Appendix 6: International Agencies---Key Aspects
International agency FAOIMFUNICEFWFPWorld Bank Key focusAnticipating, preventing and recovering from disasters and crises in a timely, efficient and sustainable manner—particularly protecting, restoring and improving livelihoods in the face of threats that impact agriculture, nutrition, food security and food safety Three-Pillar Strategy: Structural, Financial, Post-Disaster Resilience
Withstanding threats, shocks and adapting to new livelihood options for a household— availability and access to resources (financial, human capital, social capital) Adapting to shocks and stressors from conflict, political instability and natural hazards such as climate change, environmental degradation, water scarcity, disease, and population growth
Anticipate, absorb, accommodate, and recover from hazardous events by preserving, restoring, improving a system’s essential basic structures and functions Measures of resilience
Yes (RIMA)NoYes (RIMA)Yes (RIMA)Yes Part of agency’s approach to food security?
YesNoYes—in the sense that all their policies are now through ‘building resilience’ through all ‘Strategic Plan’ areas Yes; Core part of WFP ‘country strategic plans’, putting resilience-building at the core of ‘long-term planning frameworks’
Yes, as in, food security and resilience are often mentioned together, although a specific concept of food resilience— and a definition of such—remains elusive Approach/ focus within food resilience
Environmental: Agriculture, Ecosystems, Climate Change; Societal: Livelihoods; Political: Access to Services, Social Safety Nets, Infrastructure, Institutions Environmental: Climate Change; Economic: Finance; Political: Access to Services, Social Safety Nets, Institutions
Environmental: Climate Change; Societal: Gender Focus (Women), Age Focus (Children) Political: Access to Services, Social Safety Nets, Infrastructure, Institutions Public Health: Nutrition Environmental: Agriculture, Climate Change; Societal: Livelihoods, Gender; Political: Access to Services, Social Safety Nets, Infrastructure, Institutions Public Health: Diet, Nutrition Environmental: Agriculture, Climate Change; Societal: Livelihoods, Gender, Age; Economic: Food Costs, Science & Technology; Political: Institutions; (continued)
(continued) International agencyFAOIMFUNICEFWFPWorldBank Food resilience & COVID-19 Yes—Publication: COVID-19 and Pacific Food system Resilience: Opportunities to build a robust response Yes—April 2020 Policy Analysis for Sub-Saharan Africa Yes—UNICEF Lives Upended Report: How the Pandemic is affecting South Asian Children Yes—New programmes and other operations to address food resilience during COVID-19 Pandemic
Yes Source Authors
References
ADB. (2016). Organizational resilience. Asian Development Bank. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/institutional- document/189052/organizational-resilience.pdf
ADB. (2020). Timor-Leste: COVID-19 food security emergency response. Asian Development Bank. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.adb.org/
projects/54310-001/main
ADB. (2009). Operational plan for sustainable food security in Asia and the Pacific. Asian Development Bank. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.adb.org/documents/operational-plan-sustainable- food-security-asia-and-pacific
ADB. (2015). Operational plan for agriculture and natural resources: Promoting sustainable food security In Asia and The Pacific 2015–2020. Asian Develop- ment Bank. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.adb.org/sites/
default/files/institutional-document/175238/op-agriculture-natural-resour ces.pdf
ADB. (2019). Rural development and food security forum 2019 high- lights and takeaways. Asian Development Bank. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.adb.org/sites/default/files/publication/672751/
rural-development-food-security-forum-2019.pdf
AfDB. (2013). At the center of Africa’s transformation strategy for 2013–2022.
African Development Bank. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.
afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Policy-Documents/AfDB_S trategy_for_2013–2022_-_At_the_Center_of_Africa’s_Transformation.pdf AfDB. (2016). Feed Africa: Strategy for agricultural transformation in Africa
2016–2025. Abidjan: African Development Bank Group. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Pol icy-Documents/Feed_Africa-Strategy-En.pdf
AfDB. (2015). For a better life: Four rural projects which transformed the lives of people. African Development Bank Group. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.afdb.org/fileadmin/uploads/afdb/Documents/Generic- Documents/Agriculture_for_a_better_life.pdf
AfDB. (2020). Feed Africa response to Covid-19—Brief . African Development Bank Group. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.afdb.org/en/
documents/feed-africa-response-covid-19-brief
AfDB. (2021a). Central African Republic—Resilience, food and nutrition secu- rity support project in Kémo and Ouaka Prefectures (PARSANKO)—Project Appraisal Report. African Development Bank Group. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.afdb.org/en/documents/central-african-republic- resilience-food-and-nutrition-security-support-project-kemo-and-ouaka-prefec tures-parsanko-project-appraisal-report
AfDB. (2021b). African development Bbnk Unveils strategy roadmap to safeguard food security against impacts of COVID-19—Press Release. African Develop- ment Bank Group. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.afdb.
org/en/news-and-events/press-releases/african-development-bank-unveils- strategy-roadmap-safeguard-food-security-against-impacts-covid-19-36012 Ansah, I., Gardebroek, C., & Ihle, R. (2019). Resilience and household food
security: A review of concepts, methodological approaches and empirical evidence. Food Security, 11(6), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-019- 00968-1
Barrett, C., & Constas, M. (2014). Toward a theory of development resilience for international development applications. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(40), 14625–14630.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320880111
Bahadur, A. V., Ibrahim, M. & Tanner, T. (2010). The resilience renaissance?
Unpacking of resilience for tackling climate change and disasters (Strength- ening Climate Resilience Discussion Paper 1). Institute of Development Studies. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://opendocs.ids.ac.uk/ope ndocs/handle/20.500.12413/2368.
Béné, C. (2013). Towards a quantifiable measure of resilience (IDS Working Paper 434). Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from www.ids.ac.uk/publication/towards- a-quantifiable-measure-of-resilience.
Béné, C., Godfrey-Wood, R., Newsham, A. & Davies, M. (2012). Resilience:
New utopia or new tyranny? -Reflection about the potentials and limits of the concept of resilience in relation to vulnerability reduction programmes (IDS working Paper 405). Institute of Development Studies.
Béné, C., Newsham, A., Davies, M., Ulrichs, M., & Godfrey-Wood, R. (2014).
Review article: Resilience, poverty and development. Journal of International Development, 26(5), 598–623. https://doi.org/10.1002/jid.2992
Béné, C., Mehta, L., McGranahan, G., Cannon, T., Gupte, J., & Tanner, T.
(2018). Resilience as a policy narrative: Potentials and limits in the context of urban planning. Climate and Development, 10(2), 116–133. https://doi.
org/10.1080/17565529.2017.1301868
Béné, C., Headey, D., Haddad, L., & von Grebmer, K. (2016). Is resilience a useful concept in the context of food security and nutrition programmes?
Some conceptual and practical considerations. Food Security, 8(1), 123–138.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-015-0526-x
Béné, C., Bakker, D., Chavarro, M. J., Even, B., Melo, J., & Sonneveld, A.
(2021). Global assessment of the impacts of COVID-19 on food security.
Global Food Security, 31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2021.100575 Berkes, F., & Folke, C. (1998). Linking social and ecological systems: Management
practices and social mechanisms for building resilience. Cambridge University Press.
Bridgman, T., & Barry, D. (2002). Regulation is evil: An application of narrative policy analysis to regulatory debate in New Zealand. Policy Sciences, 35, 141–
161. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016139804995
Brown, S. (2021). Federal budget 2021: Foreign aid. Open Canada. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://opencanada.org/federal-budget-2021-foreign- aid/
Candel, J., Breeman, G., & Stiller, & S., Termeer, C. (2013). Disentangling the consensus frame of food security: The case of the EU Common Agricultural Policy reform debate. Food Policy, 44, 47–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foo dpol.2013.10.005
Carolan, M. (2013). Reclaiming food security. Taylor and Francis.
Chelleri, L. (2012). From the resilient city to urban resilience. A review essay on understanding and integrating the resilience perspective for urban systems.
Documents d’Anàlisi Geogràfica, 58(2), 287–306. doi:https://doi.org/10.
5565/rev/dag.175
Chatzky A., & McBride, J. (2020). China’s massive belt and road initiative.
Council on Foreign Relations. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://
www.cfr.org/backgrounder/chinas-massive-belt-and-road-initiative
Cissé, J., & Barrett, C. (2018). Estimating development resilience: A condi- tional moments-based approach. Journal of Development Economics, 135272–
135284. S0304387818303511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2018.
04.002
Cohen, J. (2020). China’s vaccine gambit. Science, 370(6522), 1263–1267.
https://doi.org/10.1126/science.370.6522.1263
Constas, M., Frankenberger, T. R., Hoddinott, J., Mock, N., Romano, D., Béné, C., & Maxwell, D. (2014). A common analytical model for resilience measure- ment—Causal framework and methodological options (Resilience Measurement Technical Working Group, FsiN Technical Series Paper No. 2). United Nations World Food Program and United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization.
Crawford, I. M. (1997). Marketing research and information systems—Chapter 8 rapid rural appraisal. Food & Agriculture Organisation Regional Office for Africa.
D’Errico, M., & Di Giuseppe, S. (2018). Resilience mobility in Uganda: A dynamic analysis. World Development, 104, 78–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.worlddev.2017.11.020
D’Errico, M., Romano, D., & Pietrelli, R. (2018). Household resilience to food insecurity: Evidence from Tanzania and Uganda. Food Security, 10(4). 1033–
1054. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-018-0820-5
DFAT. (2017). Market systems development: Operational guidance note. Depart- ment of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from
https://www.dfat.gov.au/sites/default/files/operational-guidance-note-mar ket-systems-development.pdf
DFAT. (2020). Australian NGO cooperation program (ANCP) thematic review:
Agricultural development and food security. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.dfat.gov.au/
sites/default/files/ancp-thematic-review-agricultural-development-and-food- security.pdf
DFAT. (2021a). Agricultural development and food security initiatives.
Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.dfat.gov.au/aid/topics/investment-priorities/agricultural- development-and-food-security/initiatives
DFAT. (2021b). Building resilience: humanitarian assistance, disaster risk reduc- tion and social protection. Canberra: Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade.
Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.dfat.gov.au/aid/topics/invest ment-priorities/building-resilience
DfID. (2016). What is resilience? Department for International Development.
Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.gov.uk/research-for-develo pment-outputs/what-is-resilience
DfiD. (2020). Principles of health system resilience in the context of the COVID-19 response. Department for International Development. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.gov.uk/research-for-development-outputs/princi ples-of-health-systems-resilience-in-the-context-of-covid-19-response
DfiD. (2015). Global agriculture and food security program (GAFSP).
Department for International Development. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/global-agriculture-and- food-security-program-gafsp
DfiD. (2018). Food systems in protracted crises: Strengthening resilience against shocks and conflicts. Overview of evidence on food systems in protracted crises and interventions to build resilient food systems against shocks.
Department for International Development. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.gov.uk/research-for-development-outputs/food-systems- in-protracted-crises-strengthening-resilience-against-shocks-and-conflicts EBRD. (2021a). The EBRD’s private sector for food security initiative. Euro-
pean Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.ebrd.com/what-we-do/sectors-and-topics/private-sector- food-security-initiative.html
EBRD. (2021b). What is Food Security? London: European Bank for Recon- struction and Development. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.
ebrd.com/what-we-do/sectors-and-topics/food-security.html
EBRD. (2018). Agribusiness sector strategy 2019–2023: Report on the invitation to the public to comment. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.
Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.ebrd.com/documents/agribu siness/agribusiness-strategy-comments.pdf?blobnocache=true
EBRD. (2019a). EBRD financial report. European Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.ebrd.com/
news/publications/financial-report/ebrd-financial-report-2019a.html EBRD. (2019b). EBRD annual review. European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.ebrd.com/
news/publications/annual-report/ebrd-annual-review-2019b.html
FAO. (2015). Strengthening resilience for food security and nutrition: A concep- tual framework for collaboration and partnership among the Rome-based agencies. United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/emerge ncies/docs/RBA%20Conceptual%20Framework%20for%20Resilience_Final%
2023April2015.pdf
FAO. (2016). RIMA-II: Resilience index measurement and analysis—II . United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from http://www.fao.org/3/a-i5665e.pdf
FAO. (2019a). Increase the resilience of livelihoods. United Nations Food and Agricultural Organisation. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from http://www.
fao.org/3/ca3922en/ca3922en.pdf
FAO. (2019b). The director-general’s medium term plan for 2018–21 (reviewed) and programme of work and budget 2020–21. United Nations Food and Agri- cultural Organisation. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from http://www.fao.
org/3/my734en/my734en.pdf
FAO. (2020). COVID-19 ad the impact on food security in the Near East and North Africa: How to respond? United Nation’s Food and Agricultural Organ- isation. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.fao.org/policy-sup port/tools-and-publications/resources-details/en/c/1278069/
FAO. (2021a). FAO COVID-19 response and recovery programme. United Nation’s Food and Agricultural Organisation. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from http://www.fao.org/partnerships/resource-partners/covid-19/en/
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP & WHO. (2017). The state of food security and nutrition In the world: Building resilience for peace and food security. United Nations and World Bank Group. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://
docs.wfp.org/api/documents/WFP-0000022419/download/
FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP & WHO. (2020). The state of food security and nutrition in the world: Transforming food systems for affordable healthy diets.
United Nations and World Bank Group. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.unicef.org/media/72676/file/SOFI-2020-full-report.pdf FAO, IFAD, UNICEF, WFP & WHO. (2021). The state of food security and
nutrition in the world: Transforming food systems for food security, improved nutrition and affordable healthy diets for all. United Nations and World
Bank Group. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.fao.org/pub lications/sofi/2021/en/
Fischer, F., & Forester, J. (1993). Editors’ introduction. In F. Fischer & J.
Forester (Eds.), The argumentative turn in policy analysis and planning (pp. 1–17). Duke University Press.
George, S. (1976). How the other half dies: The real reasons for world hunger.
Penguin.
George, S. (1988). A fate worse than debt. Grove Press.
Global Affairs Canada. (2018). Canadian action on building resilience in the Caribbean. Global Affairs Canada. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://
www.international.gc.ca/gac-amc/news-nouvelles/climate_change_action-act ion_changements_climatiques.aspx?lang=eng
Global Affairs Canada. (2020a). Global affairs Canada page on global resilience partnership. Global Affairs Canada. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.globalresiliencepartnership.org/partner/global-affairs-canada/
Global Affairs Canada. (2020b). Project browser. Global Affairs Canada. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://w05.international.gc.ca/projectbrowser-ban queprojets/?lang=eng
Global Affairs Canada. (2020c). Canada working with CARICOM to build climate and economic resilience. Global Affairs Canada. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.canada.ca/en/global-affairs/news/2020c/02/bac kgrounder---canada-working-with-caricom-to-build-climate-and-economic-res ilience.html
Global Resilience Partnership. (2018). Centre new host for global resilience partnership secretariat. Global Resilience Partnership. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.stockholmresilience.org/news—events/general- news/2018-03-23-centre-new-host-for-global-resilience-partnership-secret ariat.html#:~:text=In%202014%2C%20The%20Global%20Resilience,and%20p rosperous%20future%20for%20all
Goldstein, B. E., Wessells, A. T., Lejano, R., & Butler, W. (2012). Narrating resilience: Transforming urban systems through collaborative storytelling.
Urban Studies, 52(7), 1285–1393. https://doi.org/10.1177/004209801 3505653
Hayter, T. (1971). Aid as imperialism. Penguin.
Harley, G., & Acheampong, Y. (2021). Building back better from the crisis: What will it take for the poorest countries? World Bank Blog—Voices. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://blogs.worldbank.org/voices/building-back-bet ter-crisis-what-will-it-take-poorest-countries
Holman J. (1984). Underdevelopment aid: A critique of the international mone- tary fund and the World Bank [electronic version]. Berkeley Journal of Sociology 29: 119–152. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from http://www.jstor.org/sta ble/41035336.
IDB. (2015). Review of the bank’s support to agriculture, 2002–2014: Evidence from key thematic areas; food security in the LAC: Evaluation of the focus of the IDB’s agriculture portfolio. Inter-American Development Bank Group.
Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://publications.iadb.org/publicati ons/english/document/Food-Security-in-LAC-Evaluation-of-the-Focus-of- the-IDB-Agriculture-Portfolio-Annex-1.pdf
IDB. (2019). A framework and principles for climate resilience metrics in financing operations. Inter-American Development Bank Group. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.isdb.org/sites/default/files/media/
documents/2021-01/Climate%20Resilience%20Metrics%20in%20Financing%
20Operations%20-%20English%20Version.pdf
IDB. (2020a). Inter-American development bank sustainability report 2019.
Inter-American Development Bank Group. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://publications.iadb.org/en/inter-american-development-bank-sus tainability-report-2019
IDB. (2020b). Ensuring food security in LAC in the context covid-19: Challenges and interventions. Inter-American Development Bank Group. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://publications.iadb.org/publications/english/doc ument/Ensuring-Food-Security-in-LAC-in-the-Context-of-Covid-19-Challe nges-and-Interventions.pdf
IDB. (2020c). The unequal impact of the coronavirus pandemic: Evidence from seventeen developing countries. Inter-American Development Bank Group.
Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://publications.iadb.org/en/the- unequal-impact-of-the-coronavirus-pandemic-evidence-from-seventeen-develo ping-countries
IDB. (2020d). The unequal burden of the pandemic: Why the fallout of covid- 19 hits the poor hardest. Inter-American Development Bank Group. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://publications.iadb.org/en/unequal-burden- pandemic-why-fallout-covid-19-hits-poor-hardest
IDB. (2020e). Agriculture and rural development. Inter-American Development Bank Group. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.iadb.org/en/
sector/agriculture/overview
IDB. (2021). Climate change action plan: 2021–2025. Inter-American Devel- opment Bank Group. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://publicati ons.iadb.org/publications/english/document/Inter-American-Development- Bank-Group-Climate-Change-Action-Plan-2021-2025.pdf
IMF. (2008). Ensuring Food Security. Finance and Development Maga- zine, December 2008. Washington, D.C.: International Monetary Fund.
Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/
fandd/2008/12/ivanic.htm
IMF. (2019). Building resilience in developing countries vulnerable to large natural disasters. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 22 January, 2022,
from https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/Policy-Papers/Issues/2019/
06/24/Building-Resilience-in-Developing-Countries-Vulnerable-to-Large- Natural-Disasters-47020
IMF. (2020a, September). Resilience: Healing the fractures. Finance And Devel- opment Magazine. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2020a/09/pdf/
fd0920.pdf
IMF. (2020b, June). Safeguarding Africa’s food security in the age of COVID-19. IMFBlog. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://blogs.imf.org/2020b/06/04/safeguarding-africas-food- security-in-the-age-of-covid-19/
IMF. (2020c, June). Safeguarding food security in sub-Saharan Africa.
IMF Podcasts. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.imf.org/en/News/Podcasts/All-Podcasts/2020c/
06/03/afr-reo-food
IMF. (2021). Policy responses to COVID-19. https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/
imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19. Washington, D.C.: Inter- national Monetary Fund. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.
imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19 Irish Aid. (2008). Hunger task force: Report to the government of Ireland. Irish
Aid. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.irishaid.ie/media/iri shaid/allwebsitemedia/20newsandpublications/publicationpdfsenglish/hun ger-task-force.pdf
Irish Aid. (2009). Hunger envoy report. Irish Aid. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.irishaid.ie/media/irishaid/allwebsitemedia/20news andpublications/publicationpdfsenglish/hunger-envoy-report.pdf
Irish Aid. (2014). Building resilience for food and nutrition security. Irish Aid.
Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.irishaid.ie/news-publicati ons/news/newsarchive/2014/may/building-resilience-for-food-nutrition-sec urity/
Irish Aid. (2016). Irish Aid policy brief: Building resilience. Irish Aid. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.climatelearningplatform.org/sites/def ault/files/resources/2016_irish_aid_policy_brief-_building_resilience.pdf Irish Aid. (2021). Our priority areas: Hunger. Irish Aid. Retrieved 22 January,
2022, from https://www.irishaid.ie/what-we-do/our-priority-areas/hunger/
Irish Aid. (Undated). Launch of a better world: Ireland’s policy for international development. Irish Aid. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.iri shaid.ie/media/irishaid/aboutus/abetterworldirelandspolicyforinternational development/A-Better-World-Irelands-Policy-for-International-Development.
IsDB. (2018). Agriculture & rural development sectors climate change adaptation guidance note. Islamic Development Bank. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from
https://www.isdb.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/2020-09/Agr iculture%20Sector%20Climate%20Change%20IsDB%20Guidance%20Note%
20-Print%20version.pdf
IsDB. (Undated). Agriculture. Islamic Development Bank. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.isdb.org/sector/agriculture
IsDB. (2019a). Disaster risk management and resilience policy. Islamic Devel- opment Bank. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.isdb.org/
sites/default/files/media/documents/2020-02/Disaster%20Risk%20Mana gement%20Resilience%20Policy.pdf
IsDB. (2019b). Fragility and resilience policy. Islamic Development Bank.
Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.isdb.org/sites/default/files/
media/documents/2020-02/Fragility%20and%20Resilience%20Policy.pdf IsDB. (2020a). Agriculture and food security in OIC member countries 2020a.
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.sesric.org/files/article/748.pdf
IsDB. (2020b). Rebuilding resilient agri-food chains for the future. Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.isdb.
org/news/rebuilding-resilient-agri-food-value-chains-for-the-future
IsDB. (2020c). The COVID-19 crisis and Islamic finance. Organisation of Islamic Cooperation. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.
isdb.org/sites/default/files/media/documents/2020c-10/1.%20IsDB%20G roup%20Report%20on%20Covid-19%20and%20Islamic%20Finance__FINAL.
IsDB. (2021). IsDB and IFAD sign $500 million agreement to tackle climate change and improve food security. Islamic Development Bank Group. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.isdb.org/news/isdb-and-ifad-sign-500- million-agreement-to-tackle-climate-change-and-improve-food-security Jie, Y., Wallace, J. (2021). What is China’s belt and road initiative? Chatham
House. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.chathamhouse.org/
2021/09/what-chinas-belt-and-road-initiative-bri
Jordon, W. C. (1998). The great famine. Princeton University Press.
Kinealy, C. (2002). The Great Irish famine: Impact, ideology and rebellion.
Palgrave.
Knippenberg, E., Jensen, N., & Constas, M. (2017). Resilience, shocks and the dynamics of well-being evidence from Malawi. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Resilience%2C-Shocks-and- the-Dynamics-of-Well-being-Knippenberg-Jensen/6facf0b44239fd283e98b 9645c9c2127e2d46933
Kumar, K. (1993). Rapid appraisal methods. World Bank regional and sectoral studies. World Bank Group. Retrieved 22 January, 2022, from https://doc uments1.worldbank.org/curated/en/888741468740959563/pdf/multi0 page.pdf