532 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM

MUREX (PTEROPURPURA) CARPENTERI

Dall.

Plate

XXXIV,

fig.9.

PUronotU!^ carpcrUerl Dall, Nautilus, XII, No. 12, April, 1899, p. 138.

Farallonos T.slands, California, south to the vicinity of San Diogo, California, in 15 to 60 fathom.s. U.S.N.M., 122596.

The

shell i,s of a

somewhat

^livid pale brown, pinkish toward the apex and white around the aperture.

The

surface, except of the nuclearwhorls and the anterior facesof the varices, is smooth.

The

genusresembles Pterorhytls

Conrad

very

much,

exceptin the absence of the spur on the outer marginof the aperture.

There

are three series ofcontinent varices.

This subgenus

was

indicated

by

Jousseaume, in 1880; the

name

Pkronotus Swainson, is preoccupied

by

Gray, in Reptilia. In 1899, however, Rovereto proposed for this

group

the

name

Pterymurex^

whichis entirelyunnecessary; an occurrencewhich

shows how

inad- visableit istopropose

new names

for those supposed to bepreoccu- pied, without

knowing

the whole history of the

names

in question, and theirsynonyms.

MUREX (PTEROPURPURA) PETRI

Dall.

Plate

XXXIV,

^fig.7.

kurex])etriDall,Nautilus, XIV, August, 1900, No. 4, p. 37.

San Pedro, California, in about 50 fathoms; Oldroyd.

U.S.N.M.,

122553.

This species is of a yellowish-white color, covered withfinely im- bricated spiral threads, of which about everyfourthone is slightly larger.

The

apertureis white and the varices distally recurved.

ANTISTREPTUS, new genus.

Shell small, having the general

form

of Anachis, sinistral, with a dextral nucleus; the

operculum

as in Troplion. Type, A. magellani- cus Dall, Straitsof Magellan.

ANTISTREPTUS MAGELLANICUS,

newspecies.

Shell small, porcellanous white with a straw colored periostracum, sinistral with a

smooth

polished dextral nucleusand about four subse- quent whorls; spire rather acute,

body

whorl moderately rounded;

suture distinct; pillar straight,

unarmed;

canal short, rather wide, slightlyrecurved; outerlipsimple,sharp; nocallusonthebody; sculp ture of strong, high, coarsely beaded spirals with narrower inter- spaces, the swellings or beadsoccurring vertically below one another onthe several spiralsgiving theeU'ectofribs; thereare

two

spiralson

NO.1264.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF AMERICAN SHELLS— BALL. 533

the first whorl and three on the sub.'^equent whorls in front of the suture, and on the last whorl there are nine or ten diminishing in size forward,

from

theperiphery to the endof the canal, but of the

same

general type; they are crossed onlyb}"fine incremental lines. Lon. of shell 4.5; max. diam. 2.5

mm.

Dredged by

theU.S.Fish

Commission

steamerAlbah'ossinthestraits ofMagellan at .station 2777,in 20 fathoms, gravel. U.S.N.M., 9G190.

This ver}'remarkablelittleshell has the general

form

ofyiWAnaclds^

but the sculptureis

more

like

some

of the species of Trophon^ while the pale yellow^ operculum isalso

much

like thatof Trophon. If it

were

not that thetorsion of the nuclear and subsequent whorls is in oppositedirections, theshell

might

betaken for a \evyminutereversed Troplwnor ZTwiialjnnx. It

may

bethatthe

two

specimens which were obtained and which a.gree perfectly are immature, and that the aper- ture

may

^{be Urate}

when

fully grown, but there is no indication in the shell to suggestit.

Genus TROPHON

Montfort.

The

genus Trophon^ founded on the Patagonian species ge'vet^siamis of Pallas, belongsto the Purpuroid

group

^of Murices with Ocinehra and Eupleura.

The

largerspecies

show

the peculiar rotating impi-ints onthe proximal faceof the operculum, which are usually regarded as characteristic of Purimra.

The

smallerspecies with thin operculado notalways develop these markings.

The

nucleusof the

operculum

is

on the outer side between the middleand the lower angle, exactlyas in

some

Purpuras, withacallusaround the innermargin.

The

nuclear whorls of Troplum are small and either inflated or,

by

reason of a smallcarina, flattened above and tilted, so that the plane of the first

whorl forms an angle with that of the succeeding whorls. This is

sometimes.so

marked

that at first sightit appearsas ifthe nucleus

was

reversed as in PyrcmiideUidcE^ but a careful examination

shows

that this is not the case. Mo.st .specieshave the nepionic whorls immedi- atelyfollowing the nucleus sculptured,

and

often cancellated,whether theremainderof the whorls are so or not,indicating the derivation of the

group from

a cancellated, or, at least, a sculptured ancestral type.

The

typical

Trophons

arechieflyaustral and havea rather character-

istictypeof

form and

sculpture.

The

boreal forms

show more

variety

and

have developed severaltypes

among

themselves,all diflerent

from

the antarctic group,

and

which I therefore separate as a genus, Boreo- trop>h(m (Fischer, 1884). This genus, again, is divisible into several sections characterized

by

their sculpture.

The

typical Boreotnplion has lamellar varices, the spiral sculptureis absent or feeble, and the

operculum

is elongated

and narrow

with the nucleus apical,

and

no purpuroid markings on the inner face.

The

section

TrophomypsU

(B., D., and D., 1882) has spiral sculpture quite emphatic, and .some-

534 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MVSEUM.

^vouxxiv.

tiinos the varices sire obsolete.

The

operculiun is shortand wide with anapical nucleus, butwith purpuroidmarkings on the inner face. In each

group

a transition toward the other section

may

be observed in

some

species. Both agree in dentition and station. In the majority oi speciesthere isoccasionally developed a carina at theshoulderover whichthe varices are elevated into spinesor elevatedscales.

Thereare, however, specieswhich alwa3^s have an angle orvarical spine at the shoulder.

The

development of the varices is difi'erent in ditt'ercMit individuals of the

same

species, as in

Murex;

specimens

from

a lin(^ sand}" or soft l)ottom will frequently have remarkal)ly broad, thin, expanded varices; while those

from

an unfavorable situs, as a grav(dly l)()ttom,

may

have the varices degenerated to

mere

lines hardl}" raisedabove the surface except at the shoulder. These dif- ferences, though systematically not important, affect the general appearance of theshell very

much

andare liable to mislead students unfamiliar with the

group

into an

undue

multiplication of species.

On

the other hand the general impression of varia))ilit3' which these nuitations give is apt to lead to the ignoring of real differences ofa

more

stable kind, and hence several very distinct species have been consolidated b}- too hast}' monographers.

The

^species which have a small

compact

bod}'

and

spire, coronated with spines, anda long rather straight canal, have been separatedas a section PagoduJa by Monterosato in 1884, with

B.

carinatus Bivona, as type; 1)ut taken in connection with other species, these, like the species of Troj^hojioj^sis, gradually

merge

^into the typical

form

of the genus, even within the limits of the

more

variable species.

A

group

which perhaps deserves distinction is that which I will call Aetivoirophon^ based on

B.

actinopJtorus Dall, in which with the structure of the thin Boixotrophon with long coronating spines is

united a feature, not elsewhere noted in the genus, of successive canals, so curved that the projecting old ones, recurving

from

the siphonal fasciole

form

a whorl of hollow split spines, diverging

from

a deep umbilical pit, as in

some

murices. In Murex., however, the canal is closed andthe aperture has a projectingcallous margin.

Another- group, possibly

worthy

of sectional distinction, appears in thefauna of southern California,

where

it is represented

by Tmphon

trUiiK/uJatus Carpenter, T. cerroseiisii^ Dall, and T. pinnatus,

new

species. These forms are large, with prominent varices, hardly any spiral sculpture, and

brown

or yellow coloration.

They

have the typical purpuroid operculum of the Antarctic Trtphon, but not its

stumpy form

or coarse reticulate sculpture.

The

siphonal fasciole is

more

or less gyratoryand between it andthe edgeof the apertureis a distinct um))ilical chinkor even adeep perforation. If thesearecon- sidered sufKcienth'

marked

to deserve a sectional name, they

may

be I'eferred to the genus Tr(p]u>)i with that rank, under the

name

of Austrotvipfi on^.

NO.12&4. ILL

USTRA TIONS OF A MERICAN SHELLS—DA

^LL. 535

A

subdivision of the old

group

includedunderthe

name

of

Trop/wn was

published^{^} by

De

Gregorio. This

was

hastily done, and several of the groups had previously been named,while others are hetero- genous.

Examples

are cited, but notypes selected.

The scheme

is as follows:

Genus Trophon deGregorio, 1885,

=

Trophon,Montfort, 1810.

Subgenus Pinon de Gregorio, 1885,

=

Boreotrophon ^{Fisc^her,} 1884,

+

^{Fmus sp.}

+

ColiunhariuiavonMartens, 1881.

SubgenuH Clialition deGregorio, 1885,

=

Trophono}>sisBucquoy, Dautzenlierg, and DollfuH, 1882.

Siil)genus Pirrjofi- deGregorio, 1885, maystand as a section of Troph(yn<qm>iwith TropJion alirolafu^ (8()wer])y) Wood, astype.

Subgenus }npus deGregorio,1885, foundedon Tr(>i>ho)i giiratu^Hinds, isprobably referal)Ieto VoraUiophUaorLatiaxis.

There

a

number

of other genera which have been proposed which are closeIj^ related to Trophon^ but which will notl)e discussedon this occasion.

I need not dwellon

some

groups proposed

by Hutton

forAntarctic forms

which

he places under Trophon^ but

which

appear to

me

to be

more

properlj^

grouped

under genera like

Purpura

or Ocmehra.

A

few noteson austral

American

species

may

be offered here.

TROPHON CRISPUS

Gould.

FusxL^ crispus Gould, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. History, III,May, 1849, p. 141;

OtiaConch.,p.64; ShellsoftheWilkes ExploringExpedition, 1852,p. 229, pi. xvi,-figs. 279, 279rt, 279c (notfig. 2796).

TrophoncrispusGould,OtiaConch.,p. 245, 1862.

Orange

Harbor, Patagonia, Couthouy. Type,

U.S.N.M.,

5^77.

With

this as a variety

was

included the following very distinct species:

TROPHON PELECETUS,

new species.

Fusus crispus var.,Gould, Shells of the Wilkes P'.xploring Expedition, 1852, p. 229, ^pi. XVI, fig. 2796.

Thisremarkable form, though

much

smaller than the T.crispus^has one

more

whorl,beingseven, including the nucleus.

The

spireis very acute,the last whorl

much

the largest,withdeeply constrictedsutures;

the whorls tabulate above with nine very strong angularvarices, the interspaces

narrow

anddeep, the distaledges of thevarices thick

and

broad,

somewhat

crenulate

by

revolving threads, sometimes obsolete between the varices, and on

them

crossed

by

prominent incremental lines;

margin

of theaperturecallous,butnotdenticulate; canal slender, slightlyrecurved,andratherlong.

The

colorisyellowishwhite. Lon.

ofshell lo.5; of aperture 9.0; max. lat. of shell 8.0

mm.

'Bulletinofthe SociStaMalac. Italiano, XI, p. 27, August, 1885.

^NotPijrgus, Hilbner, 1816, Lepidoptera.

536 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

^vol.xxiv.

The

verypeculiar sculpture recalls that of

some

species of Cancel- lariidseof thegenusTrigono^toma. In the

young

therevolving threads are

more

prominent than in theolderspecimens. U.S.N.M.,98451.

?

TROPHON UNICARINATUS

Philippi.

Eusii^unicarinatusV's.wAwx,Malak. Blatt., XV, Dec, 1868, p.223.

TrophonunicarinatusTeyon, Man. Conch., II, 1880, p. 151.

Magellan Strait, Acton, Jide Philippi; dredged

by

the U. S. Fish

Commission

steamer Albatross in the strait, at station 2777, ⁱⁿ 20 fathoms, gravel,

U.S.N.M.,

96193.

The

little shell described

by

Philippi under the

name

of

Fusus

has

much

the aspect of a miniature ('hri/Kodomiix of the desjx'ctu.s type.

If soit isthe only representativeof that

group

inthe Antarctic. It is

more

likel}^, in spite of the resemblance, that it is related to the Tro- plion^ so abundant in these seas. Unfortunately all the specimens dredged were destitute of the soft parts, so that the anatomical fea- turesand operculum remain

unknown.

The

nucleus islargefor thesizeof the shell, smooth, inflated, and so loosely twisted thatit at lirst suggestsa sinistral l)eginning, which is

not contirmed by a closer examination.

The

whorls are flat above, with a strong, l)lunt peripheral carina and a second less prominent keel, just ])elow the periphery, on which the suture islaid.

The

sur- face isaxially faintly striated

by

the incremental lines.

The

l)ase is

moderately rounded and passes into a slightly recurved canal as in

Chrysodomus.

The

bod}^of theshellisof the palebrown,witha slight tinge ofpurple,characteristic of theArctic Chrysodom!, but the pillar iswhite and so is the canal, and the keels are lighter than the bod}^

color of the shell.

The

outer lip is simpleand hardly thickened and the throat smooth.

The

largest specimen obtained ])y the Fish

Com-

mission was 8.5

mm.

in length and 5

mm.

ⁱⁿ

maximum

width.

The

longest diameterof the aperture

was

a little lessthan 5

mm.

^; there

were two

nuclear and thi'ce subsequentwhorls.

Altogether it is a remarkable little shell, which a comparison with the

young

of several of the larger prosobranchs of the region indi- cates to beawell-deflnedanddistinct species,

worthy

of

more

thorough study than

my

material

makes

practicable.

GENUS BOREOTROPHON

(Fischer) 1884.'

In briefly reviewing the

group

it

may

be useful to enumerate the borealspecies bygeographical regions,namely, thatof North Europe, including the northeast Atlantic, Iceland, and Greenland, which belongs

more

to

Europe

than America, faunall}'; of the northeast coast of North America, including the cold deep waters adjacent

which

carry boreal species far southward of their natural habitatif

^If Bolten'sundefinednamesare tobe acceptedthis genus,byelimination, must take thenameof Neptunea.

N0.1264.

ILLUSTRATIONS OF AMERICAN SHELLS— BALL. 537 we

regard onl>"the .surface isotherms; and of the North Pacific and Bering Sea, including the adjacent portions of the Arctic

and

the northern islandsof Japan.

The

species of the northeast Atlantic are as follows, omitting those of the Mediterranean and the Azores which are clearl}- su})tropical and do not enter the cold abysses or extend ^their range north of Gibraltar:

BOREOTROPHON CLATHRATUS

Linnaeus.

Thisis the

Marex

clathratm Linnaeus, 1766, described

from

an Ice- landic specimen; it is the

M.

_hamffius

Donovan,

1803,

and

has been confounded with

most

of the t3^picalarctic speciesof BoreotropJion

by

authors.

Morch

stated in his catalogue of Greenland shells (1857) that this species

was

called Trltonium rossU

by

Leach, and he sent a specimen tothe U. S. National

Museum

under the

name

of Trojjhm rlchardmn'ii Gray,

from

Spitsbergen. ^'Both of these

names

_appearto be unpublished

—

^{or at least I have been unable to find}

them

in the literature.

Reeve

in his

monograph

of

Fusus

figures

two

species under the

name

of hanjjius(sic), butneitheristhehamffini^of Donovan.

Morch

also refers to the latter the fossil

Mm'ex

costatusof Hisinger, 1837. It is a small but stout shell with very

round

whorls, a short and

much

recurved canal, ten to eighteen rather irregular, rarely prominent,

more

orless appressed laminarvarices, no spiral threads, andonly rarely any fine spiral striation. Ihav^e seen none exceeding 30

mm.

in length, and at the shoulder the angle of the varices is

rarelypresent; and if present, feeble and inconspicuous. Its range extends

from Finmark

to Greenland. I have never seen an

American

specimen.

BOREOTROPHON TRUNCATUS

Strom.

This is

Buednum

truneatuui Strom, 1767; it is frequently con- founded withthe preceding and with B. scalm'iformixGould. Itisa small species, not exceeding 17

mm.

in length and usually smaller.

It wasfigured liy Forbes

and Han

ley under the

name

of hamjfiius, but

it is not the original hamjfius of Donovan. It has

numerous

low, rather irregular and close-set varices which are oftenobscurely crenu- late as if

by

obsolete spiral threads; there is rather strong spiral striationinwell-developed specimens.

The

canal^isshortandobliquely truncate,the aperture

and

canal shorterthan the spire. It is the

most common

North Atlantic species, and extends in10 to 50 fathoms

from Finmark

to Greenland

and

south to

Georges Banks

on the

American

coast.

BOREOTROPHON GUNNERI

Loven.

This species, discriminated ])y the accurate

Loven

in 1846, has been widely and generally confused with

B.

cfaf/mitif.s^ of which it is

538 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL MUSEUM.

^vouxxiv.

usually callodavariety. That species sometimeshas a feeble varical angle onthe shoulder, butthepresentone ^is alwaysangular there, the varices stand out

from

the shell and are distinctly developed; the suture is ratherconstricted andthe whorl in frontof it usually exca- vated; the surface is closely spirall}^ striated, the spire elevated, the canal nearlystraight. Thereare eightto elevenvaricesand the angle at the shoulder ^is often nearly spinose.

The

species reaches a length of 33 nuu.,and ranges

from Finmark

to Greenland

and

Massachusetts in 3 to 200 fathoms. It is a

more

slender and elegant shell than

£.

dathmtax. Reeve'sfigure of '"''Fusiix^'' gunner! in the Iconicadoes not representthis species.

SectionTROPHONOPSISBucquoy, Dautzenberg, andDoUfus,1882.

BOREOTROPHON MACLAINI,

new species.

Shell small, yellowishwhitewithliveor

more

whorls; nucleustilted,

smooth,flatabove, withthe

margin

ofthe planeformingastrong carina which is continued as aspiral threadat the shoulderinthe subsequent whorls; thefirstwhorlwhichfollows the nucleus has

two

spiralthreads, the

number

of these graduallyincreases until the fifth whorl has thir- teen, closer in frontofthe suture and behindthe shoulder

and

alsoon the l)ase; less

crowded

on the peripheiy, and crossing (on the fifth

whorl twenty) arcuate, regular, slightly -elevated ribs with subequal interspaces

which

extendoverthe periphery

and

fade outon the base;

spire longer than the aperture; canal straight or slightly recurved, short; pillarstraight,obliquely truncateinfront; periostracumyellow- ish; Ion. of shell 6.5; ofaperture 3.2; max. diam. 3.0

mm.

Dredged

otf the coast of Greenland

by

P^nsign C. S. McClain, of U. S. S. Alert.

U.S.N.M.

126974.

Thisisa Troplwnopsis.,

somewhat

of thetypeofB.harvicensu.,which, however, has a rounded nucleus and lamellar varices.

The

single specimen obtainedis not fully mature and the speciesdoubtless attains a

somewhat

largersize. Itcannotbemistaken for any of the other species of the region.

BOREOTROPHON CRATICULATUS

^Fabricius.

This isthe

Trltonmm

craticulatum Fabricius in1780 (not the

Murex

craticif/atusoi Linna?us),the T.fabriciiBeck, 1842,

and

the T. horealis of

Reeve

(as Murex), ^1845.

Greenland is its metropolis, but ^it extends, in 30to 80 fathoms, to the

Newfoundland Banks

on the south and

Finmark

on the east. Itis

the type of the section Trophonopsis. and is readily recognized

by

^its elongate form, thin, rather rudevarices

and

strong spiral threading.

It rarely developsa varical angleat the shoulder.