A MULTIMODAL OF TRADITIONAL WEDDING
CEREMONY DYNAMICS OF DELI MALAY ETHNIC GROUP
IN MEDAN
DISERTASI
Oleh
RAHMAH
NIM: 088107006/LNG
Program Doktor (S3) Linguistik
FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
A MULTIMODAL OF TRADITIONAL WEDDING
CEREMONY DYNAMICS OF DELI MALAY ETHNIC GROUP
IN MEDAN
DISERTASI
Diajukan sebagai salah satu syarat untuk memperoleh gelar Doktor dalam Program Doktor Linguistik pada Program Pascasarjana Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara di bawah pimpinan Pejabat Rektor
Universitas Sumatera Utara Prof. Subhilhar, M.Sc.,Ph.D. Untuk dipertahankan dihadapan sidang Terbuka Senat
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Oleh
RAHMAH
NIM: 088107006/LNG
Program Doktor (S3) Linguistik
FAKULTAS ILMU BUDAYA
UNIVERSITAS SUMATERA UTARA
A MULTIMODAL OF TRADITIONAL WEDDING CEREMONY DYNAMICS OF DELI MALAY ETHNIC GROUP IN
MEDAN
ABSTRACT
This research applied a multimodal analysis of a cultural discourse in order to find out the meaning created by verbal and visual components.The methodology was designed as a data-based, observational-based, and qualitative descriptive type of research. The data sources of this research were verbal and visual texts taken from thirteen procedures of Deli Malay Traditional Wedding Ceremony (DMTWC) and the results of the verbal analysis shows that there are clear correspondence with narrative structures in visual analysis. The dominant findings of ideational elements of language such as Material (process), Goal (participant) and Location of place (circumstance) are shown in the actions conducted by the participant in the visual elements, who or what is affected by the process and where the actions take place. The results are seen in the narrative structure of four images realized in non-projective transactional action and reaction realized into bidirectional realization and eleven images are showing projective processes realized by verbal processes. Concerning to the interpersonal meaning, the DMTWC offers information, the mood choices are mostly concerned with declaratives. This verbal findings are also affirmed by visual elements which show the represented participants do not create relationship with the viewer, since there is no eye contact established. As for social distance, the participants in the image are mostly taken in the medium close shots as they are cut off at the waist indicating a public distance where there are more than four people around. The viewers look at the pictures from a frontal view point and the image is represented from a medium angle indicating no power difference established, showing the equality between the participants and the viewers. The textual findings indicate that the topical theme distributes the highest number in which participant type dominate the first position. It means that the speaker presents more information about who or what is involved in the action as the point of departure.
From a compositional perspective, who or what is involved in the action is captured in sharper focus. The size of participants focused is bigger in relation to other participants and the landscape accompanying the image. It is placed in the foreground or the center to be the most eye-catching or the most salient element in
the composition. In addition, the color of participants‟ dresses, objects focused are
contrast to other characters in the composition, such as yellow is the most dominant colour presents in the objects, clothes of main characters whereas it indicates happiness and glory expected by the wed-couple and the whole family.
MULTIMODAL DINAMIKA PERAYAAN PERKAWINAN ADAT MASYARAKAT MELAYU MEDAN
ABSTRAK
Penelitian mengaplikasikan analisis multimodal terhadap wacana budaya untuk menemukan makna yang diciptakan oleh komponen verbal dan visual yang mengacu pada konsep analisis semiotik sosial. Metodologi penelitian ini dirancang berdasarkan basis-data, basis-observasi dan penelitian deskriptif- qualitatif. Sumber data penelitian ini adalah teks-teks verbal dan visual yang diambil dari prosedur perayaan perkawinan adat Melayu Deli (DMTWC) yang dilaksanakan dalam perkawinan Iqbal dan Lala. Hasil analisis transitivitas pada tiga belas langkah perkawinan adat Melayu Deli menunjukkan ada keterkaitan antara verbal dan visual yang diwakili dominasi proses: Material; partisipan: Gol, sirkumstan: Lokasi / Tempat. Hasil verbal ini diperkuat oleh teks visual yang memberi informasi kepada pembaca tentang aksi yang dilaksanakan, siapa dan apa yang terafeksi oleh proses dan dimana aksi dilaksanakan. Hasil analisis visual menunjukkan struktur narratif DMTWC terdiri dari empat image terealisasi dalam aksi dan reaksi transaksional non-projectif yang terealisasi menjadi realisasi bidireksional dan sebelas image merupakan proses projektif yang direalisasikan oleh proses verbal. Berkenaan dengan makna interpersonal, teks DMTWC lebih menawarkan informasi dengan pilihan Modus terbanyak adalah Deklaratif. Temuan komponen verbal ini juga diperkuat oleh komponen visual yang menunjukkan partisipan yang terlibat tidak membuat hubungan dengan pengamat/pembaca karena tidak ada kontak mata, partisipan terlibat saling melihat satu sama lain atau kepada obyek di dalam gambar (tepak, payung,makanan). Terkait jarak sosial partisipan berada pada posisi public (gambar diambil dengan medium close shots, pengambilan dari pinggang, di sekelilingnya terlihat ada empat orang). Pembaca melihat gambar dari sudut pandang depan (frontal point of view) yang memberinya perasaan terlibat dalam peristiwa tersebut. Dalam hal ini tidak ada kekuasaan terbentuk antara partisipan dan pembaca. Semua gambar direpresentasi dari medium angle, yang berimplikasi pada kesamaan derajat antara pembaca dan partisipan dalam gambar. Hasil analisis metafungsi tekstual menunjukkan Tema Topikal/ Partisipan paling mendominasi. Klausa yang dimulai dengan tema partisipan menandakan bahwa penutur lebih menonjolkan informasi tentang siapa, atau apa yang terlibat dalam aksi sebagai titik awal percakapan. Dari persfektif komposisi, masing-masing prosedur yang dilaksanakan dalam DMTWC dibidik pada fokus yang lebih tajam, ukuran partisipan yang menjadi fokus umumnya lebih besar dibanding dengan partisipan lain dan lanskap yang menyertai image biasanya di letakkan di latar depan atau tengah agar menjadi unsur yang paling menonjol atau paling mendapat perhatian. Selanjutnya, warna baju dan obyek-obyek yang menjadi fokus kontras dengan karakter lain, seperti kuning merupakan warna dominan yang terlihat pada obyek dan pakaian karakter inti. Karena warna kuning mengindikasikan kebahagiaan, kesejahteraan seperti yang diharapkan oleh pengantin dan seluruh keluarga.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
In the name of Allah SWT, the beneficent, the merciful, all praises be to Allah SWT the Lord of the worlds Who has given the writer health and strength to finish this dissertation as one of the requirements for the degree of Doctor in Linguistics Program, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya Universitas Sumatera Utara.
In the process of completing this dissertation advice, assistance and supports
4. Head of Study Program as well as Promotor, Prof. Tengku Silvana Sinar, M.A. Ph.D., who has provided her invaluable help read, give corrections and critical comments on the draft of the dissertation until its present form 5. Co- Promotors, Prof. Dr. Aron Meko Mbete, and Dr. Eddy Setia, M.Ed.
TESP. who have provided their invaluable help read, give corrections and critical comments on the draft of the dissertation until its present form.
Her appreciation of gratitute also goes to the Board of Examiners and Reviewers : Prof. Amrin Saragih, M.A., Ph.D. , Prof. Dr.Busmin Gurning, M.Pd., Prof. Dr. Robert Sibarani, M.A, Prof. Dr. Suwardi Lubis, M.S., Dr. T. Thyrhaya Zein, M.A who have corrected, given comments, suggestions, and useful contribution to improve the quality of this dissertation.
Her sincere thank also goes to Prof. Peter Collins and Dr. Roghaya Mahalli for their invaluable help, suggestions and facilities related to research references given during her following the Sandwhich Program in UNSW Sydney Australia. Finally, her deep and warm gratitude is dedicated to her beloved parents the late H. Kamaluddin Nasution, the late Hj. Rajiah. Her beloved brothers and sisters as well as her beloved husband and children, H. Fadli A.Salam, S.Ag., Mehdi Fikri S.T and Yuni Khairina, S.Pd. for their loves, encouragements, patience and supports, without them all she means nothing.
CURRICULUM VITAE
Personal Data
Name : Dra. Rahmah, M.Hum.
Place / Date of birth : Medan, 14 December 1960
Gender : Female
Home Address : Jl. Belat 103 Medan
Phone Number : 081533175420
E-mail Address : [email protected]
Marital Status : Married
Spouse‟s Occupation : Civil Servant Employment University : Universitas Negeri Medan
Faculty : Fakultas Bahasa dan Seni
Department : Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris
Name of Father : H. Kamaluddin Nasution
Name of Mother : Hj. Rajiah
Name of Husband : H. Fadli Abdul Salam, S.Ag.
Name of Children : Mehdi Fikri, S.T.
Yuni Khairina, SPd.
Academic Background:
1. Elementary School : SD Negeri No. 74 Medan (1967 -1972).
2. Junior High School : SMP Negeri IX Medan (1973 -1975).
3. Senior High School : SPG Swasta Pembangunan N.U Medan
(1976 – 1979)
4. S1 : Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Fakultas Bahasa dan
Seni IKIP Medan (1979 – 1986)
5. S2 : Prodi Linguistik, Program Pasca Sarjana USU
Medan (1999 -2002)
6. S3 : Program Doktor Linguistik Fakultas Ilmu Budaya
Job Experience:
1987 – present Dosen Jurusan Bahasa dan Sastra Inggris FBS – Unimed. 1984 - 1989 Teacher of English in SMA/SPG NU Medan
1991 - 1994 Dosen Fakultas Tarbiyah Universitas Dharmawangsa
Medan.
2006 - 2008 Dosen Fakultas Ekonomi UMSU Medan.
2001 – 2010 Dosen STIE/STMIK IBBI Medan.
Training Programs:
2010 Workshop Pendidikan Profesi Guru (Yogyakarta)
2009 Sandwich Program – UNSW Australia (Oktober – December 2009):
- Professional Practicum Program in School of Languages
and Linguistics UNSW-Australia.
- Academic English & Communication Skills in The
Learning Centre UNSW-Australia.
2009 Semiloka Aplikasi Program Konkordansi untuk Penelitian
Linguistik Korpus - Prodi Linguistik SPs USU Medan.
2009 Workshop Teknik Pembuatan Proposal Penelitian Hibah
Bersaing dan Fundamental – Lemlit Unimed.
1993 Course on Principle and Practice of TESOL – RELC Singapore
Researh Experience :
2002 Metaphors in Official and Private Decrees (S2-Thesis)
2003 The application of student Oriented Learning Method to
Improve Students‟ ability in Grammar (Dikti-LPTK)
2003 The application of student based teaching model to improve students ability in English Grammar of SMU 18 students (Dikti)
2004 An Attempt to Improve students‟ Ability in Writing through Error Analysis Method (Dana Rutin Unimed)
2005 The Use of Tense Medium Diagram as an attempt to
Decrease students‟ Misconception in Learning Tenses
(Dikti-PPTK and KPT)
2007 Analisis Model Jawaban atas Pertanyaan Yes-No Question siswa SLTP Negeri Kota Medan (DIPA_DIKTI)
2011 Pemetaan dan Pengembangan Model Peningkatan Mutu Pendidikan di Kabupaten Padang Lawas dan Padang Lawas Utara Tahun 2011(DIT. LITABMAS)
Presentation:
2003 Metaphors in the Perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics (in PLU-3 Seminar –Medan)
2004 Perilaku Kewiraswastaan Remaja Nelayan Masyarakat Melayu Deli di Kota Medan (Seminar Hasil Penelitian Dikti
– Jakarta)
2009 Modalities in Acehnese Language (in PLU-6 Internasional Seminar – Medan)
2009 Multimodal Analysis of the Traditional Wedding Ceremony Dynamics of the Malay Ethnic Group in North Sumatera. (International Languages and linguistics Conference UNSW- Sydney Australia)
2010 Realisasi Makna Antarpersona pada Koran Lokal Terbitan Medan International (Seminar Language, Literature and Culture in Southeast Asia. Pogram Sttudi Linguistik SPs USU / Phuket Rajabhat University, Trang Campus Thailand)
2010 Nilai Budaya dalam Pantun. 5th International Seminar on Austronesian Languages and Literatures Linguistic Study Program, Postgraduate program of Udayana University – Bali.
2010 Seminar Nasional Program Sandwich-like. Dir.Ketenagaan Dirjen Pend.Tinggi Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional Dir.Ketenagaan Dirjen Pend.Tinggi Kementerian Pendidikan Nasional.
2012 International Seminar: Language, Literature, Culture, and Education in Southeast Asia II. Thailand Bangkok
Publications:
2006 Legal Documents and grammatical metaphors (in Jurnal Ilmu Bahasa)
2009 Modalitas Dalam Bahasa Aceh MLU / Balai Bahasa Medan. ISBN 978-979-98559-9-2
2010 Realisasi Makna Antarpersona pada Koran Lokal Terbitan Medan. Program Studi Linguistik SPs – USU / Phuket Rajabhat University, Trang Campus Thailand.
ISBN 978-602-97082-0-2.
2010 Nilai Budaya dalam Pantun. Universitas Udayana Bali. ISBN 978.602.8566.797
2010 Realisasi Metafora Gramatikal Pada Surat Keputusan Pegawai Negeri Sipil. English Department State University of Medan & Masyarakat Linguistik Utara.
ISBN 979-3647-05-9
2011 Building Learner‟s Competence and Self-Confidence in Speaking through Extra Credit Work. Jurnal Linguistik Terapan Vol.8 No.1 Mei 2011.
2011 Pemetaan Bahasa Jawa di Medan. BAHAS no.82 Th.xxxviii 2011 ISSN: 085-8515
2012 Fungsi Ujar dalam Layanan Pesan Singkat (SMS Broadcast) pada Flexi. FKIP Universitas Bengkulu.
ISBN 978-602-8043-30-4
2012 Transitivity in Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Opening Speech at the Fifth Asian Ministerial Conference for Disaster Risk Reduction Yogyakarta, 23 October 2012.
ISBN: 978- 602- 17092-0-7
2013 Process of the Witch‟s Dialogues in Snow White and The Huntsman Movie. Linguistica Journal of Linguistics of FBS Unimed Vol.2 No.2 (2013) ISSN: 2301-5152.
2014 Methods of Teaching Reading to EFL Learners: A Case Study. International Journal of Education & Literacy Studies. ISSN: 2202-9478 Vol.2 No.2 April 2014.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.2.2 Compositional, interpersonal and representational meanings in a children‟s narrative ... 20
2.2.3 Analyzing the organitation of information in websites ... 20
2.2.4 Konstruksi tekstual gender dalam teks iklan cetak ... 21
2.2.5 A multimodal analysis of the tale of Peter Rabbit within the Interpersonal Metafunction ... 22
2.2.6 Kajian Multimodal Teks Tubuh Perempuan dalam Film Dokumenter Nona Nyonya... 22
2.2.7 Reading meaning through the Visual Images ... 23
2.2.8 A Multimodal Analysis of Image-Text Relations in Picture Books ... 24
2.2.9 Visual Images Interpretive Strategies in Multimodal Texts 24 2.2.10 Analisis Teks Iklan Cetak: Suatu Perspektif Multimodal ... 25
2.2.11 Fungsi textual dalam Wacana ... 25
2.2.13 Fungsi dan Implikasi Makna Logis pantun Melayu Deli
dan Serdang ... 27
CHAPTER IV : THE DATA ANALYSIS AND RESEARCH Representional, Interactive and Compositional Meanings ... 163
5.2.1 Representational Meaning ... 164
5.2.1.1 Starting The Marriage Ceremony... 164
CHAPTER VI : RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VISUAL AND VERBAL MODES OF COMMUNICATION IN DMTWC TEXT... 218
6.1 Visual and Verbal Relationship in thirteen procedures of DMTWC Text ... 218
6.1.1 Visual and Verbal Relationship in Buka Kata ... 219
6.1.2 Visual and Verbal Relationship in Penyerahan Mahar 224
6.1.3 Visual and Verbal Relationship in Icip Rasa (tasting various flavours of food) ... 227
(Gateway Barrier) ... 233
6.1.6 Visual and Verbal Relationship in Bertukar Tepak (Shifting The Tepak) ... 235
6.1.7 Visual and Verbal Relationship in Bertukar Payung (Exchanging The Umbrella) ... 239
6.1.8 Visual and Verbal Relationship in Perang Bertih (Spreading the potpourri) ... 241
6.1.9 Visual and Verbal Relationship in Tari Persembahan (welcoming the groom with a tribute a dance)... 243
6.1.10 Visual and Verbal Relationship in Hempang Pintu (Doorway Barrier) ... 246
6.1.11 Visual and Verbal Relationship in Hempang Kipas (The Bridal Couch Barrier) ... 248
6.1.12 Visual and Verbal Relationship in Tepung Tawar (Spattering the Potpourri) ... 251
6.1.13 Visual and Verbal Relationship in Makan Nasi Hadap- Hadapan (Spreading the Meals) ... 254
6.2 Discussion ... 256
6.2.1 Ideational or Representational Meaning ... 256
6.2.2 Interpersonal or Interactive Meaning ... 261
6.2.3 Textual or Compositional Meaning ... 265
CHAPTER VII : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTION ... 271
7.1 Conclusions ... 271
7.2 Suggestions ... 278
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 2. 1 : System network of English personal pronoun (Eggins 2004: 202) ... 34 Figure 2. 2 : Correlations between time frames and semogenesis (from Martin
and Rose 2008:318)... 37 Figure 2. 3 : Narrative structures in visual image ( Kress and van Leeuwen
2006:74) ... 53 Figure 2. 4 : Analysis construction of visual and verbal components ... 85 Figure 3. 1 : Components of Data Analysis: Interactive Model (Miles &
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Tabel 2. 1 : Rank scale of the compositional hierachy of text (Eggins 2004: 126) ... 35
Tabel 2. 2 : A tri-stratal view of language as system(adopted from Eggins 2004: 19) ... 35
Tabel 2. 3 : Interactive Meanings (Kress van Leeuwen, 2006) ... 59
Tabel 2. 4 : Composing Images ... 63
Tabel 2. 5 : Frameworks for Verbal and Visual Analysis ... 86
Tabel 3. 1 : Distribution of Clauses in Each Procedure of the Ceremony ... 90
Table 4. 1 : Distribution of Clauses in Each Procedure of DMTWC Text ... 105
Table 4. 2 : The distribution of experiential elements in buka kata ... 108
Table 4. 3 : The distribution of experiential elements in Penyerahan Mahar ... 110
Table 4. 4 : The distribution of experiential elements in Icip Rasa . ... 111
Table 4. 5 : The distribution of experiential elements in Sembah Orang tua ... 112
Table 4. 6 : The distribution of experiential elements in Hempang Batang. ... 113
Table 4. 7 : The distribution of experiential elements in Bertukar Tepak. ... 114
Table 4. 8 : The distribution of experiential elements in Tukar Payung ... 115
Table 4. 9 : The distribution of experiential elements in Perang Bertih ... 116
Table 4. 10 : The distribution of experiential elements in Tari Persembahan ... 117
Table 4. 11 : The distribution of experiential elements in Hempang Pintu ... 118
Table 4. 12 : The distribution of experiential elements in Hempang Kipas ... 119
Table 4. 13 : The distribution of experiential elements in Tepung Tawar ... 120
Table 4. 14 : The distribution of experiential elements in Makan nasi hadap- hadapan ... 122
Table 4. 15 : Types of Processes in DMTWC text ... 123
Table 4. 16 : Participants of Material Process ... 126
Table 4. 17 : Participants of Mental Process ... 127
Table 4. 18 : Participants of Relational Process (attributive) ... 127
Table 4. 19 : Participants of Relational Process (identification)... 128
Table 4. 20 : Participants of Verbal Process ... 129
Table 4. 21 : Participants of Existential Process ... 129
Table 4. 22 : Participants of Behavioral Process ... 130
Table 4. 23 : The Frequency Distribution of Circumstances in DMTWC Text ... 131
Table 4.24 : The Degree of Interdependency and Logico-Semantic Relation of Expansion Clause (Halliday, 2004: 395-419) ... 133
Table 4.25 : The Degree of Interdependency and Logico-Semantic Relation of Projection Clause (Halliday, 2004: 464-476) ... 134
Table 4. 26 : The distribution of interdependency and logico semantic relation ... 134
Table 4. 27 : The Mood Type in each step of DMTWC text ... 140
Table 4. 28 : Modality in DMTWC Text ... 143
Table 4. 29: The Realization of Modulation Showing Obligation and Inclination in DMTWC Text ... 144
Table 4.30 : The Realization of Modalization showing Probability and Usuality in DMTWC text ... 147
Table 4. 31 : The distribution of themes ... 151
LIST OF SYMBOLS
The degree of interdependency:
Parataxis (relationship of clauses with equal status): 1, 2, 3, etc.
Hypotaxis (relationship of clauses with different status): α, , , etc.
Logico semantic relation:
Expansion : a) (=) elaboration
b) (+) extension
c) (x) enhancement
Projection : a) (“) locution b) („) idea
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
DMTWC = Deli Malay Traditional Wedding Ceremony
AN = Akad Nikah
BK = Buka Kata
PM = Penyerahan Mahar
CR = Cicip Rasa
SO = Sembah Orang tua
HB = Hempang Batang
BT = Bertukar Tepak
TP = Tukar Payung
PB = Perang Bertih
Ta = Tari Persembahan
HP = Hempang Pintu
HK = Hempang Kipas
TT = Tepung Tawar
MH = Makan Nasi Hadap-hadapan
P = Pria
W = Wanita
PP = Pembawa acara dari pihak pengantin Pria (the representative
speaker or telangkai of the groom)
PW = Pembawa acara dari pihak pengantin Wanita (the representative
speaker or telangkai of the bride)
SFL = Systemic Functional Linguistics
GVD = Grammar Visual Design
Pro = Process
Mat = Material
Behavi = Behavioral
Rel = Relational
Id = identification
Att = Attributive
Poss = Possessive
Exist = Existential
Part = Participant
Ben. = Beneficiary
Phen. = Phenomenon
Circ = Circumstance
Acc = Accompaniment
Add = Additive
Cont. = Contigency
Com. = Commitative
Comp. = Comparison
Dist = Distance
Freq = Frequency
Loc . = Location
Voc = Vocative
Quest = Question
C Aj = Comment Adjunct
Mod = Modality
Cj = Conjunction
Cjv = Conjunctive
rel = Relative Pronoun
LIST OF IMAGES
Page
Image 3.1 : Swapping the tepak. ... 103
Image 5.1 : Giving tepak to welcome the guests and begin the ceremony ... 169
Image 5.2 : Giving tepak to respond and tell the goal of coming ... 170
Image 5.3 : Giving tokens. ... 172
Image 5.4 : Tasting some food as a symbol associated with the marriage life. . 174
Image 5.5 : Respecting and asking for parents‟ blessing. ... 176
Image 5.6 : Gateway Barrier (hempang batang) ... 177
Image 5.7 : Two women are swapping the tepak ... 178
Image 5.8 : Swapping the umbrellas ... 180
Image 5.9 : Spreading the poutpourri ... 181
Image 5.10 : Welcoming the groom and his party‟s arrival ... 182
Image 5.11 : A dancer is offering sirih to the guests ... 184
Image 5.12 : Blocking on the doorway ... 185
Image 5.13 : Giving uncang emasbefore sitting on the „pelaminan‟ ... 186
Image 5.14 : Blessing through spattering the tepung tawar... 188
Image 5.15 : The married couple are feeding each other ... 190
Image 5.16 : Pushing a tepak to welcome and begin the ceremony ... 192
Image 5.17 : Giving a tepak to tell the goal of coming ... 195
Image 5.18 : Giving a token as a requirement to conduct the akad nikah ... 196
Image 5.19 : Tasting various flavour of food . ... 198
Image 5.20 : The bride and the groom are respecting their parents ... 199
Image 5.β1 : Blocking the groom‟s way in Hempang Batang ... 201
Image 5.22 : Swapping the tepaks... 202
Image 5.23 : Swapping umbrellas. ... 203
Image 5.β4 : The bride and the groom‟ s parties are spreading the potpourri .... 204
Image 5.25 : Welcoming the groom and his party with a tribute dance ... 205
Image 5.26 : Welcoming the groom and his party by giving sirih in the tepak .. 206
Image 5.β7 : Blocking the groom‟s way by the door ... 207
Image 5.28 : Blocking the groom in front of the couch ... 208
Image 5.29 : The Process of Congratulating the Newly-Married Couple... 209
Image 5.30 : Spreading meals ... 210
Image 5.31 : Giving the tepak as a symbol of welcoming ... 213
Image 5.32 : Giving the tepak as a respond of welcoming and telling the goal of coming ... …..β14 Image 5.33 : Giving the tokens ... 215
Image 5.34 : Tasting the various flavour of food ... 216
Image 5.35 : Respectful greetings to parents ... 217
Image 5.37 : Swapping the tepak ... 219
Image 5.38 : Swapping the umbrella ... 220
Image 5.39 : Spreading the potpourri ... 221
Image 5.40 : Tribute dance to welcome the guests‟ arrival ... 222
Image 5.41 : Welcoming the grooms and his party by offering sirih in tepak .... 223
Image 5.42 : The doorway barrier ... 224
Image 5.43 : The bridal couch barrier ... 225
Image 5.44 : Congratulating the newly-married couple... 226
