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ISSN 1818-4952

© IDOSI Publications, 2017

DOI: 10.5829/idosi.wasj.2017.270.274

Corresponding Author: Hefni Effendi, Department of Aquatic Resources Management, Bogor Agricultural University,

Utilization of Grass Carp (

Ctenopharyngodon idella

) for Inhibition of

Hyacinth (

Eichhornia crassipes

) Population Blooming

Hefni Effendi, Bagus A. Utomo and Giri M. Darmawangsa

1 2 3

Department of Aquatic Resources Management, 1

Bogor Agricultural University, Dramaga Bogor 16680, Indonesia

Center for Environmental Research, Bogor Agricultural University, Dramaga Bogor 16680, Indonesia 2

Aquaculture Diploma Program, Bogor Agricultural University, Jl. Kumbang, Bogor 16128, Indonesia 3

Abstract: The rapid growth of water hyacinth in Cirata Reservoir becomes an issue that must be addressed, because of disrupting the function of the reservoir as a power plant. Research on reduction of water hyacinth population using grass carp was performed on floating net in Cirata Reservoir, West Java, Indonesia. The number of fish stocked was 30 fishes per nets, fish average weight of 100 g/fish, 150 g/fish and 200 g/fish as treatment. Each treatment was triplicates. Hyacinth (root length of 10-15 cm and 10-15 cm height) was placed in the transect (1 x 1 m) made from PVC pipe. As much as 8000 g hyacinth was introduced in each transect. This introduction was repeated every week. Experiment lasted 4 weeks. The highest percentage of hyacinth biomass reduction (86.8 – 88.4 %) occurred on treatment of 30 fishes (size 200 g/fish). However, 100 g/fish was recommended for controlling the blooming of water hyacinth. The choice of 100 g/fish is based on the highest feeding rate (31.5-35.2%). However, since there is no regulation yet for the introduction of grass carp to the open water in Indonesia, the usage of this fish for biocontrol of aquatic weed has not yet been legally allowed.

Key words: Grass Carp Cirata Eichornnia crassipes Floating Cage Culture

INTRODUCTION excessive water hyacinth populations creates problems Cirata is one of reservoirs in West Java that utilizes irrigation canals, water transport disruption, decreasing water flow of Citarum River as hydroelectric plants. People the yield of fisheries, interfering with the operation of living around Cirata rely on reservoir water as a source of power plants and lower reservoir aesthetic value. livelihood, one of which is fish culture in floating net The research aimed to control the population

cages. explosion of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) in

Household waste (Domestic), industrial wastes and Cirata by using grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) in agricultural activities and fishery waste flowing into a floating cage culture.

Citarum River, West Java, Indonesia, can degrade water Grass carp have been an effective management tool quality leading to reservoir ecosystem balance for removing aquatic vegetation in many countries around disturbance. Disruption of the balance of the reservoirs the world [1]. Most grass carp introductions are aimed at ecosystem brings about decreased productivity and reducing, not eliminating weeds. Some plant lives are reduces the usability of the reservoir (i.e. fish culture) essential to permit maintenance of a balanced aquatic characterized by the incidence of fish mass death. In ecosystem. Over grazing by grass carp can encourage the addition, it can also cause eutrophication (Excessive predominance of inedible plant species including nutrient enrichment), which triggers the rapid growth of filamentous algae [2].

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various pondweeds, bladderwort, elodea and chara are stocked was 30 fishes per treatment, fish average weight plant species usually controlled with the triploid sterile

grass carp. Plants that are not preferred by the grass carp and, therefore, are not controlled very well include emergent tough or woody stem species such as cattail, water lily and rush. Filamentous algae, water milfoil, Nitella and water shield are not controlled very well [3].

Eichhornia Crassipes: The water hyacinth (Eichhornia

crassipes [Mart.] Solm.) originated from Brazil and has

spread out to many subtropical and tropical countries. Water hyacinth first entered Indonesia in 1894 in Bogor Botanical Garden as an ornamental plant.

This plant has short-trunked plant, diameter of 1-2.5 cm, 1-30 cm long and 5-25 cm wide. Water hyacinth does not branch and hairless, root length 0.3-0.5 m. Water hyacinth growing in water rich in nutrients will have long petiole (Stem) up to >100 cm short roots (<20 cm). Meanwhile, water hyacinth growing on nutrient-poor water, petiole length <20 cm, but the root >60 cm [4].

This aquatic plant reproduce generative and vegetative ways. New plants can be produced from seeds or they represent clones derived from stolon elongation due to division of auxiliary meristems of mother plant [5]. Under normal conditions water hyacinth can cover the water surface of 10 kg/m wet weight, reach maximum2 density of 50 kg/m wet weight [6]. Moreover, if the roots2 have stuck to the substrate, the hyacinth will grow permanently, so that the process silting will go faster. The water hyacinth plants require nutrients and sunlight in its growth, which can cause food competition with phytoplankton and will result in reduced phytoplankton populations, so that water productivity decline.

Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella): Grass carp

(Ctenopharyngodon idella) is a Chinese carp spread

across many countries, both in cold climates or in the tropics. It is almost completely herbivorous [7]. Grass carp was introduced to Indonesia (Sumatra) in 1915 and in 1949 brought to Java for the purpose of cultivation. Grass carp can grow bigger and faster, but can not spawn naturally in Indonesian waters [8].

MATERIAL AND METHODS

The research was performed in Cirata Reservoir, West Java, Indonesia, using floating cage, constructed from HDPE (High density polyethylene). Adaptation of grass carp lasted for 7 days before use. The number of fish

of 100 g/fish, 150 g/fish and 200 g/fish as treatment with three replications. As much as 8000 g hyacinth (Root length of 10-15 cm and 10-15 cm leaf height) was introduced in each treatment. Those hyacinth were placed in a transect (1 x 1 m) made from PVC pipe. They covered the whole area of transect. This hyacinth introduction in each treatment was repeated every week in order to bring back the transect with 100% hyacinth coverage. Experiment was conducted for 4 weeks. Biomass weight was calculated by the following equation.

F = B -Bt t+1 Where:

F = Biomass of hyacinth consumed by grass carp (g) B = Biomass of hyacinth within transect at week t (g)t B = Biomass of hyacinth within transect at week t+1 (g)t-1

Biomass percentage change of hyacinth at transect was calculated by the following equation.

B - Bt t+1

% Br = --- x 100% Bt

Where:

% Br = % Biomass reduction of hyacinth at transect B = Biomass of hyacinth within transect at week t (g)t B = Biomass of hyacinth within transect at week t+1 (g)t+1

Total biomass of grass carp was counted with the following formula.

Bt = Nt x Wt Where:

Bt = Total Biomass of grass carp at week t (g) Nt = Number of grass carp at week t

Wt = Average Biomass of grass carp at week t (g/fish) Feeding rate was calculated by the following equation. FR (%) = ( F / BT) x 100 %

Where:

FR = Feeding rate

F = Biomass of hyacinth consumed by grass carp at week t (g)

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Correlation between grass carp biomass and amount Correlation between fish biomass (g) and food (E.

food (hyacinth) consumed at each treatment (100, 150, 200 crassipes) consumed (g) for each treatment was y=69.33x gr of grass carp) was calculated, in order to determine the + 3050 (R =0.9639) for grass carp size of 100 g, y=76.69x + closeness between the two variables. 4496.6 (R =0.9383) for grass carp size of 150 g and

RESULTS The closeness of the correlation between the weight of Weight of hyacinth eaten by fish was presented at value of R . The higher the R , the higher the closeness. Table 1. The level of hyacinth consumption (Daily feed) 100 gr sized fishes have the highest closeness value of by fish size of 100 g/fish ranged 983.3 – 1137.8 g, fish biomass and food consumed per week correlation. size 150 g/fish ranged 1040.0 – 1126.7 g and size 200 g/fish

ranged 6080.0 – 6306.7 g hyacinth per day. Percentage of DISCUSSIONS

hyacinth biomass reduction was 73.8 – 85.3% for 100 g

fish, 78.0 – 84.5% for 150 g fish and 86.7-88.4% for 200 g Different treatment of fish weight showed similar

fish. results namely all fishes well consumed hyacinth till the

Hyacinth biomass reduction on transect of 100 g/fish end of experiment. No mortality among 30 experimented ranging 73.8 - 85.3% illustrates that within 1 week, 30 fishes in each treatment occurred during four weeks of grass carp (size 100 g) was able to reduce the 73.8 - 85.3% experiment. There was also no sign of sickness due to weight of hyacinth (Figure 1). food scarcity. The similar phenomenon was also reported The highest range of feeding rate percentage (31.5 - by Pipalova et al. [9]. No mortality was recorded. 35.2%) occurred on 100 g fish weigth treatment, followed The ability of grass carp eating water plants depends on by 150 g fish weight treatment (23.3 – 24.0%) and 200 g the size of water plants and fish size [10]. Grass carp fish weight treatment (18.3 - 19.2%). tolerates a wide range of environmental conditions;

2

2

y=72.01x + 5980 (R =0.838) for grass carp size of 200 g.2 fish and the amount of feed consumed is shown by the

2 2

Table 1: Grass carp grazing on hyacinth.

100 g/fish treatment 150 g/fish treatment 200 g/fish treatment

--- ---

---% Hyacinth % Hyacinth % Hyacinth

Daily Fish % Feeding Biomass Daily Fish % Feeding Biomass Daily Fish % Feeding Biomass Week Feed (g) Biomass (g) Rate Reduction Feed (g) Biomass (g) Rate Reduction Feed (g) Biomass (g) Rate Reduction 1 983.3 3120.0 31.5 73.8 1083.3 4593.3 23.6 81.3 1157.8 6080.0 19.0 86.8 2 1064.4 3200.0 33.3 79.8 1040.0 4633.3 22.4 78.0 1163.3 6106.7 19.1 87.3 3 1137.8 3233.3 35.2 85.3 1126.7 4700.0 24.0 84.5 1178.9 6146.7 19.2 88.4 4 1096.7 3340.0 32.8 82.3 1122.2 4826.7 23.3 84.2 1155.6 6306.7 18.3 86.7

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they can survive at water temperatures of 32 to 105 °F and eaten by grass carp and species most commonly are nearly as tolerant as catfish to low dissolved oxygen avoided were in the genera Nymphaea, Potamogeton, concentrations. The fish grows rapidly, as much as 5 to 10 Myriophyllum,Nuphar and Typha [19].

pounds a year. It must consume large quantities of plant The stocking rate for grass carp depends on the material to grow and may consume 2 to 3 times its weight severity of the weed problem. When used to prevent the in plant material per day [11]. Our finding confirmed this establishment of submersed weeds, 5-10 small (3-6 inch) literature that the highest % feeding rate was 35.2%. carp per acre should be stocked. The same stocking rate The first part hyacinth eaten by grass carp is the root. is also adequate if the pond is lightly infested with weeds. Then, the balance of the weed will disappear and cause For more severe weed problems, 10-15 fishes per acre the leaves to touch the surface of the water and then the should be stocked. For heavily weed infested ponds, leaves will be eaten by the fish. Died hyacinth is marked stocking rates can be increased to 15-25 per acre or with yellow and red. greater. Grass carp must be stocked at a size large enough Grass carp weights suitable to be applied to eradicate to prevent them from being eaten by predator fish such as blooming hyacinth population in Cirata size of 100 g/fish. bass and large catfish [11].

Selection of average weight of 100 g/fish is considered The controversy over the distribution and use of based on the highest feeding rate percentage (31.5 - grass carp is based on the potential effect of this fish on 35.2%). It means that fish size of 100 g/fish consumes native fish and wildlife. Considerable discretion should be much more hyacinth than that of 150 gr and 200 gr fish used when planning to stock these fish into ponds and size. It has been reported that small grass carp (10 - 13 cm every effort should be made to prevent their escape into length) are generally more effective at controlling natural waters. To further diminish the likelihood that nuisance aquatic vegetation than larger grass carp since grass carp will reproduce and thrive in natural waters, it is they have higher energy demands per unit body mass and recommended that only sterile, triploid carp can be used feeding rates [12,13,14]. On the contrary, in New Zealand, [11]. Biological control via triploid grass carp is legal in apparently only grass carp weighing about =500 g can be Illinois ponds. This carp is sterile and cannot reproduce expected to consume substantial amounts of the weeds [20].

Myriophyllum propinquum, Lagarosiphon major and Biological control is an option for certain aquatic

Ceratophyllum demersum [15]. weeds. The major advantages are ease of application and

Grass carp feed almost exclusively on aquatic plants. no concern over damage to plants irrigated with treated Since grass carp can not reproduce in ponds and lakes water. Triploid grass carp can control many submerged they make an excellent biological control agent. Their vascular aquatic weeds. Grass carp are usually used to introduction to an impoundment has little lasting impact control all vegetation in a pond, rather than selectively as they cannot reproduce there. However, it must be controlling certain vegetation. Replacement stocking of scrutinized further no particularly adverse effects on grass carp is necessary when fish are lost. A permit is indigenous or other introduced species of fish, or required to stock grass carp and only triploid fish can be invertebrate and confirmed that good weed control could legally used in SC [21].

be achieved.

Grass carp can provide economical and effective CONCLUSION

control of plants in cool northern waters, although

stocking rates will have to be higher than those used in The ability of grass carp grazing hyacinth was warm waters of the southern United States [16]. Grass affected by the freshness of the hyacinth. Grass carp carp stocked at 4.5 kg per tonne of vegetation eradicated disliked withered and died hyacinth. Percentage of almost all aquatic plants in 94.5 ha Lake Dgal Wielki, hyacinth biomass reduction in transects of 30 fishes (Size

Poland [17]. 200 g) reduced up to 86.8 – 88.4%. According to the

Change in the density of hornwort (Ceratophyllum highest feeding rate percentage (31.5 – 35.2%), 100 g/fish

demersum L) was first noted three weeks after grass carp was recommended for controlling the blooming of water

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 10. Resmikasari, Y., 2008. Tingkat Kemampuan Ikan Koan The authors extend their sincere appreciation to Eceng Gondok (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart) Solms.). BPWC Cirata on funding the research and to BPPU Fakultas Perikanan dan Ilmu Kelautan, Institut Cianjur who has lent floating net. Pertanian Bogor. Bogor. (In Indonesian).

REFERENCES R.J. Onders and S.D. Mims, 2007. Aquatic Weed 1. Clayton, J.S. and R.D.S. Wells, 1999. Some issues in 12. Osborne, J.A. and N.M. Sassic, 1981. The size of risk assessment reports on grass carp and silver grass carp as a factor in the control of Hydrilla. carp. Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Aquatic Botany, 11: 129-136.

Zealand, pp: 16. 13. Pipalova, I., 2006. A review of grass carp use for

2. Fowler, M.C. and T.O. Robson, 1978. The aquatic weed control and its impact on water bodies. effects of the food preferences of grass carp Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 44: 1-12.

(Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.) on mixed plant 14. Kasinak, J.E., C.J. Bishop, R.A. Wright and

communities. Aquatic Botany, 5(3): 261-276. A.E. Wilson, 2015. Grass carp do not consume the 3. Hipkins, P.L., 2014. Aquatic Weeds (Weed Control in nuisance benthicCyanobacterium, Lyngbya wollei.

Ponds and Lakes). Low-management crops and areas. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 53: 74-80. Aquatic Weeds, pp: 7-33. 15. Edwards, D.J., 1974. Weed preference and growth of 4. Gopal, B. and K.P. Sharma, 1981. Water Hyacinth young grass carp in New Zealand. New Zealand

(Eichhornia crassipes (Malt) Solms) the most Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research,

troublesome weed of the world. Hindasia, New Delhi, 8(2): 341-350.

pp: 220. 16. Bonar, S.A., G.L. Thomas, S.L. Thiesfeld, G.B. Pauley

5. Center, T.D., T.K. Van, F.A. Dray Jr, S.J. Franks, and T.B. Stables, 1993. Effect of triploid grass carp M.T. Rebelo, P.D. Pratt and M.B. Rayamajhi, 2005. on the aquatic macrophyte community of Devils Herbivory alters competitive interactions between Lake, Oregon. North America Journal of Fisheries two invasive aquatic plants. Biological Control, Management, 13: 757-765.

33(2): 173-185. 17. Krzywosz, T., W. Krzywpsz and J. Radziej, 1980.

6. Reddy, K.R. and D.L. Sutton, 1984. Water hyacinths The effect of grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella for water quality improvement and biomass (Val.) on aquatic vegetation and ichthyofauna of lake production. Journal of Environmental Quality, 13: 1-8. Dgal Wielki. Ekologia Polska, 28: 433-450.

7. Fowler, M.C., 1985. The present status of grass carp 18. Hofstra, D.E. and J.S. Clayton, 2012. Assessment of

(Ctenopharyngodon idella) for the control of aquatic the Efficacy of Contained Grass Carp at Removing

weed in England and Wales. Proceeding of VI the Aquatic Weed Hornwort. MPI Technical Paper International Symposium Biological Control of No: 2012/15. Ministry for Primary Industry. Weeds, 19-25 August, 1984: pp: 537-542. New Zealand, 24 p.

8. Anonymous, 1977. Laporan diskusi: Masalah 19. Dibble, E.D. and K. Kovalenko, 2009. Ecological pemanfaatan Ikan Koan (Ctenopharyngodon idella Impact of Grass Carp: A Review of the Available Val.) bagi pengendalian gulma air di perairan terbuka Data. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 47: 1-15. Rawa Pening. PUTL-Biotrop, Bogor. (In Indonesian). 20. Heaton, C., 2015. Aquatic weed control. South 9. Pipalova, I., J. Kvet and Z. Adamek, 2009. Carolina Pest Management Handbook for Field

Limnological changes in a pond ecosystem caused Crops. pp: 301-306.

by grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.) low 21. Roegge, M. and S. Evans, 2003. Managing aquatic stocking density. Czech Journal of Animal Science, plants. University of Illinois, pp: 4.

54(1): 31-45.

(Ctenopharyngodon idella Val.) Memakan Gulma

Gambar

Table 1: Grass carp grazing on hyacinth.

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