Application of Al2O3 Nanofluid on Sintered Copper-powder Vapor Chamber for Electronic Cooling.

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

1223

4

567

4

89

8

13

698

3

4

89

4

97

822

28

628

6

8

3

57

894

5

883

4

9

!"#

$%&

'

(

#

)" #

&

#

*+,&

-

!-

(

#

. //-

#

*01%'

(

#

20"#

3'

-

#

4 //'

#

5+&#3' 67+'#89:'&:'"(#;+,'&1+ &#:7#<+=0 -=>#? /- ++'- /#@ -A+'6-&6#B !: +6-# C1,%6#@B(#;+,:D#EFGHG#

!",%&'I+ /J%-J=J-!# #

KL8MN#A,:'#=019+'O# :7>%-!O#6- &+'+!#=:,,+'P,:Q!+'O#2$@#=::>- /R

S

TUVWXYZW[\]^_^`âbcdêfbgâ^hfibejh_^`jh^kclk]^kdmelgmhfliîkfbhi^mf^kdmaaîdjhibh]jck

njf]]jo]îcîgbidmeh^f]me^`îp^gbi^qrjhibh]jcnjf]]jo]înbisjeoabm_cib_lh^kdbi^]^mfq

\]jka^m_kfbf]^e^^_bghbbajeoktkf^df]mfmpa^fb_jkkjcmf^]jo]]^mfgaluqvmcbih]mdp^ijkbe^bg

]jo]at^gg^hfj`^]^mfkci^m_jeo_^`jh^qwfkmpjajftfb_jkkjcmf^]jo]]^mfgalu_êkjftjeajdjf^_kcmh^ dm_^jfcbfêfjmagbiâ^hfibejhhbbajeomccajhmfjbexajs^yêfimazibh^kkjeo{ejf|yz{}hbbajeo ktkf^dq\]^clicbk^bgf]jkcmcîjkfbkfl_tf]^mccajhmfjbebg~amebgalj_mknbisjeogalj_gbi

`mcbih]mdpîqvmcbih]mdpîcîgbidmeh^nmkd^mkli^_jei^mayz{nbisjeohbe_jfjbeq~a

mebgalj_njf]hbeh^efimfjbebgqxqxqxx me_ mknbisjeogalj_bgf]^`mcbi

h]mdpînî^f^kf^_me_hbdcmi^_njf]jfkpmk^galj_xnmfîq~aemebgalj_k]bnkp^ffîf]îdma

cîgbidmeh^f]mejfkpmk^galj__l^fbf]^jefîmhfjbebgcmifjha^ê]mehjeof]^f]îdmahbe_lhfj`jftq \]î^klafk]bn^_f]mff]^^gg^hfbgnbisjeogalj_jkkjoejgjhmeffbf]^cîgbidmeh^bg`mcbih]mdpî

mf]jo]]^mfabm_xme_f]^mccajhmfjbebg~aemebgalj_mknbisjeogalj_nbla_^e]meh^f]^idma

cîgbidmeh^bg`mcbih]mdpîxhbdcmi^_fbbf]îhbe`êfjbemanbisjeogalj_p^jeolk^_p^gbi^q

WXZW

\]^mdblefbgfimekjkfbijekjeoa^djhibh]jcks^^ck_blpajeo^`^itfnbt^mikxhi^mfjeokdmaame_

]jo]cîgbidmeh^yêfimazibh^kkjeo{ejf|yz{}q~kf]êldpîbgfimekjkfbiijk^kxf]^mdblefbg

]^mff]mfjkcib_lh^_makbijk^kqr^men]ja^f]^fiê_bghbdclfîme_om_o^f_^`âbcdêfob^kfb

f]^djejmflijmfjbebgf]^cib_lhfqwfdm_^kdmaaît^fnjf]]jo]cîgbidmeh^qq\]^kâ^m_kfbf]^

e^^_bgmhbdcmhfhbbajeoktkf^df]mfjkmpa^fb_jkkjcmf^]jo]]^mfgaluq

vmcbih]mdpîpmkjhmaatjkmfnbc]mk^]^mfkci^m_jeo_^`jh^qjdjamifb]^mfcjc^xjf]mkûhâaêf

mpjajftbg_jkkjcmfjeo]^mff]iblo]f]^nbisjeogalj_c]mk^h]meo^xnjf]m_`mefmo^kb`^ihtaje_ijhma ]^mfcjc^mko^bd^fitm_mcfmfjbeme_mpjajftgbidlh]abhmaj^_]^mf_jkkjcmfjbeqwfkgamfk]mc^dm_^

`mcbih]mdpîi^m_tfbp^mccaj^_mkyêfimazibh^kkjeo{ejf|yz{}hbbajeoktkf^dqldîblk

je`^kfjomfjbekmpblf`mcbih]mdpînjf]f]^`mijmfjbebgnjhs|lkjeokjefî^_hbccîcbn_îx

oibb`^_me_khi^êd^k]}me_nbisjeogalj_|lkjeonmfîxnmfînjf]kligmhfmefxd^f]mebaxmh^fbe^x me_i^gijoîmef}]m`^p^êhbe_lhf^_q

r^men]ja^ptf]^mlf]biksebna^_o^f]^i^mi^beatmg^nclpajhmfjbekfl_j^_f]^lk^bg~a

emebgalj_njf]_jggîêfhbehêfimfjbemkf]^nbisjeogalj_bgkjefî^_hbccîcbn_î`mcbih]mdpîq mebgalj_jkgalj_hbekjkfbgpmk^galj_me_emebd^fîkj^_cmifjha^qwfkf]îdmacîgbidmeh^

b`îf]^pmk^galj_me_jfkmccajhmfjbebek^`îma]^mfûh]meojeo_^`jh^kajs^f]îdbktc]beme_]^mf

cjc^]mkmai^m_tp^êkfl_j^_qli^k]^fmaqkfl_j^_f]^]^mffimekgîh]mimhfîjkfjhkbg

~aylnmf^iemebgalj_q\]^kfl_ti^`^ma^_f]mff]^emebgalj_m__^_gijhfjbegmhfbifbf]^galj_me_

ê]meh^_f]^hbe`^hfj`^]^mffimekgîptjehi^mkjeolkkâfeldpîq\]êmebgalj_mccajhmfjbegbi

(7)

1234456789659752999559637552952999435997

979329129637992975739956953

95537529335399529994594597

!"#$%

&'()') *"+%",%+)+",-.*#$%)+#%/)("'%0!)12'

539499734949735294963773453975986543533

365943654394412969539553539363734

65978643946535678

9:;<=>?@:ABCDEF<G:H:IJGKLMGKNL:IJGKLMGK:O:JPALMPAN 567

299Q7R952993257529794358539S7Q7R952993257

529794358496379495398

T2979439752349U93957993525573943V3UV3

UWS4499755539S559734565694949933657

12995779495239449963524359979793529

39437952S9535295575295312943599797979

97935252994233X1295575295399959786

3S4949933657S37352529346375529955529

794912955539752955999979759529S5295529754577

29543129295434974529293534681293637

3Y959755292924296953V3Z

57 57

[369657\359979794529329]57T294498

5299U9395

^_('*1+ )-%` .(

1299653 2952999476597 83529

9U939549564423355299552929S959443635

5abc7d59eb9536f495fgWfhij99974529295469i366Q555

52937973537fWQ555529U36 77353S529abc4937978

63459b39kl12952969493649799529589m52969S7529

52969499959755292329343ndk6754634353769129399

5995693493955lo3l_a

(8)

12345675879959749365879938658793635

893382333899386587989823325338982365369653123775879

533735639₉₆₂₉₆₇₉₈₅₉₇₈₇₉9₅9₉₆₈₂₃₄₃₆₈₇₅₉₇₈₇₉

!763"#367385$38

%&'()*+,-.+/0'1(''0

2-344&1*+24+52670-8+4)(0.+*2+*9&+*9&6:,)+;&6426:,-1&

!768<459625367829896=775838358>?@7829959679873

782959787996755=898239959787996712358365

ABC5836597363838378282353957978791236388239563782

9973696539943879523587=78298459625361236387633837!7

D5E

F853936438258459625364747<254338836823653696538259438795

997<8323587=529<823936>?@83365863782G15699>58995

97879H87853338258823338996=77259877758<74375889823

823653696539459625365899597879A8827343995823235869823

>?@5983928977838239772393977382345962536128232358

8653653798398<<9879578235598<6339438799

823338996=7 7 393375812759 457583 < 823588258

597C256345962536798<73388363696538255836C25634596

2536

I2735882395>?@93658797879823338996=7756358<758823

82365369653945962536A882795797879785333825845962536

7829896=7729963823653696538258234596253678296=77

29<272>?@83365863123543653>?@833658639638<4596253655836

2563459625367JJ9_>59_>6₃₃₈₇₄₃_<A88₂₇₉₅₇₉₇₈₇₉₈₂₃₂₃₅₈₆₉

823>?@78377382397723939773823459625365=782323588653658823

7C256345962536369337738<I2735882338<459625368232358

865363339<998797635782382365637853F85953936438258

597C2563459625362938836823653696538255836C25634596

25365882795797879697543653>?@833658639K9>12777583

8258823325338982365256583678795975383823823653696539

4596253658563583659892722358959787965823682558923589597879

A823325338982365987478<9<5383823369653588235598823

982367694338982359794367853729355<3

(9)

122345728987247843859578

!"#!"$!" !"%! &#! '(&&

()*+&,&((-(&.,#/01200(&&

&"3%4#5'& !- !

&&,(,-0-(-)*+

(&&6-,%78_{) 9#}_$_):

%! &#!"(,--'(&()*+

-0'%7₎₃_{%! &#!"}_'_&(₍

-(-(&6',6(&"&

(((-(&&,)*+-

3&&"00(&,'

&"-(&#! &

6&(0(-"-&,,)*+-$;<;₎

/1 /01

.,#/1='>,&&/01=3%4#5'&

--0&"&&&

'&-&(,,)*+-"'($?# _)"

$?$%_)"&$?_7;₎_{%!" ! &}_$!_{#! &}_!

&-&&(,--"('&06

(,&,)*+--&'('>,&

0,06&'@-&06-0,

--3(&(((&06AB 7C"-(((-&&0(&

&(0D-&(000(E6"

&(,((-(-(&(

&(&(@-&,-('&06,&

12234572F8489578G8H3

(,&&06(,-0''&&

&,(((-(&.,;

(('(0(",0,(

--0.%!&",;$₆₀_,

(,(,)*+-D-(3,-

)*+D-(&;$_,_($<_<_)&$<_#;_(-_6I

-(7_,_"-0-_&(_,₆_,_,

)*+-(($?#%)(&--&#!&

((&&'>,&0-&

(10)

1234567892914692511964592345262395114149

416651912239516512355667615955199126525325

5529412552959789₂₄₂₁₉₂₁₂₃₄₅₉₅₂₃₄₉₅₅₁₁₉

55165593191595149947552522635992365

95 ₂₄₂₁₉₂₁₂₃₄₅₆₂₅₉₅₃₁₉₁₉₂₁₄₅₅₅₄₁₃₅₇₈₉₉₆₅₉₁₄₆₉₂₉₅₅

16549945129234459199551196545992395519912652195

2921225162395951456691257

!357"5924219212345295145125115

#$%&'()*$%+

555923429511516256931957,9165514591919145

519415596234156144599521922922115

51991265566755596555125632129169535519411457

535519412952656954235661215955199126556625325

55294755596212425291926551466557,916666591935

2529192 2124 5212595951451251155995

212194566652519952345212231269142395245192566

25162395455451655521223423525221995511976

55951456691251225165959514512511575242192

123451614665591995559319192145159529146921695569

236921157

-&.%$/'01230%4+

589445991256789256916,2256195212146922396

565193:166599911; <;=557

>0?0@0%&0)+

A<BC6767=14457DEEFGHIJKLMNJOLIPQJOFGIGRPJLRSJTUPUFG=59,"""V4WXY; ;Z;[

A;BC\7]7^67"285_641`9514Y265Z5192953192212212

5459267766\599568W Y; ;Z<<[

AWBC67a2b2567cdGFefReJgGhiREKEefGIJDEjfKGklEdOUPfReJgFGRSINJmfeiPGFQJnLIPGFQJodLFPGFp

\123135\51223q5243V45<;r5WY; sZW[

ABC=7t7u23^7t7:65b757uu7\7:127vJREwGKJwLOEFJhiLdjGFJLRSJfPIJOGFTEFdLRhG7

,295219214b214:5191281661265WY; < Z;Wxxy;Ws

(11)

1235676896999

996 !9"##

$%&$''%($)22*$))+

1)356,#-6.6!9/9#9

60123!+4&$'''($)+5*$)22

163 6 6 76"* 6"8#99#

9#6 79"##14&$'5$($9%*$%6

1931676:6;9*99

#*9#6

7 5$5&$''2(2+%*22)

1%356!68976,6-#56262#86262#-686896<=>?@A@B@CDE?CFGDEHIE>JE>BFK@JFKE

L>MHNEOP>KA=NEQ@CPEN>G@>BERNHHL=GE>JGE?@JC=N=GEMHQG=N?EQ@OSE?CNFOCFN=?6 !9

"##25&$'54(9)+*96'

15'37686,#-6862916T6,,6U626VEJHL=BEL>MHNEOP>KA=NE>JGE@C?EM=NIHNK>JO=WE

0123!24&$'5'($466*$49+

1553X6116X 636 6899#9986

15$3Y6976,6ZCFGDEHJECP=EL>MHNEOP>KA=NEQ@CPEN=IN@R=N>JCE[\]^]AE>?EQHNS@JREIBF@GE

IHNE_``EOHHB@JR60823!4%&$'5$(

5++%*5+2$

15432656U362689#8606U,6165#6aP=NK>BEM=NIHNK>JO=EHIEMB>C=\I@JEL>MHNEOP>KA=NE

P=>CE?@JS?WE0823!46&$'5'(645*649

15+37686,#76b62#-686296c=NIHNK>JO=EC=?C?EHJE>EJHL=BEL>MHNEOP>KA=N6

!9"##&$'55(5626*56)$

1523Y6976,#76,6dJECP=ECP=NK>BEOHHB@JREHIEO=JCN>BEMNHO=??@JREFJ@CEHIE

CP=Ece?EQ@CPEL>MHNEOP>KA=N60823!4%

&$'5$(55)2*55)9

15)3f626U5656U6VEJ=QEINHJC@=NEHIEJ>JHIBF@GEN=?=>NOPEgEVMMB@O>C@HJEHIEJ>JHIBF@GE@JEP=>CEM@M=?WE

0123!22&$'5$()69)*)6%6

15637679-6Y6.hY736896iII=OCEHIEVBjdj\eFkQ>C=NEPDAN@GE

J>JHIBF@GE@JEP=>CECN>J?I=NWE"8!9b749&$'5$(2+*)'

159356262#!6Y6!#76:6U6iL>BF>C@HJEHIECP=ECP=NK>BEM=NIHNK>JO=EHIE>EP=>CEM@M=EF?@JRE

>BFK@J>EJ>JHIBF@GW"8!9b7++&$'54(2'+*255

15%316;2656,Y689#6aP=NK>BEM=NIHNK>JO=EHIE>JEH?O@BB>C@JREP=>CEM@M=EQ@CPEVBldj\Q>C=NE

J>JHIBF@GWE0823!46&$'5'(555*552

1$'3!6Y6!#26:6226"638686896aP=NK>BE=II@O@=JODEHIEP=>CEM@M=EQ@CPE>BFK@J>E

J>JHIBF@GWE1 82'+2&$'5'(249'*249+

1$53m6796Y76Y6Y,6676inM=N@K=JC>BE@JL=?C@R>C@HJEHIECP=NK>BE

OHJGFOC@L@CDE>JGEP=>CEM@M=ECP=NK>BEM=NIHNK>JO=EHIEoJdEJ>JHIBF@GW01

!97)4&$'54(5$2*54$

1$$36Y,66726m9m6096aP=NK>BEM=NIHNK>JO=EHIE?ON==JEK=?PEQ@OSE

P=>CEM@M=?EQ@CPEJ>JHIBF@G"8!9b7+'&$'5$(5'*56

(12)

012345679436937567794341343594 !"#! "$%&

0''953940()*34914+94661,''6-.16/3',03126365495,94