1. Classroom Action Research (CAR)
According quote of Hodgkinson in the book Collaborative Action Research for English Language Teachers by Anne Burns, Action research is a direct and logical outcome of the progressive position. After showing children how to work together to solve their problems, the next step was for teachers to adopt the methods they had been teaching their children, and learn to solve their own problems co- operatively.
Boddanand Biklen stated that, Action research is the systematic collection of information that is designed to bring about social change.
Then Carrand Kemmis stated that, action research is simply a form of self-reflection enquiry undertaken by participant in social situation in order to improve the rationality and justice of their own
35Jean Mcniff and Jack Whitehead, All You Need About Action Research, Sage Publication, London : 2006, P. 7
practices, their understanding of these practices and the situations in which the practices are carried out.
The aim of action research is to contribute both to the practical concerns of people in an immediate problematic situation and the goals of social science by joint collaboration within a mutually acceptable ethical framework.36
In the classroom action research, the researcher would conduct the research in two cycles. Both of them will have the connection.
Every cycle consists of planning, action, observation, reflection. This is the step of classroom action research design:
Figure 1. Sequences of action research37
Kemmis and McTaggart Model
According to Kemmis and McTaggart model on the figure above, the researcher makes plan base question, how can I stimulate the students, change curriculum and change the question. Of course the
36Burns, Anne, Collaborative Action Research for English Language Teachers, (Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1999), p.29.
37Ibid, p.33.
researcher chooses appropriate technique to encourage students. The next step is act and observe, the researcher doing action in the class such as use the technique to teaching and observing the learning process. In step of reflect, the researcher thinks deeply about learning process and if the learning result still bad, the researcher revised plan with continue the general aim and do act, observe, reflect it again until the score of students improve significantly.
2. The Step of Classroom Action Research (CAR) a. Cycle I
1) Planning
This phase involves developing a viable plan of action for gathering data, and considering and selecting a range of appropriate research methods. The plan is aimed at trialing a particular course of action and collecting data on the outcomes of this action. 38Without the planning, the researcher will difficult to apply research and will not focus yet.
So, here are the steps in make planning:
a) The researcher identifies the problem causes and finds the problem solving
b) The researcher makes a lesson plan
38Ibid, p.37.
c) The researcher prepares the material, technique and media of teaching
d) The researcher prepares the source of learning e) The researcher prepares format to observe
f) The researcher prepares format to evaluate the students’
activities after teaching learning process.
2) Acting
Doing action is in this phase it means the actions that do with consciously and controlled using accurate and wise practices.39 Without this acting, the planning in first step is useless. The researcher implemented using Picture in English learning. Here the steps:
Table 3.2 Lesson Plan
Cycle Skill Activities
Pre Writing Activities
Teacher gives the material a blank text, picture, or lyric to the students
Teacher leads the
39Kunandar, Langkah Mudah Penelitian Tindakan Kelas Sebagai Pengembangan Profesi Guru, (Jakarta, Rajawali Press, 2013), p.72
students to the topic by using Picture related to the topic presentations.
While Writing Activities
Teacher teaches writing with students by using picture.
Teacher give the studenst a picture and asking students to write the story based on the picture they have.
Teacher asks the students to focus on their writing.
Teacher explains students which the purpose of the activity is;
students can write for the main idea, and for making inferences.
Post Writing Activities
Teacher gives some questions related to the topic.
Teacher and students
discuss the answer together.
Teacher gives
reinforcements to the students.
3) Observing
Observation has function documented the action to know the influence of the study.40 The observation is act during the learning process. Observing have the outline like student ability to answer the question, the participants of the student, repetition command, the writing error etc. the researcher will observe the student using notes to know how far the student ability on learning process.
4) Reflecting
In kemmis and McTaggart’s model, analyzing is not treated as a separate component of action research. However, in our experience, close analysis of data is often the stimulus for reflection so that these two elements become conflated.
40Ibid, p.73.
Therefore, considered as a combination of both analysis and reflection.41
So that the researcher analyzing and discussing learning process to find the difficulties and make more simple and effectively learning in writing Recount text using Picture.
This reflection is to decide the next cycle focus on the weakness in previous cycle. That means process do with action research is need a systematic planning. Every cycle will repair our teaching procedure.
b. Cycle II a. Planning
a) The researcher identifies the problem causes and finds the problem solving
b) The researcher makes a lesson plan
c) The researcher prepares the material, technique and media of teaching
d) The researcher prepares the source of learning e) The researcher prepares format to observe
f) The researcher prepares format to evaluate the students’
activities after teaching learning process.
b. Acting
The researcher will apply next action plan on cycle two.
41Burns, Anne, Collaborative Action, p.38.
c. Observing
The researcher will be observing the learning process by field note and observing format to collect the data on cycle two.
d. Reflecting
The last step is reflection and evaluation is done because the researcher was satisfied enough about the result and how the problem was solved. So, the researcher was not need to go to next cycle.