THE STUDY OF DEIXIS USED IN SHIRLEY JACKSON’S SHORT STORY “THE LOTTERY”
A THESIS
By:
Gadis Supandini Setiosari
Reg. Number A83212128
Thesis Advisor:
Raudlotul Jannah M.App.Ling
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
THE STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA 2016
Submited as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities the State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel
THE STUDY OF DEIXIS USED IN SHIRLEY JACKSON’S SHORT STORY “THE LOTTERY”
A THESIS
By:
Gadis Supandini Setiosari
Reg. Number A83212128
Thesis Advisor:
Raudlotul Jannah M.App.Ling
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF ARTS AND HUMANITIES
STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY OF SUNAN AMPEL SURABAYA
2016
Submited as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Arts and Humanities the State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel
ABSTRACT
Supandini Setiosari, Gadis. 2016. The Study of Deixis Used in Shirley Jackson’s Short Story The Lottery Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Advisor: Raudlotul Jannah M.App.Ling
Key Words: Deixis, Three Kinds of Deixis, Short Story “The Lottery”.
This research analyze about Deixis in Short Story The Lottery by Shirley Jackson. The goals of this research are to find out three kinds of deixis used in The Lottery and the important of context to interpret the intended message of The Lottery. Deixis can be interpreting if we know the context, because deixis tied with context. So, to answer the second question of this research context is needed.
In this research the researcher used qualitative method. The researcher used qualitative method because the data are in the form of sentences or utterance. It found in short story The Lottery by Shirley Jackson which contain three kinds of deixis: person, spatial and temporal deixis. Then, the researcher explains the data by descriptive explanation.
The techniques of the collecting data in this research are reading, underlying and segmenting. After collecting the data the researcher analyzes the data that include three kinds of deixis. From the analysis the researcher found 139 deitic words. Those are 37 words of first person deixis (10 inclusive of we), 26 words of second person deixis, 52 words of third person deixis, 12 words of spatial deixis (5 proximal and 7 distal of place) and 12 words of temporal deixis (7 proximal and 5 distal of time ).
xiv INTISARI
Supandini Setiosari, Gadis. 2016. The Study of Deixis Used in Shirley Jackson’s Short Story The Lottery Thesis. English Department, Faculty of Arts and Humanities, State Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
Pembimbing : Raudlotul Jannah M.App.Ling
Kata Kunci : Deixis, Tiga jenis Deixis, cerita pendek “The Lottery”.
Skripsi ini menganalisis tentang deixis dalam cerita yang berjudul “The Lottery” yand ditulis oleh Shirley Jackson. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui tiga jenis deixis yang digunakan dalam cerita “The Lottery” dan mengetahui pentingnya konteks untuk menafsirka maksud yang ingin disampaikan dari cerita “The Lottery”. Deixis hanya biasa ditafsirkan jika kita mengetahui konteksnya, karena deixis terikat dengan konteks. Jadi untuk menjawab pertanyaan yang kedua dari penelitian ini, konteks sangat dibutuhkan.
Pada penelitian ini peneliti menggunakan metode qualitatif. Peneliti menggunakan metode qualitatif karena data berupa kalimat dan ucapan. Itu ditemukan pada cerita “The Lottery” oleh Shirley Jackson yang termasuk tiga jenis deixis: deixis orang, deixis tempat, dan deixis waktu. Kemudian, peneliti menjelaskan data dengan menguraikannya.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INSIDE COVER ... i
INSIDE TITLE PAGE ... ii
DECLARATION PAGE ... iii
MOTTO ... iv
DEDICATION PAGE ... v
THESIS ADVISOR’S APPROVAL PAGE ... vi
THESIS EXAMINER’S APPROVAL PAGE ... vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... viii
TABLE OF CONTENT ... x
ABSTRACT ... xiii
INTISARI ... xiv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the study ... 1
1.2 Research problems ... 5
1.3 Research objectives ... 5
1.4 Significance of the study ... 6
1.5 Scope and limitation ... 6
xi
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
2.1 Theoritical Framework ... 9
2.1.1 Pragmatics ... 9
2.1.2 Deixis ... 11
2.1.3 Kinds of Deixis ... 12
1 Person Deixis ... 12
a. First Person ... 13
b. Second Person ... 14
c. Third Person ... 15
2 Spatial Deixis ... 15
3 Temporal Deixis ... 16
4 Discourse Deixis ... 17
5 Social Deixis ... 18
2.2 Review of The Related Studies ... 18
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research approach ... 21
3.2 Data and data source ... 21
3.3 Research instrument ... 22
3.4 Data collection ... 22
CHAPTER VI FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Findings ... 26
4.1.1 Three kinds of deixis that found in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson ... 26
4.1.2 Deixis interpretation ... 44
4.2 Discussion ... 48
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION 5.1 Conclusion ... 51
5.2 Suggestion ... 52
REFERENCES
APPENDIX I
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1Background of The Study
A good communication can be achieved if the messages of speaker and
listener are able to be understood by each other. It means that the speaker has
ability to convey his or her thought and the listener can understand what the
message of the speaker’s utterance. People must pay attention to five components
to achieve a good communication, such as sender, message, delivery channel or
media, receiver, and effect. (1) Sender is people that delivered messages. (2)
Message is the speaker’s utterance, it can be idea, information, suggestion, etc. (3)
Delivery channel or media is a method to delivered message. (4) Receiver is
people that received messages. (5) Effect is an impact from the message of
speaker.
In communication, it is important to know how a message from sender can
make impact or effect to receiver. There are three impacts in communication: first
cognitive impact, that is an impact increases knowledge of listener. This could
mean that at the beginning the listener don’t know anything about the message of
speaker, but the listener become know after the speaker delivered his or her
message. Second affective impact, that is an impact can appeared feeling like
happy, sad, angry, etc. Third behavioral impact, that is an impact actualized with
action or behavior (Effendy, 2008: 6). Above all those things, the message and the
meaning of the utterance must be clear. Sometimes what is uttered by the speaker
2
only literal meaning but also intended meaning. Such studies are found in
Pragmatics study.
Pragmatics is the study of contextual meaning. This study shows how the
context influences what the speaker said and the interpretation meaning of
speaker’s utterance in a particular context. It requires a consideration of how
speakers or writers organize what they want in accordance with whom they are
talking to, where, when, and under what circumstances (Yule, 1996: 3). There are
some words that can’t be interpreted at all if we don’t know the context,
such as here, there, this or that, now and then, today or tomorrow,
yesterday, etc. Therefore, in a communication context is important to interpret the
meaning.
Another pragmatics, study that also concerned with meaning is semantics.
Pragmatics and semantics can be viewed as different parts or different aspects of
the same general study (Kreidler, 1998: 18). The different parts are: Semantics
concerns with meaning of utterance or sentences. But pragmatics requires some
aspect to interpret utterances, like context and speech situation. To know the
context or the background of the utterance, deixis can help the people easier to
understand the meaning of the utterance. Because deixis deals with context
which we know that it always presents in every communication in our daily
life.
Deixis is one or the other part of pragmatics that important for writen and
spoken. Without deixis the reader cannot understand the speaker means in
3
some definitions of deixis from linguists. One of definitions come from Yule
(1996), deixis is a technical term that use for pointing. It means that language has
deitic words which reffer to things the speaker context. Deixis is one of the most
basic things that people do with utterances. There are many researchers that
analyze deixis, because deixis is needed by people in communication. Deixis can
help speaker and hearer to understand each other what the intended meaning of
speaker’s utterance. Almost researchers analyze using deixis theory based on
Levinson. But, in this research, the researcher used theory of deixis based on
Yule. He divided deixis into three, namely person deixis point to things or person
(It, I, we, me, etc), spatial deixis used to point to a location (here, there), and
temporal deixis used to point to a time (now, then). This research focuses on two
points: First, exclusive and inclusive first person deixis we. Second, proximal and
distal of spatial and temporal deixis. So, it is the reason why the researcher just
analyzes three kinds of deixis. For example:
(There are two students in the class, one of them tell the other)
We clean up after ourselves around here
In the sentence above, the words “We” is first plural person deixis because it
refers speaker and hearer and include inclusive person. The word “ourselves” is
first plural person deixis, it refers back to We, and the word “around here”
indicate a place deixis where the participant in the speech event. Deixis ”we”
include inclusive person deixis, because it refers to a group including the
addressee(s).
In reading literary works, sometimes reader can get difficulties in
4
messages as like in short story. But, we can know the speaker or the writer
means by knowing the context in which they are used. Based on A Glossary of
Literary Terms/Seventh Edition (Abrams, 1999: 286), short story is a brief work
of fictional prose, and it has shorter pages than a novel. A short story usually
focuses on one plot, one main character (with a few additional minor characters),
and one central theme. The short story was later developed than the novel. It was
invented during nineteenth century. The themes of short story are variable, such
as: romance, resistance, struggle, custom or tradition, etc. One of short story
writer that has custom or tradition theme in her short story is Shirley Jackson.
Shirley Jackson is one of the most influential authors in the twentieth century.
Shirley Jackson was born on December 14, 1919 in San Francisco. She spent her
childhood in nearby Burlingame, California and began writing poetry and short
stories as a young teenager in 1930-1933. She attended the University of
Rochester. After a year, in 1936, she withdrew and spent a year at home
practicing writing, producing a minimum of a thousand words a day. During her
career, she published approximately one hundred separate short stories, one
collection of stories, six novels, two children’s books, some thirty non-fiction
articles and book reviews, two humorous family “memoirs,”and a juvenile stage
play. She got praised for her stories and novels of the supernatural, including the
well-known short story The Lottery (Bloom, 2001: 11).
The Lottery is a short story published in 1948 that became a classic horror tale.
In addition to stories dealing in abnormal psychology. It concerns the blind
5
struggle of Tessie Hutchinson as a main character. At the beginning story the
people of the village gather in the square, between post office and the bank,
around ten o’clock. Before the lottery begin almost people take a stone. The
lottery was conducted by Mr. Summer, he arrived carrying the black wooden box
that contain a small paper. Among paper there is one paper with black sign, if
people get it, she or he will be die. In this story Tessie Hutchinson was get the
paper with black sign. At the end of the story Tessie will be stoned to death.
Therefore, this research emphasized to a study of deixis used in short story
The Lottery by Shirley Jackson. This research deals with every utterance that
related with the three kinds of deixis based on George Yule and used qualitative
descriptive method.
1.2Statement of The Problems
Based on the background of study above, this study is undertaken to
answer the following question:
1. What are kinds of deixis used in short story The Lottery by Shirley Jackson?
2. What are the interpretations of the deixis in short story The Lottery by Shirley
Jackson?
1.3Objectives of The Study
Based on the problem above, the objectives of the research are:
1. To find out what kinds of deixis are used in short story The Lottery by Shirley
6
2. To describe the interpretations of the deixis in short story The Lottery by
Shirley Jackson.
1.4Significances of The Study
This research purposed for giving both theoretical and practical contribution.
First theoretically, the researcher wants this research give contribution to
developing linguistics related to analysis of deixis in short story entitled The
Lottery by Shirley Jackson. The writer hopes that it will give new knowledge
about kinds of deixis that used in short story The Lottery.
Second practically, this research is expected to give useful information to
another researchers, students of English Department, especially in State
Islamic University of Sunan Ampel Surabaya, and readers. For another
researchers, this research is expected to provide the base theory and as a
reference in analyzing kinds of deixis based on George Yule more deeply. For
the students, this research is expected to give useful science in
understanding theory of deixis. Besides that, this research is expected to give
inspirations addition for the readers who are interested in this research and
it will be the alternative reference for the readers who are interested in
researching in the same theory. And also for the researcher of this research, this
research can increase knowledge about deixis.
1.5Scope and Limitation
This research is focused on deixis theory based on George Yule which
7
The short story entitled The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is taken from short story
collection of prose book. There are ten short stories in this book. Most of the short
stories contain of deixis, but the researcher chooses a short story The Lottery by
Shirley Jackson. The researcher selected it randomly from ten choices to be one
choice. Finally, this research limits the data of three kinds of deixis found in short
story The Lottery as the result of randomly selection that published by Shirley
Jackson.
1.6Definition of Key Terms
a) Deixis is word used to pointing or referring to something. The deixis can refer to people, time, place or social in speech event. It is only determined
by knowing the context in which people are used (Cruse, 2006: 44).
b) Short Story is a brief work of fictional prose, and most of the terms for analyzing the component elements, the types, and the various narrative
techniques of the novel are applicable to the short story as well. The short
story differs from the anecdote, the unelaborated narration of a single
incident in that, like the novel, it organizes the action, thought, and
dialogue of its characters into the artful pattern of a plot (Abrams, 1999:
286)
c) The Lottery is the title of a short story that written by Shirley Jackson. It concerns with black tradition and the negative consequences of such an
action and struggle of Tessie Hutchinson as a main character. At the
beginning story the people of the village gather in the square. Before the
8
Summer, he arrived carrying the black wooden box that contain a small
paper. Among paper there is one paper with black sign, if people get it, she
or he will be die. In this story Tessie Hutchinson was get the paper with
black sign. At the end of the story Tessie will be stoned to death.
d) Shirley Jackson is the author of The Lottery. She is one of the most brilliant and influential authors of the twentieth century. She got praised
9
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
This chapter contains two main discussions. First the theoretical
framework, it about the theories related to this research. The several theories are
pragmatics, deixis and kinds of deixis. The Second part is review of the related
studies, it about some studies related to deixis analysis.
2.1Theoretical Framework 2.1.1 Pragmatics
Pragmatics is one branches of linguistics that deals with meaning depend
on context. This study explains about the intended or the real meaning of
speaker’s utternces. It requires a consideration of how speakers or writers
organize what they want in accordance with whom they are talking to, where,
when, and under what circumstances. It can also called study of contextual
meaning. Besides that, there are three definitions about pragmatics comes from
Yule (1996: 3). The first, pragmatics is a study of how to investigate the
meaning of speaker’s utterances or sentences in speech event. The second,
pragmatics is a study to get more information of the speaker saying. It means,
the addressee(s) or listener(s) should catch what is the important point or the
intended meaning of the speaker utterances and make conclusion after it. The
last, pragmatics is a study of the expression of relative distance. It means that
how close the listener and the speaker know each other, such as the closeness of
10
Therefore, context is necessary in study of pragmatics. Especially in
communication studies, because it is an essential factor in the interpretation of
utterances and expressions. Context can influences the meaning and help the
hearer easy understand what the speaker said. Additionally, knowledge of speech
situation such as speaker, hearer, goal, utterances, place, and time is also
necessary to understand speaker’s utterances. There is study that required context
and speech situation to interpret the meaning of speaker namely deixis (pointing
via language).
The study of Deixis is not only explained in pragmatics, but also in
semantics. Pragmatics and semantics can be viewed as different parts, of the same
general study. The different parts are: Pragmatics is the study of utterance
meaning, but semantics is the study of sentence meaning and word meaning.
Pragmatics deals with context-dependent, which means pragmatics can be
interpret based on context (tied with context). Semantics deals with
context-independent, which means semantics is not tied with context.
For example:
Maria : let’s go to supermarket Jane.
Jane (1): no, I am very busy at home. Jane (2): I don’t have money.
Jane (3): I want to go to hospital.
The sentences above there are three Jane’s answer from Maria’s question.
In semantics answer Jane (1): Jane directly rejects invitation from Maria with her
reason. In pragmatics there are some possibility answers from Jane such as: Jane
11
(hospital). But she uses answer Jane (1) to reject Maria’s invitation. Based on
example above context of situation is needed to know the intended meaning of
Jane’s answer.
2.1.2 Deixis
Deixis is word or phrase that used to pointing to something. It is always
exist in speaking or writing. Deitic words are typically pronouns, demonstrative
(this/that, these/those), certain time and place adverbs (here, now). The reference
of word deixis is nomadic, because it can understand by knowing context.
Without knowing who the speaker or writer, addressee, what time the note was
written or speaker says, and the location of speech event, we are hard to
understand of the message. Those words that we cannot interpret without context
are sometimes called deitics.
Deitic terms used to refer to ourselves, to others, and object in our
environment. The usage of the term ‘deixis’ is variable, but most typically it
designates referring expressions which indicate the location of referents along
certain dimensions that speaker used (time and place of speaking) (Cruse, 2006:
44). For example:
I am now reading book in the library.
The word “I” is first person deixis. The subject pronoun “”I” refers to the
person uttering the sentence. The time which “now” denotes is dependent on
the moment of statement is uttered. The word “in the library” indicates a place
12
2.1.3 Kinds of Deixis
Every linguist has different opinion about kinds of deixis. According to
Cruse (2006: 45), he divided deixis into two sub-types: main sub-types and minor
sub-types. There are three main sub-types of deixis: spatial, temporal, and person
deixis, and two minor sub-types: social and discourse deixis.
1. Person Deixis
Person deixis is word deixis reference to the participant role in speech
event, such as: speaker, addressee and neither speaker nor addressee. Person
deixis divided into three, first person deixis I used for the speaker, second person
deixis you used for addressee, and third person deixis (he, she, it) used for neither
speaker nor addressee. Person deixis includes singular and plural.
Table 2.1 Singular and Plural of Person Deixis
First person is person who speaks and gets a role in speech event. It refers
to speaker or both of speaker and a group including speaker (e.g. I, we). The first
person deixis as follow:
First person singular pronouns: I, me, myself, my, mine.
First person plural pronouns: we, us, ourselves, our, ours.
There are two kinds of first person deixis we, exclusive and inclusive first
person deixis. Deixis that refers to a group not including the addressee(s) is called
14
addressee(s) is called inclusive first person deixis (Crystal, 2008: 359). This
exclusive and inclusive use of we is also true with the use of us. Let us may be
inclusive or exclusive, while let's is inclusive. For example:
A. Please let us have two window seats.
B. Let's get on board now.
In the fist utterance (A) there are two passengers checking in an airport
counter. One of them speaks to the clerk. The word “let us” in the utterance is
inclusive person, because it refers to speaker who speaks to the clerk including
the addressee. In utterance (B) Two passengers sitting in the airport lounge. One speaks to the other. The word “Let's” in utterance B is exclusive person, because in that situation the one of pesenger speak to the other. So, isn’t refers to group including addressee.
b. Second Person
Second person is a person who becomes a listener or addressee (you). It is
encoding of the speaker’s reference to one or more addressees. In addition, the
second person is addressed, if there is a relationship between the first and the
second person in speech event (Levinson, 1983: 68). The second person deixis as
follow:
Second person singular pronouns: you, yourself, your, yours.
Second person plural pronouns: you, yourselves, yourselves, your, yours.
For example:
Stefanie will performe on the stage tomorrow (sing a song).
Sinta: Stefanie what are you doing?
15
Sinta: Oh…my God, kept calm and be yourself.
In the example above the word “yourself” is second person deixis that
refers Stefanie. It is reflective pronoun as a singular second person deixis.
c. Third Person
Third person is a person or persons who are neither speaker nor addressee
(she, he, it). It differs from first and second person in speech event. While the first
and second person pronouns are direct participants in a basic interaction. But, the
third person refers to outsiders. A third person form is used in cases where a
second person form would be possible (Saeed, 1997: 178). The third person deixis
as follow:
Third person singular pronouns: he, him, his, she, her, it.
Third person plural pronouns: they, them, their.
For example:
George is reading novel in bedroom and his sister watching movie beside him.
In the sentence above there are words “his and him”. The possessive and
object pronoun “his and him” can be categorized as third person singular of
deixis. It refers to George.
2. Spatial Deixis
Spatial or place deixis is the words and phrases used point or refer to a
location in a speech event. The spatial deixis can indicated locations close to
16
expressions which designate space close to the speaker (proximal). There and
that/those which respectively indicate entities removed or away from the speaker
(distal) (Kreidler, 1998: 145). Here is the example of spatial deixis:
Bring that here and take this there
Based on example above, the words “here and there” are deitic place. It is
indicate that the word “here” is place close to the speaker and the word “there” is
away from the speaker. So, there is something that the speaker wants to move by
addressee.
3. Temporal Deixis
Time or temporal deixis is words and phrases that refer to time in speech
event. The words now, then, yesterday, today, tomorrow, last week, next month
are temporal deixis. These are all relative to the time when people are used in
communication. Additionally, in temporal deixis there are also proximal and distal
forms. The proximal “now” used to indicating both the time coinciding with the
speaker’s utterance and the time of the speaker’s voice being heard. And the distal
“then” applies to both past and future time relative to the speaker’s present time
(Yule, 1996: 14).
Table 2.2 The Deitic Expession of Time
Proximal Distal
Now Then
This time Tomorrow
This month That time
17
Today Last week
Next April
Next month
Before
Recently
Yesterday
For example:
We can’t go today, but tomorrow will be fine.
In the sentence above, there are words “today and tomorrow”. The words
“today and tomorrow” can be categorized as temporal or time of deixis. It refers
to time when the speaker can go. The word “today” includes proximal of time and
the word “tomorrow” includes distal of time.
4. Discourse deixis
Discourse deixis is referring to text deixis. Discourse deixis has to do
with the encoding of reference to portions of the unfolding discourse in
which the utterance (which includes the text referring expression) is locate.
We may use phrases such as “In the following chapter” or pointers such as
“this/that” to refer to large parts of discourse that are located within the discourse
itself (Hatch, 1992: 220). For example:
I bet you haven’t heard this story
From the sentence above the word this is include discourse deixis. Word
18
5. Social deixis
Social deixis is the pronoun systems of languages which grammaticalize
information about social identities or relationships of the participants in the
conversation. Social deixis is used to code social relationships between speaker
and addressee or audience (Hatch, 1992: 220). It is show how different social
rankings and the participant of communication relationship within society via
language. Such as your honor, your royal highness, Mr. president, and so on.
Hatch (1992: 221) said there are two kinds of social deixis:
a. Relational deitic are term in that they locate persons in relation to speaker
rather than by their roles in the society as a whole. Example: my husband,
cousin, teacher, you, her, and so on.
b. Absolute deitic are form uniformly attached to a social role. Example: your
honor, Mr. President, and so on.
2.2Review of The Related Studies
There are many researchers who have been done in analyzing deixis. But,
researchers presented their research using different perspectives. Every researcher
makes something unique in their research that to be different from others. They
use various object of their research with deixis theory, such as film, talk show,
drama, poetry, novel, and so on. Here are research that researcher used as previous
studies:
The first research is written by Afiyah (2014). She examined deixis used in
book one novel A farewell to Arms by Ernest Hemingway. The researcher
19
deixis theory based on Levinson (1983), namely person, place, time, discourse
and social deixis. She also uses qualitative method in her research.
The result of this research she find that deixis is used to point
something in order to make clear what a writer means in all pages of this
novel. The three kinds person deixis is mostly used in A Farewell to Arms
novel (first, second, third person).
The next study by Uddin (2009) is a student from Maulana Malik Ibrahim
State Islamic University of Malang. He discussed deixis in nineteen
advertisements (electronic products and Airlines Services) under title A Deixis in
the Writing Form of Advertisement in Time Magazine. His research was
conducted by using descriptive qualitative method, because the data of this study
were in the writing form of advertisement in Time magazine.
The result of his research he found some kinds of written forms of
advertisement such as: Reason Why Form, Sense Appealed Form, Testimonial
Form, and Conversational Form in Time Magazine. The deixis often found are
Pronoun Deixis and Place Deixis. In almost all advertisements the personal
pronoun "you" existed. Its pronoun refers to the readers or customers. Place deixis
in the advertisements are "anywhere' in Siemens that call be interpreted as
some places where the readers need to use their mobile phone.
The researcher uses Afiyah and Uddin’s researchs as previous studies
because have the similar topic that is deixis. But, this research has distinction
from Afiyah and Uddin’s researchs. The researcher more deeply analyzes than the
20
temporal deixis. Every kind of deixis in this research more deeply analyzes.
Example in first person deixis this research also analyzes “we” as first person
with exclusive and inclusive and in spatial and temporal deixis this research
21
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter discussed about research approach, and data collection. The
approach of this research included explanation qualitative research. There are also
the explanations of the data source, the instrument that used in this research,
technique of data collection and technique of data analysis.
3.1 Research Approach
There are two methods that usually the researcher used in linguistics research,
namely qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative method concerned with
structures and patterns, but quantitative method concerned with numbers. It means
that qualitative method is analyzing data with the description of something and
quantitative is analyze data using statistical that is particular mathematics tools
with numerical data (Litosseliti, 2010: 51).
In this research the researcher used qualitative method. The researcher used
qualitative method because the data are in the form of sentences or utterance. It
found in short story The Lottery by Shirley Jackson which contain three kinds of
deixis: person, spatial and temporal deixis. Then, the researcher explains the data
by descriptive explanation.
3.2 Data and Data Sources
The data in this research is the sentences and utterances in the short story The
Lottery by Shirley Jackson which contains three kinds of deixis. The short story
22
And the data source of this research is a Shirley Jackson’s short story
entitle The Lottery that contains many types of deixis namely: person, place,
time, discourse and social deixis.
3.3 Research Instrument
The instrument of this research is the researcher herself, because the
researcher obtained the data by collecting and investigating used herself. An
instrument is important to obtain the needed data and analyze the data. It based
on Yin (2011: 122) she stated that the researcher will be serving as the main
research instrument. Being the main research instrument requires fieldworkers to
be aware of the instrument’s potential. These include conditions arising from the
researcher personal background, motives for doing the research, and categories
or filters that might influence your understanding of field events and actions.
3.4 Data Collection
The researcher took the data from sentences and utterances in short story The
Lottery. The procedures of collecting data are:
1. Reading, that is the researcher read and understand the whole text of Shirley
Jackson’s short story, entitled The Lottery.
2. Underlining, that is the researcher collect the data by underlining the the
23
3.1 Example of underlining utterances in The Lottery
3. Segmenting, that is the researcher segmented the data based on three kinds of
deixis exist in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson in the form of table. The
researcher put the table in appendix. The researcher gives a checkmark (√) in
the table of segmenting three kinds of deixis. Here are example table of
segmenting:
Table 3.2 Sample table of three kinds of deixis that found in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson
No. Data Three Kinds of Deixis
Person Spatial Temporal
F S T P D P D
1. "(I) Thought my old man was out back stacking wood," Mrs. Hutchinson went on. "And then I looked out the window and the kids were gone, and then I remembered it
25
3.5 Data Analysis
The researcher uses several steps to analyze the data. First, the researcher
identifying sentences and utterances of the short story The Lottery which contains
three kinds of deixis. Second, the researcher categorizing data based on deixis
types, namely person deixis, spatial deixis and temporal deixis that appear in short
story The Lottery. Third, to answer the first research problem, the researcher
analyzes the data that include three kinds of deixis and gives a sign of deitic
words by quotation mark and italic writing. The last, the researcher interpreting
the data obtained from each category to answer the second question of this
CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter divided into two main parts. The first parts of this chapter is
the findings and interpreting data of three kinds of deixis. The three kinds are
person, spatial or place, and temporal or time deixis. Besides that, the researcher
makes summary analysis on the table form. The second parts, the researcher
provided discussion which contained the process of gathering information on the
deixis.
4.1 Findings
4.1.1 Three Kinds of Deixis that found in The Lottery by Shirley Jackson
There are some characters in the short story The Lottery by Shirley
Jackson. The main characters are Tessie Hutchinson, Bill Hutchinson, Mr. Joe
Summers and Old Man Warner. The first character is Tessie Hutchinson who a
woman in the village that get paper with the black sign. The second character is
Bill Hutchinson who is husband of Tessie. The third character is Mr. Joe
Summers who is a powerful and wealthy man and the administrator of the lottery.
He was a round-faced, jovial man and he had no children. The fourth character is
Old Man Warner who is the oldest man in town and has participated in
seventy-seven lotteries.
From the result of this research, the researcher found three kinds of deixis
27
kinds of deixis are found in utterances and sentences between characters inThe
Lottery can be seen below:
1. Person Deixis
Person deixis is word deixis reference to the participant role in speech
event, such as: speaker, addressee and neither speaker nor addressee. Person
deixis divided into three namely, first, second and third person. First person is
person who speaks and gets a role in speech event. It refers to speaker or both of
speaker and a group including speaker. Second person is a person who becomes a
listener or addressee. It is encoding of the speaker’s reference to one or more
addressees. Third person is a person or persons who are neither speaker nor
addressee. The first person that found in the data is 37, the second person is 26
and the third person is 52.
From each categorizes of deixis, the researcher analyzes based on the
position of pronoun and the distant (time and place). The position of pronoun such
as: pronoun as subject, object, Possessive Adjectives, Possessive Pronouns and
Reflexive Pronouns. First is example about first person deixis as subject.
Data 1
"I guess not, Joe." Bill Hutchinson said regretfully. "My daughter draws with her husband's family; that's only fair. And I've got no other family except the kids." (The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 6)
The utterance above stated by Mr. Bill Hutchinson to Mr. Summers. The
conversation happens in the Town Square. After Bill’s family gets the lottery, Mr.
28
households in his family, but not include Bill’s family. Eva is Bill’s daughter. She
has been married with Don. If every daughter in that town have husband, they
draw with their husband’s families.
Analysis:
The deixis in the utterances above are “I and I”. The two subject pronouns
“I” can be categorized as first person singular. It refers to speaker, which is Mr.
Bill Hutchinson. The author used word “I” in the character Mr. Bill Hutchinson to
said that his daughter don’t draw with his family in the lottery, but with her
husband’s family.
Data 2
"Well, now." Mr. Summers said soberly, "guess we better get started, get this over with, so we can go back to work. Anybody ain't here?" (The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 3)
The utterance above stated by Mr. Summers to the Villagers. The villagers
have gather in square. Mr. Summers ready to start the lottery. Then, he began
absent the villagers. He asked to the villagers who aren’t in the town square.
Analysis:
The deixis in the utterance above are words “we and we”. It included first
person plural deixis. There are two kinds of first person deixis “we”, exclusive
and inclusive first person deixis. Deixis that refers to a group not including the
addressee(s) is called exclusive first person deixis. And deixis that refers to a
group including the addressee(s) is called inclusive first person deixis (Crystal,
29
refers to speaker including addressees. The speaker said to listener or addressees
the lottery is began. The adressees are villagers.
Second, position of first person deixis is object. The example of first
person deixis as object can be seen in the data below:
Data 3
"Wouldn't have me leave my dishes in the sink, now, would you. Joe?," and soft laughter ran through the crowd as the people stirred back into position after Mrs. Hutchinson's arrival. (The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 3)
The utterance above stated by Mr. Bill Hutchinson to Mr. Summers. It
happens in the Town Square. Mr. Joe Summers is a head of the lottery in that
town and Tessi Hutchinson is one of villagers that followed the lottery. In that
conversation Mrs. Hutchinson come late to the square. Mr. Joe Summers
supposed the lottery begin without Mrs. Hutchinson.
Analysis:
The deixis in the utterance above is words “me”. The word “me” include
pronoun as object. It can be categorized as first person singular. The object
pronoun “me” refers to Mrs. Hutchinson as speaker. It based on context of this
utterance: Mrs. Hutchinson said. Grinning.
Data 4
"How many kids, Bill?" Mr. Summers asked formally. "Three," Bill Hutchinson said.
"There's Bill, Jr., and Nancy, and little Dave. And Tessie and me." (The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 7)
The utterance above stated by Mr. Bill Hutchinson to Mr. Summers. The
30
in his family which followed the lottery. Then Bill answers his question, the
member of his family are He, Tessi and three kids namely, Bill Junior, and little
Dave that draw in his family.
Analysis:
The deixis in utterance above there is “me”. It can be categorized as first
person singular of deixis. The objective case “me” refer to Mr. Bill
Hutchinson that asked by Mr. Summers to give information about Bill’s family
and based on the context in the utterance above (Data 7).
Data 5
"Be a good sport, Tessie." Mrs. Delacroix called, and Mrs. Graves said, "All of us took the same chance." (The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 6)
The utterance above stated by Mrs. Graves to Mrs. Hutchinson. The
utterance happens in the Town Square. Tessi hutchinson shouted to Mr. Summers.
She said that Mr. Summers didn’t give her husband time enough to take a paper
in the black box. Then Mrs. Delacroix and Mrs. Graves warned Tessi about that.
Analysis:
The deixis in the utterance above is word “us”. It can be categorized as
first person plural deixis. The word “Us” include inclusive. It refers to a group
including the addressee. Here, Mrs. Graves speaks to Mrs. Hutchinson as an
addressee in this utterance. She warns to Tessi that all of villagers took the same
change in the lottery.
Third, position of first person is Possessive Adjectives. The example of
31
Data 6
A tall boy in the crowd raised his hand. "Here," he said. "I'm drawing for my mother and me." (The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 4)
The utterance above stated by Jack (a tall boy) to Mr. Summers. It happens
in the Town Square. Mr. Summers asked a question “Watson boy drawing this
year?" then, a tall boy his name is Jack answer his question. He draws for his
family.
Analysis:
The deixis in the utterance above is “my”. The possessive adjective “my”
can be categorized first person singular. The word “my” followed by noun
“mother”, because it can’t stand alone. It refers to Jack (Watson boy) that
belonging to his mother.
The next, kinds of person deixis is second person deixis. The example of
second person deixis as subject can be seen in the data below:
Data 7
"You get ready to run tell Dad," Mrs. Dunbar said. (The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 5)
The utterance above stated by Mrs. Dunbar to her older son. It happens in
the Town Square. The next family who take a paper in the black box is Dunbar’s
family. Mrs. Dunbar wish Mr. Summers and the villagers hurry finish the lottery.
32
Analysis:
The deixis in the utterance above is word “you”. The subject pronoun
“you” can be categorized as second person singular. It refers to Mrs. Dunbar’s
older son. It is based on the context in the previous utterance "I wish they'd
hurry," Mrs. Dunbar said to her older son. "I wish they'd hurry." "They're almost
through," her son said.
The example of second person deixis as object can be seen in the data
below:
Data 8
"I tell you it wasn't fair. You didn't give him time enough to choose. Everybody saw that." (The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 7)
The utterance above stated by Mrs. Tessi Hutchinson to Mr. Summers. It
located in the Town Square. The people had done opened their paper and Bill’s
family that get the paper with the black sign. Tessi Hutchinson said to Mr.
Summer to start again the lottery, because her husband doesn’t have enough time
to take the paper.
Analysis:
The deixis in the utterances above is word “you”. The word “you” can be
categorized as second person singular. The object pronoun “you” refers to Mr.
Summers as addressee. The author used word “you” to tell that Tessi doesn’t
accept her family get the lottery. She said Mr. Summers as a head of the lottery
33
Data 9
"I can't run at all. You'll have to go ahead and I'll catch up with you." (The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 8)
The utterance above stated by Mrs. Dunbar to Mrs. Delacroix. It located in
the Town Square and happens at the end of the story. Tessi Hutchinson gets paper
with the black sign. All of the villagers take a stone. Mrs. Dunbar tells Mrs.
Delacroix to run fast, but she can’t run very fast.
Analysis:
The deixis in the utterances above is word “you”. The word “you” is object
pronoun. It can be categorized as second person singular. The object pronoun
“you” refers to Mrs. Delacroix who tells to Mrs. Dunbar to run fast. It based on
context in the previous utterance: Mrs. Delacroix selected a stone so large she had to pick it up with both hands and turned to Mrs. Dunbar. "Come on," she said.
"Hurry up."
The example of second person deixis as Possessive Adjectives can be
seen in the data below:
Data 10
"Watson" The tall boy came awkwardly through the crowd. Someone said, "Don't be nervous, Jack," and Mr. Summers said, "Take your time, son." (The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 6)
The utterance above stated by Mr. Summers to Jack Watson. It located in the
Town Square. Jack Watson came forward through the crowd. He looked like very
34
Analysis:
The deixis in the utterance above is word “your”. The possessive adjective
“your” include second person singular of deixis. It refers to character Jack Watson
belonging his time as a listener or addressee. The word possessive pronouns can’t
stand alone. It is usually followed by noun. In this utterance the possessive
pronoun “your” is followed by word of Time.
Other kind of person deixis is third person deixis. The example of second
person deixis as subject can be seen in the data below:
Data 11
"Here comes your, Mr. Hutchinson," or "Bill, she made it after all." (The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 3)
The utterance above stated by The Villagers (two or three people) to Mr.
Bill Hutchinson. It located in the Town Square. Mrs. Hutchinson comes to town
through the crowd. She looks for her husband and son. Two or people said to her
husband about it.
Analysis:
The deixis in the utterance above is “she”. The subject pronoun “she” can
be categorized as third person singular. It refers to Mrs. Hutchinson as a person
who are neither the villagers nor Mr. Bill Hutchinson. It is based on context in the
previous sentence: Mrs. Hutchinson craned her neck to see through the crowd and
35
Data 12
"Dunbar," Mr. Summers said, and Mrs. Dunbar went steadily to the box while one of the women said. "Go on. Janey," and another said, "There she goes." (The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 5)
The utterance above stated by a woman to another woman. It happens in
the Town Square. Mr. Summers calls Dunbar’s family. Then, Mrs. Dunbar came
forward to draw for her husband. There are some woman said to her when she
through the crowd.
Analysis:
The deixis in the utterance above is word “she”. The subject pronoun
“she” can be categorized as third person singular of deixis. It refers to another
person. The another person is Mrs. Dunbar. It s based on context situation of this
utterance: Mrs. Dunbar went steadily to the box while one of the women said. A
woman gives a support to her and another said to see her.
The example of third person deixis as object can be seen in the data below:
Data 13
"You didn't give him time enough to take any paper he wanted. I saw you. It wasn't fair!" (The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 5)
The utterance above stated by Mrs. Hutchinson to Mr. Summers. It located
in the Town Square. The villagers looking for Hutchinson’s family. The other side
Bill Hutchinson shocked and looked a paper with black sign in his hand. Tessi
disagree with that.
Analysis:
The deixis in the utterance above are “him”. The object pronoun “him” can
36
person and based on context in previous utterance: Bill Hutchinson was standing
quiet, staring down at the paper in his hand. Suddenly. Tessie Hutchinson shouted
to Mr. Summers.
Data 14
Old Man Warner snorted. "Pack of crazy fools," he said. "Listening to the young folks, nothing's good enough for them. Next thing you know, they'll be wanting to go back to living in caves, nobody work anymore, live hat way for a while. Used to be a saying about 'Lottery in June, corn be heavy soon.' First thing you know, we'd all be eating stewed chickweed and acorns. There's always been a lottery," he added petulantly. (The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 5)
The utterance above stated by Old Man Warner to Mr. Adams. It located
in the Town Square. Mr. Adam tells to Old Man Warner that the lottery will be
over in the north village. But, Old Man Warner said it pack of crazy fools.
Analysis:
The deixis in the utterance above are words “them”. The pronouns “them”
can be categorized as thrid person plural of deixis. Object pronoun “them” is
person neither speaker nor addressee or listener. It refers to the young folks,
because Mr. Summers said about the young folks to Mr. Adams.
The example of third person deixis as possessive adjective can be seen in
the data below:
Data 15
37
The utterance above stated by Mr. Summers to The villagers. It happens in the
Town Square. Mr. Summers consulted the name of villagers one by one based on
his list. He said Clyde Dunbar’s family, but Mr. Dunbar’s leg is broke.
Analysis:
The deixis in the utterances above is “his”. Pronouns “his” can be
categorized as third person singular. The possessive adjective “his” refers to Mr.
Clyde Dunbar. He is another person among Mr. Summers and the villagers which
are include the list of the lottery.
Data 16
"There's Don and Eva," Mrs. Hutchinson yelled. "Make them take their chance!" (The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 6)
The utterance above stated by Mrs. Hutchinson to Mr. Summers. It located
in the Town Square. Mr. Summers said Bill draw for his family and he asked to
Bill the other households in his family. Mrs. Hutchinson yelled Don and Eva
incluude Bill’s Famliy, but Mr. Summers explained to her that daughters draw
with their husband’s family.
Analysis:
The deixis in the utterance above is word “their” that utter by Tessi. The
possesive adjective “their” can be categorized as third person plural of deixis. It
refers to Don and Eva as other person that deliberated by Tessi. It is indirect
38
2. Spatial Deixis
Spatial or place deixis is the words and phrases used point or refer to a
location in a speech event. The spatial deixis can indicated locations close to
speaker and removed from speaker. The words here and there are locative
expressions which designate space close to the speaker (proximal). This/these and
that/those which respectively indicate entities close to or removed from the
speaker (distal) (Kreidler, 1998). The spatial deixis that found in the short story is
7 words. The proximal of place deixis almost exist. Here are example data of
proximal place deixis:
Data 17
"Well," Mr. Summers said, "guess that's everyone. Old Man Warner make it?" "Here," a voice said. and Mr. Summers nodded. (The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 3)
The utterance above stated by Old Man Warner to Mr. Summers. It located
in the Town Square. Mr. Summers checked every people in the town based on list.
He calls Old Man Warner now and a voice answer him.
Analysis:
The deixis in utterance above is “here”. The word “here” can be
categorized as spatial or place deixis. It refers to place of Old Man Warner exist.
The word “here” is locative expressions which designate space close to the
speaker (proximal). In this utterance the word “here” indicated that Old Man
39
Data 18
"There goes my old man." Mrs. Delacroix said. She held her breath while her husband went forward. (The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 5)
The utterance above stated by Mrs. Delacroix to Mrs. Graves. It located in
the Town Square. It’s time Mr. Delacroix go foward.. Mrs. Delacroix and Mrs.
Graves have a conversation about the lottery. Then, she look at her husband who
went forward.
Analysis:
The deixis in the utterance above is word “there”. The word “there” can
be categorized as spatial or place deixis. It refers to place of Mrs. Delacroix’s
husband went forwad. The word “there” include distal place of deixis. It’s
indicate place that removed or away from the speaker.
Data 19
"Harburt.... Hutchinson."
"Get up there, Bill," Mrs. Hutchinson said. and the people near her laughed. (The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 5)
The utterance above stated by Mrs. Hutchinson to the villager standing
near Mrs. Hutchinson. It located in the Town Square. Mr. Hutchinson is called by
Mr. Summers. Tessi heared it and said to Mr. Hutchinson go forward in the black
box.
Analysis:
The deixis in the utterance above is word “there”. The word “there” can
40
Mrs. Tessi Hutchinson instruct her husband to go forward. The word “There”
include distal place of deixis. It’s indicate place that away from the speaker.
3. Temporal Deixis
Time or temporal deixis is words and phrases that refer to time in speech
event. The words now, then, yesterday, today, tomorrow, last week, next month
are temporal deixis. These are all relative to the time when people are used in
communication. In temporal deixis there are also proximal and distal forms. The
proximal “now” used to indicating both the time coinciding with the speaker’s
utterance and the time of the speaker’s voice being heard. And the distal “then”
applies to both past and future time relative to the speaker’s present time (Yule,
1996). The proximal of time’s number in The Lottery is 7 and the distal of time’s
number is 5 words. Here are examples data of the proximal time:
Data 20
When he arrived in the square, carrying the black wooden box, there was a murmur of conversation among the villagers, and he waved and called. "Little late today, folks." (The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 2)
The utterance above stated by Mr. Summers to the Villagers. It located in
the Town Square. Mr. Summers arrived in the town square. He carrying the black
wooden box. He waved and said that the lottery little late today.
Analysis:
The deixris in the utterance above is “today”. The word “today” can be
categorized as temporal or time of deixis. It refers to time of the lottery was
41
time coinciding with the speaker’s utterance and the time of the speaker’s being
heard.
Data 21
"Horace's not but sixteen vet." Mrs. Dunbar said regretfully. "Guess I gotta fill in for the old man this year." (The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 4)
The utterance above stated by Mrs. Dunbar to Mr. Summers. It located in
the Town Square. Mr. Dunbar is unwell, his leg broked. So, his wife draws for her
husband. His son still sixteen years old. Altough Mr. Summers knew it, he still
aks and waited the answer from Mrs. Dunbar. It is the bussiness of the official of
the lottery.
Analysis:
The deixis analysis in the utterance above is “this year”. The word “this
year” can be categorized as temporal or time of deixis. It refers to time of Mrs.
Dunbar draws for her husband. The word “this year” indicating both the time
coinciding with the speaker’s utterance and the time of the speaker’s being heard.
So, it called proximal.
Data 22
A sudden hush fell on the crowd as Mr. Summers cleared his throat and looked at the list. "All ready?" he called. "Now, I'll read the names--heads of families first--and the men come up first--and take a paper out of the box. Keep the paper folded in your hand without looking at it until everyone has had a turn. Everything clear?" (The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 4)
The utterance above stated by Mr. Summers to the villagers. It located in
the Town Square. Mr. Summers reads the name of family’s head that draw to his
42
Summers called his or her name to take a paper in the black box. The paper
doesn’t look until everyone has had it.
Analysis:
The deixis in the utterance above is “now”. The word “now” can be
categorized as temporal or time of deixis. It refers to time of Mr. Summers
reading a list of family head’s name, from the first name until the end. The word
“now” indicated as proximal of time. It both the time coinciding with the
speaker’s utterance and the time of the speaker’s being heard, because in this
utterance Mr. Summers’s utterance directly listens by addressees (the villagers).
Another kinds of temporal deixis is distal. The example of distal place can
be seen below:
Data 23
"Seems like we got through with the last one only last week." (The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 4)
The utterance above stated by Mrs. Delacroix to Mrs. Graves. It located in
the Town Square. Mrs. Delacroix said to Mrs. Graves that time of the lottery very
fast. They are not believed that the lottery conducted again. They are talking
together in the back row.
Analysis:
The deixis in the utterance above is “last week”. The word “last week” can
be categorized as temporal or time of deixis. It refers to time of previous the
43
indicated as distal. It indicates both past and future time relative to the speaker’s
present time.
Data 24
"Seventy-seventh year I been in the lottery," Old Man Warner said as he went through the crowd. "Seventy-seventh time." (The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 6)
The utterance above stated by Old Man Warner to Mr. Summers and the
villagers. It located in the Town Square. It’s time for Old Man Warner came
forward. He had been the lottery as long as Seventy-seventh year. He is the older
person than other villagers in the town.
Analysis:
The deixis in the utterance above is “seventy-seventh year”. The word
“seventy-seventh year” can be categorized as temporal or time of deixis. It refers
to time of Old Man Warner had been the lottery (Seventy-seventh time). The
word “seventy-seventh year” indicating both past and future time relative to the
speaker’s present time or distal of time.
Data 25
"Then, as far as drawing for families is concerned, it's you," Mr. Summers said in explanation, "and as far as drawing for households is concerned, that's you, too. Right?" (The text of short story can be seen in Appendix I, Page 6)
The utterance above stated by Mr. Summers to Mr. Bill Hutchinson. It
located in the Town Square. Mr. Summers tells to Mr. Bill Hutchinson that he
