206 Multipurpose Tools for Bible Study
Judaica 207
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1957-64). The first volume adds a very detailed sketch of “the historical development of the Jewish people in Egypt during the Hellenistic-Roman-Byzantine age” (“Prolegomena,” 1-111;
quoted from p. 1) to papyri related to Jews and Jewish affairs during the Ptolemaic period. The second volume includes relevant papyri of the early Roman period; the third presents documents of the late Roman and Byzan- tine period, but without the anticipated papyri magici. Helpful references to learned discussions supplement the commentary accompanying each docu- ment. A corresponding type of publication for epigraphs was compiled by Jean-Baptiste Frey, Corpus inscriptionum iudaicarum (CII), 2 ~01s. (Rome:
Institute of Christian Archaeology, 1936, 1952).
George Foot Moore3 relies heavily on Schurer in his documentation of Pharisaic Judaism, Judaism in the First Centuries of the Christian Era, 3 ~01s.
(Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1927-30), acknowledged as one of the finest works on Jewish religion. Moore lays stress on tannaitic materials as sources for the study of “normative Judaism” (a disputed term), an approach followed also by Robert Travers Herford, a Christian scholar noted for his knowledge of rabbinics, who insisted in hisJudaism in the New Testa- ment Period (London: Lindsey Press, 1928) that 90 percent of Jesus’ teachings were of Pharisaic origin. See also his Christianity in Talmud and Midrash (London: Williams & Norgate, 1903; reprint, Clifton, N.J.: Reference Book Publishers, 1965).
Joseph Bonsirven in LeJudaisme Palestinien au temps de]esus Christ (Paris:
G. Beauchesne, 1934-1935) contends that Diaspora Judaism, with the excep- tion perhaps of Philo, made little impression on either Christianity or Judaism.
William Farmer’s Maccabees, Zealots and]osephus: An Inquiry into Jewish Nationalism in the Greco-Roman Period (New York: Columbia University Press, 1956) is an instructive study suggesting a probable connection between the nationalists of Josephus’s day and the Maccabees.
The Pharisees are the object of Louis Finkelstein’s specialized treatment in The Pharisees: The Sociological Background of Their Faith, 2 vols., 2d ed.
rev. (Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society of America, 1940), but his con- fidence in being able to deduce the structure of pre-A.D. 70 Pharisaism from tannaitic materials requires assessment under careful scrutiny of those sources.
208 Multipurpose Tools for Bible Study Judaica 209 modern treatments are desirable. Scholars are therefore grateful for the Greek
texts of numerous documents that are available in the series Pseudepigrapha Veteris Testamenti Graece (PVTG, published in Leiden: vol. 1, Testamenta XII Patriarchum: Edited According to Cambridge University Library MS Ff 1.24 fol. 203a-261b, With Short Notes, ed. Marinus de Jonge (1964; 2d ed. with some corrections, 1970); vol. l/2, The Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs:
A Critical Edition of the Greek Text, ed. de Jonge (1978); vol. 2, Testamentum Iobi, ed. S. P. Brock, and Apocalypsis Baruchi, Graece, ed. J.-C. Picard (1967);
vol. 3, Apocalypsis Henochi, Graece, ed. M. Black, and Fragmenta pseudepi- graphorum quae supersuntgraeca: Una cum historicorum et auctorum]udae-
orum hellenistavum fragmentis, ed. Albert-Marie Denis (Leiden: Brill, 1970).
Gratitude should also be expressed to Scholars Press for constantly pursuing scholars to produce texts and translations of such works, which are so impor- tant for understanding the contextual thought world of the New Testament.
To keep abreast, students should consult the periodic advertisements from Scholars Press for publications entered under “Society of Biblical Literature Texts and Translations: Pseudepigrapha Series” (Atlanta, Ga., 1972-).
Among introductions to the Apocrypha and pseudepigrapha, Robert Henry Pfeiffer, History of New Testament Times with an Introduction to the Apocrypha (New York: Harper, 1949), is the most thorough. William 0. E.
Oesterley, An Introduction to the Books of the Apocrypha (New York: Mac- millan 1935), and Charles C. Torrey, The Apocryphal Literature: A Brief Intro- duction (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1945), are also helpful. Aage Bentzen, Introduction to the Old Testament, translated from the Danish (Copenhagen: G. E. C. Gad, 1941) and revised by the author, 2 ~01s.
(Copenhagen, 1948-49; 2d ed. with corrections and supplement, 2 ~01s. in 1, Copenhagen and London, 1952; 3d ed. [1957]), carries briefer but never- theless meaty information (see 2:218-52). This volume is especially valuable for its studious elucidation of the sometimes neglected literary forms of the Old Testament and for its inclusion of relatively inaccessible Scandinavian material. Paul Volz, Die Eschatologie der jiidischen Gemeinde im neutestamentlichen Zeitalter, 2d ed. (Tubingen: J. C. B. Mohr, 1934), is the standard discussion of the eschatological accents in the intertestamental writings. For the study of New Testament biblical theology many consider it almost indispensable. For the boundlessly energetic, A.-M. Denis, Intro- duction aux pseudepigraphes grecs d’ancien Testament, Studia in Veteris Testamenti Pseudepigrapha 1 (Leiden, 1970), opens the way to pursuit of knowledge in many directions. For the quick tour, see David Syme Russell, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha: Patriarchs and Prophets in Early ]udaism (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1987).6
In the following list of Apocrypha and pseudepigrapha Rahlfs’s edition of the LXX is occasionally mentioned to alert the student to the specific pseudepi- graphic items included by that editor and to note certain peculiarities of cita- tion or arrangement of materials. The abbreviations “Charlesworth” and
“Denis” encode specific collections cited above.
TH E AP O C R Y P H A
Historical
1 Esdras (or Greek Ezra), an expanded version of Ezra-Nehemiah (MT).
In the Vulgate, 1 Esdras=Ezra; 2 Esdras=Nehemiah; 3 Esdras=Greek 1 Esdras; and 4 Esdras=the pseudepigraphic apocalypse.
1 and 2 Maccabees (for 3 and 4 Maccabees see below under pseudepigrapha).
Historical Romances Tobit
Judith
Wisdom Literature
Ecclesiasticus, or The Wisdom of Sirach (Siracides) The Wisdom of Solomon (Sapientia)
Additions to Canonical Books a. Miscellaneous
Baruch
The Epistle of Jeremiah
(For the Prayer of Manasseh=Rahlfs, Odae 12, see below under pseudepigrapha)
’ b. Additions to the Book of Daniel
The Prayer of Azariah (Rahlfs, Dan. 3~26-45)
The Song of the Three Children (Rahlfs, Dan. 3:52-90) Susanna
Be1 and the Dragon
c. Additions to the Book of Esther (indicated in Rahlfs by letters of the alphabet accompanying the number of the canonical verse either follow- ing or preceding the interpolations).
6 See also Nikolaus Walter, “Jewish-Greek literature of the Greek period:’ in The Cambridge History ofJudaism, vol. 2: The Helknistic Age, ed. W. D. Davies and Louis Finkelstein (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 385-408.
210 Multipurpose Tools for Bible Study Judaica 211 TH E PS E U D E P I G R A P H A
In the following list those marked with an asterisk are extant in Greek. “Denis”
refers to Albert-Marie Denis, ed., Fragmenta pseudepigraphorum quae super- sunt graeca (Leiden: Brill, 1970).
Legends
Letter of Aristeas”
Jubilees (fragments in Denis*)’
Martyrdom and Ascension of Isaiah (Greek fragment 2:4-4:4 in Denis”) Joseph and Aseneth”
Life of Adam and Eve*
Pseudo-Phil0
Lives of the Prophets Ladder of Jacob
4 Baruch (Paraleipomena ]eremiouzt) ]annes and Jambres (fragments in Denis”) History of the Rechabites*
Eldad and Modad (in Shepherd of Hermas 2.3.4; Denis”) History of Joseph”
Testaments (Some with Apocalyptic Material) Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs”
Testament of Job”
Testaments of the Three Patriarchs Testament of Abraham”
Testament of Isaac Testament of Jacob.
Testament of Moses (=Assumption of Moses; Latin text, but some Greek fragments*, Denis)
Testament of Solomon”
Testament of Adam
Apocalypses and Related Literature
1 Enoch (Ethiopic Enoch; some Greek fragments*, Denis)
’ The first edition of the Ethiopic text of ]ubilees since the publication by R. H. Charles in 1895 was done by James C. VanderKam, The Book of Jubilees, Scriptores Aethiopici 88,2 ~01s.
(Leuven: Peeters, 1989).
* The limited text base of E. Isaac’s translation in The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha (ed.
Charlesworth) invites preference for the rendering of Matthew Black in The Book of Enoch or
2 Enoch (Slavonic Enoch) 3 Enoch (Hebrew Enoch) Sibylline Oracles*
Treatise of Shem
Apocryphon of Ezekiel (fragmentary, Denis*)
Apocalypse of Zephaniah (fragmentary, including a citation ascribed to Clement of Alexandria; Denis* )
4 Esdras (in the Vulgate; for Greek fragments, see Denis, Fragmenta, 130-32”)
Greek Apocalypse of Ezra*
Vision of Ezra Questions of Ezra Revelation of Ezra Apocalypse of Sedrach”
2 Baruch (or Syriac Baruch; a Greek papyrus fragment in Denis’) 3 Baruch”
Apocalypse of Abraham Apocalypse of Adam
Apocalypse of Elijah (for Greek fragments, see Denis”) Apocalypse of Daniel”
Poetry
More Psalms of David (Psalm 151* Rahlfs; 152-155) Prayer of Mannaseh (Odes 12” Rahlfs)
Psalms of Solomon” (Rahlfs) Hellenistic Synagogal Prayers*
Prayer of Joseph” (Denis) Prayer of Jacob*
Psalms of Solomon” (Rahlfs)
Odes of Solomon (of forty-two odes, only no. 11 is extant in Greek; for the text, see “Papyrus Bodmer XI,” in Papyrus Bodmer X-XII, ed. Michel Testuz [Cologny-Geneve: Bibliotheca Bodmeriana, 19591)
Wisdom Literature Ahiqar
Life of Aesop (fragments in Denis*)
I Enoch: A New English Edition with Commentary and Textual Notes (Leiden: Brill, 1985), which takes account of Aramaic fragments (see J. T. Milik, The Books of Enoch: Aramaic Fragments of Qumran Cave 4 [Oxford: Clarendon Press, 19761) and the Greek fragments (see Black, Apocalypsis Henochi Graece [Leiden: Brill, 19701, l-44; for addenda and corrigenda of the latter, see Appendix B in Black’s later work). For some of the shortcomings in Black’s book, see the review by George Nickelsburg in JBL 107 (1988): 342-44.
212 Multipurpose Tools for Bible Study Judaica 213 3 Maccabees’ (Rahlfs)
4 Maccabee? (Rahlfs) Pseudo-Phocylides* (Denis)
The Sentences of the Syriac Menander
Fragments of Lost Judeo-Hellenistic Works (for the texts, see Denis, Fragmenta) Philo the Epic poet* (not strictly pseudepigraphic; Eusebius, Praeparatio
Evangelica [PYEv] 9; Denis, 203-4).
Theodotus” (Eusebius, PrEv 9; Denis, 204-7) Orphica” (see Denis, 163-67)
Ezekiel the Tragedian* (not strictly pseudepigraphic; Eusebius, PrEv 9.28-29; Denis, 207-16)
Pseudo-Greek Poets” (see Denis, 161-74)9 Aristobulus” (in Eusebius; Denis, 217-28)
Demetrius Judaeus* (Eusebius, PrEv 9, and Clement of Alexandria, Stromata 1.141.1-2; Denis, 175-79)
Aristeas the Exegete” (Eusebius, PYEV 9.25.1-4, and addition in Job 42:17a-e, Rahlfs; Denis, 195-96).
Eupolemus* (Eusebius, PYEV 9, and Clement of Alexandria, Stromata 1.141.4.; Denis, 179-86)
Pseudo-Eupolemus” (Eusebius, PrEv 9; Denis, “Anonymus quidam,’
197-98)
Cleodemus-Malchus” (Josephus, Antiquities, 1.239-41=Eusebius, PrEv 9.20.2-4; Denis, 196-97)
Artapanu? (Eusebius, PrEv 9; Denis, 186-95)
(Pseudo-)Hecataeus” (Josephus, in Contra Apionem; Denis, 199-2OO)lO The textual indexes in Jean Danielou, The Theology of&wish Christianity, trans. and ed. John A. Baker, The Development of Christian Doctrine Before the Council of Nicaea, I (London: Longman & Todd; Chicago: Regnery Co., 1964), offer a practical point of entry into the hermeneutical techniques of
9 Included are fragments from Jewish writers ascribed to classical authors. The sequence in Denis, Fragmenta, 161-74: Aeschylus; Sophocles; Euripides (=Euripides/Philemon, in Charles- worth, Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, 2:827-28); Orpheus (cited as Orphica in Charlesworth);
Pythagoras; Diphilus, pp. 168-69 (=Diphilus/Philemon/Euripides in Charlesworth, 2:828-29);
Menander (=Philemon/Menander in Charlesworth, 2:829-30); Diphilus, p. 171 (=Diphilus/
Menander in Charlesworth, 2:829); Euripides; (Hesiod) Homer; Callimachus, pp. 171-72 (=Various Epic Poets, Charlesworth, 2:823-24).
lo Denis, Fragmenta, 157-60, also includes Letters of Heraclitus, nos. 4 and 7, thus giving them a Jewish provenance, but see Schiirer, Geschichte, 3/1:695, citing V. Martin’s new papyrus evidence, Museum Helveticum 16 (1959): 77-117.
many pseudepigraphic writers and early ecclesiastical writers, with frequent glances at the canonical texts.
Indispensable for searching the mass of philological data in the pseudepig- rapha is Albert-Marie Denis, Concordance grecque des pseudepigraphes dancien testament: Concordance, corpus des textes, indices (Louvaine-in- Neuve: Universite Catholique de Louvain, 1987). Alongside it one can make use of the lexical help provided by Christopher Abraham Wahl, Clavis librorum Veteris Testamenti apocryphorum philologica (Leipzig, 1853,); for the reprint of this work (Graz: Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, 1972) Johannes Baptista Bauer contributes an index of words used in fragments of Greek Enoch, Psalm of Solomon, Apocalypse of Moses, Paralipomena ofJeremiah, Apocalypse of Baruch, Testament of Abraham A, B; Testament offob, Testa- ment of Solomon, Greek Apocalypse of Ezra, Apocalypse of Sedrach.
Not strictly intertestamental but in a related category are apocryphal writ- ings bearing specifically on the New Testament. Wilhelm Schneemelcher’s thorough revision of Edgar Hennecke, Neutestamentliche Apokryphen in deutscher Libersetzung, 3d ed., 2 ~01s. (Tubingen: J. C. B Mohr [Siebeck], 1959-64), incorporated much new Coptic material. An English translation appeared in two volumes under the title New Testament Apocrypha, trans.
and ed. R. McL. Wilson, 2 ~01s. (Philadelphia: Westminster, 1963-65).
Wilson’s edition improved the German factually, expanded the bibliography, and overshadowed Montague Rhodes James’s less complete collection in The Apocryphal New Testament: Being the Apocryphal Gospels, Acts, Epistles, and Apocalypses with Other Narratives and Fragments (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1924). But the rapid pace of discoveries and further pondering of a vast assemblage of data required such extensive revision of Hennecke-Schneemelcher that a 5th rev. German ed., 2 vols (1987-89), bore only the name of Schneemelcher. To keep pace, Wilson brought out a revised edition of his translation of the first volume, “rigorously checked and revised against the new German edition” (Cambridge, UK: James Clarke & Co.; Louisville:
Westminster Press, 1991). Students who prefer their apocrypha in French can resort to Fransois Amiot, La Bible apocryphe: Evangiles apocryphes (Paris:
A. Fayard, 1952), which ranges beyond the gospel material.
Since (Hennecke-) Schneemelcher does not contain original texts, the student must consult the sources as listed, for example, in the front matter of BAAR and the English editions of Walter Bauer’s lexicon. New Testament students owe an immense debt of gratitude to Aurelio de Santos Otero for bringing together so much that wanders without much notice in the byways of learn- ing. His collection of apocryphal gospel material, Los evangelios apocrifos:
Coleccibn de textos griegos y latinos, version critica, estudios introductorios, commentaries e ilustraciones, 6th ed. (Madrid: Biblioteca de Autores Chris- tianos, 1988), includes a general introduction, followed by the texts, for which de Santos Otero first offers a translation and then the Greek or Latin form
214 Multipurpose Tools for Bible Study Judaica 215 of the text. Included are such works as the Infancy Gospel of James (Protevan-
gelium oflames), Gospel of Pseudo-Thomas (Infancy Gospel of Thomas), and the Acts of Pilate (Gospel of Nicodemus), for which students have long been dependent on the edition of Constantine Tischendorf, Evangelia Apocrypha:
adhibitis plurimis codicibus graecis et latinis maximum partem nunc primum consultis atque ineditorum copia insignibus, 2d ed. (Leipzig, 1876). But all later editions of apocryphal gospel texts attest the permanence of Tischen- dorf’s work. The discovery of a papyrus text of the Infancy Gospel of James, published by Michel Testuz, Papyrus Bodmer V: Nativite de Marie (Cologny- Geneva: Bibliotheca Bodmeriana, 1958), led to one of the few extensive revi- sions of Tischendorf’s work. Relentless in pursuit of resolutions for problems raised by variations in textual tradition forms, Emile de Strycker corrected some errors in Testuz’s edition in an endeavor to offer a “provisional” early form of the text, La forme la plus ancienne du protevangile de Jacques:
Recherches sur le Papyrus Bodmer 5 avec une edition critique du texte grec et une traduction annotee, Subsidia Hagiographica 33 (Brussels: SociCte de Bollandistes, 1961).
An extraordinary treasure-trove for understanding the New Testament in the light of Jewish thought and experience in the Hellenistic world is the out- put of the great Jewish thinker Philo Judaeus, available in the standard edition by Leopold Cohn, Paul Wendland, and Siegfried Reiter, Philonis Alexandrini opera quae supersunt, 6 ~01s. and index vol. by Hans Leisegang (Berlin, 1896- 1930). Leisegang’s index to Philo’s vocabulary is less complete than G. Mayer’s Index Philoneus (Berlin: de Gruyter, 1974). Those who use German have a translation available in Die Werke Philos von Alexandria in deutscher Obey- setzung, ed. L. Cohn, 5 ~01s. (Berlin, 1909-29). The French offer Roger Arnaldez, et al., eds., Les oeuvres de Philon d;4lexandrie, 35 ~01s. (Paris: Cerf, 1961-73). An English translation of the works of Philo, begun by Francis Henry Colson (d. 1943) and George Herbert Whitaker, reached completion in 1962 in ten volumes and two supplementary volumes, ed. Ralph Marcus (Loeb Classical Library; Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press). A few treatises in Armenian still await translation. Secondary entry to Philds mind can be made through Samuel Sandmel, Philo of Alexandria: An Introduction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1979), or via J. Danielou, Philon d;4lexandrie (Paris: A. Fayard, 1958). The more ambitious will find Philo quite compelling in E. R. Goodenough, An Introduction to Philo Judaeus (New Haven, Conn.:
Yale University Press, 1940; 2d ed. rev.; Oxford: Blackwell, 1962)!i u On a Latin text of Pseudo-Philo, Liber Antiquitatum, an anonymous work that was erroneously attributed in the course of time to Philo of Alexandria, see Daniel J. Harrington, “Philo, Pseudo-,’
ABD, 5:344-45. Harrington, et al., also edited the text, accompanied by J. Cazeaux’s French translation, Pseudo-Philon: Les Antiquites bibliques, 2 ~01s. (Paris: Cerf, 1976). For studies on Philo, see Roberto Radice and David T. Runia, Philo of Alexandria: An Annotated Bibliography
1937-1986, 2d ed. (Atlanta: Scholars Press, 1992).