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(1)

POST TSUNAMI

“GREEN” ENVIRONMENTAL DATA

ASSESSMENT

in the Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam

(2)

POST TSUNAMI “GREEN” ENVIRONMENTAL

DATA ASSESSMENT

in the Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam

Technical Report

(3)

Post Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment

in Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam

© Wetlands International - Indonesia Programme, 2006

Team of Authors

:

Novana Sari

Fadia Miralka

Ferry Hasudungan

Lili Muslihat

Nyoman Suryadiputra

Design & Layout

:

Triana, Ferry Hasudungan, Novana Sari

Translator :

Wendy

Suryadiputra

Foto sampul

:

Iwan Tri Cahyo W.

A copy of this report can be obtained from:

Wetlands International – Indonesia Programme

Jl. A.. Yani No. 53 Bogor 16161

Jawa Barat – INDONESIA

Tel.

0251 312189

Fax. 0251

325755

E-mail:

admin@wetlands.or.id

These activities were carried out with financial support from:

This publication should be cited as follows:

Novana Sari, Fadia Miralka, Ferry Hasudungan, Lili Muslihat and Nyoman Suryadiputra 2006. Post

Tsunami “Green” Environmental Data Assessment In the Province Of Nanggroe Aceh

(4)

Preface

This report comprises the results of a study of the bio-physical environment and the activities

undertaken for its rehabilitation in the Province of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) during the

conditions prevailing prior to and following the tsunami of 26 December, 2004. The data was

collected during the months August-September 2006, and involved a range of different

stakeholders. The data collected gives a general picture of environmental conditions in NAD

Province before and after the tsunami.

The data and information in this report describe the impact of the tsunami disaster on the

bio-physical environment and the potential for rehabilitation. It is hoped that the results of this study will

be useful to the efforts currently being made to achieve the aims of the rehabilitation program.

The UNEP - “Green” Environment Data Assessment (UNEP-GDA) Project is the result of

collaboration between UNEP and Wetlands International-IP (WI-IP) aimed at collecting, compiling

and evaluating environmental or “Green” data on the Province of NAD, covering activities which

include: environmental activities carried out by working groups, agriculture and physical-chemical

soil conditions, forestry both inland and coastal, protection areas, biodiversity, wetlands, marine

and inland fisheries. This Green data can also be accessed via the Online Document Repository

(ODR).

We are aware that the contents of this report still leave much to be desired, but hope that they can

be used to inform studies of post-tsunami conditions in NAD carried out by other parties.

The Authors,

(5)

Acknowledgements

Wetlands International-Indonesia Programme would like to express their sincere gratitude to all

those who have been involved directly or indirectly in collecting environmental data before and after

the tsunami in NAD.

Thanks go to :

ˆ

Badan Rekonstruksi dan Rehabilitasi (BRR) NAD-Nias, Bapedalda Propinsi NAD, all the

concerned Government Agencies and District (Kabupaten) Governments of NAD Province

for the information they provided to the DCAC

ˆ

National and International Non-Governmental Organisations for the information they provided

to the DCAC

ˆ

The donor, UNEP

,

for providing the funds to enable this project to be carried out.

ˆ

All the staff of WI-IP in Bogor and Banda Aceh for their support, both administrative and

technical, throughout the project.

(6)

Glossary of Terms and Abbreviations

ACIAR

Australian Centre for International Agriculture Research

ADB

Asian Development Bank

BAKORNAS PBP

Badan Koordinasi Nasional (National Coordination Agency)

Bakosurtanal

Badan Koordinasi Survey dan Pemetaan Nasional (National Survey

and Mapping Coordination Agency)

BALITTANAH

Balai Penelitian Tanah (Soil Research Institute)

BAPEDALDA Badan

Pengendalian

Dampak Lingkungan Daerah (Regional

Environmental Impact Control Agency)

BAPLAN

Badan Planologi Kehutanan (Forestry Planning Agency)

BAPPEDA

Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Daerah (Regional Development

Planning Agency)

BAPPENAS

Badan Perencanaan Pembangunan Nasional (National Development

Planning Agency)

BKSDA

Badan Konservasi Sumber Daya Alam (Natural Resources

Conservation Agency)

BPDAS

Badan Pengelolaan Daerah Aliran Sungai (Watershed Management

Agency)

BPS

Biro Pusat Statistik (Central Bureau of Statistics)

BPTP

Balai Pengkajian Teknologi Pertanian (Institute for the Study of

Agricultural Technology)

BRR

Badan Rehabilitasi dan Rekonstruksi NAD-Nias (Agency for the

Rehabilitation and Reconstruction of Aceh and Nias)

CBO

Community Based Organization

CITES

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild

Fauna and Flora (an international agreement among governments to

regulate the trade in specimens of wildlife species in danger of

extinction, so that it does not threaten their conservation in the wild.)

(7)

DAS

Daerah Aliran Sungai (Watershed)

Dephut

Departemen Kehutanan (Ministry of Forestry)

DKP

Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan (Marine Affairs and Fisheries Office)

Ditjen Pankim–Deptrans

Direktorat Jenderal Settlement Preparation Departemen Transmigrasi

(Directorate General for Settlement Preparation, Ministry of

Transmigration)

DPUP

Departemen Pekerjaan Umum Provinsi (Provincial Department of

Public Works)

Fatemeta

Fakultas Teknologi Mekanisasi Pertanian (Faculty of Agricultural

Mechanisation Technology)

Faperta

Fakultas Pertanian (Faculty of Agriculture)

GTZ

Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit; (A corporation

belonging to the German government, which is active in the field of

international cooperation and operates across nations)

ICRAF

International Center for Research in Agroforestry

IPB

Institut Pertanian Bogor (Bogor Agricultural University)

IRRI

International Rice Research Institute

IUCN

International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources

IUCN Red List

According to the IUCN Red List system, there are nine categories of

threat: Extinct, Extinct in the Wild, Critically Endangered, Endangered,

Vulnerable, Near Threatened, Least Concern,

Data Deficient, and Not

Evaluated. A species is put onto the list of species threatened with

extinction if it falls into the category Critically Endangered, Endangered

or Vulnerable.

LAO PDR

Lao People’s Democratic Republic

Leuser-SOCP

Leuser-Sumatran Orangutan Conservation Programme

LIPI

Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (Indonesian Institute of

Sciences)

LSI

IPB Main Library

LSM

Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat/LSM (Non Governmental

(8)

P2DT

Proyek Penelitian Database Tanah (Soil Database Research Project)

P3MT

Proyek Penelitian Pertanian Menunjang Transmigrasi (Project for

Agricultural Research in Support of Transmigration)

PHKA

Perlindungan Hutan dan Konservasi Alam (Forest Protection and

Nature Conservation)

PHPA

Perlindungan Hutan dan Pelestarian Alam (Forest Protection and

Nature Conservation), previous name of PHKA

PKSPL

Pusat Kajian Sumberdaya Pesisir dan Lautan (Centre for the Study of

Marine and Coastal Resources)

PODES

Potensi Desa (Village Potential)

Puslitbangtannak

Tim Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan Bogor

(Team from the Bogor Centre for Food Crop Research and

Development)

Puslittan

Pusat Penelitian Tanah (Soil Research Centre)

Satker Pesisir

Satuan Kerja Pesisir (Coastal Work Units)

Satkorlak

Provincial level co-ordinating unit of Bakornas

Satlak

District or municipal level co-ordinating unit of Bakornas

STIK

Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Kehutanan (Forestry Academy)

SUSI

Survei Terintegrasi (Integrated Survey)

USU

Universitas Sumatra Utara (University of North Sumatra)

UNORC

United Nation Recovery Coordinator for Aceh and NIas

WALHI

Wahana Lingkungan Hidup Indonesia (Indonesian Forum for

Environment)

WIIP

Wetlands International – Indonesia Programme

WWF

World Wildlife Fund for Nature

(9)

Contents

Page

PREFACE ...iii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... iv

GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ... v

CONTENTS ...viii

LIST OF TABLES ... x

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS ... xi

LIST OF ANNEXES ...xii

CD CONTENTS ...xiii

CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ... 1

1.1 BACKGROUND

AND AIMS ... 1

1.2 IMPLEMENTATION ... 2

1.2.1 Location ... 2

1.2.2 Time ... 2

1.2.3 Personnel ... 3

CHAPTER 2.

METHOD ... 4

CHAPTER 3.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ... 5

3.1

GENERAL CONDITIONS IN NANGGROE ACEH DARUSSALAM PROVINCE ... 5

3.2

SOIL AND AGRICULTURE ... 8

3.2.1

Soil ... 8

(10)

3.3 WETLANDS

AND FISHERIES ... 14

3.3.1

Inland and Marine Fisheries ... 14

3.3.2 Coral

Reefs ... 14

3.3.3 Wetlands ... 16

3.4 FORESTRY

AND

BIODIVERSITY ... 23

3.4.1 Forest Cover ... 24

3.4.2 Forest Area ... 24

3.4.3 Disturbances/Pressures on Forest Areas ... 29

3.4.4

Some Results of Disturbances/Pressures on Forest Areas ... 31

3.4.5 Biodiversity ... 31

3.5 ENVIRONMENTAL

REHABILITATION AND RECONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES

BY WORKING GROUPS

... 34

CHAPTER 4.

DISCUSSION AND EVALUATION ... 37

4.1 CONSTRAINTS ... 37

4.2 RECOMMENDATIONS ... 37

(11)

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.

List of DCAC activities August – October 2006 ... 2

Table 2.

Plantations: area and production ... 12

Table 3.

Coral Reef: Location and Damage ... 15

Table 4.

Area of mangrove forest with rehabilitation potential & area damaged by

tsunami, in NAD Province ... 18

Table 5.

Area of Swamp impacted by Tsunami ... 20

Table 6.

Gunung Leuser National Park ... 27

Table 7.

Important Bird Areas (IBA), according to BirdLife International ... 28

Table 8.

Encroachment & Logging in the Leuser Ecosystem ... 29

Table 9.

Active Forest Concession Areas in NAD Province, 2006 ... 30

Table 10.

Revoked Forest Concessions in NAD Province, 2006 ... 30

Table 11.

Degradation of 3 (three) watersheds in NAD Province ... 31

Table 12.

Biodiversity Statistics ... 32

(12)

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1.

Map of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province ... 5

Figure 2. Topography of NAD Province ... 6

Figure 3. Soil Map of NAD Province ... 6

Figure 4. Map of Kabupaten Simeulue District... 7

Figure 5. Rice Production (1999 – 2005) in NAD Province... 19

Figure 6. Production of Secondary Crops (1999 – 2005) in NAD Province ... 11

Figure 7. Vegetable Crops: Area under Cultivation and Area Harvested in NAD

Prov. (2004 – 2005) ... 11

Figure 8. Plantation Damaged by Tsunami in 2004 ... 12

Figure 9.

Map of coral reef distribution in NAD Province... 16

Figure 10. Map of mangrove distribution in NAD Province... 17

Figure 11. Lagoon between Menusah and Pulot village in Kecamatan Leupung

sub-district, Aceh Besar, NAD ... 19

Figure 12. Area (left) and production (right) of brackish aquaculture ponds during

2003 – 2005 ... 21

Figure 13. Area (left) and production (right) of freshwater aquaculture during 2003 –

2005 ... 22

Figure 14. Conservation Forest in NAD Province ... 26

Figure 15. Forest functions, based on Governorial Decree No. 19 of 1999 ... 26

Figure 16. Forest areas, based on ease of access, in NAD Province ... 28

Figure 17. Some species of vegetation found in NAD Province

...

33

Figure 18. Satellite photo: Conditions in Ulee Lhue, Banda Aceh before and after

the Tsunami ... 34

(13)

LIST OF ANNEXES

Annex 1.

List of Stakeholders contacted/visited by UNEP GDA Team ... 53

Annex 2. List of Literature on the Environment Pre- and Post-Tsunami, by

Organisation/Institution ... 57

Annex 3.

Chemical Conditions of Soil in NAD Province ... 75

Annex 4.

(Soil Research Centre, Pusat Penelitian Tanah,, 1983)... 77

Annex 5.

Results of Physical Analysis of Soil in NAD Province ... 78

Annex 6.

Agriculture Pre- and Post-Tsunami... 79

Annex 7.

Production of Rice and Secondary Crops in NAD Province ... 81

Annex 8.

Vegetables: Area Planted and Area Harvested in NAD Province

(2004-2005) ... 82

Annex 9.

Plantations: Area and Production (2000-2005)... 82

Annex 10. Fishing Statistics Pre-Tsunami ... 83

Annex 11. Coral Reef Statistics: Pre- and Post-Tsunami ... 89

Annex 12. Wetlands Statistics... 95

Annex 13. Forest Cover ... 118

Annex 14. Conservation Forest in NAD Province ... 120

Annex 15. Forest Function Based on Decree No.19 (1999) of the Governor of NAD

Province ...121

Annex 16. Land Use and Status in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province ... 122

Annex 17. List of Fauna in NAD Province... 129

Annex 18. List of Stakeholders Involved in Environmental Activities in NAD ... 146

(14)

CD Contents

1.

“Green” Environmental Data Assessment (UNEP-GDA) Project Technical Report

2.

Data and Information on Coast, Wetlands and Fisheries

3.

Data and Information on Soil and Agriculture

4.

Data and Information on Forestry, Biodiversity and Protection Areas

5.

Data and Information on Environmental Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Activities by

Working Groups

6.

Map: “Coastal Management”

(15)

1. Introduction

1.1.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS

The disastrous earthquake and tsunami of 26 December 2004 devastated almost the entire coastal

region of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD) Province and the neighbouring islands of Simeulue

and Nias. This catastrophe not only took many thousands of lives but also caused enormous

material (physical) and non-material (socio-economic) loss. To deal with the post tsunami

conditions, the government embarked upon a three-phase restoration program: stage 1 emergency

response, stage 2 rehabilitation and stage 3 reconstruction.

NAD Province is currently at the stage of rehabilitation; this applies to all aspects, including the

environment. The many parties actively engaged in efforts to restore the environment (donors,

NGOs and government) need data and information which is detailed, comprehensive and relevant

to the environmental rehabilitation program to be undertaken. For this reason, it is essential to have

an environment database which can be used in the rehabilitation and reconstruction of the

environment in NAD Province.

To meet this need for environmental data and information (‘Green Data’), the UNEP – Post

Tsunami ‘Green’ Environmental Data Assessment (UNEP-GDA) in the Province of Nanggroe Aceh

Darussalam project was undertaken, funded by the United Nations Environment Programme

(UNEP), during August-September 2006. The Green data thus obtained can also be accessed

through the Online Document Repository (ODR), and comprises the following:

ˆ

Data and information on environmental conditions before the tsunami,

ˆ

Data and information on environmental conditions and rehabilitation after the tsunami,

ˆ

Data and information on the environmental rehabilitation and reconstruction activities

undertaken by the various stakeholders after the tsunami.

All the data and information listed above was collected, compiled and analysed on the basis of the

following aspects:

ˆ

Soil and agriculture,

ˆ

Coastal areas and wetlands,

ˆ

Inland and marine fisheries,

ˆ Biodiversity,

ˆ

Terrestrial and coastal forests and protection areas,

ˆ

Environmental rehabilitation and reconstruction by stakeholders.

(16)

1.2 IMPLEMENTATION

1.2.1 Location

The project encompassed the entire province of NAD, especially those areas impacted by

the tsunami.

1.2.2 Time

The project lasted from August to October 2006. In brief, the UNEP-GDA Team’s tasks

were to draw up a work plan, coordinate the team, collect and compile Green data. Table

1 below presents an outline of DCAC (Data Collecting and Assessment Consultant)

activities from August to October 2006.

Table 1. List of DCAC activities August – October 2006

No.

Activity

Time

Location

Description

1

Coordination of

UNEP-GDA Team

August 2006,

weeks I-III

WI-IP

office,

Bogor

Draw up a work plan for DCACs and

the UNEP-GDA Team as a whole.

Coordinate the whole UNEP-GDA

Team, both DCACs from Bogor and

DCACs from Aceh, with regard to who

will collect and need which data,

where, when, and how it will be

obtained.

Visits to institutions implementing

green projects (Annex 1).

Output

: maps, secondary data, etc

Coordinate Team for visit to Banda

Aceh to collect data.

2

Trip I to Banda Aceh

and surrounding area,

to collect data

August 2006,

weeks II-IV

WI-IP Aceh

office

,

Banda

Aceh

For their trip to Banda Aceh the

DCACs from Bogor were divided into

2 contingents: Week II (1 person) and

Week III (3 persons).

Coordination with Aceh DCACs

concerning what data had already

been obtained and what data had not

Visits to institutions implementing

green projects (Annex 1).

Output

: digital mapping from GTZ,

latest report from BPTP NAD, working

groups’ activities from BRR, etc.

(17)

No.

Activity

Time

Location

Description

3

Input Green data

September

2006

WI-IP

office,

Bogor

DCACs attend ICZM Workshop held

by GTZ in Banda Aceh (6-7

September 2006).

Output

: data on mangrove, coral

reefs, inland fisheries, from

stakeholders.

Compile Green data.

Enter Green data into ODR

Write Progress Report

4

Final Report

October 2006

WI-IP

office,

Bogor

Write Final Report

Submit Final Report

1.2.3 Personnel

The data were collected and compiled by the Data Collecting and Assessment Consultants

(DCAC), including:

1.

I Nyoman Ngurah Suryadiputra

Project Manager

2. Novana

Sari

Team Coordinator

3.

Fadia Miralka

Fisheries and Wetlands Consultant

4. Ferry

Hasudungan

Biodiversity and Forestry Consultant

5.

Lili Muslihat

Soil and Agriculture Consultant

6.

Ita Sualia

Data Collector (in Banda Aceh)

7.

Eko Budi Prihanto

Data Collector (in Banda Aceh)

8. Sulfianto

Data collector (in Simeulue)

(18)

2. Method

Green data consists of observation/survey results and secondary data, both qualitative and

quantitative, classified according to previously determined categories or aspects. These are:

a.

Environmental activities undertaken by working groups

b.

Agriculture and the physical & chemical conditions of soil and water

c.

Terrestrial and coastal forestry, biodiversity and protection areas

d.

Wetlands, inland and marine fisheries

The time-line for the Green data is from before until after the disastrous earthquake and tsunami,

i.e. 1999-2006. Data were obtained through the internet, visits to relevant institutions, and from

WI-IP’s reference collection. Material came in a wide range of formats, including hardcopies,

softcopies, research reports, project proposals, papers, leaflets, maps, scripts and articles.

(19)

3. Results

and

Discussion

3.1

GENERAL CONDITIONS IN NANGGROE ACEH DARUSSALAM

PROVINCE

Aceh is situated between latitudes 2

o

- 6

o

North and longitudes 95

o

- 98

o

East and is approximately

125 m above sea level. Most of the province has a humid tropical climate, with the exception of the

northern part of Aceh. Rainfall ranges 2000-4000 mm/year with a high air and soil temperature

regime (>22

O

C) throughout most of the year.

NAD Province covers a total of 59,950.77 km

2

, comprising 17 ‘kabupaten’ districts, 4 municipalities,

241 ‘kecamatan’ sub-districts and 5,985 villages (including ‘kelurahan’). Forest covers 33,356.13

km

2

, wet ricefields 3,565.10 km

2

, and dry land 23,029.54 km

2

(Bappeda, 2005). Based on

Presidential Regulation No. 30 for year 2005, the length of the north-east coast is 761 km and the

west-south coast 706 km.

Figure 1. Map of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province

(20)

Figure 2. Topography of NAD Province.

Histosol (peat), Entisols and Inceptisols are found in flat to undulating regions in alluvium and/or

sedimentary geological formations. Molisols and Alfisols are found in karst hills, Ultisols and

Oxisols in sedimentary rock and metamorphic rock formations, while Andisols occur in

mountainous regions with volcanic rock formations.

Figure 3. Soil Map of NAD Province

93

3

188

608

1,326

2,564

0 500 1,000 1,500 2,000 2,500 3,000

a

rea

(

x1

0

00

h

a

)

0-3 3-8 8-15 15-30 >30 slope

(21)

Kabupaten Simeulue

Kabupaten Simeulue District is a group of 41 large and small islands situated between longitudes

95

°

45’ 23” and 96

°

26’ 41” East, and latitudes 2

°

19’ 3” and 2

°

26’ 41” North. Administratively, it is

part of the province Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam (NAD). Its capital is Sinabang on Pulau Simeulue

island. The whole of the Kabupaten Simeulue District extends across a total of ±187,277.62 Ha,

has 264 km of coastline, and 9,851.796 km

2

of waters. It is subdivided into 8 kecamatan

sub-districts, 16 bano/mukim and 135 villages.

Figure 4. Map of Kabupaten Simeulue District

As regards climate, this district has an average temperature range 25.5

0

C – 26.3

0

C with an annual

average of 25.8

0

C. The highest temperature occurs in May and the lowest in August, November

and December. Atmospheric humidity ranges from 88.8 % to 91.0 %, the highest humidity being in

September and December and the lowest in January.

%

P. Pinang P. SIUMAT

P. TEUPAH

Tg. Cakar BAhar Tl. Tanjung Raya

6 0 6 12 Kilometers

(22)

3.2

SOIL AND AGRICULTURE

The tsunami at the end of 2004 in NAD province caused considerable damage to agricultural land.

Efforts to rehabilitate it have begun but are generally still at the level of evaluation and monitoring

of land resources, although some trials have also been carried out. Rehabilitation has been limited

to making physical improvements to the land, so an effort is needed to improve the fertility of its

soil, including washing out its salinity, sodicity, and high pH. Urgent repairs need to be made to the

supporting infrastructure in order to speed up the land rehabilitation process and to overcome the

difficulties the farmers are experiencing. The farmers’ economic capacity needs to be restored by

providing them with the means of production, working capital, and technical guidance on farming

which is oriented toward business and environment. Coordination among the various parties

concerned in land rehabilitation needs to be made more effective.

3.2.1 Soil

For the assessment by WI-IP, the chemical and physical properties of soils were obtained

by analysing soil samples taken from a number of selected locations throughout those

parts of NAD province affected by the tsunami.

Chemical Properties

Soil fertility was studied by assessing the chemical properties of the soil samples.

Substances tested for included: organic C, phosphate, total N content, potassium, cation

exchange capacity (CEC), base saturation, aluminium, and soil reaction. The soils’

chemical properties can be seen in Annex 3 and their criteria in Annex 4.

Physical Properties

The physical properties of soil are important to the interrelationship between soil, water and

vegetation. The most important factors are aeration and the availability of water in the soil.

Aeration depends on the soil’s structure (the number of pores) and permeability. Soil with

sufficient pores does not necessarily have good aeration if some of the pores are filled with

water.

The results of the analysis of physical soil properties in Annex 5 shows that in lowland tidal

swamp plains or alluvial basins the soil does not (yet) possess structure, the number of

aeration pores is low, and permeability moderate. This is because the land is saturated

with water. In land with sandy texture, the development of soil structure is still low with a

moderate to high number of aeration pores and high permeability.

3.2.2 Agriculture

(23)

The characteristics and types of agricultural land in Aceh Province tend to differ according

to whether it is in lowland, which marks the transition from shore to hills, or in the uplands.

Lowlands are more often used for food and secondary crops, while the uplands are usually

for plantations.

Agricultural Land Area and Production Before and After the Tsunami

As can be seen from Annex 6, the total area of agricultural land used for food crops (rice and

secondary crops) in 2004 was around 1,578,380 ha, which consisted of 356,397 ha ricefield,

983,389 ha dry field, and 240,594 ha gardens. This land provided a source of livelihood for

the community and had a strategic value in improving the economy in NAD Province.

The tsunami devastated approximately 61,816 ha of the land for food crops and

horticulture, comprising 37,471 ha wet ricefield and 24,345 ha dry upland fields (FAO,

2005). According to data from the National Disaster Management Team of the Ministry of

Agriculture, however, the area of land damaged was wet ricefield 20,206 ha, plantation

102,461 ha and dry fields 31,265 ha, together adding up to a total of 153,932 ha, as well as

the loss of 1,904,587 head of livestock.

Prior to the earthquake and tsunami disaster, agricultural land resources, comprising wet

ricefield and dry fields, had experienced considerable improvement both as regards the

increase in area and the increase in yield. The pattern of crops planted in irrigated ricefield

(technical, semi-technical and rural) was rice–rice–secondary crop; that for rain-fed

ricefields was rice–secondary crop. Productivity was 4.02 kw/ha for wet ricefield and 22.02

kw/ha for dryland rice (Dinas Tanaman Pangan & Hortikultura, NAD). Figures reported by

the Institute for the Study of Agricultural Technology (BPTP) recorded pre-tsunami

productivity of wet ricefields as 4.31 – 5.90 ton/ha with an average of 4.7 ton/ha dry hulled

rice. Two months after the tsunami, farmers tried to replant the wet ricefields they had

already cleaned out; their first post-tsunami crop showed a 20-40% decrease in yield.

Rice production from 1999 to 2001 decreased from 1,478,602 ton to 1,246,614 ton, then

increased during 2002-2004 to 1,552,083 ton (Figure 5). Agricultural production,

specifically rice and secondary crops, for 1990 -2005 is presented in Annex 7.

Figure 5. Rice Production (1999-2005) in NAD Province

1,478

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Year

(24)

Following the tsunami, the degradation of 20,000

30,000 ha of farmland caused rice

production to fall from 1,522,083 ton in 2004 to 1,403,139 ton in 2005, a drop of about

148,944 ton (9.6%). Maize production, which had risen steadily from 36,642 ton in 2000 to

94,427 ton in 2005, did not appear to be affected by the tsunami. Soybean production,

which had been high in 1999 (106,480 ton), showed a very worrying decline during 2000 to

2003 plummeting to a low of only 18,698 tons, then rising again in 2004 and 2005 to

31,170-31,076 ton. The production of other crops, such as peanuts, mung beans, cassava

and sweet potato, fluctuated from 2002 with a rise in 2004 followed by a slight decrease in

2005 (Figure 6).

Besides staple food crops, horticulture supplied the community with fruit and vegetables. In

2004, the area under cultivation for vegetables was 34,392 ha, of which 31,252 ha was

harvested , yielding a total of 1,976,774 kw, a productivity rate of 63 kw/ha (Figure 7). For

fruit, the total area harvested was 13,505 ha, production 268,356 ton and productivity 19

ton/ha (54.61 kg/tree/year). After the tsunami, there was an increase in the area put under

cultivation for horticulture but an overall decrease in harvested area, production and

productivity. For vegetables, the cultivated area rose to 35,189 ha and harvested area to

32,710 ha, while production fell to 1,824,796 kw and productivity to 55.6 kw/ha (Annex 8).

0 20,000 40,000 60,000 80,000 100,000 120,000

Secon

d

ar

y Cr

op

s Pr

oduct

ion (

tons)

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Year

Production of Secondary Crops in NAD Province (1999-2005)

Corn Soybean Peanut Mung beans Cassava Sweet potato

(25)

Figure 7. Vegetable Crops: Area under Cultivation and Area Harvested in NAD Prov. (2004 – 2005)

3.2.3 Plantations

Plantation Area and Production Before and After the Tsunami

The estate crops sub sector plays an important role in mobilising the regional economy. In

2003, plantations contributed 6.66% to the regional income of NAD Province, and provided

new jobs for 13,935 people. However, prolonged conflict caused the economy of both

community-owned and large-scale plantations to deteriorate.

Based on 2004 figures, plantations in NAD Province cover a total of 726,103 ha, which is

made up of 199,956 ha large-scale plantations and 526,147 ha community-owned.Records

show that 254,666 ha of community-owned plantations, i.e. 48.41% of the total, were

abandoned and became degraded because their owners were too afraid to work on them.

With the conflict still unresolved, another disaster – the tsunami – struck, causing further

loss and degradation to plantation assets, affecting 22,305 ha (4.24% of total plantation

area).

34,

392

35,

189

31,

252 32

,710

29,000 30,000 31,000 32,000 33,000 34,000 35,000 36,000

Area (

h

a)

Area Cultivated Area Harvested Vegetables Cultivation in NAD Province:

Area Cultivated and Area Harvested

(26)

Table 2.

Plantations: area and production

Large-scale

Plantations

Community

Plantations

Total

Area (ha) in 2004

199,956

526,147

726,103

Production (ton) in 2004

244,346

678,265

922,611

Tsunami Conflict Maintained

Plantations damaged

22,305 254,666 249,176

Source : Dinas Perkebunan Propinsi NAD (2000 - 2005)

The main commodities for plantation are coconut, rubber, oil palm, cacao, coffee, cloves

and nutmeg. Total production is 922,611 ton, of which 244,346 ton is from large-scale

plantations and 678,265 ton from community-owned (Annex 9). Plantation affected by the

tsunami tended to be situated all along the coast (22,305 ha), the most heavily affected

being the communities’ coconut plantations (10,281 ha). Other plantations affected were

rubber (4,282 ha), oil palm (2,346 ha), cacao (1,230 ha) and clove (997 ha) (Figure 8).

Nevertheless, the communities’ estate crop production did not fall after the tsunami but, on

the contrary, rose from 678,265 ton in 2004 to 721,302 ton in 2005, an increase of about

43,074 ton or 6.35%.

10,667 4,282

2,346

99

7 1,230

0 2,000 4,000 6,000 8,000 10,000 12,000

ar

ea

(

h

a)

coconut rubber oil palm clove cacao

commodity

Plantation hit by Tsunami

(27)

Damage Caused by the Tsunami

ˆ

Soil has high levels of salinity and sodium

ˆ

Marine mud deposits

ˆ

Debris and wreckage of buildings

ˆ

Damaged irrigation and drainage ditches

Salinity indicates the content of elements and organic compounds such as Na

+

, Mg

2+

, K

+

,

Cl

-

, SO

42-

, HCO

3-

, NO

3-

and CO

32

- in a solution. In the context of soil, salinity indicates the

level of salt dissolved in the soil. High salinity and sodicity levels occur because the sea

water and sediment, which are saline and contain exchangeable Na, reached far inland:

1-2 km from the shoreline (east coast) and 4-5 km (west coast). Na+ compounds have the

effect of breaking up the soil structure, giving rise to a reaction that renders the nutrients

unavailable to the plants. Such conditions disturb plant growth.

Results from a survey conducted by a Team from FAO (in collaboration with the

Agricultural Research and Development Agency Badan Litbang Pertanian and the

Directorate General for Food Crops, Ministry of Agriculture) during 29 January

8 February

2005, showed that the salinity of surface water and sediment was still high, as indicated by

electrical conductivity (EC) readings of 5

10 mS/cm (Pidie), 0.1

6.5 mS/cm (Bireuen) and

44

>100 mS/cm (Aceh Utara). By March 2005, salinity levels had begun to decline, as

indicated by EC ranges of 0.2

2 mS/cm (Pidie), 0.1

3.2 mS/cm (Bireuen), and 7

17 mS/cm

(Aceh Utara), with the result that part of the tsunami affected area could start to be

replanted (BPTP-NAD 2006).

Sediment along Aceh’s east coast was found to be 5

20 cm thick and saline. In dry

conditions, this clayey soil will become hard, cracked and difficult to work. Moreover, the

debris and wreckage from buildings together with the damage to irrigation channels will

obstruct the hydrology, the land will flood resulting in high levels of iron and aluminium

which could poison the vegetation.

Land rehabilitation

Efforts made to rehabilitate the land are as follow:

‰

Civil Engineering Work. The first step is to clear away the debris and rubble.

Repair irrigation/drainage channels and roads so that salt can be washed away

more effectively, and construct drainage channels on land where none previously

existed.

‰

Desalination. Land is washed at intervals of 1 or 2 weeks using either rainwater or

river water. Drainage channels must be dug for this so that the water flows away

quickly from the land.

‰

Repair soil fertility. Land with high sodicity should be treated with gypsum

(CaSO

4

2H

2

SO

4

depending on exchangeable Na content), sulphur, calcium and

organic matter.

(28)

3.3

WETLANDS AND FISHERIES

The aspect of fisheries and wetlands is divided into ten areas: fisheries, mangrove, lakes, rivers,

swamps and reservoirs, sandy beach, brackish water aquaculture ponds (tambak), freshwater

aquaculture, coral reefs, and lagoons. Data were obtained on area, production, species of biota,

etc. The data came from a variety of government institutions, such as the Marine Affairs and

Fisheries Office (Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan), Water Resources Office (Dinas Sumber Daya

Air) and Central Bureau of Statistics (Biro Pusat Statistik), and from local and international NGOs

such as the Indonesian Coral Reef Foundation (Yayasan Terumbu Karang Indonesia (Terangi)),

WIIP, WCS, UNESCO. Data was received in a variety of formats, with some parts left blank, which

made analysis difficult.

3.3.1

Inland and Marine Fisheries

Fisheries comprises both marine and inland fisheries, supported by a fishing fleet which

includes both unmotorised boats and boats powered by an outboard motor or engine. Prior

to the tsunami, the condition of the fishing sector tended to fluctuate and differed from

place to place, depending on the size of the fishing fleet. Fish production would rise

following an increase in the number of boats and fall following a decrease.

After the tsunami, the assistance generally given by stakeholders, i.e. government as well

as foreign and community NGOs, was to repair and build boats and fishery facilities such

as fish auction places, harbours and the like. In view of the pre-tsunami trends, it can be

expected that an increase in the size of the fishing fleet will lead to a similar increase in fish

catches (Annex 10).

3.3.2 Coral

Reefs

Prior to the tsunami, the condition of coral covering the reefs was relatively good (Annex

11), although in some places it was poor as a result of bombing and tourist activities. After

the tsunami, the percentage of living coral cover along the east and west coasts of NAD

ranged from 1 to 64.8% and consisted of Acropora and Non Acropora.

(29)

Table 3. Coral Reef: Location and Damage

No.

Location

Total Area of

Coral Reef (ha)

Pre-tsunami Level

of Degradation (%)

Post-tsunami

Condition of

Coral Reef

1 Kepulauan

Weh

(Pulau

Rubiah)

2,600* 38-44.25%

Little

change

2

Pulau Banyak

227,000

50-75%

No Data

3

West coast of NAD

65,876

No Data

Thought to be

destroyed

- LhokNga-Banda Aceh

2,900

No Data

Thought to be

destroyed

- Aceh Singkil

22,400

No Data

Thought to be

destroyed

- Lamno-Calang-Meulaboh

16,800

No Data

Thought to be

destroyed

4

Simeulue

23,776

No Data

Thought to be

destroyed

5 Pulo

Aceh

15,791

Source :

* Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan NAD, in Bappenas 2005, Pulau Weh National Park, Sabang, Nangro Aceh Darussalam Yuni Ikawati, Puji S. Hanggarawati, Hening Parlan, Hendrati Handini and Budiman Siswodihardjo, 2001. Terumbu Karang di Indonesia. MAPPITEK-Jakarta;

The tsunami overturned and damaged coral in shallow water but did not have a big impact

in deep water. Its effect on coral reef took the form of sedimentation for less than a week

and uplift like that which occurred at Pulau Simeulue, where a 100m width of reef was

exposed to the air to a height of 50-200m as a result of which the coral died. If the length of

Pulau Simeulue’s coastline is 264km, it can be estimated that 2640 ha of coral was

damaged due to uplift. Such uplift of coral reef leads to a drop in fish production. This is

because of the reduction in fish habitat, i.e. the coral reef that provides spawning and

feeding grounds for fish.

(30)

Figure 9. Map of coral reef distribution in NAD Province

Note: Coral reef (purple) is distributed along the whole of Aceh’s west coast, around Pulau

Sabang, and a little on the north coast. Mangrove (green) is distributed evenly along the

whole of the east coast. Area of coral reef detected by satellite imaging is 89,652 ha.

3.3.3 Wetlands

As defined by WIIP, wetlands are areas of swamp, brackish water, peatland, and

permanent or transient waters, with standing or flowing water that is fresh, brackish or salt,

including marine areas that are no more than six metres deep at low tide (Annex 12). An

analysis of these areas is described below.

Mangrove Forest

(31)

Figure 10. Map of mangrove distribution in NAD Province

(32)

Table 4. Area of mangrove forest with rehabilitation potential & area damaged by

tsunami, in NAD Province

No

District/Town

Area (Ha)*

Area (Ha)**

1 Banda

Aceh

1,100

111.3

2 Lhoksumawe

300

308.6

3 Aceh

Jaya

860

67.6

4 Aceh

Selatan

1,200

0.0

5 Aceh

Singkil

2,125

1,460.4

6 Aceh

Tamiang

2,550

16,095.0

7 Aceh

Timur

1,900

10,453.6

8 Aceh

Utara

2,250

0

9 Aceh

Bireun

2,350

0

10 Nagan

Raya

800

0

11 Pidie

1,642

32.3

12

Aceh Barat Daya

910

2.7

13 Aceh

Barat

2,000

361.6

14 Aceh

Besar

1,479

53.9

15 Simeulue

1,200

3,056.9

16 Langsa

1,384

-

17 Sabang

900

-

Total

24,950 32,003.0

Source : data obtained from several sources

* Area with rehabilitation potential, Provincial & District Forestry Office (Dinas Kehutanan Propinsi & Kabupaten);

** Area of mangrove forest damaged by tsunami LAPAN, 2005

From the interpretation of volunteers’ photographs of the coast and a variety of other

information, it can be estimated that the level of tsunami damage to mangroves was as

follows:

1.

Aceh Besar 100% (approximately 26,823 ha)

2.

Banda Aceh 100% (< 500 ha)

3.

Pidie 75 % (17,000 ha)

4.

Aceh Utara and Bireun 30% (26,000 ha)

5.

Aceh Barat 50% (14,000 ha)

(33)

The tsunami not only devastated the mangrove forests by uprooting the trees from the

substrate, it also lifted the substrate with the result that the mangrove were no longer

inundated or reached by the tides. Field orientation in Tibang village revealed that all of

the mangrove forest on the coast had been totally destroyed. However, the young

mangrove that the community had planted around their tambak aquaculture ponds had

escaped serious damage.

Lakes

Lakes in NAD are the Laut Peneng Suasa, Lincier, Bungara, Laut Bangko, Laut Tawar and

Aneuk Laot. During pre-tsunami conditions, Laut Tawar had increased in size from 5,472

ha in 2000 to 5,782 ha in 2004. Vegetation around the lake comprised Cyperus, Nympahae

alba, Colocasia esculenta, Phragmites karka. For the other lakes, no comparative data is

available. Post-tsunami lake conditions cannot be described as too little data was obtained.

Lagoons

Six lagoons were formed as a result of the tsunami on the west coast of NAD. Previously,

these had been estuaries, fish ponds and ricefields that faced the sea. About 11 species of

fish inhabit these lagoons: Kakap (Lates carcarifer), Bayam (Lutjanus argentimaculatus),

Merah mata (Caranx sp.), Kerape (Ephinephelus spp.), Kirung (Mesopristes argentus),

Saridin (Ambassis sp.), Ciri (Leiognathus equlus), Kapur-kapur (Gerres acinaces), Cabeh

(Scatophagus arguna), Marang (Siganus javus) and Belanek (Mugil cephalus) (Based on

assessment by Wetlands International-Indonesia Programme).

Figure 11. Lagoon between Meusanah and Pulot village in Kecamatan Leupung

sub-district, Aceh Besar, NAD. (Source : Cahyo Wibisono, I.T. & Suryadiputra, I N.N. 2006)

Rivers

(34)

Swamps-Reservoirs

The biggest swamp forest is in Aceh Singkil and covers 38,141.78 ha. NAD’s swamp area

has shrunk rapidly, from 132,988.41 ha in 2002 to only 68,079 ha in 2004. Vegetation

commonly found are Ketepeng (Senna alata), ki kebo (Mimosa pigra),

Scirpus spp.,

Spaghnum spp., Hymenachne pseudointerupta.

From the interpretation of satellite images by LAPAN in 2005, it is known that 9,448.5 ha of

swamp were affected by the tsunami. The district with the greatest area of swamp damage

was kabupaten Aceh Jaya (3126.8 ha), and that with the least was kabupaten Aceh Utara

(0.3 ha). Further details are given in Table 5 below.

Table 5. Area of Swamp impacted by Tsunami

No

District/Town

Area (ha)

1 Banda

Aceh

797.0

2 Lhokseumawe

120.1

3 Aceh

Jaya

3,126.8

4 Aceh

Selatan

60.9

5 Aceh

Singkil

633.4

6 Aceh

Tamiang

325.5

7 Aceh

Timur

1,558.0

8 Aceh

Utara

0.3

9 Bireuen

623.1

10 Nagan

Raya

-

11 Pidie

708.1

12

Aceh Barat Daya

171.7

13 Aceh

Barat

274.6

14 Aceh

Besar

945.9

15 Simeulue

103.1

TOTAL

NAD

9,448.5

Source: Lapan, 2005

Sandy beach

(35)

Formations found on sandy beaches are pes-caprae and Barringtonia. Pes-caprae

formations are dominated by the herb Ipomea pes-caprae, known locally as galaran or

katang-katang. Starting from the back of the beach, this herb slowly creeps towards the

front and sides. Barringtonia formations are usually found behind Pes-caprae. Soil

conditions are usually sandy but mixed with ordinary mineral soil (Cahyo Wibisono, I.T. &

Suryadiputra, I N.N., 2006). Approximately 300 km of coast were hit by the tsunami.

Coconut and sea pine are usually found in this area.

Brackish water aquaculture

It can be seen from the data for 2003 to 2005 that the area devoted to brackish water

aquaculture decreased in 2004 then increased in 2005, but that production decreased

throughout the period 2003 – 2005. In 2003, brackish aquaculture ponds (tambak) covered

44,882.8 ha in 2003, decreasing to 40,077.7 ha in 2005 (Figure 12). Species of biota

generally cultivated in these ponds included jumbo tiger prawns (udang windu), white

shrimp (udang putih), milk fish (bandeng) and crabs.

Brackishw ater Aquaculture Ponds

0

10000

20000

30000

40000

50000

2003

2004

2005

Year

A

rea (

h

a)

Brackishw ater Aquaculture Ponds

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

2003

2004

2005

Year

P

rod

uc

ti

on

(

ton

)

(36)

Freshwater aquaculture

Freshwater aquaculture includes fish farming in ponds and floating net cages, in public

waters and in wet rice fields (mina padi). Data from BPS for 2003-2004 and from the

Marine Affairs and Fisheries Office (Dinas Kelautan dan Perikanan) for 2005 show a

decrease in area for ricefield fish (mina padi), floating nets and public waters. However,

fishpond production increased during 2003-2005, whereas ricefield fish production fell

sharply, and production from floating net cages and open waters fluctuated.

Freshw ater Aquaculture

0 10000 20000 30000 40000 50000

Ponds Ricef ields

f ish

Float ing net cages

Open wat er s

2003

2004

2005

Freshw ater Fishponds

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000 14000

Ponds Ricef ields

f ish

Float ing

net cages

Open

wat er s

2003

2004

2005

(37)

3.4

FORESTRY AND BIODIVERSITY

Collection of data on forest cover, conservation area and biodiversity commenced in the second

week of August 2006. At the time of writing, efforts are still under way to obtain more information.

Forest Cover

Some data on this aspect was obtained from the NAD Provincial Forestry Office (Dinas

Kehutanan), Forest Watch Indonesia (FWI), the Leuser International Foundation (LIF), and several

parts of the Ministry of Forestry. Supporting data is still required in order to analyse and detect the

current trends, so as to be able to describe the condition of forest cover in NAD. The main

institution which must be visited to obtain this data is the Forestry Ministry, including the

Information Documentation Centre PUSDOKINFO, Inventorisation & Mapping (Inventarisasi &

Perpetaan), Planning Agency (Badan Planologi).

Conservation Area

Data on this aspect was obtained from the Conservation Office BKSDA NAD, in the form of leaflets,

softfiles and maps, as well as from the Forestry Office for NAD Province, and from the literature

(Wetlands International IP library, BirdLife Indonesia). From this data, it is possible to describe the

status, size and location of the conservation areas. However, it has not yet been possible to

accommodate information regarding the activities and issues which have been developing in each

area, as access to such information is still severely restricted.

Several criteria concerning areas important for wildlife are also included in this section, such as the

RAMSAR criteria, IBA & EBA from BirdLife International, and KPB from CI. However, this has been

limited due to the brevity of time provided for this data collection programme.

Biodiversity

Very little data has yet been collected on this aspect. In fact, a wealth of information on biodiversity

has been amassed by the LDP (Leuser Development Program, also known as the Unit

Management Leuser or UML), which worked for a long time on the Leuser Ecosystem Area (KEL or

Kawasan Ekosistem Leuser). However, the LDP has now completed its term of work, while its

successor the LIF (Leuser International Foundation) says that all the information resulting from the

LDP activities has been submitted to LIPI as the Scientific Authority. Up until the time of writing this

report, it had not yet been possible to make a special visit to LIPI in Cibinong.

(38)

3.4.1 Forest

Cover

Definition: Land where trees dominate the type of vegetation. The FAO defines forest as

“land with tree crown cover of more than 10% and area of more than 0.5 ha. The trees

should be able to reach a minimum height of 5 metres at maturity” (Forest Watch

Indonesia, 2003).

Note: It must be pointed out that a crown threshhold of 10% represents a very sparse tree

cover; most of Indonesia's natural forest is closed crown forest.

The Government of Indonesia employs a forest land use definition in several land use

categories comprising ‘Permanent Forest’.

In its report (Annex 13), the FWI states that permanent forest is land which is officially

designated as national forest and falls under the authority of the Forest Ministry. This term

refers to land use (land for various forestry interests), not to land cover (land on which

trees are growing). For this reason, land with 'permanent forest' status does not mean the

same as forest cover.

3.4.2

Forest Area

Definition:

There are several definitions of forest areas, but that used by Law No. 41, 1999 on

Forestry is as follows:

Forest area (Kawasan hutan) is a specific area designated or determined by the

Government to be maintained as permanent forest. The Government defines forest on the

basis of its primary function as:

1. conservation

forest

(hutan konservasi)

2.

protection forest (hutan lindung), and

3.

production forest (hutan produksi)

Conservation forest is forest with specific characteristics, whose primary function is to

preserve the biodiversity of flora, fauna and their ecosystems. It consists of the following :

a.

nature reserve forest (kawasan hutan suaka alam) is forest with specific

characteristics whose primary function is to preserve the biodiversity of flora, fauna

and their ecosystems, and which also functions as the region for a life support

system,

b.

nature conservation forest (kawasan hutan pelestarian alam) is forest with

specific characteristics whose primary function is to protect the life support system,

preserve the species biodiversity of flora and fauna, and utilise biological natural

resources and their ecosystems in a sustainable manner, and

(39)

Under the provisions of Law No. 5 of1990 concerning the Conservation of Biological

Natural Resources and their Ecosystems, the following classification of conservation areas

is described:

Nature Conservation Reserve (Kawasan Suaka Alam) is an area with specific

characteristics, both terrestrial and aquatic, whose primary function is to preserve the

biodiversity of plants, animals and their ecosystems, and which also functions as an area

for life support systems. Nature Conservation Reserves consist of:

i.

Nature reserve (Kawasan cagar alam) is a nature conservation reserve which

because of its natural condition possesses particular flora, fauna and their

ecosystems, or a specific ecosystem that needs to be protected, and whose

development progresses in a natural manner.

ii.

Wildlife reserve (Kawasan suaka margasatwa) is a nature conservation reserve

which possesses special characteristics in the form of biodiversity and/or unique

species of fauna whose future survival can be supported by protecting its habitat.

Nature Conservation Area (Kawasan Pelestarian Alam) is an area with specific

characteristics, both terrestrial and aquatic, which functions to protect the life support

system, preserve species diversity of plants and animals, and utilise biological natural

resources and their ecosystems in a sustainable manner, comprising :

i.

National park (Kawasan taman nasional) is a nature conservation area which

possesses a pristine ecosystem, managed through a zonation system, which is

utilised for the purposes of research, scientific knowledge, education, to support

cultivation, tourism and recreation.

ii.

Ecotourism park (Kawasan taman wisata alam) is a nature conservation area

whose main purpose is to be used for eco-tourism and recreation.

iii.

Grand forest park (Kawasan taman hutan raya) is a nature conservation area

for the purpose of providing a variety of indigenous and/or introduced plants and

animals for research, science, education, breeding enhancement, culture,

recreation and tourism purposes.

Based on the definitions above, Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province has the following

conservation areas (Annex 14):

1.

Taman Wisata Laut P. Weh (Pulau Weh Marine Park)

2,600 ha

2.

Taman Wisata Alam P. Weh (Pulau Weh Ecotourism Park)

1,300 ha

3.

TWL Kepulauan Banyak (Kepulauan Banyak Marine Park)

227,500 ha

4.

Taman Buru Lingga Isaq (Lingga Isaq Hunting Park)

80,000 ha

5.

Tahura Cut Nyak Dhien (Cut Nyak Dhien Grand Forest Park)

6,220 ha

6.

SM Rawa Singkil (Rawa Singkil Wildlife Reserve)

102,500 ha

7.

CA Pinus Jantho (Pinus Jantho Nature Reserve)

16,640 ha

(40)

Conservation Forest Area in NAD Province

Taman Buru Lingga Isaq, 80,000, 18% Tahura Cut Nyak Dhien, 6,220, 1%

SM Rawa Singkil, 102,500, 23%

TWL Kepulauan Banyak, 227,500, 53% Taman Wisata Laut P.

Weh, 2,600, 1% CA Pinus Jantho,

16,640, 4%

Taman Wisata Alam P. Weh, 1,300, 0% CA Serbajadi, 300,

0%

Figure 14. Conservation Forest in NAD Provinc (Source : BKSDA Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, 2006).

Despite some small differences in the figures for land area, this division of conservation

areas is reinforced in the directive Forest Function in the Province of Aceh (Fungsi Hutan

Wilayah Propinsi Daerah Istimewa Aceh) by the Governor of NAD Province, in the

decisions contained in the Governor's decree SK No.19 of 1999, dated 19 May 1999

(Annex 15). The graph below shows the types of forest function and their area in hectares.

Figure 15. Forest Functions, based on Governorial Decree SK No. 19 of 1999

(Source : Dinas Kehutanan Provinsi Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam, SK Gubernur NAD No. 19/1999).

Forest Function based on Governor's Decree No. 19, 1999

Ot her Uses (Areal Penggunaan Lain),

1,966,444

Social Forest ry Development Area,

221,300

Protected Area (outside of Forest Area), 213,200

Permanent Production

Forest , 601,280 Limited Product ion Forest , 37,300

Prot ect ion Forest , 1,844,500 Taman Buru Lingga Isaq,

86,704 TWA Lhok Asan (Elephant

Training Center), 112 TWA Kepulauan Banyak,

15,000 Taman Nasional Gunung

Leuser, 623,987 Suaka M argasatwa Rawa

Singkil, 102,370 Cagar Alam Serbajadi, 300

Cagar Alam Pinus Jantho, 16,640

TWA Iboih Sabang (P.Weh), 1,200 Tahura Cut Nyak Dhien,

(41)

Leuser Ecosystem

The Leuser Ecosystem (Kawasan Ekosistem Leuser or KEL), cannot be separated from

the forest cover of the NAD region. The Leuser Ecosystem, which includes the Gunung

Leuser National Park, Wildlife Reserve, Protection Forest and a number of

non-conservation areas, forms a natural defence situated between Laut Tawar lake in

Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province and Lake Toba in North Sumatera Province.

Administratively, it extends across 11 kabupaten districts (7 in NAD Province and 4 in

North Sumatera) which are: Aceh Tenggara, Aceh Barat, Aceh Utara, Aceh Timur, Aceh

Selatan, Aceh Tengah, Aceh Singkil, Deli Serdang, Langkat, Tanah Karo and Dairi.

This whole area forms one of the richest tropical rainforests in the world, measuring 2.6

million hectares. KEL was first introduced through the Forestry Minister’s Decree No.

227/Kpts-II/1995, later reinforced by Presidential Decree No. 33 of 1998.

The wealth of biodiversity in KEL is both enormous and unique. Research and observation

carried out by the Leuser Management Unit (UML) recorded the biodiversity of flora and

fauna found in KEL, including:

ˆ

over 4,500 species of plant,

ˆ

434 species of bird,

ˆ

392 species of mammal,

ˆ

171 species of herpetofauna (amphibians & reptiles)

ˆ

350 species of insect, and

ˆ

81 species of fish (UML Database, 2002 in Irfan, 2002).

This means that approximately 45 % of the estimated total number of plant species in the

Western Indo-malayan Region, 85% of all bird species in Sumatera and 54% of the

estimated total number of terrestrial animal species in Sumatera, are all found within the

Leuser Ecosystem.

A large part of KEL is the Gunung Leuser National Park, the size of which has been

officially decreed as shown in Table 6.

Table 6. Gunung Leuser National Park

Gunung Leuser National Park

Ministerial Decrees

Total area

(ha)

Area in

NAD

Area in

North Sumatera

Agriculture Minister: SK. Mentan No.

913/Kpts/Um/10/1982, & SK. Mentan No.

165/Kpts/Um/3/1982

792,675 573,690 218,985

Forestry Minister: SK. Menhut No. 276/Kpts-VI/97

1,094,682

na

Na

Note: Data is still limited and needs to be supplemented to give a clear picture of the extent and boundaries of

(42)

Other criteria pertaining to land/forest areas

Based on its function, or the condition of its supporting ecosystem, institutions competent

in environmental matters categorise forest areas under a number of terms, including the

following:

Important Bird Area (IBA) Æ BirdLife International

Table 7. Important Bird Areas (IBA), according to BirdLife International

Status & Area (ha)

IBAs in Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam

Province

Area (ha)

Conservation

Non-conservation

Gunung Leuser

1,700,000

1,094,692

605,308

Trumon Singkil

157,000

-

157,000

Simeulue 180,000

-

180,000

Forest areas based on accessibility

Source : Forest Watch Indonesia, 2003

Figure 16. Forest areas, based on ease of access, in NAD Province

Others:

Gambar

Figure 1.  Map of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam Province
Figure 7.  Vegetable Crops: Area under Cultivation and Area Harvested in NAD Prov. (2004 – 2005)
Figure 9.  Map of coral reef distribution in NAD Province
Table 4. Area of mangrove forest with rehabilitation potential & area damaged by tsunami, in NAD Province
+7

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