CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
C. Speaking Accuracy and Fluency
1. Accuracy
According to Hornby (1995: 9) accuracy is the state of being correct or exact and without error, especially as a result of careful effort. Webster dictionary (1996: 15) accuracy is the quality of being accurate. While in oxford dictionary (1996: 20) accuracy is degree of being correct. Marcel (1978) states that accuracy is a people in using appropriate word and pattern of sentences.
Accuracy covers three elements that can not be separated one another. They are grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation.
A. Grammar
According to Hornby (1995: 517) grammar is the rules in a language for changing them into sentences. Grammar is a branch of linguistics study that deal with classes of words, their inflection or their means of indicating relation to each other function and relation in the sentences as employed according to established usage and that is sometimes extended include related matter.
Webster (1996: 275) While Ba’dulu (2004: 15) states that grammar is the organization of words into various combinations, often representing many layers of structure, such as phrases, sentences, and complete utterances.
Cook (1991:9-11) defines these types of grammar as in the following:
1. Perspective grammar that prescribes what people should say. It is the rules found in school-books; say the warnings against final preposition in sentences.
2. Traditional grammar concern with labeling sentences with part of speech. Analyzing sentences mean labeling the part their names and giving rules that explain verbally how they may be concerned.
3. Structural grammar concerned with how words go into phrases structure, which shows how some words go together in the sentences.
4.Grammar as knowledge, it refers to the native speakers’ knowledge of language.
Simon and Schuster (1976: 792) define grammar as in the following:
1. The study of language which deals with the forms and the structure of words (phonology) and with the customary arrangements in phrase and sentences (syntax).
2. The system of word structures and word arrangements of a given language at a given time.
3. The system of rules for speaking and writing a given language.
4. A book containing such rules.
5. Ones manner of speaking or writing. It has to be learned because the valuable transmission in speech through the understanding of structural pattern.
B. Vocabulary
It is impossible without mastering vocabulary. Therefore this element is somewhat essential to learn before practicing speaking. The students sometimes get trouble in memorizing all vocabulary that they know because they lack of practicing and use them. Thus, they need to practice more to keep them in mind.. According to Hornsby (2000) vocabulary is all the words that person knows or uses. While Harmer (2001: 10) distinguishes two types of vocabulary in the words, active vocabulary and passive vocabulary is the words, which we want students to understand, but they will not use themselves.
In addition, Marcel (1978: 10) defines that someone can be consider of having good vocabulary use, when the vocabulary produce is wide (lack of repetition) or appropriate with certain situation of dialog or speech. Furthermore, harmer (1991: 159) classifies vocabulary into three types, they are:
1. Active vocabulary: the words are customarily used in speaking.
2. Reserve vocabulary: the words we know but we rarely used them in ordinary speech. We use them in writing letters and in searching for synonyms.
3. Passive vocabulary: the words we recognize vaguely, but we are not sure of the meaning, never use them in either speech or writing. We just know them because we have seen it before.
In addition, Marcel in Chandra (2007: 19) defines that someone can be considered of having good vocabulary use, when the vocabulary produced is wide (lack of repetition) or appropriate with certain situation of dialogue or speech.
While Good (1959:6) defines vocabulary either the content or the function words of language which are learnt so through so that they become part of child’s understanding, spelling and later reading and writing. It also means words is having been heard or seen even though not produce by individual him self to communicate each other.
3. Pronunciation
It is the manner of pronouncing something articulate utterance (Webster:
1989). Certainly we all realize that pronouncing is one of speaking elements that have strong relation with vowel and consonant, stress and intonation (Wilkins in Ira: 2004:06). Pronunciation, intonation and stressed are learned by way imitating and repeating. Therefore, teacher of English should have a
good standard of pronunciation in other that the learner can imitate their teacher in teaching and learning process.
Sometimes the listener does not understand what we are talking about because lock in pronunciation. According to oxford dictionary (1996: 343) pronunciation is the way in which a language or particular word or sound is spoken.
According to Hornby (2000) pronunciation is way in which a language or a particular word or sounds is spoken. While Harmer (1991: 11) states that pronunciation is how to say a word in which made of sound, stress and intonation?
1. Sound
On their own the sound of language may will be meaningless some of preambles that speaker of English as foreign language because they have difficulty with individual sound.
2. Stress
Stress is a feature of word not only when the words construct phonemically minimal pair partner, but also giving shape to a word as spoken, (Boughton, 1980: 9).
3. Intonation
According to Harmer( 1991: 12) intonation means the tune you use when you are speaking, the music of speech.