CORY ADRIANI KAPA.
Code Switching as Seen in Hitam Putih Talk Show 12 June 2013.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.
Nowadays, most people use more than one language in communicating for some
considerations such as to whom they speak, choice of topic, and situation. They produce
utterances and even they may decide to change one language to another language. This
phenomenon is considered as code switching. Based on this background, this study is conducted
to discuss the use of code switching in some aspects which one of them is talk show. In this case,
the writer focuses on code switching occurring in
Hitam Putih
talk show 12 June 2013 because
the host of this talk show mostly does code switching to the guests.
In this study, there are two problems to be discussed. The first problem is what are the
typex of code switching occurred in
Hitam Putih
talk show in 12 June 2013? The second
problem is what are the functions of code switching occuring
Hitam Putih
talk show 12 June
2013? The objectives of the study are to identify and analyze the types and the functions of code
switching in
Hitam Putih
talk show 12 June 2013.
In identifying those two problems, the writer uses purposive sampling method that is
focused on the judgment. The writer applies critical case sampling in collecting the data. The
critical case sampling here is used to explain further on the phenomenon of the study. In this
study, the writer collects the utterances consisting of code switching from
Hitam Putih
talk show.
Furthermore, the writer analyzes the problems based on the structure and context of sentence.
According to the results, the writer finds that the three participants in
Hitam Putih
talk
show 12 June 2013 employed three types of code switching. The first type is Tag Switching
which is the switch occurs as a tag.The second type is Intersentential switch that is the switch
occurs between sentences or after pause employment and the last Intrasentential switch which is
the switch occurs within one sentence. The writer also finds that the functions of code switching
occurred in
Hitam Putih
talk show. The first function is Quotation which means to quote what
people say. The second function is Interjection, the switch is functioned to mark a sentence filler.
The third function is Reiteration, the switch occurs to clarify what is said by the speaker. The
forth function is Message qualification, the switch appears to convey the main message of the
sentence. The fifth function is Personalization vs Objectvization means that the switch occurs to
show speaker’s knowledge or opinion. The last function is lexical gap filling which the switch
occurs to fill the relevant word of other language in Indonesian utterances.
CORY ADRIANI KAPA.
Code Switching as Seen in Hitam Putih Talk Show 12 June 2013.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.
Sekarang ini, banyak orang menggunakan lebih dari satu bahasa karena beberapa
pertimbangan seperti kepada orang yang diajak bicara, pemilihan topik, dan situasi. Mereka
dapat menghasilkan beberapa ungkapan dan mengubah ungkapan-ungakapan tersebut dari
bahasa satu ke bahasa yang lain. Fenomena ini disebut alih kode. Berdasarkan latar belakang
tersebut, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mendiskusikan alih kode dan salah satunya di acara
talk
show
. Dalam hal ini, penulis fokus pada alih kode yang terdapat di
Hitam Putih talk show.
Pada penilitian ini, ada dua masalah yang diidentifikasi. Rumusan masalah pertama apa
tipe alih kode yang terdapat pada
Hitam Putih talk show
tanggal 12 Juni 2013? Rumusan
masalah kedua apa fungsi alih kode yang terdapat di
Hitam Putih talk show
? Beberapa tujuan
dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisa tipe-tipe dan fungsi-fungsi
alih kode yang terdapat dalam
Hitam Putih
talk show
.
Dalam mengidentifikasi dua rumusan masalah tersebut, penulis menggunakan metode
pengambilan data secara
purposive
yakni berfokus pada pertimbangan. Penulis mengambil
sampel secara kritis yakni dipakai untuk menjelaskan fenomena alih kode secara mendalam.
Penulis mengambil beberapa ungkapan yang mengandung alih kode dari
talk show
tersebut.
Penulis menganalisa dua rumusan masalah sesuai struktur dan konteks kalimat.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, penulis menemukan bahwa ketiga peserta
talk show
di
Hitam Putih
talk show
menggunakan tiga tipe alih kode. Tipe pertama adalah alih kode buntut kalimat, alih
kode muncul sebagai label. Tipe kedua yakni alih kode antar kalimat atau alih kode yang muncul
di antara kalimat. Tipe ketiga adalah alih kode dalam kalimat atau alih kode yang muncul di
dalam sebuah kalimat. Penulis juga menemukan fungsi dari alih kode seperti Kutipan atau alih
kode dipakai untuk mengutip perkataan orang, Interjeksi atau alih kode berfungsi sebagai
penanda label atau pengisi kalimat, Pengulangan atau alih kode berfungsi untuk mengklarifikasi
hal yang telah dikatakan sebelumnya, Kwalifikasi pesan atau alih kode dipakai untuk
CODE SWITCHING AS SEEN IN
HITAM PUTIH
TALK SHOW
IN 12 JUNE 2013
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
CORY ADRIANI KAPA
Student Number : 104214061
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
ii
CODE SWITCHING AS SEEN IN
HITAM PUTIH
TALK SHOW
IN 12 JUNE 2013
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
CORY ADRIANI KAPA
Student Number : 104214061
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
vii
JANGAN PERNAH MEMBATASI HIDUPMU DENGAN
PIKIRANMU
DON’T LIMIT YOUR LIFE WITH YOUR THINKING
(
Joel Oesteen
)
viii
Dedicated to
Jesus Christ
and
Morizon B. D. Kapa
&
ix
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ for His everlasting
blessings. He is always beside me and gives me strength in every condition until I
finish this thesis. I thank my great advisor Adventina Putranti, S.S.,M.Hum., for
guiding me to finish this thesis. I thank Miss Venti for her help, her suggestion,
and her time for the consultation. I also thank my co-advisor Harris Hermansyah
Setiajid., S.S, M.Hum. and Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd.M.Hum. who give advice to
make this thesis much better.
I would like to thank Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan Republik
Indonesia for giving me chance to get scholarship, Beasiswa Unggulan, until I finish my study in Sanata Dharma University.
To my beloved parents, Morizon Kapa and Salomy Leonora Welkis and
my lovely siblings Loudya Ester Kapa and Triyanto Deni Kapa, I would like to
say thanks for their love, their prayers, supports, and their care for me. I also
thank my other family Endang Koli for her suggestions and her help.
I would like thank all lecturers and my friends at English Letters
Department, AIESEC UPNVY, UKM Taekwondo USD, Great Community at
English Cafe, Komisi Pemuda GKI Gejayan, and Sanata Dharma University for
teaching me many valuable things. I thank my lovely and greatest friends in
Class C English Department 2010 especially Dea, Ray, Gita, Kiky, Dien, Ciko,
Gradi. I thank them for giving me many beautiful things to learn.
I also thank my sweetest friends, Hanny, Mbak Puteri, and Okie for their
prayers, support, and their help to make me enjoy this life with happiness. For
Anak bimbingan Miss Venty: Nino, Osa, Mayang, and Yanis, I thank them for their supports in finishing this thesis. The last for my lovely boyfriend, Kristian
Adi Perbowo, I thank him for coloring my days with smiles and supports.
x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE………. ii
APPROVAL PAGE………... iii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ……… iv
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH ………. v
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ……… vi
MOTTO PAGE ………. vii
DEDICATION PAGE ……….. viii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……… ix
TABLE OF CONTENTS ……….... x
ABSTRACT ……….. xii
ABSTRAK ……… xiii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ………. 1
A. Background of the Study……….………. 1
B. Problem Formulation ……… 3
C. Objectives of the Study ………. 3
D. Definition of Terms ……… 3
CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF LITERATURE ………. 4
A. Review of Related Studies ………. 4
B. Review of Related Theories ……….... 1. Sociolinguistics ……… 2. Code Switching ……… 3. Types of Code Switching ………. 4. Functions of Code Switching ……….. 5. Indonesian Grammar ………... 5 5 7 8 10 13 C. Theoretical Framework ……….. 17
CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY ……….. 18
A. Object of the Study ………. 18
B. Approach of the Study ……… 18
C. Method of the Study ……….. 1. Data Collection ……… 2. Data Analysis ……… 19 19 20 CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ………….. 22
A. Types of Code Switching in Hitam Putih Talk Show 12 June 2013
1. Tag Switching ………
2. Intersentential Switch ………
3. Intrasentential Switch ………
22 22 24 30
B. Functions of Code Switching in HItam Putih Talk Show 12 June
2013………...
1. Quotation ………
2. Interjection ……….
xi
3. Reiteration ………..
4. Message Qualification ………
5. Personalization versus objectivization ………...
6. Lexical Gap Filling ………
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ……….. BIBLIOGRAPHY ……….. APPENDICES ………
A. Script of conversation in Hitam Putih talk show ………
B. List of Code Switching data ……….
41 43 45 47
xii
ABSTRACT
CORY ADRIANI KAPA. Code Switching as Seen in Hitam Putih Talk Show
12 June 2013. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.
Nowadays, most people use more than one language in communicating for some considerations such as to whom they speak, choice of topic, and situation. They produce utterances and even they may decide to change one language to another language. This phenomenon is considered as code switching. Based on this background, this study is conducted to discuss the use of code switching in some aspects which one of them is talk show. In this case, the writer focuses on
code switching occurring in Hitam Putih talk show 12 June 2013 because the host
of this talk show mostly does code switching to the guests.
In this study, there are two problems to be discussed. The first problem is
what are the typex of code switching occurred in Hitam Putih talk show in 12
June 2013? The second problem is what are the functions of code switching
occuring Hitam Putih talk show 12 June 2013? The objectives of the study are to
identify and analyze the types and the functions of code switching in Hitam Putih
talk show 12 June 2013.
In identifying those two problems, the writer uses purposive sampling method that is focused on the judgment. The writer applies critical case sampling in collecting the data. The critical case sampling here is used to explain further on the phenomenon of the study. In this study, the writer collects the utterances
consisting of code switching from Hitam Putih talk show. Furthermore, the writer
analyzes the problems based on the structure and context of sentence.
According to the results, the writer finds that the three participants in Hitam
xiii
ABSTRAK
CORY ADRIANI KAPA. Code Switching as Seen in Hitam Putih Talk Show
12 June 2013. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2014.
Sekarang ini, banyak orang menggunakan lebih dari satu bahasa karena beberapa pertimbangan seperti kepada orang yang diajak bicara, pemilihan topik, dan situasi. Mereka dapat menghasilkan beberapa ungkapan dan mengubah ungkapan-ungakapan tersebut dari bahasa satu ke bahasa yang lain. Fenomena ini disebut alih kode. Berdasarkan latar belakang tersebut, penelitian ini dilakukan
untuk mendiskusikan alih kode dan salah satunya di acara talk show. Dalam hal
ini, penulis fokus pada alih kode yang terdapat di Hitam Putih talk show.
Pada penilitian ini, ada dua masalah yang diidentifikasi. Rumusan masalah
pertama apa tipe alih kode yang terdapat pada Hitam Putih talk show tanggal 12
Juni 2013? Rumusan masalah kedua apa fungsi alih kode yang terdapat di Hitam
Putih talk show? Beberapa tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisa tipe-tipe dan fungsi-fungsi alih kode yang
terdapat dalam Hitam Putihtalk show.
Dalam mengidentifikasi dua rumusan masalah tersebut, penulis
menggunakan metode pengambilan data secara purposive yakni berfokus pada
pertimbangan. Penulis mengambil sampel secara kritis yakni dipakai untuk menjelaskan fenomena alih kode secara mendalam. Penulis mengambil beberapa
ungkapan yang mengandung alih kode dari talk show tersebut. Penulis
menganalisa dua rumusan masalah sesuai struktur dan konteks kalimat.
Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, penulis menemukan bahwa ketiga peserta talk
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Language is very important because it is used as a tool to communicate and
also deliver messages to each other. People use language as a system to convey
their ideas, their thoughts, and also their attitudes. According to Palmer, if
language is regarded as an information system, or more strictly as a
communication system, it will associate the main message with a set of signs that
means the sound of language of the symbol of the written text (1997: 6).
Nowadays, most people use more than one language in communicating for
some considerations, such as to whom they speak to, choice of topic, situation etc.
When two or more people communicate to each other, they produce some
utterances. People employ a system of communication called code. According to
Wardaugh,“code is a system used for communication between two or more
parties” (1992:103). They use code whenever they want to speak and they may
decide to change one language to another language. This phenomenon is regarded
as a language feature called code switching. Code switching involves two
languages or linguistic varieties in the same utterance or conversation (Hoffman,
1991:110). The examples of code switching are; Anyway bagaimana kabar
kakakmu? And Tolong searching data-data ini di komputer anda. The examples are the mixture of English and Indonesian. The speaker inserts English word into
In fact, code switching exists as well in some fields for example in social
media like facebook, twitter, mass media like newspapers, magazines, and
journals, and in entertainments like talk show, reality show, soap opera, etc.
Although code switching occurs in various fields, the writer will only focus in talk
show because today code switching appears more often in conversational or
spoken occasions and it is also found in talk show. Talk show is part of television
or radio show which is hosted by one person and the guests can be more than one
person. According to Morissan talk show is a program that shows some persons
to discuss about a certain topic and the program is guided by a host (2008:222).
In this study, the writer chooses Hitam Putih talk show as the source of code
switching data. The writer selects Hitam Putih talk show because the host always
does code switching to the guests who are bilingual speakers. Then, the writer
identifies the use of code switching by the host and the guests in 12 June 2013. In
this study, the writer analyses the utterances created by Dedy Corbuzier, Joe
Taslim and Daniel Mananta which consist of code switching. The writer finds that
the episode in 12 June 2013, they do more code switching since the guests in this
episode are bilingual speakers which can be seen from the background of the
guests. This motivates the writer to conduct a research to reveal the types of code
switching and the functions of using code switching in Dedy Corbuzier, Joe
B. Problem Formulation
This study has two problem formulations to be answered. The problems can
be formulated below:
1. What are the types of code switching that occur in Hitam Putih talk show in
12 June 2013?
2. What are the functions of code switching appearing in Hitam Putih talk
show in 12 June 2013?
C. Objectives of the Study
The first objective of this study is to identify the types of code switching
that occur in Hitam Putih talk show 12 June 2013. According to the identification
on the types of code switching, the writer also find the functions of code
switching. Therefore, the second objective of this study is to analyze the functions
of code switching in Hitam Putih talk show 12 June 2013.
D. Definition of Terms
Code is a system used for communication between two or more parties
(Wardaugh, 1986:103). It can be understood that code is a tool that people may
employ to communicate to each other.
Code Switching involves the alternate use of two languages or linguistic
varieties within the same utterance or conversation (Hoffman, 1991:110). It means
that code switching is a language mixture of two different languages used that
4
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
This chapter consists of three important parts namely review of related
studies, review of related theories, and theoretical framework. The review of
related studies presents the relation of this study with some researches which are
Mandiri’s and Murniati’s. The review of related theories explains the theories are
used by the writer to show the goal of this study while the theoretical framework
gives the step arranged to accomplish this study.
A. Review of Related studies
1. Mandiri’s thesis “The Occurrence of Code Switching within Social
Networking Website Facebook “.
This undergraduate thesis discusses the occurrence of code switching in
Facebook. Mandiri tries to identify the language that is used by Facebook users in
updating their status. Mandiri sees that most Facebook users today like to update
their status with language feature called code switching and they sometimes
employ word, phrases, or sentences from English language juxtaposed with
Indonesian words, phrases, or even sentences to create interesting language
utterances. In Mandiri’s thesis, his objectives are to identify the types of code
switching occur in Facebook users’ status and the reasons of using code switching
by the Facebook users (Mandiri, 2010:2).
Actually, the focus of this study is different from Mandiri’s thesis in a way
examining the functions of code switching that occurs in Facebook users’ utterance. The difference can be seen from participants who used code switching.
In Mandiri’s thesis, he analyses Facebook users’ utterances while in this study the
writer identifies the participants’ utterances in Hitam Putih talk show.
2. Murniati’s article on Celt journal “An analysis of Indonesian – English
Code Switching in Electronic Mails”.
This article explains the analysis of Code Switching in Electronic Mails. In
Murniati’s article, she identifies the types and the functions of Indonesian –
English code switching in Electronic Mails. She observes that code switching is a
common phenomenon in Indonesian because most people in Indonesia are
bilingual. Murniati sees that the upper middle class teenagers are already familiar
with English in their daily life given that they are also exposed to Western movies
and films and the high competition to enter the most prestigious schools in
Indonesia and abroad. In her study, Murniati takes the electronic mails as the data
from University graduate, students of undergraduate and graduate programs in
Ohio, and the Indonesian Fulbrighters in the US who speak English well
(Murniati. 2004:127). Related to this study, the writer takes the conversations
among three participants in Hitam Putih talk show as the data.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Sociolinguistics
The study of language used by society is called sociolinguistics. This
comprehension is supported by Hudson (1980:4-5) “sociolinguistics is the study
Wardaugh also stated that sociolinguistics is focussing on the relationship
between language and society with the purpose to have a better understanding of
the structure of the language and of how languages function in communication
(1992:13).
According to Trudgil (1978:11) as cited by Wardaugh sociolinguistics also
covers some works such as structure of discourse and conversation, speech acts,
studies in the ethnography of speaking, investigations of such matters as kinship
systems, studies in the sociology of language such as bilingualism,
code-switching, and diglossia and certain practical concerns such as various aspects of
teaching and language behaviour in classroom (1992 : 14).
In this case, bilingualism, code switching, and diglossia are related to each
other in terms of sociology studies of language. Bilingualism here more concerns
to one person and his knowledge of certain languages. According to Wei,
bilingualism is considered as the alternate of two or more languages by the same
person (2000:27). It can be said that bilingual speaker is a person who speaks
more than one language.
On the other hand, diglossia is defined as the situation which two or more
persons will switch their languages only in a particular situation. According to
Asher said that there are two distinctive varieties of code that exist in diglossic
communities, namely high (H) and low (L) variety. High (H) variety is the
prestige variety which is used in formal discourses, while low (L) is used in less
interview, workshop, presentation. People will also use (L) in informal situation
such when they speak to close friend or family at home.
Based on the theories above, it can be concluded that a person who switches
his language to another language is obviously a bilingual speaker and it happens
for some particular reasons which is one of them is a setting or situation.
Therefore, this phenomenon is called code switching.
2. Code Switching
There are several definitions of code switching viewed by some linguists.
They have different ways in defining code switching. Thus, in order to have
in-depth understanding of code switching, this study presents several definitions of
code switching from several linguists.
Code switching occurs amongst people who can speak more than one
language and this is also agreed with the idea from Shana as cited by Duran that
“code switching is the juxtaposition within the passage of someone’s speech
which involves items of two different languages” (1984:10). This can be
understood that code switching occurs when the speaker inserts two different
languages in his utterance.
The other linguist states that code switching is language mixture is
Akmajian. He stated that “Code switching refers to a situation in which the
speaker uses a mixture of distinct language varieties as discourse proceeds”
(2001:307). It means that code switching is a situation when the speaker combines
Code Switching relies on the meaningful juxtaposition of what speakers must consciously or sub-conciously process as strings formed according to the internal rules of two distinct grammatical systems (Gumperz,1982 : 66).
Besides, Hoffman stated that code switching includes two languages or
linguistic varieties in the same utterance or conversation (1991 : 110). Therefore,
code switching is a situation when the speaker juxtaposes two different languages
to communicate and it occurs in the same speech event.
Furthermore, there is code mixing that also relates to code switching.
According to Wardaugh (1992:107) “code mixing occurs when conversants use
both languages together to limit that they change from one language to the other
in the course of a single utterance”. It means that code mixing is also juxtaposition
of two languages that occurs in a single sentence. According to Muysken,
Poplack, and McLaughin as cited by Hoffman, code mixing refers to
intrasentential switch (1991:104). The difference between code mixing and code
switching can be seen from their occurrences. Code mixing occurs at the lexical
level within sentence. Code switching occurs within phrases or sentences
including tags and exclamations at the end of the sentence (Hoffman, 1991:104).
3. Types of Code Switching
There are three types of code switching according to Stockwell (2002 : 33)
that are described as follow:
a. Tag switching
This type of code switching only switches an interjection, a tag, or sentence
Romaine (1989:122) also mentioned that tags are easily inserted at a number of
points in monolingual utterance without violating syntactic rule.
The example can be seen below:
Guys, ikutan yukz donor darah...hari ini jam 10.00 s/d 13.00 di HKBP
Rogate Jl. Cemara Raya No. 16.
(Mandiri, 2010 : 40)
b. Intersentential Switch
Intersentential switch occurs between sentences made by the speaker. The
topic of the conversation may be switched by pause employed by one of the
speaker. The pause employed here shows a brief suspension of the voice to
indicate limits or relations of sentences. Intersentential Switch occurs between
more than one sentence.
The example can be seen as follows:
Awal dr hari yang indah. Sunday with full member of my little family.
Feel so happy.
(Mandiri, 2010 : 38)
c. Intrasentential Switch
Intrasentential switch occurs within a sentence or a clause. The form of code
in this switching can be in the form of a single word, a phrase, or clause.
The instances can be seen below:
Bersiap untuk pelatihan contract drafting hari ke-2 dr jam 7-17.30.
In addition, Intrasentential switch has the same occurrence with tag
switching but Intrasentential switch is not a sentence filler. If the intrasentential
switch is omitted, the sentence will produce the ambiguity and often violate
grammatical or syntactical rule of certain language.
3. Functions of Code Switching
According to Gumperz (1982:75-81), there are five functions of code
switching that explained as follows;
a. Quotation
Code switching here is used to mark direct quotations or reported speech.
Here is the switch from Slovenian to German, The conversation from an
informal business discussion among neighboring farmers, called to discuss the
sharing of farm machinery. The speaker is reporting on a conversation with a
German speaking businessman:
Pa prawe (then he said) wen er si nit calt gib I si nit (If he does not pay for it, I will not give it).
From the conversation above, the switch shows what is said by another
speaker previously and the farmer reports the one’s speech in German.
b. Addressee specification
The switch here serves to direct the message to one of several possible
addressees. The example is the switch from Slovenian to German and it is shown
from informal conversation about the weather in a village home (a strong wind is
blowing and there is a danger of rain and of the fruit being blown off the trees):
A : (Speaking to B) Nceaba prisu, vo ki su vaitar (it wil not come, it will
B : (Speaking to A ) Ya ki teke naBasan zapkama pa ye zie ciu stem ye pastrane ( it is so overloaded with apples and the entire tree is bent already).
B : (B continues turning to C sitting apart) Regen vert so ain vint is drausen
(It will rain, it is so windy outside).
Based on the example above, after speaking to A, B switches his language
in speaking to C. It seems like B does not agree with A, so that he gives his
opinion to C by switching his language. Therefore, the switch from B is
functioned to direct the message to C.
c. Interjection
The function of code switching here is to mark the sentence filler or the
interjection in the sentence. For instance; here the main message is in Spanish and
the speaker switches into English, A is talking to someone else later on in the
same situation
Pero como (but how) you know la Estella y la Sandi relistas en el telefon
(Stella and Sandi are very precocious on the phone).
Based on the sentence above, the switch “you know” is the sentence filler.
The function of the sentence filler is to signal to other addressee that A has paused
but A has not finished speaking yet.
d. Reiteration
Sometimes a message in one code is repeated in other code either literally or
in somewhat modified form. The function of the repetition here is to clarify what
is said and often to emphasize the message. For example : Father in India calling
to his son, who was learning to swim in a swimming pool. The switch is Hindhi
Baju-me jao beta, andar mat (go to the side son, not inside) Keep to the side.
The switch “keep to the side” here has the same meaning with “Baju-me jao
beta” or go to the side. The speaker reiterates his calling by switching to English.
Then, the function of the switch here is to clarify what has been said in the
beginning.
e. Message qualification
The function of the language switch is to qualify the message or to convey
the main message. The form of switch here such as sentence, verb complements,
predicates following a copula.
The example from college student conversation and B :
A : Bina vet kiye ap a gae ( without waiting you come)
B : Nehi. I came to the bus stop peccis per (about nine twenty-five).
According to the example above, B switches Hindhi to English. The
switch of English is functioned to convey B’s main message.
f. Personalization vs Objectivization
The code is related to some cases such as; a message whether a statement
reflects personal opinion or knowledge and whether it reflects in specific
instances or has the authority of generally known fact. For example: Austrian
village farmers making plans for sharing machinery and dealing with problems
that might come up.
A : Ale mormaya teke nadrita (O.K. let us do it like this) dann von etwas
is, no guet (then if something happens, O.K. fine). Pa tole gax wikolna
(if sometimes the motor must be rewound) kos sibn axthundert siling (it costs seven or eight hundred shillings)
B : Ja jap aye denar tau (O.K., O.K., then the money is there) [later in the
A : Yes sak leta dien oli nter (I put in oil every year). Kost virzen siling (it costs fourteen shillings).
According to example above, A begins with a personalized statement
suggesting what the group should do. The function of the switching from A in his
first utterance is to reflect his opinion. Then, in his last utterance, he shifts to
German as to imply the, as is the cost of the oil. The shift to German gives the air
of objective factuality and it can reflect his knowledge toward how much cost
they need.
4. Indonesian Grammar
Since the data are about the insertion English into Indonesian, the writer
uses Indonesian grammar. According to Chaer (1988 : 329 – 347), there are seven
sentence structures in Bahasa Indonesia that explained below:
1. Simple sentence (Kalimat Tunggal)
Simple sentence is formed by one clause that consists of simple word or
phrase. In Indonesian simple sentence, subject and verb are required.
The examples can be seen as follow:
a. Ayah membaca koran
My father reads newspaper.
b. Temanku seorang dokter
My friend is a doctor.
In English, the simple sentence should also consist of subject and verb in
example (a) the sentence consists of subject (ayah), predicate (membaca), and
between Indonesian and English. The difference can be seen from the example
(b). The sentence in example (b) consists of subject (temanku) and predicate
(seorang dokter). The words seorang dokter are a predicate because those words
represent the verb adalah that can be omitted. When it is translated into English,
the verb (is) is required because it has the function as a predicate.
2. Elliptical Sentence (Kalimat Luas Rapatan)
Density compound sentence or elliptical sentence is formed by integrating
the same element in the sentence.
For example: Ayah makan nasi goreng dan minum teh (My father eats fried
rice and drinks). The sentence is formed from two clauses:
a. Ayah makan nasi goreng
My father eats fried rice
b. Ayah minum teh
My father drinks tea
Based on the example above, the similarity between Indonesian and English
grammar is seen from the integrating of the same element which is the verb. The
difference is that in Indonesian the example belongs to compound sentence, while
in English the example belongs to simple sentence that consists of compound
verbs (eats and drinks). In Indonesian not only the predicate that can be integrated
3. Compound Sentence (Kalimat Luas Setara)
This sentence is constituted by two clauses. The role of each clause in this
sentence is same. The clauses are connected by the conjunctions dan, tetapi, atau,
apalagi, and kemudian. For example:
a. Ibu memasak di dapur dan Ayah menyiram tanaman
My mother cooks in the kitchen and my father waters the plants
b. Saya ingin melanjutkan belajar ke perguruan tinggi tetapi orang tua saya
tidak mampu membiayayainya.
I want to continue studying in university but my parents do not have enough money.
This kind of sentence is similar to English sentence. In English, this
sentence is called compound sentence and in this sentence, the clauses are also
connected by the conjunctions and, or, but. Besides, the clauses in English
compound sentence are always called independent clauses. This is similar to
Indonesian sentences that the clauses have the same role. Furthermore, In
Indonesian equivalent compound sentence, the clause can be connected by the
conjunctions apalagi (moreover) and kemudian (then) while in English
compound sentence, the clauses can only be connected by and, or, so and but.
4. Complex Sentence(Kalimat Luas Bertingkat)
This sentence consists of two clauses which are main clause and minor
clause.Below are two examples of complex sentence;
He is drowned because he cannot swim
b. Monumen nasional itu dibuat ketika kamu masih kecil.
The national monument was built when you were a kid
c. Orang yang duduk di depan itu gendut sekali.
The one who sits in front is very fat
On the other hand, the clauses in this type of sentence are also connected by
other conjunctions such as sehingga (so), kalau, agar (in order to), meskipun
(athough), kecuali (except), bahwa (that), and seperti (alike).
Actually the sentences above are similar to English sentence which is called
complex sentence. The English complex sentences are also connected by because,
when, although, in order to, except etc. Azar (1941 : 239) also added When the
conjunctions are because or although in the English complex sentence, the
clauses are divided into main clause and minor clause which is called an adverb
clause.
5. Complex Compound Sentence (Kalimat Luas Kompleks)
This sentence is established from two or more clauses. The clauses in this
complex compound sentence are connected by the conjunctions of compound and
complex sentence.
The first example is connected by the conjunctions tetapi and karena while
the second example is connected by the conjunctions karena and dan.
a. Orang itu meminta tolong kepada saya, tetapi saya tidak mau menolongnya karena dia adalah seorang penipu.
b. Kemarin saya tidak masuk kantor karena hujan lebatnya bukan main dan kesehatan saya agak terganggu.
Yesterday I did not go to work because the rain was so heavy and I got
headache.
Based on the examples above, the sentences consist of two or more
independent clauses and one dependent clause. The clauses of the sentences above
are connected by the conjunctions tetapi/but, karena/because, dan/and. This
sentence also similar to English that these sentences are called complex
compound sentence. In English complex compound sentence, there are also two
or more independent clauses and at least one dependent clause.
C. Theoretical Framework
The objectives of this study are to identify the types and the functions of
Code Switching that occurs in Hitam Putih talk show in 12 June 2013. The first
problem is the identification of the types of code switching that occur in Hitam
Putih talk show in 12 June 2013. In answering the first problem, the writer uses theory of type of code switching from Stockwell and then the writer will also
apply the theory of Indonesian Grammar from Chaer because the form of the data
is in oral type so that the Indonesian Grammar can help the writer identifying the
types of code switching in Indonesian sentence.
The second problem is the analysis on the functions of code switching
which occur in in Hitam Putih talk show in 12 June 2013. In discussing the
functions of code switching, the writer will use the theory of conversational
18
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The object of the study is the conversation consists code switching. As
mentioned previously, Hitam Putih talk show in 12 June 2013 was chosen as the
source of the data. In this study the writer identified code switching that occurs in
Joe Taslim, Dedy Corbuzier, and Daniel Mananta utterances in Hitam Putih talk
show. Therefore, the writer identified all forms of code switching when it occurs.
B. Approach of the Study
The topic of this study is about the use of code switching. As code switching
is used in some certain communication by people, the approach of this study
belongs to Sociolinguistics. As seen from the characteristics of the data,
sociolinguistics approach is more appropriate.
Sociolinguistics is the study of language used by society. According to
Trudgill (1974:2), these two aspects of language behavior are very important from
a social point of view; first, the function of language in establishing social
relationship; and second the role played by language in conveying information
about the speaker.
When people communicate with each other, they employ code. According
to Wardaugh,“code is a system used for communication between two or more
and they may decide to switch from one code to another code. Here, code
switching has the effects of enabling speaker to signal two identities at once.
C. Method of the Study
1. Data Collection
According to this study, the researcher found that there are 343 data that
belong to population study. In this study, the researcher took 197 data as the
sample. Since this study is a sample study, the writer will use the purposive
sampling method which the data investigated based on the judgment. The writer
applied purposive sampling which is critical case sampling. Purposive sampling
focused on the judgment of the writer when it comes to the units selected. In this
study, the writer took some pieces of the data to be analyzed deeper.
“Critical case sampling is a type of purposive sampling technique that is
particularly useful in exploratory qualitative research, research with limited
resources as well as research where a single case (or small number of cases) can
be decisive in explaining the phenomenon of interest”
(http://dissertation.laerd.com). In fact, there were many episodes Hitam Putih talk
show but Hitam Putih talk show’s episode that consists of code switching is
limited.
Exploratory qualitative research is an initial research where a researcher has
observed something and tried to understand more about it
(http://education-portal.com). In exploratory qualitative research, this type of purposive sampling
applied critical case sampling in identifying the data based on structure, context,
and main idea of the sentences.
According to this study, the writer took the utterances that consist of code
switching as the sample of the data. The writer collected the data by taking the
video of Hitam Putih talk show in 12 June 2013 from Youtube and made the script
of the conversation in the talk show. In the script, the writer numbered on every
exchange of speaker’s role and named the exchange; Utterance Number or UN.
The writer took the utterances that consists of code switching into a table and
analyzed them. After that, the writer numbered the utterance which was analyzed
and named them Data Number or DN. In taking the data the writer used code like
A- DN/2–UN/5 which means Appendix 1, Data Number 2, and Utterance Number
5 or B-DN/1-UN/5 that means Appendix 2, Data Number 1 and Utterance
Number 5 .
2. Data Analysis
In organizing the data, the writer inserted the utterances consist of code
switching in the script into a table. Thus, the writer categorized and explained the
data based on the types of code switching. In the first problem, the writer
classified the data according to the three types of code switching and analyzed
them based on the structure of the sentence. The writer also added some
explanations about Indonesian grammar related to the explanation toward types of
code switching especially intrasentential and intersentential switch. Then, the
writer related the type with the function of code switching. In the second problem,
analyzing the second problem, the writer analyzed the function of code switching
based on the context of the data. Therefore, the conclusion was given after whole
[image:36.612.99.513.206.562.2]analysis and discussion done.
Table of code switching data can be seen below:
22
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
This research has two problems formulation that are stated previously. The
problems are the types of code switching and the functions of code switching
occur in Hitam Putih Talk show 12 June 2013. Therefore, this chapter presents the
findings and the discussion on those problems.
A. Types of Code Switching in Hitam Putih Talk Show 12 June 2013
In revealing the language feature occured in Hitam Putih talk show, the
writer used some literature reviews focusing to that language feature. It directs the
writer that the language feature occurred in Hitam Putih talk show 12 June 2013
was regarded as code switching.
After the whole data were analyzed, the writer found that the three
participants in Hitam Putih talk show applied two kinds of language which were
Indonesian and English or vice versa. Besides, the three types of code switching
were also employed by the participants in their utterances during the talk show.
1. Tag Switching
Tag switching means the switch of language occurs as a tag or sentence
filler. The occurrence of this type of code switching will not change the main
point of the sentence because it does not violate the syntactic rule of a sentence.
This type of code switching occurs almost anywhere. Based on the findings, there
These are three evidences of Tag switching that occur in Hitam Putih Talk show:
A-DN/48-UN/52
Utterance
“Jadi sebenarnya basically dia
bikin kerangka suatu pertarungan. Jadi dia bikin kerangkanya dari sini ke sini dan
beberapa angle dan kita latihan
dulu untuk dapetin flow-nya”
In A-DN/48-UN/52, the switch in this case appears in the middle of the
sentence. Based on Daniel’s utterance the phrase “basically” is categorized into
tag switching because it occurs as a tag and its occurrence will not change the
meaning of the sentence such “Jadi sebenarnya basically dia bikin kerangka suatu
pertarungan”. The message of the sentence is about Joe’s statement about Bruce
Neyder who made a flow for the fighting scene. Therefore, the phrase “basically”
is omitted, it does not change the main message of the sentence for example;
(omit “basically”) “Jadi sebenarnya dia bikin kerangka suatu pertarungan”.
A-DN/38-UN/42
Utterance
“Umm. Gak secepat ini, I mean
like pasti butuh kerja keras yang
banyak. ”
In A-DN/38-UN/42, the switch appears in the middle of the sentence. The
clause “I mean like” is Tag Switching because it occurs as a tag, “Gak secepat ini,
does not change the point of the sentence. The idea of the sentence is about hard
working to join in Hollywood team work. When the form is omitted, the idea is
still similar. “Umm, Gak secepat ini (omit I mean like) pasti butuh kerja keras
yang banyak”.
A-DN/3-UN/6
Utterance
“Bangga aja sih, tapi ada royalti of course”
In A-DN/3-UN/6, the switched language exists on the last part of the
sentence. The phrase “of course” is Tag Switching because it occurs as a tag and
its occurrence will not change the main point of the sentence. It can be seen from
“bangga aja sih, tapi ada royalti of course”. In this case, the point of sentence is
about Joe’s pride and royalty. When the phrase is omtted, it will be; “bangga aja
sih, tapi ada royalti”. Therefore, the point of sentence is still same.
2. Intersentential Switch
Intersentential Switch is the switch that occurs between sentences and it
occurs after pause employment. The writer sees that the data of Intersentential
switch occur in various Indonesian sentences. Based on the findings, there are 18
data that belong to Intersentential switch. Below are six examples of
Intersentential switch that occur in Hitam Putih talk show:
A-DN/17-UN/28
Utterance
“Kalo film Box Office so far sih
kayaknya jarang. I don’t know.
In A-DN/17-UN/28, the clause “I don't know” is the evidence of
Intersentential switch because it occurs after pause employment. This can be seen
from, “Kalo film Box Office so far sih kayaknya jarang (pause) I don't know.
Tapi gak berani bilang belum pernah. Tapi kayaknya jarang banget”. The pause
here occurs to indicate the limit of sentences. In this case, it points out the limit
between the first sentence, “Kalo film Box Office so far sih kayaknya jarang” and
the switch “I don’t know”. The switch is also categorized into Intersentential
switch because it occurs within sentences and in this case it occurs between three
simple sentences, “Kalo film Box Office so far sih kayaknya jarang”, “tapi gak
berani bilang belum pernah”, and “tapi kayaknya jarang banget”.
A-DN/86-UN/118
Utterance
Jadi ceritanya memang itu grup kan
multiculture, dan kita udah kerja bareng di beberapa proyek sebelumnya. Emang gak terlalu
di-explore terlalu banyak. So we understand each other. Kita bicara 4-5 bahasa, gue ngerti bahasa dia dan dia ngerti bahasa gue. Kita
udah seperti demikian satunya.
According to A-DN/86-UN/118, the clause “so we understand each other” is
the evidence of Intersentential switch because it occurs after pause employment. It
is seen from, “Emang gak terlalu di-explore terlalu banyak (pause) so we
understand each other. The occurrence of the pause here is to indicate the limits
the switch “so we understand each other”. The clause is also the evidence of
Intersentential switch because it occurs within sentences. It appears between
simple sentence, “Emang gak terlalu di-explore terlalu banyak” and complex
compound sentence; “Kita bicara 4-5 bahasa, gue ngerti bahasa dia dan dia ngerti
bahasa gue”.
A-DN/193-UN/340
Utterance
“to be honest, gue sendiri masih liat dulu ya dari segi timnya sendiri gimana nih
untuk marketing Killers
-nya dan feed back dari
masyarakat sendiri film
Killers-nya. Next-nya sih kita udah ngeliat beberapa
script yang gue suka banget
to be honest, dan gue
pengen banget nge-produce
beberapa film dari beberapa
director ini. So we’ll see.
Ini gue masih open banget
sih, jadi gue masih belum tau apa-apa.”
Based on A-DN/193-UN/340, the switch “so we'll see” is categorized into
Intersentential switch because it occurs after pause employment. It is shown from,
“Next-nya sih kita udah ngeliat beberapa script yang gue suka banget to be honest
dan gue pengen banget nge-produce beberapa film dari beberapa director ini
(pause)so we’ll see”. The pause occurs to indicate the boundary of the sentences.
kita udah ngeliat beberapa script yang gue suka banget to be honest dan gue pengen banget nge-produce beberapa film dari beberapa director ini” and the
switch “so we’ll see”.
The clause also belongs to Intersentential switch because it occurs between
complex compound sentence “Next-nya sih kita udah ngeliat beberapa script yang
gue suka banget to be honest, dan gue pengen banget nge-produce beberapa film
dari beberapa director ini” and second compound sentence is “Ini gue masih open
banget sih, jadi gue masih belum tau apa-apa.”
A-DN/170-UN/327
Utterance
“ya ya lumayan kayak Paul Walker dia sering
banget ke Indonesia. He
is a surfer. Kayaknya dia lebih tahu banyak tentang pelosok-pelosok
Indonesia untuk surfing
dibanding gue. Dia nyebutin beberapa pulau yang gue gak pernah
denger kan, “ I’ve been
there, I’ve been here.”
Dan waktu gue di Spain, gue ketemu Chris Hemswort yang main
Thor yang pernah ke
Sumba island”.
According to A-DN/170-UN/327, the clause “He is a surfer” is the evidence
of Intersentential Switch because it occurs after pause employment. It can be seen
from; “ya ya lumayan kayak Paul Walker dia sering banget ke Indonesia (pause)
sentences. It indicates the boundary between the first sentence “ya ya lumayan
kayak Paul Walker dia sering banget ke Indonesia” and the switch “He is a
surfer”.
This switch is categorized into Intersentential switch because it appears
between complex sentences; “ya ya lumayan kayak Paul Walker dia sering banget
ke Indonesia” and “kayaknya dia lebih tahu banyak tentang pelosok-pelosok
Indonesia dibanding gue”.
A-DN/172-UN/327
Utterance
“ya ya lumayan kayak Paul Walker dia sering banget ke Indonesia.
He is a surfer. Kayaknya dia lebih tahu banyak tentang pelosok-pelosok
Indonesia untuk
surfing dibanding gue. Dia nyebutin beberapa pulau yang gue gak pernah denger kan. “ I’ve been there, I’ve been here.” Dan waktu gue di Spain, gue
ketemu Chris Hemswort yang main
Thor yang pernah ke
Sumba island.”
In A-DN/172-UN/327, these clauses “I've been there, I've been here” are
Intersentential Switch because they occur after pause employment; “Dia nyebutin
beberapa pulau yang gue gak pernah denger kan (pause) I’ve been there, I’ve
sentence of the utterance “Dia nyebutin beberapa pulau yang gue gak pernah
denger kan” and the switch “I’ve been there, I’ve been here”.
Besides, these clauses are also categorized to Intersentential switch because
they occur between complex sentence “Dia nyebutin beberapa pulau yang gue gak
pernah denger kan” and complex compound sentence “Dan waktu gue di Spain
gue ketemu Chris Hemswort yang main Thor yang pernah ke Sumba Island”.
A-DN/71-UN/79
Utterance
it’s imposible karena I think
untuk bikin set selebar itu akan lebih makan waktu.
Which is mereka ngejar
waktu karena scene-scene
-nya Vin Diesel dan Ben Jonshon udah gak bisa digeser sama mereka pake
actual lokasi. Jadi mereka
block Waterloo station untuk ekstrati ada 200. Jadi mereka
hire extras untuk ngisi. Which is cost lot of money.
In A-DN/71-UN/79, the clause “which is cost lots of money” is
Intersentential Switch because it occurs after pause employment. It is shown
from; “Jadi mereka hire extras untuk ngisi (pause) Which is cost lot of money. In
this case, the pause occurs to indicate the boundary between the forth sentence
“Jadi mereka hire extras untuk ngisi” and the switch “which cost lots of money”.
In this case the switch occurs after complex compound sentence; “Which is
gak bisa digeser sama mereka pake actual lokasi” and compound sentence “Jadi
mereka block Waterloo Station untuk ekstrasi ada 200 jadi mereka hire extras
untuk ngisi”.
3. Intrasentential Switch
Intrasentential switch means the switch occurs within a sentence or a clause.
Based on the data, the writer sees that the data of Intrasentential switch also occur
in various Indonesian sentences. Based on the findings, there are 156 data that
belong to Intrasentential switch. These are some evidences of Intrasentential
switch that occur in Hitam Putih talk show:
A-DN/32-UN/36
Utterance
“Really nice. Jadi sangat-sangat dibantu oleh The
Raid kan. I think
hampir semua industri di
Amerika, Film
maker,casting director, director, rata-rata udah nonton The Raid semua. Jadi setelah gue nyampe di sana ketemu orang, mereka langsung I love your movie, I love the Raid. Jadi udah break the ice.
Mereka bilang we
let's work together. Jadi gak
awkward”.
In A-DN/32-UN/36, the switch occurs as a phrase. The phrase “break the
ice” is the evidence of Intrasentential switch because it occurs within sentence. In
this case, the phrase occurs in forth sentence; “Jadi udah break the ice”. In
addition, based on Indonesian grammatical rule the switch appears in a simple
sentence.
A-DN/73-UN/81
Utterance
“mungkin, it is one of the land mark, gue rasa sih untuk orang di London Waterloo Station otomatis banyak sih kayak film Borne syuting disitu. Jadi kayak suatu tempat yang catchy sih.
According to A-DN/73-UN/81, the switch occurs as single word. The word
“catchy” is categorized in Intrasentential switch because it occurs within sentence.
In this case it occurs in the last sentence “Jadi kayak suatu tempat yang catchy
sih”. According to Indonesian grammatical rule, the switch occurs in the sentence
A-DN/84-UN/118
Utterance
“Jadi ceritanya memang itu grup kan multiculture dan kita udah kerja bareng di beberapa proyek
sebelumnya. Emang gak terlalu di explore terlalu
banyak, So we
understand each other kita bicara 4-5 bahasa, gue ngerti bahasa dia dan dia ngerti bahasa gue. Kita udah seperti demikian satunya”
In A-DN/84-UN/118, the switch occurs as single word. The switch
“Multiculture” is categorized into Intrasentential switch because it occurs within
sentence. The word “multiculture” occurs in the first clause of the first
sentence;“Jadi ceritanya memang itu grup kan multiculture.” In this case, the
phrase occurs in the first sentence which is a compound sentence.
A-DN/42-UN/44
Utterance
“sebagai seorang
aktor di Indonesia tentu aja sih pengen setinggi-tingginya dan sejauh-jauhnya
tapi setelah The
Raid keluar semua
pintu kebuka. Mereka melihat talenta yang ada di
The Raid keluar dan gue sangat beruntung dipilih
which is sempat di Hollywood
deadline,
www.deadline.com sempat bilang "Joe Taslim in fast land". Sebenarnya untuk masuk ke industri sebesar itu sulit. Biasanya harus dari TV
dulu, extra
supporting baru
bisa.”
Based on A-DN/42-UN/44, the switch occurs as a phrase. The phrase “extra
supporting” is categorized into Intrasentential switch because it occurs within
sentence. In this case the switch occurs in the last sentence; “Biasanya harus dari
TV dulu, extra supporting baru bisa”. In Indonesian grammatical rule, the last
sentence is named compound sentence. So, the switch here occurs in compound
sentence.
A-DN/43-UN/45
Utterance
di rumah kalo anda ingin bertanya, anda bisa langsung gunakan hashtag ask Joe.
Sebelumnya untuk mengingatkan sedikit dulu, kita akan melihat
adegan fighting
Joe Taslim di fast & furious.
In A-DN/43-UN/45, the switch occurs as single word. The word “fighting”
is the evidence of Intrasentential switch because it occurs within sentence. In this
case it occurs in the second sentence and specifically in the second clause. It is
seen “kita akan melihat adegan fightingJoe Taslim di fast & furious”.
According to Indonesian grammatical rule, the phrase occurs in the second
which is a complex sentence. It is shown from “Sebelumnya untuk mengingatkan
sedikit dulu, kita akan melihat adegan fightingJoe Taslim di fast & furious”.
A-DN/116-UN/208
Utterance
“Tapi kadang-kadang kita tidak boleh melupakan siapa Joe Taslim sebenarnya,
siapakah dia dulu. Jadi setiap manusia tu ada yang
namanya ugly truth
According to A-DN/116-UN/208, the switch occurs as a phrase. The phrase
“Ugly truth” is categorized as Intrasentential Switch because it occurs within
sentence. It can be seen from; “Jadi setiap manusia tu ada yang namanya ugly
truth yang orang sudah lupa sebenarnya”. Based on Indonesian grammatical rule,
the phrase in this case appears in the complex sentence.
A-DN/11-UN/20
Utterance
“Kalo emang karakter itu nggak penting untuk ngomong, dan mereka ngerasa kayak nggak ada kebutuhan untuk di
cerita, they don't
give them lines. Biasanya seperti itu”
In A-DN/11-UN/20, the switch occurs as a clause. The clause “they don’t
give them lines” is the evidence of Intrasentential switch because it occurs in a
one sentence. In this case, it occurs in the first sentence. According to Indonesian
grammatical rule, the first sentence is a type of complex compound sentence.
Therefore, the switch here occurs in complex compound sentence.
A-DN/63-UN/77
Utterance
“ya tapi karena untuk adegan itu kita harus
nge-block Waterloo
Station which is
yang sangat padat, dan it costs lots of money”.
Based on A-DN/63-UN/77, the switch appears as a clause. The clause “it
costs lots of money” belongs to Intrasentential switch because it occurs only in
one sentence. The occurrence of the switch can be seen from; “ya tapi karena
untuk adegan itu kita harus nge-block Waterloo Station which is salah satu stasiun
yang sangat padat, dan it costs lots of money”. According to Indonesian
grammatical rule, the switch here also occurs in the complex compound sentence.
B. Functions of Code Switching in Hitam Putih Talk Show 12 June 2013
According to the theories mentioned previously, there are six functions of
conversation code switching. After the whole data were analyzed, the writer found
that code switching that were employed by the three participants in Hitam Putih
talk show only have functions as Quotation, Interjection, Reiteration, Message
Qualification, Personalization vs Objectivization. Nonetheless, the writer also
found new function of code switching aside the theory from Gumperz which is
lexical gap filling.
1. Quotation which means the switch is used to mark a reported speech.
Based on the findings, there are 4 data of code switching that functions as
quotation. The evidence of quotation that occurs in Hitam Putih talk show can be
seen as follow:
B-DN/30-UN/30 Utterance
Raid kan. I think hampir semua industri di Amerika,
Film maker, casting director, director, rata-rata
udah nonton The Raid
semua. Jadi setelah gue nyampe di sana ketemu
orang mereka langsung "I
love your movie, I love the
Raid", jadi udah break the
ice. Mereka bilang we really
love you to be in our project, let's work together.
Jadi gak awkward.
The function of the switch occurs in this data is closely related to the main
idea of every sentence. According to B-DN/30-UN/30, the main idea of the first
sentence is The Raid film was very helpful. In the second sentence, the main idea
is almost all American industries have watched The Raid. The main idea of the
third sentence is Hollywood team work were happy to work with Joe and already
break the ice. The idea of the forth sentence is Hollywood team workers’ feeling
of happiness to welcome Joe. The idea of the last sentence is Joe’s conclusion that
he did not feel awkward.
In this case, the writer focuses on the switch which is functioned as
quotation. According to this data, the switch “we love you to be in our project” is
considered to be quotation. The switch here has the function to clarify a reported
speech. It can be seen from the last sentence; “Mereka bilang we really love you
The occurrence of the switch is to show the Hollywood team workers’
welcoming statement to Joe. In this last sentence, there is change of the subject as
the characteristic of reported speech. The change can be seen from the word
mereka (they) into we. In this switch, the pronoun “we” refers to Hollywood team workers and the pronoun “you” refers to Joe. This can be said that Joe switched
his language into English by reporting the speech from Hollywood team workers.
B-DN/166-UN/327
Utterance
“ya ya lumayan kayak Paul Walker dia sering banget ke
Indonesia. He is a surfer.
Kayaknya dia lebih tahu banyak tentang pelosok-pelosok Indonesia untuk surfing dibanding gue. Dia nyebutin beberapa pulau yang gue gak pernah denger
kan. I’ve been there, I’ve
been here. Dan waktu gue di Spain, gue ketemu Chris Hemswort yang main Thor yang pernah ke Sumba
island.
The function of code switching is closely related to the main idea of every
sentence. Based on B-DN/166-UN/327, the main point of the first sentence is
about Paul Walker who often comes to Indonesia. The main point of the second
sentence is about Paul’s knowledge toward some small islands in Indonesia for
surfing. In the third sentence, the main point is about Paul’s statement about some
in Indonesia. The main idea in the last sentence is about Joe’s meeting with Chris
Hemswort who has been in Sumba island.
According to the data, there are some switches that occur in the utterance
above. The switch in this case is considered as quotation because it marks a
reported speech. There is the changing of the subject as the characteristic of in
from word “Dia” into I. The pronoun “I” in the switch form refers to Paul Walker.
So, in this particular object, Joe reports what is said by Paul Walker.
Based on the explanation above toward quotation, the writer finds that the
types of code switching are also involved. In B-DN/30-UN/30 , the switch occurs
as Intrasentential switch and in B-DN/166-UN/327, the switch occurs as
Intersentential switch. Therefore, it can be said that the type of code switching
that are functioned as quotation can be Intrasentential and Intersential switches.
2. Interjection which is the switch serves to mark an interjection or sentence
filler. Based on the findings, there are 24 data of code switching that has the
function as interjection. The examples of interjection in Hitam Putih talk show
can be seen as follows:
B-DN/38-UN/42
Utterance
Umm, Gak secepat ini, I
mean like pasti butuh kerja keras yang banyak.
The function of the code switching occurs in the data above is related to
first sentence is without the Raid he cannot be in Hollywood. In the second
sentence, the main idea is about the need to work hard.
In the data above, there is a switch which occurs in tag form. In this
particular object, the switch is functioned as interjection since it serves to mark a
tag or sentence filler. It can be said that the switch is used for short pause. The
sentences filler used by Joe to signal to Dedy that Joe has paused to think but has
not finished speaking yet. In addition, the switch “I mean like” in this context is
also used for an emphasis. Since the main point of the utterance occurs in the first
sentence, so the switch here occurs in the second sentence to support the idea in
the first sentence.
B-DN/45-UN/52
Utterance
“Jadi sebenarnya basically
dia bikin kerangka suatu pertarungan. Jadi dia bikin kerangkanya dari sini ke
sini dan beberapa angle
dan kita
