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EFFECT OF WATERING ON TOMATO (Solanum lycopersicum L.) PLANT GROWTH
Astija, Musdalifah Universitas Tadulako, Kemenristekdikti, Indonesia ABSTRACT Studies on the tomato plant growth had been intensively conducted. However, the growth that is influenced by watering on a soil where the plants are growing is still little studied.
Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the water put into the plants and how a capacity soil to absorb water for the tomato plants growth. Experiment design used a completely randomized (CRD).
The design consisted of 4 treatments ie; the field capacities of the soil with 100% (=1200 mL), 75% (=900 mL), 50% (=600 mL) and 25% (=300 mL). The study obtained that the 50% and 25% of the field capacity of the soil influenced significantly on the tomato plant growth reduction, recommending that watering 600 mL is effective in 8 kg soil for the tomato plant growth. Keywords: water, tomato, growth, field capacity,
INTRODUCTION Tomato plant or Solanum lycopersicum L. was included into Solanaceae family that has a short life cycle plant that is less than a year.
The plant has some colored development fruit that are green, yellow, and red fruits and of which are used as a fresh fruit, vegetable, and processed drink (Astija, 2017). In
Indonesia, the plant is widely planted in common areas those are highland and lowland.
However, the highlands productivity of tomatoes is higher than in the lowland area that is reaching 26.6 tons per ha reaching only around 6 tons per ha. One reason is that it is due to available water (Etti Purwati and Khairunisa, 2007). Studies reported that tomato tend to be death when the excess or lack of water (Hasanuzzaman et al., 2013).
The water for growing is come from the soil through root absorption to transport via a xylem vessel into all of cells particularly, leaves. The leaf used the water to be broke down into oxygen and H+ ion. The ion will be accepted by NAD to reduction process of carbon dioxide to produce sugars. The entire process is called photosynthesis (De Storme and Geelen, 2014). Moreover, water is needed for solvent, pH regulator, temperature control, osmotic regulation, and physiological processes.
On the other hand, the water will be come out from the leaf through transpiration via stomata to balance the water excess (Astija, 2017). As such, water plays a crucial role for plant growth. Plant cells having difeciency of the water can be overcome by watering into the cells. However, the process requires a considered treatment so that it is suitable.
The water that was supplied depends on the the plant, the climate where the plant grows, and also the soil type (Sato, Peet and Thomas, 2000; De Storme and Geelen, 2014). Particularly, the soil type for a medium used in the plant growth is an import thing.
The soil has the absorb ability in storing for water (Wang, Vinocur and Altman, 2003;
Little et al., 2005; Campanoni and Blatt, 2007; Wahid et al., 2007; Niassy et al., 2010).
Thus, the ability of the soil is an important thing to be known in order to how much the water required can be determined or how much of the water was required by the plant.
This study was focused on the soil ability in water absorbt. It is necessary to conduct so that we can determine the soil ability used for the tomato plants growth in water absorb, in addition to it can know how much the plant can be sufficient watered.
METHODS Completely Randomized Design (RAL) was used in the study consisting of 4 treatments being 1200 mL (=100%), 900 mL (=75%), 600 mL (=50%), and 30 mL (=25 %) of field capacities. Each of the treatment was repeated 3 times. The study was begun with the field capacity determination by taking the soil. The soil was then dried and weighed 8 kg defined as an initial weight. Later, the soil was come into a plastic polybag
and was placed in a bucket with water. Further, the plastic polybag was lifted and was kept in a closed room during 4 days or until the water do not drips. The polybag was weighed to have a final weight. The differences in the final and the initial weight, called as a value of the field capacity.
Moreover, a soil was ready for experiment use. The words, seedling was grown in the polybag containing the soil. Of course, the seedling were obtained from the seeds were germinated. Started, the Seeding was soaked into the water for 10-15 minutes. Good seeds were indicated by seeds submerged in water. The seeds were then sown into the soil. After growing for 2 weeks, the seedlings were grown into the soil. The plants were treated using the measured water. Watering was given into the plants every morning.
Further, an observation to measure thet height in plants was conducted in 20, 40 dap or days after planting. Measurements were by placing a ruler from ground surface to the highest end of the stem.
Another observations were that regarding leaf and branch numbers using counter tool.
Leaf area was measured with a Portable Laser Leaf Area Meter device. The obtained data were analyzed with one way ANOVA (analysis variance) assisted by XLSTAT 2017.
RESULTS Field capacity determination was conducted by using 8 kg of the soil ie 1.2 kg or it was the same as 1.2 L water. This means that the field capacity value was 1200 mL for 100%. Furthermore, determination of the field capacity at 75% was gained by
multiplying 1200 mL. it gained 900 mL. Similarly, 50% and 25% of the field capacity were made, obtained 600 mL and 300 mL, respectively.
These result illustrated that the used soil for the tomato plant growth had a maximal ability in the water absorb that was 1200 ml per 8 kg soil. The other word, it was an average of 150 mL per Kg soil. The field capacity is applied as a basic in determination of the potential soil in absortion of the water and in determination of the water was given as wel as how much the water was needed by the tomato plants for growing. The results, 100% (=1200 mL), 75% (=900 mL), 50% (=600 mL) and 25% (=300 Ml) affects significantly on height, number of branch, number of leaf, and leaf area of tomato plants.
The average of height tomato plant observed at 20 days after planting, 40 dap with 100% =1200 mL, 75% = 900 ml, 50% = 600 ml, 25% = 300 ml were then completely presented in Figure 1. / Figure 1. Height of tomato plant observed at 20 dap and 40 dap with 100% (=1200 mL), 75% (=900 mL), 50% (=600 mL) and 25% (=300 mL). The plants hight at 20 and 40 dap was significant reduction watered with 600 mL and 300 mL. The Figure 1 above shows that growth of the tomato plant has variation. It depends on how much the water was provided. It is most likely that how less an amount of water was
supplied.
However, the field capacity water 50% or =600 mL per 8 kg of soil contributes significantly in inhibiting the plant growth both at the age of 20 or 40 days of
cultivation. The water also affects the of leaf number average from the plants aged 20, 40 days after planting. The Figure 2 above illustrated that the leaf number is significant difference between 100% =1200 mL, 75% = 900 ml, 50% = 600 ml, 25% = 300 ml. / Figure 2. Leaves number of the tomato plants aged 20 dap, 40 dap with 100% (=1200 mL), 75% (=900 mL), 50% (=600 mL), 25% (=300 mL). The leaf number aged 20, 40 dap was reduction that was a line with the watering reduction.
The water is likely to affect the branches growth aged 20 dap, 40 dap. The Figure 3 mean that the reduction of water reduces the branches number. Watering with 300 mL or the field capacity 25% reduced significantly to the branches number. / Figure 3. The branch Number of the tomato plants aged 20, 40 dap with 100% (=1200 mL), 75%
(=900 mL), 50% (=600 mL), 25% (=300 mL). The branch number aged 20, 40 day after planting was significant reduction because of watering with 600 mL, 300 mL. Meanwhile, the leaf width was to be reduced when the water was less than 50% of field capacity that were 600 mL, 300 mL (Figure 4). / Figure 4.
Leaf width aged 20, 40 dap with 50% (=600 mL) and 25% (=300 mL) were reduced, but 100% (=1200 mL), 75% (=900 mL) was not. DISCUSSION The results indicated that the tomato plant growth decreased when those are watered using the field capacity with 50% and 25% soil. However, the tomato plant growth increased when those are watered with field capacity 75% and 100% (Figure 1 ).
This study is similar to a study reported by Evita (2012) that peanut grew in some water levels where the water intake the field capacity with 75%, 100%, and 125%. This study meant that the field capacity appropriate for peanut growth and yield. The results
suggest that the plant has the same water levels that those were required as the peanut.
Also, the result is la paralel reported by Islami and Utomo (1995) that the plants were occurred a water stress, compared to plants that was grown normally in adequate watering.
In addition, Arifin (2002) reported that the plants suffering when water shortage, hencing experiencing a disruption for the growth. Moreover, Whigham and Minor (2008) revealed that the water lack resulted in a vegetative growth like a stem diameter and crop reduction. Interestingly, the results slightly differ with previous studies with revealed by Mapegau (2006) that Willis Cultivar of Soybean was stress at 60% KATT (mean soil water level available). The groundwater affected the leaf number (Figure 2).
The study observed that the of leaf was stress at water levels of the capacity 50%, 25%
hencing decreasing the leaf number. However, the leaf number increased with the water level of the capacity 75%, 100%. This is an important information because if plants that experience water shortage of 50% of the capacity, those will affect the leaf number.
Another interesting of the study is that the results explained that the branch and leaf number also decreased when those were stress at 50% and 25% of the field capacity level.
However, the increasing number of branches increased at the water level of the field capacity 75% and 100% (see Figure 3 and 4). This result also suggests that lack of water up to the field capacity5 0%. It result in branch and leaf reduction of the tomato plants.
The results are line with the results investigated by Mapegau (2006) that the level capacity 40% decreased significantly in the Tidar Cultivar and Willis leaves of the
soybean plant. CONCLUSION Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the field capacity 25% and 50% of the soil used by growing tomato plants have a significant effect on the decrease of the plant height, the leaf number, the branch number, and the leaf
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