome c/Apaf-1/caspase-9 apoptosome.Nature419: 634-637.
52. Yin XM, Wang K, Gross A, et al. Bid-deficient mice 98. are resistant to Fas-induced hepatocellular apoptosis. Nature 1999;400:886-891.
53. Ljungstrom, L. R., G. Jacobsson, and R. Andersson. "Neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio as a biomarker of severe sepsis in Escherichia coli infections in adults."Critical Care17.2 (2013): 1-200.
54. Terradas, Roser, et al. "Eosinophil count and neutrophil-lymphocyte count ratio as prognostic markers in patients with bacteremia: a retrospective cohort study." (2012): e42860.
56. Simon L, Gauvin F, Amre DK, Saint-Louis P, Lacroix J. Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels as markers of bacterial infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Infect Dis 2004;39:206–17
57. Christ-Crain, Mirjam, and Beat Muller. "Procalcitonin in bacterial infections-hype, hope, more or less?."Swiss medical weekly135.31/32 (2005): 451.
58. Taneja, Ravi, et al. "Delayed neutrophil apoptosis in sepsis is associated with maintenance of mitochondrial transmembrane potential and reduced caspase-9 activity*."Critical care medicine32.7 (2004): 1460-1469.
59. Holub, Michal, et al. "Neutrophil to lymphocyte count ratio as a biomarker of bacterial infections."Open Medicine7.2 (2012): 258-261.
60. Terence chan, Frank GU. Early Diagnosis of Sepsis Using Serum Biomarkers. Expert Rev Mol Diagn. 2011;11(5):487-496
61. Meisner, Michael. "Update on procalcitonin measurements."Annals of laboratory medicine34.4 (2014): 263-273.
62. Annane, Djillali, Eric Bellissant, and Jean-Marc Cavaillon. "Septic shock."The Lancet365.9453 (2005): 63-78.
63. Delèvaux, André M, Colombier M, Albuisson E, Meylheuc F, Bègue RJ, et.al. Can Procalcitonin measurement help in differentiating between bacterial infection and other kinds of inflammatory processes. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62:337–40.
64. Simon, Liliana, et al. "Serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein levels as markers of bacterial infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis."Clinical Infectious Diseases39.2 (2004): 206-217.
65. Meynaar, Iwan A., et al. "In critically ill patients, serum procalcitonin is more useful in differentiating between sepsis and SIRS than CRP, Il-6, or LBP."Critical care research and practice (2011).
